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Burdo TH, Chen C, Kaminski R, Sariyer IK, Mancuso P, Donadoni M, Smith MD, Sariyer R, Caocci M, Liao S, Liu H, Huo W, Zhao H, Misamore J, Lewis MG, Simonyan V, Thompson EE, Xu EY, Cradick TJ, Gordon J, Khalili K. Preclinical safety and biodistribution of CRISPR targeting SIV in non-human primates. Gene Ther 2024; 31:224-233. [PMID: 37587230 PMCID: PMC11090835 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-023-00410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the safety and utility of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology for in vivo editing of proviral DNA in ART-treated, virally controlled simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected rhesus macaques, an established model for HIV infection. EBT-001 is an AAV9-based vector delivering SaCas9 and dual guide RNAs designed to target multiple regions of the SIV genome: the viral LTRs, and the Gag gene. The results presented here demonstrate that a single IV inoculation of EBT-001 at each of 3 dose levels (1.4 × 1012, 1.4 × 1013 and 1.4 × 1014 genome copies/kg) resulted in broad and functional biodistribution of AAV9-EBT-001 to known tissue reservoirs of SIV. No off-target effects or abnormal pathology were observed, and animals returned to their normal body weight after receiving EBT-001. Importantly, the macaques that received the 2 highest doses of EBT-001 showed improved absolute lymphocyte counts as compared to antiretroviral-treated controls. Taken together, these results demonstrate safety, biodistribution, and in vivo proviral DNA editing following IV administration of EBT-001, supporting the further development of CRISPR-based gene editing as a potential therapeutic approach for HIV in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Pietro Mancuso
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Martina Donadoni
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Mandy D Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Rahsan Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Maurizio Caocci
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Shuren Liao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Wenwen Huo
- Excision BioTherapeutics, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ethan Y Xu
- Excision BioTherapeutics, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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2
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Orfanakis M, Molyvdas A, Petrovas C. In Situ Characterization of Human Follicular Helper CD4 T Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2813:281-293. [PMID: 38888784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3890-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The development of an effective humoral response to pathogens and immunogens is a multiphase biological process, which is mediated by the coordinated function of specialized immune cell types in secondary lymphoid organs and particularly in T cell and follicular areas. More specifically, within the follicular/germinal center area, the orchestrated interplay between B cells, follicular helper CD4 T cells (Tfh), and stromal cells triggers a cascade of immune reactions leading to the development of memory B cells and plasma cells able to generate effective, antigen-specific antibodies. The role of Tfh cells in this process is critical. Given the need for vaccines capable to induce antibodies of high affinity, neutralizing activity, and durability, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating Tfh cell development is of great importance. Here, we describe novel approaches for the comprehensive understanding of these cells and possible implications for future studies in vaccine development and the understanding of the pathogenesis of relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Orfanakis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam Molyvdas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Rosen EP, Deleage C, White N, Sykes C, Brands C, Adamson L, Luciw P, Estes JD, Kashuba ADM. Antiretroviral drug exposure in lymph nodes is heterogeneous and drug dependent. J Int AIDS Soc 2022; 25:e25895. [PMID: 35441468 PMCID: PMC9018350 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction HIV reservoirs and infected cells may persist in tissues with low concentrations of antiretrovirals (ARVs). Traditional pharmacology methods cannot assess variability in ARV concentrations within morphologically complex tissues, such as lymph nodes (LNs). We evaluated the distribution of six ARVs into LNs and the proximity of these ARVs to CD4+ T cells and cell‐associated RT‐SHIV viral RNA. Methods Between December 2014 and April 2017, RT‐SHIV infected (SHIV+; N = 6) and healthy (SHIV–; N = 6) male rhesus macaques received two selected four‐drug combinations of six ARVs over 10 days to attain steady‐state conditions. Serial cryosections of axillary LN were analysed by a multimodal imaging approach that combined mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) for ARV disposition, RNAscope in situ hybridization for viral RNA (vRNA) and immunohistochemistry for CD4+ T cell and collagen expression. Spatial relationships across these four imaging domains were investigated by nearest neighbour search on co‐registered images using MATLAB. Results Through MSI, ARV‐dependent, heterogeneous concentrations were observed in different morphological LN regions, such as the follicles and medullary sinuses. After 5–6 weeks of infection, more limited ARV penetration into LN tissue relative to the blood marker heme was found in SHIV+ animals (SHIV+: 0.7 [0.2–1.4] mm; SHIV–: 1.3 [0.5–1.7] mm), suggesting alterations in the microcirculation. However, we found no detectable increase in collagen deposition. Regimen‐wide maps of composite ARV distribution indicated that up to 27% of SHIV+ LN tissue area was not exposed to detectable ARVs. Regions associated with B cell follicles had median 1.15 [0.94–2.69] ‐fold reduction in areas with measurable drug, though differences were only statistically significant for tenofovir (p = 0.03). Median co‐localization of drug with CD4+ target cells and vRNA varied widely by ARV (5.1–100%), but nearest neighbour analysis indicated that up to 10% of target cells and cell‐associated vRNA were not directly contiguous to at least one drug at concentrations greater than the IC50 value. Conclusions Our investigation of the spatial distributions of drug, virus and target cells underscores the influence of location and microenvironment within LN, where a small population of T cells may remain vulnerable to infection and low‐level viral replication during suppressive ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias P Rosen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole White
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Craig Sykes
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Catherine Brands
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Lourdes Adamson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Paul Luciw
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Brands C, Morcock D, Estes J, Deleage C. Next-generation Viral RNA/DNA in situ Hybridization Applications in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Research. J Vis Exp 2020:10.3791/60318. [PMID: 32628155 PMCID: PMC8982224 DOI: 10.3791/60318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ hybridization is a powerful technique to identify specific RNA or DNA sequences within individual cells in tissue sections, providing important insights into physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. In situ hybridization (ISH) has been used for many years to assess the location of cells infected by viruses, but recently a next-generation ISH approach was developed with a unique probe design strategy that allows simultaneous signal amplification and background suppression to achieve single-molecule visualization while preserving tissue morphology. This next-generation ISH is based on an approach like branched PCR, but performed in situ and is more facile, sensitive, and reproducible than classical ISH methods or in situ PCR approaches in routinely detecting RNA or DNA in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues. For the last several years our laboratory has been applying this ISH platform for the detection of human immunodeficiency (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency (SIV) viral RNA (vRNA) and/or viral DNA (vDNA) positive cells within a multitude of FFPE tissues. With this detailed technical manuscript, we would like to share our knowledge and advice with all individuals interested in using next-generation ISH in their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Brands
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc
| | - David Morcock
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc
| | - Jacob Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU)
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.;
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5
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Abstract
Therapeutic approaches towards a functional cure or eradication of HIV have gained renewed momentum upon encouraging data emerging from studies in SIV monkey models and recent results from human clinical studies. However, a multitude of questions remain to be addressed, including how to deal with the latent viral reservoir, how to boost the host immune response to the virus and what the hurdles are to reach relevant viral compartments in the body. Advances have been made especially with regard to identifying agents that can reactivate the latent virus in vivo and boost the cellular and humoral immunity, but it remains largely unclear whether any of these strategies can awaken a sufficiently large fraction of the viral reservoir and whether the boosted immunity can prevent rapid viral replication once antiretroviral treatments are stopped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bailon
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | | | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.
- AELIX Therapeutics, Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Henrich TJ, Hsue PY, VanBrocklin H. Seeing Is Believing: Nuclear Imaging of HIV Persistence. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2077. [PMID: 31572355 PMCID: PMC6751256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle to HIV eradication is the presence of infected cells that persist despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). HIV largely resides outside of the peripheral circulation, and thus, numerous anatomical and lymphoid compartments that have the capacity to harbor HIV are inaccessible to routine sampling. As a result, there is a limited understanding of the tissue burden of HIV infection or anatomical distribution of HIV transcriptional and translational activity. Novel, non-invasive, in vivo methods are urgently needed to address this fundamental gap in knowledge. In this review, we discuss past and current nuclear imaging approaches that have been applied to HIV infection with an emphasis on current strategies to implement positron emission tomography (PET)-based imaging to directly visualize and characterize whole-body HIV burden. These imaging approaches have various limitations, such as the potential for limited PET sensitivity and specificity in the setting of ART suppression or low viral burden. However, recent advances in high-sensitivity, total-body PET imaging platforms and development of new radiotracer technologies that may enhance anatomical penetration of target-specific tracer molecules are discussed. Potential strategies to image non-viral markers of HIV tissue burden or focal immune perturbation are also addressed. Overall, emerging nuclear imaging techniques and platforms may play an important role in the development of novel therapeutic and HIV reservoir eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Priscilla Y Hsue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Henry VanBrocklin
- Radiopharmaceutical Research Program, Center for Molecular and Functional Imaging, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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7
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Jiang G, Maverakis E, Cheng MY, Elsheikh MM, Deleage C, Méndez-Lagares G, Shimoda M, Yukl SA, Hartigan-O’Connor DJ, Thompson GR, Estes JD, Wong JK, Dandekar S. Disruption of latent HIV in vivo during the clearance of actinic keratosis by ingenol mebutate. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126027. [PMID: 30944245 PMCID: PMC6483647 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinic keratosis (AK) is a precancerous skin lesion that is common in HIV-positive patients. Without effective treatment, AKs can progress to squamous cell carcinoma. Ingenol mebutate, a PKC agonist, is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved (FDA-approved) topical treatment for AKs. It can induce reactivation of latent HIV transcription in CD4+ T cells both in vitro and ex vivo. Although PKC agonists are known to be potent inducers of HIV expression from latency, their effects in vivo are not known because of the concerns of toxicity. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of topical ingenol mebutate gel on the HIV transcription profile in HIV-infected individuals with AKs, specifically in the setting of suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). We found that AKs cleared following topical application of ingenol mebutate and detected marginal changes in immune activation in the peripheral blood and in skin biopsies. An overall increase in the level of HIV transcription initiation, elongation, and complete transcription was detected only in skin biopsies after the treatment. Our data demonstrate that application of ingenol mebutate to AKs in ART-suppressed HIV-positive patients can effectively cure AKs as well as disrupt HIV latency in the skin tissue microenvironment in vivo without causing massive immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochun Jiang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and
| | | | | | | | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Steven A. Yukl
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph K. Wong
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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8
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Soare AY, Durham ND, Gopal R, Tweel B, Hoffman KW, Brown JA, O'Brien M, Bhardwaj N, Lim JK, Chen BK, Swartz TH. P2X Antagonists Inhibit HIV-1 Productive Infection and Inflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-1β in a Human Tonsil Explant Model. J Virol 2019; 93:e01186-18. [PMID: 30305360 PMCID: PMC6288349 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01186-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 causes a persistent infection of the immune system that is associated with chronic comorbidities. The mechanisms that underlie this inflammation are poorly understood. Emerging literature has implicated proinflammatory purinergic receptors and downstream signaling mediators in HIV-1 infection. This study probed whether inhibitors of purinergic receptors would reduce HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. An ex vivo human tonsil histoculture infection model was developed to support HIV-1 productive infection and stimulated the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). This study tests whether inhibitors of purinergic receptors would reduce HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. The purinergic P2X1 receptor antagonist NF449, the purinergic P2X7 receptor antagonist A438079, and azidothymidine (AZT) were tested in HIV-1-infected human tonsil explants to compare levels of inhibition of HIV-1 infection and HIV-stimulated inflammatory cytokine production. All drugs limited HIV-1 productive infection, but P2X-selective antagonists (NF449 and A438079) significantly lowered HIV-stimulated IL-10 and IL-1β. We further observed that P2X1- and P2X7-selective antagonists can act differentially as inhibitors of both HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. Our findings highlight the differential effects of HIV-1 on inflammation in peripheral blood compared to those in lymphoid tissue. For the first time, we demonstrate that P2X-selective antagonists act differentially as inhibitors of both HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. Drugs that block these pathways can have independent inhibitory activities against HIV-1 infection and HIV-induced inflammation.IMPORTANCE Patients who are chronically infected with HIV-1 experience sequelae related to chronic inflammation. The mechanisms of this inflammation have not been elucidated. Here, we describe a class of drugs that target the P2X proinflammatory signaling receptors in a human tonsil explant model. This model highlights differences in HIV-1 stimulation of lymphoid tissue inflammation and peripheral blood. These drugs serve to block both HIV-1 infection and production of IL-10 and IL-1β in lymphoid tissue, suggesting a novel approach to HIV-1 therapeutics in which both HIV-1 replication and inflammatory signaling are simultaneously targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Y Soare
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Natasha D Durham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ramya Gopal
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin Tweel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin W Hoffman
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julia A Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Megan O'Brien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin K Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Talia H Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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9
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Hu X, Lu Z, Valentin A, Rosati M, Broderick KE, Sardesai NY, Marx PA, Mullins JI, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. Gag and env conserved element CE DNA vaccines elicit broad cytotoxic T cell responses targeting subdominant epitopes of HIV and SIV Able to recognize virus-infected cells in macaques. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2163-2177. [PMID: 29939820 PMCID: PMC6183272 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1489949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV sequence diversity and the propensity of eliciting immunodominant responses targeting inessential variable regions are hurdles in the development of an effective AIDS vaccine. We developed a DNA vaccine comprising conserved elements (CE) of SIV p27Gag and HIV-1 Env and found that priming vaccination with CE DNA is critical to efficiently overcome the dominance imposed by Gag and Env variable regions. Here, we show that DNA vaccinated macaques receiving the CE prime/CE+full-length DNA co-delivery booster vaccine regimens developed broad, potent and durable cytotoxic T cell responses targeting conserved protein segments of SIV Gag and HIV Env. Gag CE-specific T cells showed robust anamnestic responses upon infection with SIVmac239 which led to the identification of CE-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes able to recognize epitopes covering distinct CE on the surface of SIV infected cells in vivo. Though not controlling infection overall, we found an inverse correlation between Gag CE-specific CD8+ T cell responses and peak viremia. The T cell responses induced by the HIV Env CE immunogen were recalled in some animals upon SIV infection, leading to the identification of two cross-reactive epitopes between HIV and SIV Env based in sequence homology. These data demonstrate that a vaccine combining Gag and Env CE DNA subverted the normal immunodominance patterns, eliciting immune responses that included subdominant, highly conserved epitopes. These vaccine regimens augment cytotoxic T cell responses to highly conserved epitopes in the viral proteome and maximize response breadth. The vaccine-induced CE-specific T cells were expanded upon SIV infection, indicating that the predicted CE epitopes incorporated in the DNA vaccine are processed and exposed by infected cells in their natural context within the viral proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Hu
- a Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Zhongyan Lu
- a Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Antonio Valentin
- b Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick, Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Margherita Rosati
- b Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick, Frederick , MD , USA
| | | | | | - Preston A Marx
- d Tulane National Primate Research Center and Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine , Tulane University , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - James I Mullins
- e Departments of Microbiology, Medicine and Laboratory Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - George N Pavlakis
- b Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick, Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Barbara K Felber
- a Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , USA
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10
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Huot N, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M, Reeves RK, Müller-Trutwin M. Lymph Node Cellular and Viral Dynamics in Natural Hosts and Impact for HIV Cure Strategies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:780. [PMID: 29725327 PMCID: PMC5916971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapies (cARTs) efficiently control HIV replication leading to undetectable viremia and drastic increases in lifespan of people living with HIV. However, cART does not cure HIV infection as virus persists in cellular and anatomical reservoirs, from which the virus generally rebounds soon after cART cessation. One major anatomical reservoir are lymph node (LN) follicles, where HIV persists through replication in follicular helper T cells and is also trapped by follicular dendritic cells. Natural hosts of SIV, such as African green monkeys and sooty mangabeys, generally do not progress to disease although displaying persistently high viremia. Strikingly, these hosts mount a strong control of viral replication in LN follicles shortly after peak viremia that lasts throughout infection. Herein, we discuss the potential interplay between viral control in LNs and the resolution of inflammation, which is characteristic for natural hosts. We furthermore detail the differences that exist between non-pathogenic SIV infection in natural hosts and pathogenic HIV/SIV infection in humans and macaques regarding virus target cells and replication dynamics in LNs. Several mechanisms have been proposed to be implicated in the strong control of viral replication in natural host's LNs, such as NK cell-mediated control, that will be reviewed here, together with lessons and limitations of in vivo cell depletion studies that have been performed in natural hosts. Finally, we discuss the impact that these insights on viral dynamics and host responses in LNs of natural hosts have for the development of strategies toward HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes Nonhuman Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
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11
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Estes JD, LeGrand R, Petrovas C. Visualizing the Immune System: Providing Key Insights into HIV/SIV Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:423. [PMID: 29552017 PMCID: PMC5840205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological inductive tissues, such as secondary lymphoid organs, are composed of distinct anatomical microenvironments for the generation of immune responses to pathogens and immunogens. These microenvironments are characterized by the compartmentalization of highly specialized immune and stromal cell populations, as well as the presence of a complex network of soluble factors and chemokines that direct the intra-tissue trafficking of naïve and effector cell populations. Imaging platforms have provided critical contextual information regarding the molecular and cellular interactions that orchestrate the spatial microanatomy of relevant cells and the development of immune responses against pathogens. Particularly in HIV/SIV disease, imaging technologies are of great importance in the investigation of the local interplay between the virus and host cells, with respect to understanding viral dynamics and persistence, immune responses (i.e., adaptive and innate inflammatory responses), tissue structure and pathologies, and changes to the surrounding milieu and function of immune cells. Merging imaging platforms with other cutting-edge technologies could lead to novel findings regarding the phenotype, function, and molecular signatures of particular immune cell targets, further promoting the development of new antiviral treatments and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Roger LeGrand
- CEA, Université Paris Sud 11, INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Baxter AE, O'Doherty U, Kaufmann DE. Beyond the replication-competent HIV reservoir: transcription and translation-competent reservoirs. Retrovirology 2018; 15:18. [PMID: 29394935 PMCID: PMC5797386 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a substantial increase in the number of tools available to monitor and study HIV reservoirs. Here, we discuss recent technological advances that enable an understanding of reservoir dynamics beyond classical assays to measure the frequency of cells containing provirus able to propagate a spreading infection (replication-competent reservoir). Specifically, we focus on the characterization of cellular reservoirs containing proviruses able to transcribe viral mRNAs (so called transcription-competent) and translate viral proteins (translation-competent). We suggest that the study of these alternative reservoirs provides complementary information to classical approaches, crucially at a single-cell level. This enables an in-depth characterization of the cellular reservoir, both following reactivation from latency and, importantly, directly ex vivo at baseline. Furthermore, we propose that the study of cellular reservoirs that may not contain fully replication-competent virus, but are able to produce HIV mRNAs and proteins, is of biological importance. Lastly, we detail some of the key contributions that the study of these transcription and translation-competent reservoirs has made thus far to investigations into HIV persistence, and outline where these approaches may take the field next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Baxter
- CR-CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Scripps CHAVI-ID, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Una O'Doherty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Transfusion Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- CR-CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Scripps CHAVI-ID, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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13
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Watson DC, Moysi E, Valentin A, Bergamaschi C, Devasundaram S, Fortis SP, Bear J, Chertova E, Bess J, Sowder R, Venzon DJ, Deleage C, Estes JD, Lifson JD, Petrovas C, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN. Treatment with native heterodimeric IL-15 increases cytotoxic lymphocytes and reduces SHIV RNA in lymph nodes. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006902. [PMID: 29474450 PMCID: PMC5825155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell follicles in secondary lymphoid tissues represent an immune privileged sanctuary for AIDS viruses, in part because cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are mostly excluded from entering the follicles that harbor infected T follicular helper (TFH) cells. We studied the effects of native heterodimeric IL-15 (hetIL-15) treatment on uninfected rhesus macaques and on macaques that had spontaneously controlled SHIV infection to low levels of chronic viremia. hetIL-15 increased effector CD8+ T lymphocytes with high granzyme B content in blood, mucosal sites and lymph nodes, including virus-specific MHC-peptide tetramer+ CD8+ cells in LN. Following hetIL-15 treatment, multiplexed quantitative image analysis (histo-cytometry) of LN revealed increased numbers of granzyme B+ T cells in B cell follicles and SHIV RNA was decreased in plasma and in LN. Based on these properties, hetIL-15 shows promise as a potential component in combination immunotherapy regimens to target AIDS virus sanctuaries and reduce long-term viral reservoirs in HIV-1 infected individuals. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02452268.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios C. Watson
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eirini Moysi
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Santhi Devasundaram
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sotirios P. Fortis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jenifer Bear
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elena Chertova
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julian Bess
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ray Sowder
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David J. Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara K. Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George N. Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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14
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Bronnimann MP, Skinner PJ, Connick E. The B-Cell Follicle in HIV Infection: Barrier to a Cure. Front Immunol 2018; 9:20. [PMID: 29422894 PMCID: PMC5788973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of HIV replication occurs in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Within SLOs, HIV RNA+ cells are concentrated in the B-cell follicle during chronic untreated infection, and emerging data suggest that they are a major source of replication in treated disease as well. The concentration of HIV RNA+ cells in the B-cell follicle is mediated by several factors. Follicular CD4+ T-cell subsets including T-follicular helper cells and T-follicular regulatory cells are significantly more permissive to HIV than extrafollicular subsets. The B cell follicle also contains a large reservoir of extracellular HIV virions, which accumulate on the surface of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in germinal centers. FDC-bound HIV virions remain infectious even in the presence of neutralizing antibodies and can persist for months or even years. Moreover, the B-cell follicle is semi-immune privileged from CTL control. Frequencies of HIV- and SIV-specific CTL are lower in B-cell follicles compared to extrafollicular regions as the majority of CTL do not express the follicular homing receptor CXCR5. Additionally, CTL in the B-cell follicle may be less functional than extrafollicular CTL as many exhibit the recently described CD8 T follicular regulatory phenotype. Other factors may also contribute to the follicular concentration of HIV RNA+ cells. Notably, the contribution of NK cells and γδ T cells to control and/or persistence of HIV RNA+ cells in secondary lymphoid tissue remains poorly characterized. As HIV research moves increasingly toward the development of cure strategies, a greater understanding of the barriers to control of HIV infection in B-cell follicles is critical. Although no strategy has as of yet proven to be effective, a range of novel therapies to address these barriers are currently being investigated including genetically engineered CTL or chimeric antigen receptor T cells that express the follicular homing molecule CXCR5, treatment with IL-15 or an IL-15 superagonist, use of bispecific antibodies to harness the killing power of the follicular CD8+ T cell population, and disruption of the follicle through treatments such as rituximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Bronnimann
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Pamela J Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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15
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Henrich TJ, Deeks SG, Pillai SK. Measuring the Size of the Latent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reservoir: The Present and Future of Evaluating Eradication Strategies. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:S134-S141. [PMID: 28520968 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major barriers to the successful design and implementation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) curative strategies is the limited ability to sensitively, specifically, and precisely quantify and characterize the whole-body burden of replication-competent HIV in individuals on effective antiretroviral therapy. Here, we review the development and validation of assays that directly and indirectly measure the size and distribution of the reservoir in blood and tissues. We also discuss the role that treatment interruptions will have in validating these assays and ultimately as a "proof of cure."
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Satish K Pillai
- Blood Systems Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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16
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Vinton CL, Ortiz AM, Calantone N, Mudd JC, Deleage C, Morcock DR, Whitted S, Estes JD, Hirsch VM, Brenchley JM. Cytotoxic T Cell Functions Accumulate When CD4 Is Downregulated by CD4 + T Cells in African Green Monkeys. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:4403-4412. [PMID: 28438898 PMCID: PMC5502537 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
African green monkeys (AGMs) are a natural host of SIV that do not develop simian AIDS. Adult AGMs naturally have low numbers of CD4+ T cells and a large population of MHC class II-restricted CD8αα T cells that are generated through CD4 downregulation in CD4+ T cells. In this article, we study the functional profiles and SIV infection status in vivo of CD4+ T cells, CD8αα T cells, and CD8αβ T cells in lymph nodes, peripheral blood, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of AGMs and rhesus macaques (in which CD4 downregulation is not observed). We show that, although CD8αα T cells in AGMs maintain functions associated with CD4+ T cells (including Th follicular functionality in lymphoid tissues and Th2 responses in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid), they also accumulate functions normally attributed to canonical CD8+ T cells. These hyperfunctional CD8αα T cells are found to circulate peripherally, as well as reside within the lymphoid tissue. Due to their unique combination of CD4 and CD8 T cell effector functions, these CD4- CD8αα T cells are likely able to serve as an immunophenotype capable of Th1, follicular Th, and CTL functionalities, yet they are unable to be infected by SIV. These data demonstrate the ambiguity of CD4/CD8 expression in dictating the functional capacities of T cells and suggest that accumulation of hyperfunctional CD8αα T cells in AGMs may lead to tissue-specific antiviral immune responses in lymphoid follicles that limit SIV replication in this particular anatomical niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Vinton
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alexandra M Ortiz
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nina Calantone
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joseph C Mudd
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Claire Deleage
- Retroviral Immunopathology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - David R Morcock
- Retroviral Immunopathology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Sonya Whitted
- Nonhuman Primate Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Retroviral Immunopathology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Vanessa M Hirsch
- Nonhuman Primate Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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17
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Darcis G, Van Driessche B, Bouchat S, Kirchhoff F, Van Lint C. Molecular Control of HIV and SIV Latency. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 417:1-22. [PMID: 29071474 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The HIV latent reservoirs are considered as the main hurdle to viral eradication. Numerous mechanisms lead to the establishment of HIV latency and act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. A better understanding of latency is needed in order to ultimately achieve a cure for HIV. The mechanisms underlying latency vary between patients, tissues, anatomical compartments, and cell types. From this point of view, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and the use of nonhuman primate (NHP) models that recapitulate many aspects of HIV-associated latency establishment and disease progression are essential tools since they allow extensive tissue sampling as well as a control of infection parameters (virus type, dose, route, and time).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Darcis
- Service of Molecular Virology, Département de Biologie Moléculaire (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium.,Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Université de Liège, CHU de Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, B35, 4000, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benoit Van Driessche
- Service of Molecular Virology, Département de Biologie Moléculaire (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sophie Bouchat
- Service of Molecular Virology, Département de Biologie Moléculaire (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstraße 1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Département de Biologie Moléculaire (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
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