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Alhumaydhi F, Rauf A, Rashid U, Bawazeer S, Khan K, Mubarak MS, Aljohani ASM, Khan H, El-Saber Batiha G, El-Esawi MA, Mishra AP. In Vivo and In Silico Studies of Flavonoids Isolated from Pistacia integerrima as Potential Antidiarrheal Agents. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:15617-15624. [PMID: 34179606 PMCID: PMC8223227 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pistacia integerrima leaf galls are used in several traditional medicines to cure many diseases such as diarrhea, asthma, fever, cough, vomiting, and hepatitis. The main goal of the present investigation was to assess the antidiarrheal effect of the Pistacia integerrima extracts/fractions and four isolated flavonoid compounds (1-4) on mice. An in vivo assay involving castor-oil-induced diarrhea was used to evaluate the antidiarrheal potential of extracts/fractions at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg p.o., as well as isolated compounds at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg p.o. Pretreatment of mice with extracts/fractions significantly attenuated castor-oil-induced diarrhea in a dose-dependent manner. Among all crude extracts and fractions, the ethyl acetate extract was the most effective with 100% protection against diarrhea followed by chloroform (75% protection) at 400 mg/kg p.o. Although all the isolated compounds exhibited strong antidiarrheal activity, isolated compounds 1 and 4 demonstrated 100% protection against diarrhea. Moreover, docking models were performed using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) and AutoDock software and suggested that the extracts and isolated compounds exert antidiarrheal activity by inhibiting mu-opioid and delta-opioid receptors. Therefore, our finding affords a strong pharmacological basis for the traditional use of P. integerrima galls in the treatment of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad
A. Alhumaydhi
- Department
of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, 23561 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Umer Rashid
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Saud Bawazeer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21421, P.O. Box 42, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Khan
- Directroate
of Science and Technology, Peshawar, University
of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Abdullah S. M. Aljohani
- Department
of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department
of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University
Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhou 22511, Al Beheira, Egypt
| | | | - Abhay P. Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of
Health Science, University of Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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Delelegn MW, Endalamaw A, Belay GM. <p>Determinants of Acute Diarrhea Among Children Under-Five in Northeast Ethiopia: Unmatched Case–Control Study</p>. Pediatric Health Med Ther 2020; 11:323-333. [PMID: 32982540 PMCID: PMC7490045 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s256309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrheal disease is the second leading causes of death among under-five children. Most of the death due to diarrhea is reporting in developing countries. To prevent this highly prevalent problem, identifying the contributing factors across different settings is necessary. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinants of acute diarrhea among under-five children in the Northeast part of Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based unmatched case–control study was conducted among 306 under-five children from March to April 2019. A systematic random sampling technique was employed to select study participants. Data were collected by face to face interviews using a pretested structured questionnaire. Data were entered using Epi-info 7 and analyzed with SPSS version 20.0. We applied logistic regression analysis. Those variables with p-value <0.05 were significant determinants of acute diarrhea. Results Improper child’s stool disposal [AOR=4.12; 95% CI (1.25,13.5)], absence of home-based water treatment [AOR=2.85; 95% CI (1.27,6.42)], did not wash hand at critical times [AOR=5.47; 95% CI (1.68,17.8)], did not practice exclusive breastfeed [AOR=3.32; 95% CI (1.21,9.14], unable to get counseling from health professionals [AOR= 3.23; 95%,CI (1.15,13.5)], provide left over food to the child [AOR=2.96; 95% CI (1.19,7.32)], and maternal diarrhea [AOR=6.06; 95% CI (2.42,15.22)] were determinants of acute diarrhea among under five children. Conclusion Most of the determinants of acute diarrhea could be preventable. Thus, collaborative intervention by emphasizing health education about the importance of personal and environmental hygiene, safe food handling, exclusive breastfeeding practice, and home-based water treatment are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekdess Wesenyeleh Delelegn
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Aklilu Endalamaw
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Aklilu Endalamaw Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaTel +251 945842524 Email
| | - Getaneh Mulualem Belay
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Ugboko HU, Nwinyi OC, Oranusi SU, Fatoki TH, Akinduti PA, Enibukun JM. In Silico Screening and Analysis of Broad-Spectrum Molecular Targets and Lead Compounds for Diarrhea Therapy. Bioinform Biol Insights 2019; 13:1177932219884297. [PMID: 31695343 PMCID: PMC6820192 DOI: 10.1177/1177932219884297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoeal disease kills about 1.5 million human beings per year across the continents. The enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) pathotype has been noted as a major cause of diarrheal disease in human and livestock. The aim of this study is to identify broad-spectrum molecular targets in bacteria and broad-spectrum lead compounds (functional inhibitors) with high efficacy and no significant adverse implication on human systems, in relevance to diarrhea therapy through computational approaches which include phylogenetics, target prediction, molecular docking, and molecular flexibility dynamic simulations. Three molecular target genes, murA, dxr, and DnaE, which code for uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine-1-carboxyvinyltransferase, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase, and deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase III alpha subunit, respectively, were found to be highly conserved in 7 diarrhea-causing microbes. In addition, 21 potential compounds identified showed varied degree of affinity to these enzymes. At free energy cutoff of -8.0 kcal/mol, the highest effective molecular target was DNA polymerase III alpha subunit (PDB ID: 4JOM) followed by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-1-carboxyvinyltransferase (PDB ID: 5UJS), and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (PDB ID: 1ONN), while the highest effective lead compound was N-coeleneterazine followed by amphotericin B, MMV010576, MMV687800, MMV028694, azithromycin, and diphenoxylate. The flexibility dynamics of DNA polymerase III alpha subunit unraveled the atomic fluctuation which potentially implicated Asp593 as unstable active site amino acid residue. In conclusion, bacteria DnaE gene or its protein is a highly promising molecular target for the next generation of antibacterial drugs of the class of N-coeleneterazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet U Ugboko
- Microbiology Research Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Obinna C Nwinyi
- Microbiology Research Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Solomon U Oranusi
- Microbiology Research Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Toluwase H Fatoki
- Enzyme Biotechnology and Pharmaceutics Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Paul A Akinduti
- Microbiology Research Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Jesupemi M Enibukun
- Molecular Biology and Environmental Microbiology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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Betanzos A, Bañuelos C, Orozco E. Host Invasion by Pathogenic Amoebae: Epithelial Disruption by Parasite Proteins. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E618. [PMID: 31416298 PMCID: PMC6723116 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium represents the first and most extensive line of defence against pathogens, toxins and pollutant agents in humans. In general, pathogens have developed strategies to overcome this barrier and use it as an entrance to the organism. Entamoeba histolytica, Naegleriafowleri and Acanthamoeba spp. are amoebae mainly responsible for intestinal dysentery, meningoencephalitis and keratitis, respectively. These amoebae cause significant morbidity and mortality rates. Thus, the identification, characterization and validation of molecules participating in host-parasite interactions can provide attractive targets to timely intervene disease progress. In this work, we present a compendium of the parasite adhesins, lectins, proteases, hydrolases, kinases, and others, that participate in key pathogenic events. Special focus is made for the analysis of assorted molecules and mechanisms involved in the interaction of the parasites with epithelial surface receptors, changes in epithelial junctional markers, implications on the barrier function, among others. This review allows the assessment of initial host-pathogen interaction, to correlate it to the potential of parasite invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Betanzos
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico City 03940, Mexico
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Bañuelos
- Coordinación General de Programas de Posgrado Multidisciplinarios, Programa de Doctorado Transdisciplinario en Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico para la Sociedad, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico.
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William YN, Gilbert A, Shah AJ, Wahid F, Marius M, Yameen MA, Shah SL, Bashir K, Sajjad W, Kuiate JR, Albert K, Khan T. Curative effects of Distemonanthus benthamianus Baillon. Trunk-bark extracts on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli 31-induced diarrhea in rats. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 16:/j/jcim.ahead-of-print/jcim-2018-0202/jcim-2018-0202.xml. [PMID: 31125314 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2018-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Distemonanthus benthamianus is used in the Western part of Cameroon to treat diarrheal episodes and infections. This study assessed its trunk-bark extracts activity against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli 31 (EPEC 31)-induced diarrhea in rats. Methods Aqueous and methanolic extracts were analyzed through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MICs/MBCs) were evaluated on Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 10,541), E. coli (ATCC 6539), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13,883), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 6539) strains and on Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA 01) and Shigella flexneri isolates using the microdilution method. Diarrhea was induced by inoculating rats with EPEC 31 (1.5 × 108 CFU/mL; p.o). Serum transaminases level assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cytokines determination were performed. Hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) staining was used for intestinal tissue analysis. Results HPLC fingerprints of extracts showed presence of gallic acid and other unidentified compounds. The lowest MIC of 256 µg/mL was obtained with methanolic extract. At 100 mg/kg, both extracts significantly (p<0.001) inhibited diarrhea, with the methanolic extract being the most active. In addition, the methanolic extract significantly (p<0.001) increased the relative mass of the liver compared to negative control (Tween-DMSO 8%). The aqueous extract (100 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.01) increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum concentration; while the methanolic extract (100 mg/kg) exhibited similar effect over aspartate aminotransferase (AST). At 50 and 100 mg/kg, the methanolic extract significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.01) decreased the Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) serum level, compared to negative control (Tween-DMSO 8%). Serum level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) significantly (p<0.001) decreased with 100 mg/kg of aqueous extract and all doses of methanolic extract. Inhibition of inflammatory cells tissue infiltration and epithelial regeneration was highly noticed in the ileum and colon of extracts-treated rats than in ciprofloxacin-treated animals. Conclusion These findings suggest that D. benthamianus trunk-bark extracts displayed therapeutic effects against infectious diarrhea in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousseu Nana William
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO. Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon.,Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ateufack Gilbert
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO. Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Abdul Jabbar Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fazli Wahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mbiantcha Marius
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO. Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Muhammad Arfat Yameen
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Luqman Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Bashir
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Sajjad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jules-Roger Kuiate
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO. Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Kamanyi Albert
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO. Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Taous Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
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