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Spada E, Carrera Nulla A, Perego R, Baggiani L, Proverbio D. Evaluation of Association between Blood Phenotypes A, B and AB and Feline Coronavirus Infection in Cats. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080917. [PMID: 36015038 PMCID: PMC9416549 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cats are susceptible to feline coronavirus (FCoV), a highly contagious virus with fecal–oral transmission. In people, susceptibility to coronavirus infection, such as SARS-CoV infection, has been associated with the ABO blood group, with individuals with blood group O having significantly lower risk of SARS-CoV infection. This study evaluated a possible association between feline blood group phenotypes A, B and AB and serostatus for antibodies against FCoV. We also investigated risk or protective factors associated with seropositivity for FCoV in the investigated population. Feline populations were surveyed for AB group system blood types and for presence of antibodies against FCoV. Blood phenotype, origin, breed, gender, reproductive status and age of cats were evaluated as protective or risk factors for coronavirus infection. No blood type was associated with FCoV seropositivity, for which being a colony stray cat (p = 0.0002, OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.14–0.54) or a domestic shorthair cat (p = 0.0075, OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.09–0.69) were protective factors. Based on results of this study, feline blood phenotypes A, B or AB do not seem to predispose cats to seropositivity for FCoV. Future studies on other feline blood types and other infections could clarify whether feline blood types could play a role in predisposing to, or protecting against, feline infections.
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2
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Spada E, Jung H, Proverbio D, Perego R, Baggiani L, Ciuti S, Sharp CR, Nash KJ, Westman M, Lait PJP, Davidow EB. Lack of association between feline AB blood groups and retroviral status: a multicenter, multicountry study. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e194-e202. [PMID: 35635064 PMCID: PMC10812261 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relationship between blood group antigens and disease has been studied in humans. Blood types have been associated with both decreased and increased rates of various infections. In addition, blood group expression has been shown to vary with some cancers and gastrointestinal diseases. The objective of this study was to explore whether there is a relationship between blood type and retroviral infections in cats. METHODS Case records from a veterinary research laboratory, veterinary teaching hospitals and veterinary blood banks were retrospectively searched for cats where both blood type and retroviral status (feline leukemia [FeLV], feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV] or both) were listed (part 1). In addition, a sample of 33 cats with confirmed FIV infection was genotyped to determine blood groups (part 2). RESULTS In part 1, 709 cats were identified, 119 of which were positive for retroviral infection. Among all cases, 621 were type A (87.6%), 68 were type B (9.6%) and 20 were type AB (2.8%). There was no relationship between overall retroviral status (positive/negative) and blood type (P = 0.43), between FeLV status and blood type (P = 0.86) or between FIV status and blood type (P = 0.94). There was no difference in the distribution of blood types between cats that were healthy and typed as possible blood donors vs sick cats that were typed prior to a possible transfusion (P = 0.13). In part 2, of the 33 FIV-infected cats, all blood group genotypes were identified, although this test did not discriminate type A from type AB. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE No relationship was identified between feline retroviral status and blood type in this study. The relationship between blood type and other disease states requires further study in veterinary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spada
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Hyein Jung
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Roberta Perego
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Silvia Ciuti
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Claire R Sharp
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Katherine J Nash
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philippa JP Lait
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Vets, Langford, Bristol, UK
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Asquith CRM, Sil BC, Laitinen T, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Poso A, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hilton ST. Novel epidithiodiketopiperazines as anti-viral zinc ejectors of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) nucleocapsid protein as a model for HIV infection. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:4174-4184. [PMID: 31395510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Focused libraries of multi-substituted epidithiodiketopiperazines (ETP) were prepared and evaluated for efficacy of inhibiting the nucleocapsid protein function of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) as a model for HIV. This activity was compared and contrasted to observed toxicity utilising an in-vitro cell culture approach. This resulted in the identification of several promising lead compounds with nanomolar potency in cells with low toxicity and a favorable therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R M Asquith
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom; Clinical Laboratory & Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Bruno C Sil
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom; School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, United Kingdom
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory & Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephen T Hilton
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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de Pablo-Maiso L, Doménech A, Echeverría I, Gómez-Arrebola C, de Andrés D, Rosati S, Gómez-Lucia E, Reina R. Prospects in Innate Immune Responses as Potential Control Strategies against Non-Primate Lentiviruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080435. [PMID: 30126090 PMCID: PMC6116218 DOI: 10.3390/v10080435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviruses are infectious agents of a number of animal species, including sheep, goats, horses, monkeys, cows, and cats, in addition to humans. As in the human case, the host immune response fails to control the establishment of chronic persistent infection that finally leads to a specific disease development. Despite intensive research on the development of lentivirus vaccines, it is still not clear which immune responses can protect against infection. Viral mutations resulting in escape from T-cell or antibody-mediated responses are the basis of the immune failure to control the infection. The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against viral infections in an antigen-independent manner. Antiviral innate responses are conducted by dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, often targeted by lentiviruses, and intrinsic antiviral mechanisms exerted by all cells. Intrinsic responses depend on the recognition of the viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), and the signaling cascades leading to an antiviral state by inducing the expression of antiviral proteins, including restriction factors. This review describes the latest advances on innate immunity related to the infection by animal lentiviruses, centered on small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), and feline (FIV) and bovine immunodeficiency viruses (BIV), specifically focusing on the antiviral role of the major restriction factors described thus far.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cats
- Cattle
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Goats
- Horses
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/pathogenicity
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/pathogenicity
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine/immunology
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine/pathogenicity
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lentivirus Infections/genetics
- Lentivirus Infections/immunology
- Lentivirus Infections/virology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/virology
- Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules/immunology
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/genetics
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/immunology
- Sheep
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena de Pablo-Maiso
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Ana Doménech
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Irache Echeverría
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Carmen Gómez-Arrebola
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Malattie Infettive degli Animali Domestici, Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino 10095, Italy.
| | - Esperanza Gómez-Lucia
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
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FIV vaccine with receptor epitopes results in neutralizing antibodies but does not confer resistance to challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:16. [PMID: 29736270 PMCID: PMC5928050 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is the feline analogue to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and utilizes parallel modes of receptor-mediated entry. The FIV surface glycoprotein (SU) is an important target for induction of neutralizing antibodies, and autoantibodies to the FIV binding receptor (CD134) block infection ex vivo; thus highlighting the potential for immunotherapies which utilize anti-receptor antibodies to block viral infection. To determine whether vaccination with CD134-SU complexes could induce protection against FIV infection, cats (n = 5 per group) were immunized with soluble CD134, recombinant FIV-SU protein, and/or CD134+SU complexes. Two trials were performed with different antigen combinations and vaccination schedules. In vivo generation of anti-CD134 and anti-SU IgG antibodies was measured, and in vitro neutralization assays were conducted. Immunization induced production of anti-CD134 and anti-SU antibodies that significantly inhibited FIV infection in vitro. However, no vaccine combination protected cats from FIV infection, and neat serum from vaccinated cats enhanced FIV growth in vitro. CD134+SU vaccinated cats exhibited increased CD4:CD8 ratio immediately prior to challenge, and antibodies were much more efficiently generated against vaccine by-products versus target antigens. Results suggest vaccination against viral and cryptic receptor epitopes yields neutralizing antibodies that synergistically inhibit FIV infection in vitro. Factors contributing to vaccine failure may include: (1) Heat-labile serum factors that enhance viral replication, (2) changes in circulating target cell populations induced by vaccination, and (3) weak immunogenicity of neutralizing epitopes compared to off-target vaccine components. Results reinforce the need to monitor vaccine preparation components and avoid non-specific immune stimulation during vaccination. A vaccine candidate for feline immunodeficiency virus elicits strong immunological reaction in vitro, but no protection to live cats. The feline analog to human immunodeficiency virus, FIV shares a similar infection paradigm and has only one partially effective vaccine. A US team, led by Colorado State University’s Susan VandeWoude, immunized cats using a complex of an FIV surface protein and a feline cell-surface protein known to facilitate FIV’s entry into immune cells. Tissue culture assays yielded promising results; however, this did not translate to live-animal protection. The researchers highlighted multiple factors that could explain the lack of success, including circulatory pro-infection factors, and immune responses generated against vaccine by-products rather than intended targets. While the vaccine candidate failed, the research provides invaluable guidance for future efforts into FIV vaccination with implications for HIV vaccine trials.
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Applications of the FIV Model to Study HIV Pathogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040206. [PMID: 29677122 PMCID: PMC5923500 DOI: 10.3390/v10040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally-occurring retrovirus that infects domestic and non-domestic feline species, producing progressive immune depletion that results in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Much has been learned about FIV since it was first described in 1987, particularly in regard to its application as a model to study the closely related lentivirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In particular, FIV and HIV share remarkable structure and sequence organization, utilize parallel modes of receptor-mediated entry, and result in a similar spectrum of immunodeficiency-related diseases due to analogous modes of immune dysfunction. This review summarizes current knowledge of FIV infection kinetics and the mechanisms of immune dysfunction in relation to opportunistic disease, specifically in regard to studying HIV pathogenesis. Furthermore, we present data that highlight changes in the oral microbiota and oral immune system during FIV infection, and outline the potential for the feline model of oral AIDS manifestations to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms of HIV-induced oral disease. Finally, we discuss advances in molecular biology, vaccine development, neurologic dysfunction, and the ability to apply pharmacologic interventions and sophisticated imaging technologies to study experimental and naturally occurring FIV, which provide an excellent, but often overlooked, resource for advancing therapies and the management of HIV/AIDS.
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7
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Power C. Neurologic disease in feline immunodeficiency virus infection: disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions for NeuroAIDS. J Neurovirol 2017; 24:220-228. [PMID: 29247305 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that causes immunosuppression through virus-mediated CD4+ T cell depletion in feline species. FIV infection is complicated by virus-induced disease in the nervous system. FIV enters the brain soon after primary infection and is detected as FIV-encoded RNA, DNA, and proteins in microglia, macrophages, and astrocytes. FIV infection activates neuroinflammatory pathways including cytokines, chemokines, proteases, and ROS with accompanying neuronal injury and loss. Neurobehavioral deficits during FIV infection are manifested as impaired motor and cognitive functions. Several treatment strategies have emerged from studies of FIV neuropathogenesis including the therapeutic benefits of antiretroviral therapies, other protease inhibitors, anti-inflammatory, and neurotrophic compounds. Recently, insulin's antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects were investigated in models of lentivirus brain infection. Insulin suppressed HIV-1 replication in human microglia as well as FIV replication of lymphocytes. Insulin treatment diminished cytokine and chemokine activation in HIV-infected microglia while also protecting neurons from HIV-1 Vpr protein-mediated neurotoxicity. Intranasal (IN) insulin delivery for 6 weeks suppressed FIV expression in the brains of treated cats. IN insulin also reduced neuroinflammation and protected neurons in the hippocampus, striatum, and neocortex of FIV-infected animals. These morphological and molecular effects of IN insulin were confirmed by neurobehavioral studies that showed IN insulin-treated FIV-infected animals displayed improved motor and cognitive performance compared to sham-treated FIV-infected animals. Thus, FIV infection of the nervous system provides a valuable comparative in vivo model for discovering and evaluating disease mechanisms as well as developing therapeutic strategies for NeuroAIDS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, HMRC 6-11, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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8
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Miller C, Boegler K, Carver S, MacMillan M, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, VandeWoude S. Pathogenesis of oral FIV infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185138. [PMID: 28934316 PMCID: PMC5608358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is the feline analogue of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and features many hallmarks of HIV infection and pathogenesis, including the development of concurrent oral lesions. While HIV is typically transmitted via parenteral transmucosal contact, recent studies prove that oral transmission can occur, and that saliva from infected individuals contains significant amounts of HIV RNA and DNA. While it is accepted that FIV is primarily transmitted by biting, few studies have evaluated FIV oral infection kinetics and transmission mechanisms over the last 20 years. Modern quantitative analyses applied to natural FIV oral infection could significantly further our understanding of lentiviral oral disease and transmission. We therefore characterized FIV salivary viral kinetics and antibody secretions to more fully document oral viral pathogenesis. Our results demonstrate that: (i) saliva of FIV-infected cats contains infectious virus particles, FIV viral RNA at levels equivalent to circulation, and lower but significant amounts of FIV proviral DNA; (ii) the ratio of FIV RNA to DNA is significantly higher in saliva than in circulation; (iii) FIV viral load in oral lymphoid tissues (tonsil, lymph nodes) is significantly higher than mucosal tissues (buccal mucosa, salivary gland, tongue); (iv) salivary IgG antibodies increase significantly over time in FIV-infected cats, while salivary IgA levels remain static; and, (v) saliva from naïve Specific Pathogen Free cats inhibits FIV growth in vitro. Collectively, these results suggest that oral lymphoid tissues serve as a site for enhanced FIV replication, resulting in accumulation of FIV particles and FIV-infected cells in saliva. Failure to induce a virus-specific oral mucosal antibody response, and/or viral capability to overcome inhibitory components in saliva may perpetuate chronic oral cavity infection. Based upon these findings, we propose a model of oral FIV pathogenesis and suggest alternative diagnostic modalities and translational approaches to study oral HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Karen Boegler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Martha MacMillan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- * E-mail:
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9
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Eckstrand CD, Sparger EE, Murphy BG. Central and peripheral reservoirs of feline immunodeficiency virus in cats: a review. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1985-1996. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chrissy D. Eckstrand
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4003 Animal Disease Biotechnology Facility, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Ellen E. Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 3115 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian G. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 4206 Vet Med 3A, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Neuropathogenesis: A Model for HIV-Induced CNS Inflammation and Neurodegeneration. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4010014. [PMID: 29056673 PMCID: PMC5606611 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline Immunodeficiency virus (FIV), similar to its human analog human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), enters the central nervous system (CNS) soon after infection and establishes a protected viral reservoir. The ensuing inflammation and damage give rise to varying degrees of cognitive decline collectively known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Because of the similarities to HIV infection and disease, FIV has provided a useful model for both in vitro and in vivo studies of CNS infection, inflammation and pathology. This mini review summarizes insights gained from studies of early infection, immune cell trafficking, inflammation and the mechanisms of neuropathogenesis. Advances in our understanding of these processes have contributed to the development of therapeutic interventions designed to protect neurons and regulate inflammatory activity.
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11
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Moench TR. Cell-associated transmission of HIV type 1 and other lentiviruses in small-animal models. J Infect Dis 2015; 210 Suppl 3:S654-9. [PMID: 25414420 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-animal models of lentivirus transmission have repeatedly demonstrated transmission by cell-associated virus via vaginal, rectal, and oral routes. The earliest experiments were in the cat/feline immunodeficiency virus model, followed a decade later by successful vaginal transmission of cell-associated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in mice bearing transplanted human immune cells. After early unsuccessful attempts at cell-associated transmission in nonhuman primates, renewed investigation in diverse primate models has now confirmed the findings from the cat and humanized mouse models. Improvements in humanized mouse models have made them the preferred small-animal models to study HIV mucosal transmission. They provide complementary systems to nonhuman primate models to aid in the elucidation of the many remaining questions on the mechanism of and means to prevent both cell-associated and cell-free HIV transmission across mucosal barriers.
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12
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Bęczkowski PM, Harris M, Techakriengkrai N, Beatty JA, Willett BJ, Hosie MJ. Neutralising antibody response in domestic cats immunised with a commercial feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:977-84. [PMID: 25613718 PMCID: PMC4327927 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
FIV vaccinated cats screened for neutralising antibodies Homologous neutralisation in 50% of cats tested No heterologous neutralisation
Across human and veterinary medicine, vaccines against only two retroviral infections have been brought to market successfully, the vaccines against feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). FeLV vaccines have been a global success story, reducing virus prevalence in countries where uptake is high. In contrast, the more recent FIV vaccine was introduced in 2002 and the degree of protection afforded in the field remains to be established. However, given the similarities between FIV and HIV, field studies of FIV vaccine efficacy are likely to advise and inform the development of future approaches to HIV vaccination. Here we assessed the neutralising antibody response induced by FIV vaccination against a panel of FIV isolates, by testing blood samples collected from client-owned vaccinated Australian cats. We examined the molecular and phenotypic properties of 24 envs isolated from one vaccinated cat that we speculated might have become infected following natural exposure to FIV. Cats vaccinated against FIV did not display broadly neutralising antibodies, suggesting that protection may not extend to some virulent recombinant strains of FIV circulating in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł M Bęczkowski
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Small Animal Hospital, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew Harris
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Julia A Beatty
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Brian J Willett
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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13
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Bęczkowski PM, Techakriengkrai N, Logan N, McMonagle E, Litster A, Willett BJ, Hosie MJ. Emergence of CD134 cysteine-rich domain 2 (CRD2)-independent strains of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is associated with disease progression in naturally infected cats. Retrovirology 2014; 11:95. [PMID: 25430586 PMCID: PMC4275942 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection is mediated by sequential interactions with CD134 and CXCR4. Field strains of virus vary in their dependence on cysteine-rich domain 2 (CRD2) of CD134 for infection. FINDINGS Here, we analyse the receptor usage of viral variants in the blood of 39 naturally infected cats, revealing that CRD2-dependent viral variants dominate in early infection, evolving towards CRD2-independence with disease progression. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with a shift in CRD2 of CD134 usage with disease progression.
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14
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Wu H, Wang W, Naiyer N, Fichtenbaum E, Qualley DF, McCauley MJ, Gorelick RJ, Rouzina I, Musier-Forsyth K, Williams MC. Single aromatic residue location alters nucleic acid binding and chaperone function of FIV nucleocapsid protein. Virus Res 2014; 193:39-51. [PMID: 24915282 PMCID: PMC4252577 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a retrovirus that infects domestic cats, and is an excellent animal model for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis. The nucleocapsid (NC) protein is critical for replication in both retroviruses. FIV NC has several structural features that differ from HIV-1 NC. While both NC proteins have a single conserved aromatic residue in each of the two zinc fingers, the aromatic residue on the second finger of FIV NC is located on the opposite C-terminal side relative to its location in HIV-1 NC. In addition, whereas HIV-1 NC has a highly charged cationic N-terminal tail and a relatively short C-terminal extension, the opposite is true for FIV NC. To probe the impact of these differences on the nucleic acid (NA) binding and chaperone properties of FIV NC, we carried out ensemble and single-molecule assays with wild-type (WT) and mutant proteins. The ensemble studies show that FIV NC binding to DNA is strongly electrostatic, with a higher effective charge than that observed for HIV-1 NC. The C-terminal basic domain contributes significantly to the NA binding capability of FIV NC. In addition, the non-electrostatic component of DNA binding is much weaker for FIV NC than for HIV-1 NC. Mutation of both aromatic residues in the zinc fingers to Ala (F12A/W44A) further increases the effective charge of FIV NC and reduces its non-electrostatic binding affinity. Interestingly, switching the location of the C-terminal aromatic residue to mimic the HIV-1 NC sequence (N31W/W44A) reduces the effective charge of FIV NC and increases its non-electrostatic binding affinity to values similar to HIV-1 NC. Consistent with the results of these ensemble studies, single-molecule DNA stretching studies show that while WT FIV NC has reduced stacking capability relative to HIV-1 NC, the aromatic switch mutant recovers the ability to intercalate between the DNA bases. Our results demonstrate that altering the position of a single aromatic residue switches the binding mode of FIV NC from primarily electrostatic binding to more non-electrostatic binding, conferring upon it NA interaction properties comparable to that of HIV-1 NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Northeastern University, Department of Physics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Retrovirus Research, and Center for RNA Biology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nada Naiyer
- The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Retrovirus Research, and Center for RNA Biology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eric Fichtenbaum
- The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Retrovirus Research, and Center for RNA Biology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dominic F Qualley
- The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Retrovirus Research, and Center for RNA Biology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Micah J McCauley
- Northeastern University, Department of Physics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert J Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ioulia Rouzina
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Karin Musier-Forsyth
- The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Retrovirus Research, and Center for RNA Biology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Mark C Williams
- Northeastern University, Department of Physics, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Pseudotype viruses: applications and troubleshooting’ (EuroSciCon 2013), a 1-day conference held at Cineworld: The O2 (London, UK) on 2 October 2013, focused on the technique of pseudotyping enveloped viruses (for a review of the technique, see [1]). The talks and posters covered the challenges and successes of pseudotyping viruses from a broad range of families (Retroviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae and Rhabdoviridae) for a variety of applications. The conference was chaired by Nigel Temperton, University of Kent (UK), who placed a strong emphasis on using this event to explore the technical challenges of pseudotyping viruses, especially during the poster and afternoon question and answer sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas King
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
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