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Ernst KH. Helicenes on Surfaces: Stereospecific On-Surface Chemistry, Single Enantiomorphism, and Electron Spin Selectivity. Chirality 2024; 36:e23706. [PMID: 39077832 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Helicenes represent an important class of chiral organic material with promising optoelectronic properties. Hence, functionalization of surfaces with helicenes is a key step towards new organic material devices. This review presents different aspects of adsorption and modification of metal surfaces with different helicene species. Topics addressed are chiral crystallization, that is, 2D conglomerate versus racemate crystallization, breaking of mirror-symmetry in racemates, chirality-induced spin selectivity, and stereoselective on-surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Molecular Surface Science, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Nanosurf Lab, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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3
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Di Giovannantonio M, Contini G. Reversibility and intermediate steps as key tools for the growth of extended ordered polymers via on-surface synthesis. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:093001. [PMID: 29345628 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaa8cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface-confined polymerization is a bottom-up strategy to create one- and two-dimensional covalent organic nanostructures with a π-conjugated backbone, which are suitable to be employed in real-life electronic devices, due to their high mechanical resistance and electronic charge transport efficiency. This strategy makes it possible to change the properties of the final nanostructures by a careful choice of the monomer architecture (i.e. of its constituent atoms and their spatial arrangement). Several chemical reactions have been proven to form low-dimensional polymers on surfaces, exploiting a variety of precursors in combination with metal (e.g. Cu, Ag, Au) and insulating (e.g. NaCl, CaCO3) surfaces. One of the main challenges of such an approach is to obtain nanostructures with long-range order, to boost the conductance performances of these materials. Most of the exploited chemical reactions use irreversible coupling between the monomers and, as a consequence, the resulting structures often suffer from poor order and high defect density. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art surface-confined polymerization reactions, with particular attention paid to reversible coupling pathways and irreversible processes including intermediate states, which are key aspects to control to increase the order of the final nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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4
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Dutta S, Gellman AJ. Enantiomer surface chemistry: conglomerate versus racemate formation on surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7787-7839. [PMID: 29165467 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00555e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Research on surface chirality is motivated by the need to develop functional chiral surfaces for enantiospecific applications. While molecular chirality in 3D has been the subject of study for almost two centuries, many aspects of 2D chiral surface chemistry have yet to be addressed. In 3D, racemic mixtures of chiral molecules tend to aggregate into racemate (molecularly heterochiral) crystals much more frequently than conglomerate (molecularly homochiral) crystals. Whether chiral adsorbates on surfaces preferentially aggregate into heterochiral rather than homochiral domains (2D crystals or clusters) is not known. In this review, we have made the first attempt to answer the following question based on available data: in 2D racemic mixtures adsorbed on surfaces, is there a clear preference for homochiral or heterochiral aggregation? The current hypothesis is that homochiral packing is preferred on surfaces; in contrast to 3D where heterochiral packing is more common. In this review, we present a simple hierarchical scheme to categorize the chirality of adsorbate-surface systems. We then review the body of work using scanning tunneling microscopy predominantly to study aggregation of racemic adsorbates. Our analysis of the existing literature suggests that there is no clear evidence of any preference for either homochiral or heterochiral aggregation at the molecular level by chiral and prochiral adsorbates on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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5
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Rieger A, Sax C, Bauert T, Wäckerlin C, Ernst KH. Chiral molecules adsorbed on a solid surface: Tartaric acid diastereomers and their surface explosion on Cu(111). Chirality 2018; 30:369-377. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rieger
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Cédric Sax
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Tobias Bauert
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Christian Wäckerlin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Zürich Switzerland
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6
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Abstract
The chiral recognition among biomolecules is fundamentally important for many processes of life, including the stereochemistry of evolution. Of special interest is chiral recognition during crystallization of racemates, when either homochiral recognition leads to a conglomerate of homochiral crystals or heterochiral recognition dominates resulting in a racemic compound. The complex nature of molecular recognition at the level of nucleation and crystal growth renders it difficult to understand and calls for manageable model systems. Notably, the approach of studying aggregation of molecules at surfaces under well-defined conditions includes the benefit of the availability of a multitude of highly sensitive investigation methods, of which scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with its submolecular resolution is tremendously valuable. Heterogeneous nucleation at surfaces is strongly favored over homogeneous nucleation in solution; hence, surfaces are significantly involved in stereochemical recognition during crystallization. Helicenes are a fascinating class of chiral compounds with outstanding optical activity. These π-conjugated, ortho-fused, aromatic hydrocarbons are promising candidates for organic electronic devices such as sensors, circular dichroic photonics, liquid crystal displays or spin filters. But in particular the defined footprint of their terminal benzo rings on a surface makes them interesting for studying stereochemical recognition with different single crystalline surfaces and the impact this has, in turn, on intermolecular recognition. In this Account, we describe the self-assembly of helicenes on metal surfaces with the focus on stereochemical recognition in two-dimensional structures. Using the isomeric all-carbon helicenes, heptahelicene and dibenzohelicene as examples, different aggregation phenomena on different surfaces of single crystalline copper, silver, and gold are investigated. By means of STM different modes of transmission of molecular handedness from single molecules into extended two-dimensional supramolecular structures are identified. For the problem of racemate versus conglomerate crystallization, the impact of surface and molecular structure and their interplay are analyzed. This leads to detailed conclusions about the importance of the match of molecular and surface binding sites for long-range self-assembly. The absence of polar groups puts emphasis on van der Waals interaction and their maximization by steric overlap of molecular parts in enantiomeric and diastereomeric interactions. With STM as a manipulation tool, dimers are manually separated in order to analyze their chiral composition. And finally, new nonlinear cooperative effects induced by small enantiospecific bias are discovered that lead to single enantiomorphism in two-dimensional racemate crystals as well as in racemic multilayered films. By means of these model studies many details that govern chiral recognition at surfaces are rationalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Nanoscale Materials Science, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Therrien AJ, Lawton TJ, Mernoff B, Lucci FR, Pushkarev VV, Gellman AJ, Sykes ECH. Chiral nanoscale pores created during the surface explosion of tartaric acid on Cu(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:14282-14285. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05820e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The autocatalytic decomposition of tartaric acid on Cu(111) exhibits unique kinetics, which are linked to a hexagonal surface structure adopted at high coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. J. Lawton
- Department of Chemistry
- Tufts University
- Medford
- USA
| | - B. Mernoff
- Department of Chemistry
- Tufts University
- Medford
- USA
| | - F. R. Lucci
- Department of Chemistry
- Tufts University
- Medford
- USA
| | - V. V. Pushkarev
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - A. J. Gellman
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
- W.E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation
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8
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Parschau M, Ernst KH. Disappearing Enantiomorphs: Single Handedness in Racemate Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Parschau M, Ernst KH. Disappearing Enantiomorphs: Single Handedness in Racemate Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14422-6. [PMID: 26440779 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although crystallization is the most important method for the separation of enantiomers of chiral molecules in the chemical industry, the chiral recognition involved in this process is poorly understood at the molecular level. We report on the initial steps in the formation of layered racemate crystals from a racemic mixture, as observed by STM at submolecular resolution. Grown on a copper single-crystal surface, the chiral hydrocarbon heptahelicene formed chiral racemic lattice structures within the first layer. In the second layer, enantiomerically pure domains were observed, underneath which the first layer contained exclusively the other enantiomer. Hence, the system changed from a 2D racemate into a 3D racemate with enantiomerically pure layers after exceeding monolayer-saturation coverage. A chiral bias in form of a small enantiomeric excess suppressed the crystallization of one double-layer enantiomorph so that the pure minor enantiomer crystallized only in the second layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Parschau
- Nanoscale Materials Science Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf (Switzerland)
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Nanoscale Materials Science Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf (Switzerland). .,Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich (Switzerland).
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10
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Chen T, Wang D, Wan LJ. Two-dimensional chiral molecular assembly on solid surfaces: formation and regulation. Natl Sci Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The expression of chirality in 2D molecular assemblies on solid surfaces has unique features compared to the analogous process in 1D and 3D supramolecular assemblies. Understanding the formation of chiral molecular assemblies on surfaces not only provides insight into the origin and transfer of chirality in many enantioselective processes, but also aids rational design and construction of chiral architectures and materials. This present contribution reviews recent studies on how chirality is induced and expressed on the surface at different levels, both from intrinsically chiral and achiral molecules. Furthermore, we discuss the regulation effect of some pivotal factors, for example, the chemical structure, the chiral auxiliary molecules, and the assembled environments, on the expression of chirality in molecular assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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11
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Mahapatra M, Tysoe WT. Chemisorptive enantioselectivity of chiral epoxides on tartaric-acid modified Pd(111): three-point bonding. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:5450-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05611f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The chemisorption of two chiral molecules, propylene oxide and glycidol, is studied on tartaric-acid modified Pd(111) surfaces by using temperature-programmed desorption to measure adsorbate coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mausumi Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Surface Studies
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | - Wilfred T. Tysoe
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Surface Studies
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
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12
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Mahapatra M, Tysoe WT. Adsorption and reaction pathways of a chiral probe molecule, S-glycidol on a Pd(111) surface. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy00904e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of S-glycidol is studied on a Pd(111) surface using temperature-programmed desorption and reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy to explore its suitability as a chiral probe molecule and to follow its reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mausumi Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Surface Studies
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | - Wilfred T. Tysoe
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Surface Studies
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
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13
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Sun K, Lan M, Wang JZ. Absolute configuration and chiral self-assembly of rubrene on Bi(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:26220-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04608d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the chiral self-assembly of rubrene molecules on a semi-metallic Bi(111) surface using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology & MOE Key Lab Luminescence & Real Time Anal
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Meng Lan
- School of Physical Science and Technology & MOE Key Lab Luminescence & Real Time Anal
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Jun-Zhong Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & MOE Key Lab Luminescence & Real Time Anal
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
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14
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Nuermaimaiti A, Bombis C, Knudsen MM, Cramer JR, Lægsgaard E, Besenbacher F, Gothelf KV, Linderoth TR. Chiral induction with chiral conformational switches in the limit of low "sergeants to soldiers" ratio. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8074-8081. [PMID: 24960454 DOI: 10.1021/nn502097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular-level insights into chiral adsorption phenomena are highly relevant within the fields of asymmetric heterogeneous catalysis or chiral separation and may contribute to understand the origins of homochirality in nature. Here, we investigate chiral induction by the "sergeants and soldiers" mechanism for an oligo(phenylene ethynylene) based chiral conformational switch by coadsorbing it with an intrinsically chiral seed on Au(111). Through statistical analysis of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) data, we demonstrate successful chiral induction with a very low concentration of seeding molecules down to 3%. The microscopic mechanism for the observed chiral induction is suggested to involve nucleation of the intrinsically chiral seeds, allowing for effective transfer and amplification of chirality to large numbers of soldier target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajiguli Nuermaimaiti
- Sino-Danish Center for Molecular Nanostructures on Surfaces, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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15
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Abstract
Prochiral molecules locally induce a chiral restructuring of the Cu(110) surface that persists after removal of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Karageorgaki
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
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16
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Shchyrba A, Nguyen MT, Wäckerlin C, Martens S, Nowakowska S, Ivas T, Roose J, Nijs T, Boz S, Schär M, Stöhr M, Pignedoli CA, Thilgen C, Diederich F, Passerone D, Jung TA. Chirality Transfer in 1D Self-Assemblies: Influence of H-Bonding vs Metal Coordination between Dicyano[7]helicene Enantiomers. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15270-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja407315f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aneliia Shchyrba
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manh-Thuong Nguyen
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, I-34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Christian Wäckerlin
- Laboratory
for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Martens
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sylwia Nowakowska
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Toni Ivas
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jesse Roose
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Nijs
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serpil Boz
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schär
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Thilgen
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Passerone
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Jung
- Laboratory
for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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17
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Guo Z, De Cat I, Van Averbeke B, Ghijsens E, Lin J, Xu H, Wang G, Hoeben FJM, Tomović Ž, Lazzaroni R, Beljonne D, Meijer EW, Schenning APHJ, De Feyter S. Surface-Induced Diastereomeric Complex Formation of a Nucleoside at the Liquid/Solid Interface: Stereoselective Recognition and Preferential Adsorption. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9811-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja402914m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongxia Guo
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy
and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, People’s Republic of
China
| | - Inge De Cat
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Van Averbeke
- Service de Chimie des Materiaux
Nouveaux, Université de Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Elke Ghijsens
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jianbin Lin
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hong Xu
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guojie Wang
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Freek J. M. Hoeben
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Željko Tomović
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Service de Chimie des Materiaux
Nouveaux, Université de Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Service de Chimie des Materiaux
Nouveaux, Université de Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albertus P. H. J. Schenning
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Seibel J, Allemann O, Siegel JS, Ernst KH. Chiral Conflict among Different Helicenes Suppresses Formation of One Enantiomorph in 2D Crystallization. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:7434-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja402012j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Seibel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600
Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Allemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jay S. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600
Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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González-Campo A, Amabilino DB. Biomolecules at interfaces: chiral, naturally. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 333:109-56. [PMID: 23460199 DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Interfaces are a most important environment in natural and synthetic chemistries for a wide variety of processes, such as catalysis, recognition, separation, and so on. Naturally occurring systems have evolved to one handedness and the study of interfaces where biomolecules are located is a potentially revealing pursuit with regard to understanding the reasons and importance of stereochemistry in these environments. Equally, the spontaneous resolution of achiral and chiral compounds at interfaces could lead to explanations regarding the emergence of single handedness in proteins and sugars. Also, the attachment of biomolecules to surfaces leads to systems capable of stereoselective processes which may be useful for the applications mentioned above. The review covers systems ranging from small biomolecules studied under ultrapure conditions in vacuum to protein adsorption to surfaces in solution, and the techniques that can be used to study them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arántzazu González-Campo
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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20
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Song Y, Wang Y, Wan L, Ye S, Hou H, Wang L. Scanning tunneling microscopy study of α,ω-dihexylsexithiophene adlayers on Au(111): a chiral separation induced by a surface. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:885-891. [PMID: 22849803 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927612000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of α,ω-dihexylsexithiophene molecules on an Au(111) surface was examined by using scanning tunneling microscopy at room temperature, revealing the internal molecular structures of the sexithiophene backbones and the hexyl side chains. The α,ω-dihexylsexithiophene formed a large and well-ordered monolayer in which the molecule lay flatly on the Au(111) surface and was separated into two chiral domains. A detailed observation reveals that the admolecules were packed in one lamellae with their molecular axis aligned along the main axis of the Au(111) substrate with their hexyl chains deviated from <110> direction of the Au(111) substrate by 12 ± 0.5°. In contrast to the behavior in the three-dimensional bulk structure, flat-lying adsorption introduced molecular chirality: right- and left-handed molecules separate into domains of two different orientations, which are mirror symmetric with respect to the <121> direction of the Au(111) substrate. Details of the adlayer structure and the chiral self-assembly were discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghai Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, People's Republic of China.
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Kühnle A, Linderoth TR, Besenbacher F. Chiral Symmetry Breaking Observed for Cysteine on the Au(110)-(1×2) Surface. Top Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-011-9765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Masini F, Kalashnyk N, Knudsen MM, Cramer JR, Laegsgaard E, Besenbacher F, Gothelf KV, Linderoth TR. Chiral induction by seeding surface assemblies of chiral switches. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:13910-3. [PMID: 21830788 DOI: 10.1021/ja205998c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is demonstrated by scanning tunneling microscopy that coadsorption of a molecular chiral switch with a complementary, intrinsically chiral induction seed on the Au(111) surface leads to the formation of globally homochiral molecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Masini
- Sino-Danish Center for Molecular Nanostructures on Surfaces, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Denmark
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25
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Control and induction of surface-confined homochiral porous molecular networks. Nat Chem 2011; 3:714-9. [PMID: 21860461 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Homochirality is essential to many biological systems, and plays a pivotal role in various technological applications. The generation of homochirality and an understanding of its mechanism from the single-molecule to supramolecular level have received much attention. Two-dimensional chirality is a subject of intense interest due to the unique possibilities and consequences of confining molecular self-assembly to surfaces or interfaces. Here, we report the perfect generation of two-dimensional homochirality of porous molecular networks at the liquid-solid interface in two different ways: (i) by self-assembly of homochiral building blocks and (ii) by self-assembly of achiral building blocks in the presence of a chiral modifier via a hierarchical structural recognition process, as revealed by scanning tunnelling microscopy. The present results provide important impetus for the development of two-dimensional crystal engineering and may afford opportunities for the utilization of chiral nanowells in chiral recognition processes, as nanoreactors and as data storage systems.
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Roth C, Parschau M, Ernst KH. Chiral Reconstruction of a Metal Surface by Adsorption of Racemic Malic Acid. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:1572-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yang B, Wang Y, Cun H, Du S, Xu M, Wang Y, Ernst KH, Gao HJ. Direct Observation of Enantiospecific Substitution in a Two-Dimensional Chiral Phase Transition. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10440-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ja102989y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yeliang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Huanyao Cun
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Shixuan Du
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mingchun Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yue Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Cun H, Wang Y, Yang B, Zhang L, Du S, Wang Y, Ernst KH, Gao HJ. Homochiral recognition among organic molecules on copper(110). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:3402-3406. [PMID: 19831415 DOI: 10.1021/la903193a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of a prochiral quinacridone derivative (QA16C) with two alkyl chains of 16 carbon atoms on a Cu(110) surface was investigated with variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. QA16C molecules prefer to assemble at 150 K into short homochiral molecular lines with two enantiomorphous orientations in which the lateral alkyl chains exhibit partial disorder. With increasing sample temperatures, the QA16C lines form larger well-ordered homochiral domains. As a reason for the homochiral recognition, we identify a rigid alignment of the molecule due to the interaction with the substrate. In addition, lateral intermolecular interactions in the form of hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyao Cun
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Ernst KH. Amplification of chirality at solid surfaces. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2010; 40:41-50. [PMID: 19911299 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Symmetry-breaking phenomena in two-dimensional crystallization at surfaces are reviewed and the potential impact to chiral amplification in three-dimensional systems in connection with the origin of homochirality in the biomolecular world is discussed. Adsorption of prochiral molecules leads to two-dimensional conglomerates, i.e., on a local scale spontaneously to homochiral crystal structures. Small enantiomeric excess or chiral impurities in this environment install homochirality on a global scale, that is, on the entire surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Molecular Surface Science, Empa-Swiss Materials Testing and Research Laboratories, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Parschau M, Ellerbeck U, Ernst KH. Chirality transfer by epitaxial mismatch in multi-layered homochiral molecular films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Roth C, Passerone D, Ernst KH. Pasteur's quasiracemates in 2D: chiral conflict between structurally different enantiomers induces single-handed enantiomorphism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:8645-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03060k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Phenomena like transfer, expression and amplification of chirality in molecular monolayers are reviewed. Chirality can be bestowed onto achiral surfaces by adsorption of chiral molecules. This offers a good opportunity to study two-dimensional chiral crystallization phenomena, like lateral resolution of enantiomers or the transfer of handedness from single molecules into mesoscopic ensembles at high resolution with scanning probe microscopy. Induction of homochirality on surfaces via cooperatively amplified interactions in molecular monolayers is a new phenomenon of supramolecular surface chirality. Prochiral molecules will turn into either handedness upon adsorption, but doping with intrinsically chiral molecules breaks this symmetry and induces homochirality. A similar effect is induced by a small enantiomeric excess. The excess molecules provide the chiral bias that becomes amplified into single lattice chirality.
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Drastic symmetry breaking in supramolecular organization of enantiomerically unbalanced monolayers at surfaces. Nat Chem 2009; 1:409-14. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Parschau M, Passerone D, Rieder KH, Hug H, Ernst KH. Umwandlung der absoluten Konfiguration einzelner Adsorbatkomplexe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Parschau M, Passerone D, Rieder KH, Hug H, Ernst KH. Switching the Chirality of Single Adsorbate Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4065-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhang J, Li B, Cui X, Wang B, Yang J, Hou JG. Spontaneous Chiral Resolution in Supramolecular Assembly of 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine on Au(111). J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:5885-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9001986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - J. G. Hou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
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Pérez-García L, Amabilino DB. Spontaneous resolution, whence and whither: from enantiomorphic solids to chiral liquid crystals, monolayers and macro- and supra-molecular polymers and assemblies. Chem Soc Rev 2007; 36:941-67. [PMID: 17534480 DOI: 10.1039/b610714a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the great challenges in stereochemistry is the explanation of why some molecules resolve spontaneously while others do not. In this critical review the recent advances in the creation of chiral systems from achiral and racemic compounds in three-, two- and one-dimensional systems are discussed. There are some groups of molecules in some systems that do tend to display conglomerates, which may suggest that there are enantiophobic and enantiophilic molecules whose assembly is guided by the structural and thermodynamic properties of the systems in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluïsa Pérez-García
- Laboratori de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. mlperez@ ub.edu
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Widmer R, Haug FJ, Ruffieux P, Gröning O, Bielmann M, Gröning P, Fasel R. Surface Chirality of CuO Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:14103-8. [PMID: 17061893 DOI: 10.1021/ja0640703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) investigations of CuO thin films electrochemically deposited on an Au(001) single-crystal surface from a solution containing chiral tartaric acid (TA). The presence of enantiopure TA in the deposition process results in a homochiral CuO surface, as revealed by XPD. On the other hand, XPD patterns of films deposited with racemic tartaric acid or the "achiral" meso-tartaric acid are completely symmetric. A detailed analysis of the experimental data using single scattering cluster calculations reveals that the films grown with l(+)-TA exhibit a CuO(1) orientation, whereas growth in the presence of d(-)-TA results in a CuO(11) surface orientation. A simple bulk-truncated model structure with two terminating oxygen layers reproduces the experimental XPD data. Deposition with alternating enantiomers of tartaric acid leads to CuO films of alternating chirality. Enantiospecifity of the chiral CuO surfaces is demonstrated by further deposition of CuO from a solution containing racemic tartaric acid. The pre-deposited homochiral films exhibit selectivity toward the same enantiomeric deposition pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Widmer
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland.
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Richardson N. Two-dimensional crystals: through the looking glass. NATURE MATERIALS 2006; 5:91-2. [PMID: 16449992 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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Parschau M, Behzadi B, Romer S, Ernst KH. Stereoisomeric influence on 2D lattice structure: achiralmeso-tartaric acidversus chiral tartaric acid. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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