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Maciel F, Berni P, Geada P, Teixeira J, Silva J, Vicente A. Identification and optimization of the key growth parameters involved in carotenoids production of the marine microalga Pavlova gyrans. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17224. [PMID: 39060334 PMCID: PMC11282313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, a multivariate analysis was carried out, using a Plackett-Burman (PB) design involving seventeen growth parameters, on carotenoids production of Pavlova gyrans (p < 0.10). Each assay was analysed regarding its content (mg g-1) of fucoxanthin (Fx), diatoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, β-carotene (βCar), α-carotene, and the sum of all carotenoids analysed individually (TCar). According to the statistical analysis, modified medium formulations were developed for the particular cases of Fx, βCar, and TCar. The study showed that Fx content was positively affected by nitrogen supplementation and lower light intensities. Higher concentrations of nitrogen and iron increased the final content of βCar as well. Similarly, salinity, light intensity, nitrogen, iron, and cobalt were identified as key factors in TCar production. The PB-based formulations showed significant improvements (p < 0.05) for TCar (11.794 mg g-1) and Fx (6.153 mg g-1) when compared to the control conditions (Walne's medium-2.010 mg g-1). Furthermore, effective control of key variables (e.g., light intensity) throughout P. gyrans growth proved successful (p < 0.05), increasing the productivity of Fx (0.759 mg L-1 d-1) and TCar (1.615 mg L-1 d-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Maciel
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paulo Berni
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro Geada
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
- LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - José Teixeira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Silva
- ALLMICROALGAE, Natural Products S.A., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Vicente
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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Kagatani K, Nagao R, Shen JR, Yamano Y, Takaichi S, Akimoto S. Excitation relaxation dynamics of carotenoids constituting the diadinoxanthin cycle. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 154:13-19. [PMID: 35951151 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids (Cars) exhibit two functions in photosynthesis, light-harvesting and photoprotective functions, which are performed through the excited states of Cars. Therefore, increasing our knowledge on excitation relaxation dynamics of Cars is important for understanding of the functions of Cars. In light-harvesting complexes, there exist Cars functioning by converting the π-conjugation number in response to light conditions. It is well known that some microalgae have a mechanism controlling the conjugation number of Cars, called as the diadinoxanthin cycle; diadinoxanthin (10 conjugations) is accumulated under low light, whereas diatoxanthin (11 conjugations) appears under high light. However, the excitation relaxation dynamics of these two Cars have not been clarified. In the present study, we investigated excitation relaxation dynamics of diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin in relation to their functions, by the ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopy. After an excitation to the S2 state, the intramolecular vibrational redistribution occurs, followed by the internal conversion to the S1 state. The S2 lifetimes were analyzed to be 175 fs, 155 fs, and 140 fs in diethyl ether, ethanol, and acetone, respectively, for diadinoxanthin, and 155 fs, 135 fs, and 125 fs in diethyl ether, ethanol, and acetone, respectively for diatoxanthin. By converting diadinoxanthin to diatoxanthin, the absorption spectra shift to longer wavelengths by 5-7 nm, and lifetimes of S2 and S1 states decrease by 11-13% and 52%, respectively. Differences in levels and lifetimes of excited states between diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin are small; therefore, it is suggested that changes in the energy level of chlorophyll a are necessary to efficiently control the functions of the diadinoxanthin cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kagatani
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Nagao
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yamano
- Comprehensive Education and Research Center, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Seiji Akimoto
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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Derks A, Schaven K, Bruce D. Diverse mechanisms for photoprotection in photosynthesis. Dynamic regulation of photosystem II excitation in response to rapid environmental change. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:468-485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Fuciman M, Keşan G, LaFountain AM, Frank HA, Polívka T. Tuning the spectroscopic properties of aryl carotenoids by slight changes in structure. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:1457-67. [PMID: 25558974 DOI: 10.1021/jp512354r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two carotenoids with aryl rings were studied by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical computational methods, and the results were compared with those obtained from their nonaryl counterpart, β-carotene. Although isorenieratene has more conjugated C═C bonds than β-carotene, its effective conjugation length, Neff, is shorter than of β-carotene. This is evidenced by a longer S1 lifetime and higher S1 energy of isorenieratene compared to the values for β-carotene. On the other hand, although isorenieratene and renierapurpurin have the same π-electron conjugated chain structure, Neff is different for these two carotenoids. The S1 lifetime of renierapurpurin is shorter than that of isorenieratene, indicating a longer Neff for renierapurpurin. This conclusion is also consistent with a lower S1 energy of renierapurpurin compared to those of the other carotenoids. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to calculate equilibrium geometries of ground and excited states of all studied carotenoids. The terminal ring torsion in the ground state of isorenieratene (41°) is very close to that of β-carotene (45°), but equilibration of the bond lengths within the aryl rings indicates that the each aryl ring forms its own conjugated system. This results in partial detachment of the aryl rings from the overall conjugation making Neff of isorenieratene shorter than that of β-carotene. The different position of the methyl group at the aryl ring of renierapurpurin diminishes the aryl ring torsion to ∼20°. This planarization results in a longer Neff than that of isorenieratene, rationalizing the observed differences in spectroscopic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Fuciman
- Institute of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia , Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Goss R, Lepetit B. Biodiversity of NPQ. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 172:13-32. [PMID: 24854581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In their natural environment plants and algae are exposed to rapidly changing light conditions and light intensities. Illumination with high light intensities has the potential to overexcite the photosynthetic pigments and the electron transport chain and thus induce the production of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). To prevent damage by the action of ROS, plants and algae have developed a multitude of photoprotection mechanisms. One of the most important protection mechanisms is the dissipation of excessive excitation energy as heat in the light-harvesting complexes of the photosystems. This process requires a structural change of the photosynthetic antenna complexes that are normally optimized with regard to efficient light-harvesting. Enhanced heat dissipation in the antenna systems is accompanied by a strong quenching of the chlorophyll a fluorescence and has thus been termed non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence, NPQ. The general importance of NPQ for the photoprotection of plants and algae is documented by its wide distribution in the plant kingdom. In the present review we will summarize the present day knowledge about NPQ in higher plants and different algal groups with a special focus on the molecular mechanisms that lead to the structural rearrangements of the antenna complexes and enhanced heat dissipation. We will present the newest models for NPQ in higher plants and diatoms and will compare the features of NPQ in different algae with those of NPQ in higher plants. In addition, we will briefly address evolutionary aspects of NPQ, i.e. how the requirements of NPQ have changed during the transition of plants from the aquatic habitat to the land environment. We will conclude with a presentation of open questions regarding the mechanistic basis of NPQ and suggestions for future experiments that may serve to obtain this missing information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reimund Goss
- Institut für Biologie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Bernard Lepetit
- Institut für Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Niedzwiedzki DM, Cranston L. Excited state lifetimes and energies of okenone and chlorobactene, exemplary keto and non-keto aryl carotenoids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:13245-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00836k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photophysical properties of two typical aryl carotenoids, okenone and chlorobactene, were studied with application of femtosecond and microsecond time-resolved absorption spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz M. Niedzwiedzki
- Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center and Department of Chemistry
- Washington University in St Louis
- USA
| | - Laura Cranston
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology
- College of Medical
- Veterinary and Life Sciences
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre
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Niedzwiedzki DM, Jiang J, Lo CS, Blankenship RE. Spectroscopic properties of the Chlorophyll a-Chlorophyll c 2-Peridinin-Protein-Complex (acpPC) from the coral symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 120:125-139. [PMID: 23361658 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy was performed on the chlorophyll a-chlorophyll c 2-peridinin-protein-complex (acpPC), a major light-harvesting complex of the coral symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium. The measurements were carried out on the protein as well on the isolated pigments in the visible and the near-infrared region at 77 K. The data were globally fit to establish inter-pigment energy transfer paths within the scaffold of the complex. In addition, microsecond flash photolysis analysis was applied to reveal photoprotective capabilities of carotenoids (peridinin and diadinoxanthin) in the complex, especially the ability to quench chlorophyll a triplet states. The results demonstrate that the majority of carotenoids and other accessory light absorbers such as chlorophyll c 2 are very well suited to support chlorophyll a in light harvesting. However, their performance in photoprotection in the acpPC is questionable. This is unusual among carotenoid-containing light-harvesting proteins and may explain the low resistance of the acpPC complex against photoinduced damage under even moderate light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1138, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA,
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The influence of different flocculants on the physiological activity and fucoxanthin production of Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Silicon enhances the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin under green light and low temperature. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3958. [PMID: 24492482 PMCID: PMC5379240 DOI: 10.1038/srep03958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin is an ideal model diatom; its complete genome is known, and it is an important economic microalgae. Although silicon is not required in laboratory and factory culture of this species, previous studies have shown that silicon starvation can lead to differential expression of miRNAs. The role that silicon plays in P. tricornutum growth in nature is poorly understood. In this study, we compared the growth rate of silicon starved P. tricornutum with that of normal cultured cells under different culture conditions. Pigment analysis, photosynthesis measurement, lipid analysis, and proteomic analysis showed that silicon plays an important role in P. tricornutum growth and that its presence allows the organism to grow well under green light and low temperature.
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Spectroscopic Investigation of Carotenoids Involved in Non-Photochemical Fluorescence Quenching. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Lavaud J, Goss R. The Peculiar Features of Non-Photochemical Fluorescence Quenching in Diatoms and Brown Algae. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Durchan M, Tichý J, Litvín R, Šlouf V, Gardian Z, Hříbek P, Vácha F, Polívka T. Role of carotenoids in light-harvesting processes in an antenna protein from the chromophyte Xanthonema debile. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:8880-9. [PMID: 22764831 DOI: 10.1021/jp3042796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromophytes are an important group of microorganisms that contribute significantly to the carbon cycle on Earth. Their photosynthetic capacity depends on efficiency of the light-harvesting system that differs in pigment composition from that of green plants and other groups of algae. Here we employ femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to study energy transfer pathways in the main light-harvesting complex of Xanthonema debile, denoted XLH, which contains four carotenoids--diadinoxanthin, heteroxanthin, diatoxanthin, and vaucheriaxanthin--and Chl-a. Overall carotenoid-to-chlorophyll energy transfer efficiency is about 60%, but energy transfer pathways are excitation wavelength dependent. Energy transfer from the carotenoid S(2) state is active after excitation at both 490 nm (maximum of carotenoid absorption) and 510 nm (red edge of carotenoid absorption), but this channel is significantly more efficient after 510 nm excitation. Concerning the energy transfer pathway from the S(1) state, XLH contains two groups of carotenoids: those that have the S(1) route active (~25%) and those having the S(1) pathway silent. For a fraction of carotenoids that transfer energy via the S(1) channel, energy transfer is observed after both excitation wavelengths, though energy transfer times are different, yielding 3.4 ps (490 nm excitation) and 1.5 ps (510 nm excitation). This corresponds to efficiencies of the S(1) channel of ~85% that is rather unusual for a donor-acceptor pair consisting of a noncarbonyl carotenoid and Chl-a. Moreover, major carotenoids in XLH, diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin, have their S(1) energies in solution lower than the energy of the acceptor state, Q(y) state of Chl-a. Thus, binding of these carotenoids to XLH must tune their S(1) energy to allow for efficient energy transfer. Besides the light-harvesting function, carotenoids in XLH also have photoprotective role; they quench Chl-a triplets via triplet-triplet energy transfer from Chl-a to carotenoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Durchan
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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