1
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Kostjukov VV. TD-DFT analysis of excitation of the closed-form spironaphthopyran in methanol solution: The contribution of vibronic transitions and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 128:108705. [PMID: 38277857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
A set of forty hybrid functionals, combined with a 6-31++G(d,p) basis set and an IEFPCM solvent description, was applied to calculate the S0→S1 excitation of the spironaphthopyran (SNP) photochromic compound. None of the hybrid functionals resulted in Cspiro-O bond cleavage upon optimization of the S1 excited state of the SNP, in contrast to the spiropyran BIPS which we studied earlier. At the same time, the deformations of the SNP during excitation turned out to be very small (in contrast to those for BIPS) which made it possible to calculate its vibronic absorption spectrum. The best agreement between the calculated and experimental absorption bands was demonstrated by the SOGGA11X functional. The main result of this work is confirmation of the vibration participation in the breaking of the Cspiro-O bond in the S1 excited state of the SNP. This assumption based on experimental data was previously put forward by other authors. Strong H-bonds between the SNP and two methanol molecules enhance the photoinduced distortions of the latter and are slightly weakened upon excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Kostjukov
- Sevastopol State University, Universitetskaya str., 33, Sevastopol, 299053, Crimea, Ukraine.
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2
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Engsvang M, Kubečka J, Elm J. Toward Modeling the Growth of Large Atmospheric Sulfuric Acid-Ammonia Clusters. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:34597-34609. [PMID: 37779982 PMCID: PMC10536041 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Studying large atmospheric molecular clusters is needed to understand the transition between clusters and aerosol particles. In this work, we studied the (SA)n(AM)n clusters with n up to 30 and the (SA)m(AM)m±2 clusters, with m = 6-20. The cluster configurations are sampled using the ABCluster program, and the cluster geometries and thermochemical parameters are calculated using GFN1-xTB. The cluster binding energies are calculated using B97-3c. We find that the addition of sulfuric acid is preferred to the addition of ammonia. The addition free energies were found to have large uncertainties, which could potentially be attributed to errors in the applied level of theory. Based on DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ benchmarks of the binding energies of the large (SA)8-9(AM)10 and (SA)10(AM)10-11 clusters, we find that ωB97X-D3BJ with a large basis set is required to yield accurate binding and addition energies. However, based on recalculations of the single-point energy at r2SCAN-3c and ωB97X-D3BJ/6-311++G(3df,3pd), we show that the single-point energy contribution is not the primary source of error. We hypothesize that a larger source of error might be present in the form of insufficient configurational sampling. Finally, we train Δ machine learning model on (SA)n(AM)n clusters with n up to 5 and show that we can predict the binding energies of clusters up to sizes of (SA)30(AM)30 with a binding energy error below 0.6 %. This is an encouraging approach for accurately modeling the binding energies of large acid-base clusters in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Engsvang
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jakub Kubečka
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Chemistry, iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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3
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Knattrup Y, Kubečka J, Elm J. Nitric Acid and Organic Acids Suppress the Role of Methanesulfonic Acid in Atmospheric New Particle Formation. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7568-7578. [PMID: 37651638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent atmospheric molecular clusters, typically comprising a combination of acids and bases, play a pivotal role in our climate system and contribute to the perplexing uncertainties embedded in modern climate models. Our understanding of cluster formation is limited by the lack of studies on complex mixed-acid-mixed-base systems. Here, we investigate multicomponent clusters consisting of mixtures of several acid and base molecules: sulfuric acid (SA), methanesulfonic acid (MSA), nitric acid (NA), formic acid (FA), along with methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), and trimethylamine (TMA). We calculated the binding free energies of a comprehensive set of 252 mixed-acid-mixed-base clusters at the DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ//ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory. Combined with the existing datasets, we simulated the new particle formation (NPF) rates using the Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code (ACDC). We find that the presence of NA and FA had a substantial impact, increasing the NPF rate by 60% at realistic conditions. Intriguingly, we find that NA and FA suppress the role of MSA in NPF. These findings suggest that even high concentration of MSA has a limited impact on NPF in polluted regions with high FA and NA. We outline a method for generating a lookup table that could potentially be used in climate models that sufficiently incorporates all the required chemistry. By unraveling the molecular mechanisms of mixed-acid-mixed-base clusters, we get one step closer to comprehending their implications for our global climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Knattrup
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jakub Kubečka
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry, iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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4
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Fomete S, Kubečka J, Elm J, Jen CN. Limited Role of Malonic Acid in Sulfuric Acid-Dimethylamine New Particle Formation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19807-19815. [PMID: 37305259 PMCID: PMC10249388 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols play an important role in climate and air quality; however, the mechanisms behind aerosol particle formation in the atmosphere are poorly understood. Studies have identified sulfuric acid, water, oxidized organics, and ammonia/amines as key precursors for forming aerosol particles in the atmosphere. Theoretical and experimental investigations have indicated that other species, such as organic acids, may be involved in atmospheric nucleation and growth of freshly formed aerosol particles. Organic acids, such as dicarboxylic acids, which are abundant in the atmosphere, have been measured in ultrafine aerosol particles. These observations suggest that organic acids may contribute to new particle formation in the atmosphere but their role remains ambiguous. This study examines how malonic acid interacts with sulfuric acid and dimethylamine to form new particles at warm boundary layer conditions using experimental observations from a laminar flow reactor and quantum chemical calculations coupled with cluster dynamics simulations. Observations reveal that malonic acid does not contribute to the initial steps (formation of <1 nm diameter particle) of nucleation with sulfuric acid-dimethylamine. In addition, malonic acid was found to not participate in the subsequent growth of the freshly nucleated 1 nm particles from sulfuric acid-dimethylamine reactions to diameters of 2 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra
K.W. Fomete
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jakub Kubečka
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Coty N. Jen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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5
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Sohail U, Ullah F, Binti Zainal Arfan NH, Abdul Hamid MHS, Mahmood T, Sheikh NS, Ayub K. Transition Metal Sensing with Nitrogenated Holey Graphene: A First-Principles Investigation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104060. [PMID: 37241800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of transition metals, including copper(II), manganese(II), iron(II), zinc(II), hexavalent chromium, and cobalt(II), at elevated concentrations presents a significant threat to living organisms. Thus, the development of efficient sensors capable of detecting these metals is of utmost importance. This study explores the utilization of two-dimensional nitrogenated holey graphene (C2N) nanosheet as a sensor for toxic transition metals. The C2N nanosheet's periodic shape and standard pore size render it well suited for adsorbing transition metals. The interaction energies between transition metals and C2N nanosheets were calculated in both gas and solvent phases and were found to primarily result from physisorption, except for manganese and iron which exhibited chemisorption. To assess the interactions, we employed NCI, SAPT0, and QTAIM analyses, as well as FMO and NBO analysis, to examine the electronic properties of the TM@C2N system. Our results indicated that the adsorption of copper and chromium significantly reduced the HOMO-LUMO energy gap of C2N and significantly increased its electrical conductivity, confirming the high sensitivity of C2N towards copper and chromium. The sensitivity test further confirmed the superior sensitivity and selectivity of C2N towards copper. These findings offer valuable insight into the design and development of sensors for the detection of toxic transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uroosa Sohail
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Faizan Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Isa Town 32038, Bahrain
| | - Nadeem S Sheikh
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
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6
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Toropainen A, Kangasluoma J, Vehkamäki H, Kubečka J. Heterogeneous Ion-Induced Nucleation of Water and Butanol Vapors Studied via Computational Quantum Chemistry beyond Prenucleation and Critical Cluster Sizes. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3976-3990. [PMID: 37126596 PMCID: PMC10184119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Water and butanol are used as working fluids in condensation particle counters, and condensation of a single vapor onto an ion can be used as a simple model system for the study of ion-induced nucleation in the atmosphere. Motivated by this, we examine heterogeneous nucleation of water (H2O) and n-butanol (BuOH) vapors onto three positively (Li+, Na+, K+) and three negatively charged (F-, Cl-, Br-) ions using classical nucleation theory and computational quantum chemistry methods. We study phenomena that cannot be captured by Kelvin-Thomson equation for small nucleation ion cores. Our quantum chemistry calculations reveal the molecular mechanism behind ion-induced nucleation for each studied system. Typically, ions become solvated from all sides after several vapor molecules condense onto the ion. However, we show that the clusters of water and large negatively charged ions (Cl- and Br-) thermodynamically prefer the ion being migrated to the cluster surface. Although our methods generally do not show clear sign-preference for ion-water nucleation, we identified positive sign-preference for ion-butanol nucleation caused by the possibility to form stabilizing hydrogen bonds between butanol molecules condensed onto a positively charged ion. These bonds cannot form when butanol condenses onto a negatively charged ion. Therefore, we show that ion charge, its sign, as well as vapor properties have effects on the prenucleation and critical cluster/droplet sizes and also on the molecular mechanism of ion-induced nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Toropainen
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00140, Finland
| | - Juha Kangasluoma
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00140, Finland
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00140, Finland
| | - Jakub Kubečka
- Aarhus University, Department of Chemistry, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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7
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Patla A, Subramanian R. Thermodynamic and optical properties of HCOOH(H 2O) n and HCOOH(NH 3)(H 2O) (n-1) clusters at various temperatures and pressures: a computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7869-7880. [PMID: 36857704 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03908g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory has been used to compute the gas-phase geometries, binding energies, ZPE-corrected binding energies, BSSE-corrected binding energies, binding enthalpies, and binding free energies of HCOOH(H2O)n and HCOOH(NH3)(H2O)(n-1) clusters with n = 1-8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20. Enthalpies and free energies are calculated for a range of atmospherically relevant temperatures (T) and pressures (P) (from T = 298.15 K, P = 1013.25 hPa to T = 216.65 K, P = 226.32 hPa). The optical properties of those clusters have been studied at the CAM-B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Patla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, 801103, India.
| | - Ranga Subramanian
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, 801103, India.
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8
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Ayoubi D, Knattrup Y, Elm J. Clusteromics V: Organic Enhanced Atmospheric Cluster Formation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9621-9629. [PMID: 36936339 PMCID: PMC10018713 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Formic acid (FA) is a prominent candidate for organic enhanced nucleation due to its high abundance and stabilizing effect on smaller clusters. Its role in new particle formation is studied through the use of state-of-the-art quantum chemical methods on the cluster systems (acid)1-2(FA)1(base)1-2 with the acids being sulfuric acid (SA)/methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and the bases consisting of ammonia (A), methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA), and ethylenediamine (EDA). A funneling approach is used to determine the cluster structures with initial configurations generated through the ABCluster program, followed by semiempirical PM7 and ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) calculations. The final binding free energy is calculated at the DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ//ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory using the quasi-harmonic approximation. Cluster dynamics simulations show that FA has a minuscule or negligible effect on the MSA-FA-base systems as well as most of the SA-FA-base systems. The SA-FA-DMA cluster system shows the highest influence from FA with an enhancement of 21%, compared to its non-FA counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ayoubi
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yosef Knattrup
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Chemistry, iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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9
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Jensen AB, Kubečka J, Schmitz G, Christiansen O, Elm J. Massive Assessment of the Binding Energies of Atmospheric Molecular Clusters. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:7373-7383. [PMID: 36417753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical studies of the formation and growth of atmospheric molecular clusters are important for understanding aerosol particle formation. However, the search for the lowest free-energy cluster configuration is extremely time consuming. This makes high-level benchmark data sets extremely valuable in the quest for the global minimum as it allows the identification of cost-efficient computational methodologies, as well as the development of high-level machine learning (ML) models. Herein, we present a highly versatile quantum chemical data set comprising a total of 11 749 (acid)1-2(base)1-2 cluster configurations, containing up to 44 atoms. Utilizing the LUMI supercomputer, we calculated highly accurate PNO-CCSD(F12*)(T)/cc-pVDZ-F12 binding energies of the full set of cluster configurations leading to an unprecedented data set both in regard to sheer size and with respect to the level of theory. We employ the constructed benchmark set to assess the performance of various semiempirical and density functional theory methods. In particular, we find that the r2-SCAN-3c method shows excellent performance across the data set related to both accuracy and CPU time, making it a promising method to employ during cluster configurational sampling. Furthermore, applying the data sets, we construct ML models based on Δ-learning and provide recommendations for future application of ML in cluster configurational sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakub Kubečka
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Schmitz
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ove Christiansen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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10
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Bready CJ, Fowler VR, Juechter LA, Kurfman LA, Mazaleski GE, Shields GC. The driving effects of common atmospheric molecules for formation of prenucleation clusters: the case of sulfuric acid, formic acid, nitric acid, ammonia, and dimethyl amine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:1469-1486. [PMID: 36561556 PMCID: PMC9648633 DOI: 10.1039/d2ea00087c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
How secondary aerosols form is critical as aerosols' impact on Earth's climate is one of the main sources of uncertainty for understanding global warming. The beginning stages for formation of prenucleation complexes, that lead to larger aerosols, are difficult to decipher experimentally. We present a computational chemistry study of the interactions between three different acid molecules and two different bases. By combining a comprehensive search routine covering many thousands of configurations at the semiempirical level with high level quantum chemical calculations of approximately 1000 clusters for every possible combination of clusters containing a sulfuric acid molecule, a formic acid molecule, a nitric acid molecule, an ammonia molecule, a dimethylamine molecule, and 0-5 water molecules, we have completed an exhaustive search of the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS//ωB97X-D/6-31++G** Gibbs free energy surface for this system. We find that the detailed geometries of each minimum free energy cluster are often more important than traditional acid or base strength. Addition of a water molecule to a dry cluster can enhance stabilization, and we find that the (SA)(NA)(A)(DMA)(W) cluster has special stability. Equilibrium calculations of SA, FA, NA, A, DMA, and water using our quantum chemical ΔG° values for cluster formation and realistic estimates of the concentrations of these monomers in the atmosphere reveals that nitric acid can drive early stages of particle formation just as efficiently as sulfuric acid. Our results lead us to believe that particle formation in the atmosphere results from the combination of many different molecules that are able to form highly stable complexes with acid molecules such as SA, NA, and FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J. Bready
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
| | - Vance R. Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
| | - Leah A. Juechter
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
| | - Luke A. Kurfman
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
| | - Grace E. Mazaleski
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
| | - George C. Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
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11
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Surface functionalization of Si6Li6 cluster with superalkalis to achieve high nonlinear optical response: A DFT study. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Rasmussen FR, Kubečka J, Elm J. Contribution of Methanesulfonic Acid to the Formation of Molecular Clusters in the Marine Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7127-7136. [PMID: 36191242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Because of the lack of long-term measurements, new particle formation (NPF) in the marine atmosphere remains puzzling. Using quantum chemical methods, this study elucidates the cluster formation and further growth of sulfuric acid-methanesulfonic acid-dimethylamine (SA-MSA-DMA) clusters, relevant to NPF in the marine atmosphere. The cluster structures and thermochemical parameters of (SA)n(MSA)m(DMA)l (n + m ≤ 4 and l ≤ 4) systems are calculated using density functional theory at the ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory, and the single-point energies are calculated using high-level DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations. The calculated thermochemistry is used as input to the Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code (ACDC) to gain insight into the cluster dynamics. At ambient conditions (298.15 K, 1 atm), we find that the distribution of outgrowing clusters primarily consists of SA and DMA, with a minor contribution from the mixed SA-MSA-DMA clusters. At lower temperature (278.15 K, 1 atm) the distribution broadens, and clusters containing one or more MSA molecules emerge. These findings show that in the cold marine atmosphere MSA likely participates in atmospheric NPF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakub Kubečka
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry, iClimate, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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13
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Knattrup Y, Elm J. Clusteromics IV: The Role of Nitric Acid in Atmospheric Cluster Formation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31551-31560. [PMID: 36092558 PMCID: PMC9453938 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitric acid (NA) has previously been shown to affect atmospheric new particle formation; however, its role still remains highly uncertain. Through the employment of state-of-the-art quantum chemical methods, we study the (acid)1-2(base)1-2 and (acid)3(base)2 clusters containing at least one nitric acid (NA) and sulfuric acid (SA) or methanesulfonic acid (MSA) with bases ammonia (A), methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA), and ethylenediamine (EDA). The initial cluster configurations are generated using the ABCluster program. PM7 and ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) calculations are used to reduce the number of relevant configurations. The thermochemical parameters are calculated at the ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory with the quasi-harmonic approximation, and the final single-point energies are calculated with high-level DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations. The enhancing effect from the presence of nitric acid on cluster formation is studied using the calculated thermochemical data and cluster dynamics simulations. We find that when NA is in excess compared with the other acids, it has a substantial enhancing effect on the cluster formation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Knattrup
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Chemistry, iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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14
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Elm J. Clusteromics III: Acid Synergy in Sulfuric Acid-Methanesulfonic Acid-Base Cluster Formation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:15206-15214. [PMID: 35572753 PMCID: PMC9089749 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Acid-base molecular clusters are an important stage in atmospheric new particle formation. While such clusters are most likely multicomponent in nature, there are very few reports on clusters consisting of multiple acid molecules and multiple base molecules. By applying state-of-the-art quantum chemical methods, we herein study electrically neutral (SA)1(MSA)1(base)0-2 clusters with base = ammonia (A), methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA) and ethylenediamine (EDA). The cluster structures are obtained using a funneling approach employing the ABCluster program, semiempirical PM7 calculations and ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) calculations. The final binding free energies are calculated at the DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ//ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory using the quasi-harmonic approximation. Based on the calculated cluster geometries and thermochemistry (at 298.15 K and 1 atm), we find that the mixed (SA)1(MSA)1(base)1-2 clusters more resemble the (SA)2(base)1-2 clusters compared to the (MSA)2(base)1-2 clusters. Hence, some of the steric hindrance and lack of hydrogen bond capacity previously observed in the (MSA)2(base)1-2 clusters is diminished in the corresponding (SA)1(MSA)1(base)1-2 clusters. Cluster kinetics simulations reveal that the presence of an MSA molecule in the clusters enhances the cluster formation potential by up to a factor of 20. We find that the SA-MSA-DMA clusters have the highest cluster formation potential, and thus, this system should be further extended to larger sizes in future studies.
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15
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Harold SE, Bready CJ, Juechter LA, Kurfman LA, Vanovac S, Fowler VR, Mazaleski GE, Odbadrakh TT, Shields GC. Hydrogen-Bond Topology Is More Important Than Acid/Base Strength in Atmospheric Prenucleation Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1718-1728. [PMID: 35235333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We explored the hypothesis that on the nanoscale level, acids and bases might exhibit different behavior than in bulk solution. Our study system consisted of sulfuric acid, formic acid, ammonia, and water. We calculated highly accurate Domain-based Local pair-Natural Orbital- Coupled-Cluster/Complete Basis Set (DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS) energies on DFT geometries and used the resulting Gibbs free energies for cluster formation to compute the overall equilibrium constants for every possible cluster. The equilibrium constants combined with the initial monomer concentrations were used to predict the formation of clusters at the top and the bottom of the troposphere. Our results show that formic acid is as effective as ammonia at forming clusters with sulfuric acid and water. The structure of formic acid is uniquely suited to form hydrogen bonds with sulfuric acid. Additionally, it can partner with water to form bridges from one side of sulfuric acid to the other, hence demonstrating that hydrogen bonding topology is more important than acid/base strength in these atmospheric prenucleation clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Harold
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Conor J Bready
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Leah A Juechter
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Luke A Kurfman
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Sara Vanovac
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Vance R Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Grace E Mazaleski
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Tuguldur T Odbadrakh
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - George C Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
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16
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Ball BT, Vanovac S, Odbadrakh TT, Shields GC. Monomers of Glycine and Serine Have a Limited Ability to Hydrate in the Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8454-8467. [PMID: 34529444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of atmospheric aerosols on climate change is one of the biggest uncertainties in most global climate models. Organic aerosols have been identified as potential cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and amino acids are organic molecules that could serve as CCN. Amino acids make up a significant portion of the total organic material in the atmosphere, and herein we present a systematic study of hydration for two of the most common atmospheric amino acids, glycine and serine. We compute DLPNO/CCSD(T)//M08-HX/MG3S thermodynamic properties and atmospheric concentrations of Gly(H2O)n and Ser(H2O)n, where n = 1-5. We predict that serine-water clusters have higher concentrations at n = 1 and 5, while glycine-water clusters have higher concentrations at n = 2-4. However, both glycine and serine are inferred to exist primarily in their nonhydrated monomer forms in the absence of other species such as sulfuric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Sara Vanovac
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Tuguldur T Odbadrakh
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - George C Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
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17
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Pal J, Patla A, Subramanian R. Thermodynamic properties of forming methanol-water and ethanol-water clusters at various temperatures and pressures and implications for atmospheric chemistry: A DFT study. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129846. [PMID: 33582505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase geometries, binding energies, enthalpies, and free energies of methanol-(water)n and ethanol-(water)n clusters containing n=1-10,20,30,40, and 50 water molecules have been calculated using density functional theory. The binding energies are calculated at 0 K. The enthalpies are calculated at a temperature of 298.15 K and pressure of 1013.25 hPa (1 atm). The free energies are calculated at a wide range of temperature (T) and pressure (P) (from T = 298.15 K, P = 1013.25 hPa to T = 216.65 K, P = 226.32 hPa). The results show that the free energy of the formation of a specific cluster from its free molecules is negative (i.e., favorable) only below some critical temperature and pressure, which depends on the cluster's size. One of the most common volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the troposphere is methanol, ethanol, and atmospheric aerosols containing methanol and ethanol. The Rayleigh scattering properties of methanol-water and ethanol-water clusters have been investigated. The scattering intensities were computed at static (∞ nm) and different wavelengths (700, 600, 500, and 400 nm) of naturally polarized light. Rayleigh scattering intensities increase about 9%-10% at 400 nm compared to the static limit (∞ nm) for both methanol-water and ethanol-water clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannath Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, 801103, India
| | - Arnab Patla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, 801103, India
| | - Ranga Subramanian
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, 801103, India.
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18
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Rosati B, Christiansen S, Wollesen de Jonge R, Roldin P, Jensen MM, Wang K, Moosakutty SP, Thomsen D, Salomonsen C, Hyttinen N, Elm J, Feilberg A, Glasius M, Bilde M. New Particle Formation and Growth from Dimethyl Sulfide Oxidation by Hydroxyl Radicals. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2021; 5:801-811. [PMID: 33889792 PMCID: PMC8054244 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is produced by plankton in oceans and constitutes the largest natural emission of sulfur to the atmosphere. In this work, we examine new particle formation from the primary pathway of oxidation of gas-phase DMS by OH radicals. We particularly focus on particle growth and mass yield as studied experimentally under dry conditions using the atmospheric simulation chamber AURA. Experimentally, we show that aerosol mass yields from oxidation of 50-200 ppb of DMS are low (2-7%) and that particle growth rates (8.2-24.4 nm/h) are comparable with ambient observations. An HR-ToF-AMS was calibrated using methanesulfonic acid (MSA) to account for fragments distributed across both the organic and sulfate fragmentation table. AMS-derived chemical compositions revealed that MSA was always more dominant than sulfate in the secondary aerosols formed. Modeling using the Aerosol Dynamics, gas- and particle-phase chemistry kinetic multilayer model for laboratory CHAMber studies (ADCHAM) indicates that the Master Chemical Mechanism gas-phase chemistry alone underestimates experimentally observed particle formation and that DMS multiphase and autoxidation chemistry is needed to explain observations. Based on quantum chemical calculations, we conclude that particle formation from DMS oxidation in the ambient atmosphere will most likely be driven by mixed sulfuric acid/MSA clusters clustering with both amines and ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Rosati
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna AT-1090, Austria
| | - Sigurd Christiansen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | | | - Pontus Roldin
- Division
of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund SE-221
00, Sweden
| | - Mads Mørk Jensen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Kai Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Shamjad P. Moosakutty
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
- Clean Combustion
Research Center, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology, Thuwal KSA-23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ditte Thomsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Camilla Salomonsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Noora Hyttinen
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University
of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Anders Feilberg
- Department
of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade
12, Aarhus N DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
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19
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Wang Y, Rong H, Zhang X, Chen Y, Luo W, Liu Y, Yao W, Tian Y. Influences of Bu‐NENA and BDNPA/F Plasticizers on the Properties of Binder for High‐Energy NEPE Propellants. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yalun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Rong
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education of China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education of China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Luo
- Research Institute Liaoning Qingyang Special Chemical Engineering Co., Ltd. Liaoyang 111002 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Weishang Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
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20
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Pal J, Teja PS, Subramanian R. Sodium and lithium ions in aerosol: thermodynamic and rayleigh light scattering properties. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Kjaersgaard A, Vogt E, Hansen AS, Kjaergaard HG. Room Temperature Gas-Phase Detection and Gibbs Energies of Water Amine Bimolecular Complex Formation. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7113-7122. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kjaersgaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Vogt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne S. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Henrik G. Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Rasmussen FR, Kubečka J, Besel V, Vehkamäki H, Mikkelsen KV, Bilde M, Elm J. Hydration of Atmospheric Molecular Clusters III: Procedure for Efficient Free Energy Surface Exploration of Large Hydrated Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5253-5261. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakub Kubečka
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Vitus Besel
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetesparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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23
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Schmitz G, Elm J. Assessment of the DLPNO Binding Energies of Strongly Noncovalent Bonded Atmospheric Molecular Clusters. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7601-7612. [PMID: 32280904 PMCID: PMC7144154 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work assesses the performance of DLPNO-CCSD(T0), DLPNO-MP2, and density functional theory methods in calculating the binding energies of a representative test set of 45 atmospheric acid-acid, acid-base, and acid-water dimer clusters. The performance of the approximate methods is compared to high level explicitly correlated CCSD(F12*)(T)/complete basis set (CBS) reference calculations. Out of the tested density functionals, ωB97X-D3(BJ) shows the best performance with a mean deviation of 0.09 kcal/mol and a maximum deviation of 0.83 kcal/mol. The RI-CC2/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z level of theory severely overpredicts the cluster binding energies with a mean deviation of -1.31 kcal/mol and a maximum deviation up to -3.00 kcal/mol. Hence, RI-CC2/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z should not be utilized for studying atmospheric molecular clusters. The DLPNO variants are tested both with and without the inclusion of explicit correlation (F12) in the wavefunction, with different pair natural orbital (PNO) settings (loosePNO, normalPNO, and tightPNO) and using both double and triple zeta basis sets. The performance of the DLPNO-MP2 methods is found to be independent of PNO settings and yield low mean deviations of -0.84 kcal/mol or below. However, DLPNO-MP2 requires explicitly correlated wavefunctions to yield maximum deviations below 1.40 kcal/mol. For obtaining high accuracy, with maximum deviation below ∼1.0 kcal/mol, either DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ (normalPNO) calculations or DLPNO-CCSD(T0)-F12/cc-pVTZ-F12 (normalPNO) calculations are required. The most accurate level of theory is found to be DLPNO-CCSD(T0)-F12/cc-pVTZ-F12 using a tightPNO criterion which yields a mean deviation of 0.10 kcal/mol, with a maximum deviation of 0.20 kcal/mol, compared to the CCSD(F12*)(T)/CBS reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Schmitz
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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24
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Li D, Chen D, Liu F, Wang W. Role of glycine on sulfuric acid-ammonia clusters formation: Transporter or participator. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 89:125-135. [PMID: 31892385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycine (Gly) is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and plays a vital role in new particle formation (NPF). However, the potential mechanism of its on sulfuric acid (SA) - ammonia (A) clusters formation under various atmospheric conditions is still ambiguous. Herein, a (Gly)x·(SA)y·(A)z (z ≤ x + y ≤ 3) multicomponent system was investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) combined with Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code (ACDC) at different temperatures and precursor concentrations. The results show that Gly, with one carboxyl (-COOH) and one amine (-NH2) group, can interact strongly with SA and A in two directions through hydrogen bonds or proton transfer. Within the relevant range of atmospheric concentrations, Gly can enhance the formation rate of SA-A-based clusters, especially at low temperature, low [SA], and median [A]. The enhancement (R) of Gly on NPF can be up to 340 at T = 218.15 K, [SA] = 104, [A] = 109, and [Gly] = 107 molecules/cm3. In addition, the main growth paths of clusters show that Gly molecules participate into cluster formation in the initial stage and eventually leave the cluster by evaporation in subsequent cluster growth at low [Gly], it acts as an important "transporter" to connect the smaller and larger cluster. With the increase of [Gly], it acts as a "participator" directly participating in NPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Dongping Chen
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Fengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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25
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Elm J, Hyttinen N, Lin JJ, Kurtén T, Prisle NL. Strong Even/Odd Pattern in the Computed Gas-Phase Stability of Dicarboxylic Acid Dimers: Implications for Condensation Thermodynamics. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:9594-9599. [PMID: 31610657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The physical properties of small straight-chain dicarboxylic acids are well known to exhibit even/odd alternations with respect to the carbon chain length. For example, odd numbered diacids have lower melting points and higher saturation vapor pressures than adjacent even numbered diacids. This alternation has previously been explained in terms of solid-state properties, such as higher torsional strain of odd number diacids. Using quantum chemical methods, we demonstrate an additional contribution to this alternation in properties resulting from gas-phase dimer formation. Due to a combination of hydrogen bond strength and torsional strain, dimer formation in the gas phase occurs efficiently for glutaric acid (C5) and pimelic acid (C7) but is unfavorable for succinic acid (C4) and adipic acid (C6). Our results indicate that a significant fraction of the total atmospheric gas-phase concentration of glutaric and pimelic acid may consist of dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Noora Hyttinen
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit , University of Oulu , P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu , Finland
| | - Jack J Lin
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit , University of Oulu , P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu , Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Nønne L Prisle
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit , University of Oulu , P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu , Finland
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26
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Kubečka J, Besel V, Kurtén T, Myllys N, Vehkamäki H. Configurational Sampling of Noncovalent (Atmospheric) Molecular Clusters: Sulfuric Acid and Guanidine. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:6022-6033. [PMID: 31273989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the configurational sampling of noncovalently bonded molecular clusters relevant to the atmosphere. In this article, we discuss possible approaches to searching for optimal configurations and present one alternative based on systematic configurational sampling, which seems able to overcome the typical problems associated with searching for global minima on multidimensional potential energy surfaces. Since atmospheric molecular clusters are usually held together by intermolecular bonds, we also present a cost-effective strategy for treating hydrogen bonding and proton transferring by using rigid molecules and ions in different protonation states and illustrate its performance on clusters containing guanidine and sulfuric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kubečka
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research , University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014 , Finland
| | - Vitus Besel
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research , University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014 , Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research , University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014 , Finland
| | - Nanna Myllys
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research , University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014 , Finland
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27
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Elm J. Unexpected Growth Coordinate in Large Clusters Consisting of Sulfuric Acid and C8H12O6 Tricarboxylic Acid. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:3170-3175. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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28
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Joranger T, Kildgaard JV, Jørgensen S, Elm J, Mikkelsen KV. Benchmarking sampling methodology for calculations of Rayleigh light scattering properties of atmospheric molecular clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17274-17287. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02573a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We present four different computational methods for benchmarking the sampling and Rayleigh light scattering of hydrogen bonded atmospheric molecular clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teis Joranger
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
| | | | - Solvejg Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Århus C
- Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
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29
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Kildgaard JV, Mikkelsen KV, Bilde M, Elm J. Hydration of Atmospheric Molecular Clusters II: Organic Acid–Water Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8549-8556. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Vive Kildgaard
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, DTU Energy, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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30
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Nadykto AB, Herb J, Yu F, Nazarenko KM. Clustering of highly oxidized organic acid with atmospheric NO3− and HSO4− ions and neutral species: Thermochemistry and implications to new particle formation. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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31
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Clustering of sulfuric acid, bisulfate ion and organonitrate C10H15O10N: Thermodynamics and atmospheric implications. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Myllys N, Ponkkonen T, Passananti M, Elm J, Vehkamäki H, Olenius T. Guanidine: A Highly Efficient Stabilizer in Atmospheric New-Particle Formation. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:4717-4729. [PMID: 29693391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of a strong organobase, guanidine, in sulfuric acid-driven new-particle formation is studied using state-of-the-art quantum chemical methods and molecular cluster formation simulations. Cluster formation mechanisms at the molecular level are resolved, and theoretical results on cluster stability are confirmed with mass spectrometer measurements. New-particle formation from guanidine and sulfuric acid molecules occurs without thermodynamic barriers under studied conditions, and clusters are growing close to a 1:1 composition of acid and base. Evaporation rates of the most stable clusters are extremely low, which can be explained by the proton transfers and symmetrical cluster structures. We compare the ability of guanidine and dimethylamine to enhance sulfuric acid-driven particle formation and show that more than 2000-fold concentration of dimethylamine is needed to yield as efficient particle formation as in the case of guanidine. At similar conditions, guanidine yields 8 orders of magnitude higher particle formation rates compared to dimethylamine. Highly basic compounds such as guanidine may explain experimentally observed particle formation events at low precursor vapor concentrations, whereas less basic and more abundant bases such as ammonia and amines are likely to explain measurements at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Myllys
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Tuomo Ponkkonen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Monica Passananti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Tinja Olenius
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and Bolin Centre for Climate Research , Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 8 , SE-114 18 Stockholm , Sweden
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33
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Kildgaard JV, Mikkelsen KV, Bilde M, Elm J. Hydration of Atmospheric Molecular Clusters: A New Method for Systematic Configurational Sampling. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5026-5036. [PMID: 29741906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a new systematic configurational sampling algorithm for investigating the potential energy surface of hydrated atmospheric molecular clusters. The algorithm is based on creating a Fibonacci sphere around each atom in the cluster and adding water molecules to each point in nine different orientations. For the sampling of water molecules to existing hydrogen bonds, the cluster is displaced along the hydrogen bond, and a water molecule is placed in between in three different orientations. Generated redundant structures are eliminated based on minimizing the root-mean-square distance of different conformers. Initially, the clusters are sampled using the semiempirical PM6 method and subsequently using density functional theory (M06-2X and ωB97X-D) with the 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. Applying the developed algorithm, we study the hydration of sulfuric acid with up to 15 water molecules. We find that the addition of the first four water molecules "saturate" the sulfuric acid molecule and that they are more thermodynamically favorable than the addition of water molecules 5-15. Using the large generated set of conformers, we assess the performance of approximate methods (ωB97X-D, M06-2X, PW91, and PW6B95-D3) in calculating the binding energies and assigning the global minimum conformation compared to high level CCSD(T)-F12a/VDZ-F12 reference calculations. The tested DFT functionals systematically overestimate the binding energies compared to coupled cluster calculations, and we find that this deficiency can be corrected by a simple scaling factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
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34
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Hirvonen V, Myllys N, Kurtén T, Elm J. Closed-Shell Organic Compounds Might Form Dimers at the Surface of Molecular Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1771-1780. [PMID: 29364673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of covalently bound dimer formation is studied using high-level quantum chemical methods. Reaction free energy profiles for dimer formation between common oxygen-containing functional groups are calculated, and based on the Gibbs free energy differences between transition states and reactants, we show that none of the studied two-component gas-phase reactions are kinetically feasible at 298.15 K and 1 atm. Therefore, the catalyzing effect of water, base, or acid molecules is calculated, and sulfuric acid is identified to lower the activation free energies significantly. We find that the reactions yielding hemiacetal, peroxyhemiacetal, α-hydroxyester, and geminal diol products occur with activation free energies of less than 10 kcal/mol with sulfuric acid as a catalyst, indicating that these reactions could potentially take place on the surface of sulfuric acid clusters. Additionally, the formed dimer products bind stronger onto the pre-existing cluster than the corresponding reagent monomers do. This implies that covalent dimerization reactions stabilize the existing cluster thermodynamically and make it less likely to evaporate. However, the studied small organic compounds, which contain only one functional group, are not able to form dimer products that are stable against evaporation at atmospheric conditions. Calculations of dimer formation onto a cluster surface and the clustering ability of dimer products should be extended to large terpene oxidation products in order to estimate the real atmospheric significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viivi Hirvonen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nanna Myllys
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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35
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Sebastianelli P, Cometto PM, Pereyra RG. Systematic Characterization of Gas Phase Binary Pre-Nucleation Complexes Containing H2SO4 + X, [ X = NH3, (CH3)NH2, (CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N, H2O, (CH3)OH, (CH3)2O, HF, CH3F, PH3, (CH3)PH2, (CH3)2PH, (CH3)3P, H2S, (CH3)SH, (CH3)2S, HCl, (CH3)Cl)]. A Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2116-2128. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Sebastianelli
- Fa.M.A.F., Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Pablo M. Cometto
- FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
- Atmospheric Chemical Physics Laboratory, INCITAP-CONICET, Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo G. Pereyra
- Fa.M.A.F., Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- IFEG-CONICET, Medina Allende s/n, Ciudad
Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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36
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Temelso B, Morrison EF, Speer DL, Cao BC, Appiah-Padi N, Kim G, Shields GC. Effect of Mixing Ammonia and Alkylamines on Sulfate Aerosol Formation. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1612-1622. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Berhane Temelso
- Provost’s
Office and Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Elizabeth F. Morrison
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - David L. Speer
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Bobby C. Cao
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Nana Appiah-Padi
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Grace Kim
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - George C. Shields
- Provost’s
Office and Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
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37
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Elm J. Elucidating the Limiting Steps in Sulfuric Acid–Base New Particle Formation. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8288-8295. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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38
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Elm J, Passananti M, Kurtén T, Vehkamäki H. Diamines Can Initiate New Particle Formation in the Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6155-6164. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Elm
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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39
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Elm J, Myllys N, Kurtén T. What Is Required for Highly Oxidized Molecules To Form Clusters with Sulfuric Acid? J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4578-4587. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Elm
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nanna Myllys
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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40
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Zhang H, Kupiainen-Määttä O, Zhang X, Molinero V, Zhang Y, Li Z. The enhancement mechanism of glycolic acid on the formation of atmospheric sulfuric acid–ammonia molecular clusters. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4982929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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41
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Elm J, Myllys N, Olenius T, Halonen R, Kurtén T, Vehkamäki H. Formation of atmospheric molecular clusters consisting of sulfuric acid and C8H12O6 tricarboxylic acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:4877-4886. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08127d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the structures and thermochemical properties of (MBTCA)1−3(H2SO4)1−4 atmospheric molecular clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Elm
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences
- Department of Physics
- University of Helsinki
- FI-00014 Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Nanna Myllys
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences
- Department of Physics
- University of Helsinki
- FI-00014 Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Tinja Olenius
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and Bolin Centre for Climate Research
- Stockholm University
- 10691 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Roope Halonen
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences
- Department of Physics
- University of Helsinki
- FI-00014 Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- FI-00014 Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences
- Department of Physics
- University of Helsinki
- FI-00014 Helsinki
- Finland
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42
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Elm J, Kristensen K. Basis set convergence of the binding energies of strongly hydrogen-bonded atmospheric clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:1122-1133. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06851k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the first binding energy benchmark set at the CBS limit of strongly hydrogen bonded atmospheric molecular clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Elm
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences
- Department of Physics
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Kasper Kristensen
- qLEAP Center for Theoretical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- Denmark
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43
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Chen J, Jiang S, Liu YR, Huang T, Wang CY, Miao SK, Wang ZQ, Zhang Y, Huang W. Interaction of oxalic acid with dimethylamine and its atmospheric implications. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27945g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxalic acid and dimethylamine are the most common organic acid and base in the atmosphere, and are recognized as significant precursor species in atmospheric new particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Yi-Rong Liu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Teng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Chun-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Shou-Kui Miao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Zhong-Quan Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
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44
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Elm J, Myllys N, Kurtén T. Phosphoric acid – a potentially elusive participant in atmospheric new particle formation. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1262558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Elm
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nanna Myllys
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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45
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Myllys N, Elm J, Kurtén T. Density functional theory basis set convergence of sulfuric acid-containing molecular clusters. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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46
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Kirkby J, Duplissy J, Sengupta K, Frege C, Gordon H, Williamson C, Heinritzi M, Simon M, Yan C, Almeida J, Tröstl J, Nieminen T, Ortega IK, Wagner R, Adamov A, Amorim A, Bernhammer AK, Bianchi F, Breitenlechner M, Brilke S, Chen X, Craven J, Dias A, Ehrhart S, Flagan RC, Franchin A, Fuchs C, Guida R, Hakala J, Hoyle CR, Jokinen T, Junninen H, Kangasluoma J, Kim J, Krapf M, Kürten A, Laaksonen A, Lehtipalo K, Makhmutov V, Mathot S, Molteni U, Onnela A, Peräkylä O, Piel F, Petäjä T, Praplan AP, Pringle K, Rap A, Richards NAD, Riipinen I, Rissanen MP, Rondo L, Sarnela N, Schobesberger S, Scott CE, Seinfeld JH, Sipilä M, Steiner G, Stozhkov Y, Stratmann F, Tomé A, Virtanen A, Vogel AL, Wagner AC, Wagner PE, Weingartner E, Wimmer D, Winkler PM, Ye P, Zhang X, Hansel A, Dommen J, Donahue NM, Worsnop DR, Baltensperger U, Kulmala M, Carslaw KS, Curtius J. Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles. Nature 2016; 533:521-6. [PMID: 27225125 PMCID: PMC8384037 DOI: 10.1038/nature17953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols and their effect on clouds are thought to be important for anthropogenic radiative forcing of the climate, yet remain poorly understood. Globally, around half of cloud condensation nuclei originate from nucleation of atmospheric vapours. It is thought that sulfuric acid is essential to initiate most particle formation in the atmosphere, and that ions have a relatively minor role. Some laboratory studies, however, have reported organic particle formation without the intentional addition of sulfuric acid, although contamination could not be excluded. Here we present evidence for the formation of aerosol particles from highly oxidized biogenic vapours in the absence of sulfuric acid in a large chamber under atmospheric conditions. The highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) are produced by ozonolysis of α-pinene. We find that ions from Galactic cosmic rays increase the nucleation rate by one to two orders of magnitude compared with neutral nucleation. Our experimental findings are supported by quantum chemical calculations of the cluster binding energies of representative HOMs. Ion-induced nucleation of pure organic particles constitutes a potentially widespread source of aerosol particles in terrestrial environments with low sulfuric acid pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Kirkby
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Germany
- CERN, Geneva, CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Kamalika Sengupta
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Carla Frege
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, CH-5232 Switzerland
| | | | - Christina Williamson
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Germany
- Present Address: † Present addresses: CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA (C.W.); Arctic Research Center, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, South Korea (J. Kim); Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA (S.S.).,
| | - Martin Heinritzi
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Germany
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria
| | - Mario Simon
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Germany
| | - Chao Yan
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - João Almeida
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Germany
- CERN, Geneva, CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Tröstl
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, CH-5232 Switzerland
| | - Tuomo Nieminen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | | | - Robert Wagner
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Alexey Adamov
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | | | - Anne-Kathrin Bernhammer
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria
- Ionicon Analytik GmbH, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, CH-5232 Switzerland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Martin Breitenlechner
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria
- Ionicon Analytik GmbH, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria
| | - Sophia Brilke
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Germany
| | - Xuemeng Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Jill Craven
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125 California USA
| | | | - Sebastian Ehrhart
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Germany
- CERN, Geneva, CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Richard C. Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125 California USA
| | | | - Claudia Fuchs
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, CH-5232 Switzerland
| | | | - Jani Hakala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Christopher R. Hoyle
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, CH-5232 Switzerland
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, CH-7260 Switzerland
| | - Tuija Jokinen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Heikki Junninen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Juha Kangasluoma
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Jaeseok Kim
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211 Finland
- Present Address: † Present addresses: CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA (C.W.); Arctic Research Center, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, South Korea (J. Kim); Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA (S.S.).,
| | - Manuel Krapf
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, CH-5232 Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kürten
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Germany
| | - Ari Laaksonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211 Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI-00101 Finland
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, CH-5232 Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Makhmutov
- Solar and Cosmic Ray Research Laboratory, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | | | - Ugo Molteni
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, CH-5232 Switzerland
| | | | - Otso Peräkylä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Felix Piel
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Germany
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Arnaud P. Praplan
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Kirsty Pringle
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Alexandru Rap
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Nigel A. D. Richards
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
- University of Leeds, National Centre for Earth Observation, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, SE-10961 Sweden
| | - Matti P. Rissanen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Linda Rondo
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Germany
| | - Nina Sarnela
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Siegfried Schobesberger
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
- Present Address: † Present addresses: CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA (C.W.); Arctic Research Center, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, South Korea (J. Kim); Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA (S.S.).,
| | | | - John H. Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125 California USA
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Gerhard Steiner
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - Yuri Stozhkov
- Solar and Cosmic Ray Research Laboratory, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Frank Stratmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, 04318 Germany
| | - Antonio Tomé
- University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, 6201-001 Portugal
| | | | | | - Andrea C. Wagner
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Germany
| | - Paul E. Wagner
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - Ernest Weingartner
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, CH-5232 Switzerland
| | - Daniela Wimmer
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Paul M. Winkler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - Penglin Ye
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213 Pennsylvania USA
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125 California USA
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria
- Ionicon Analytik GmbH, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria
| | - Josef Dommen
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, CH-5232 Switzerland
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213 Pennsylvania USA
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211 Finland
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, 01821 Massachusetts USA
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, CH-5232 Switzerland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | | | - Joachim Curtius
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Germany
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47
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Elm J, Jen CN, Kurtén T, Vehkamäki H. Strong Hydrogen Bonded Molecular Interactions between Atmospheric Diamines and Sulfuric Acid. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:3693-700. [PMID: 27128188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b03192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the molecular interaction between methyl-substituted N,N,N',N'-ethylenediamines, propane-1,3-diamine, butane-1,4-diamine, and sulfuric acid using computational methods. Molecular structure of the diamines and their dimer clusters with sulfuric acid is studied using three density functional theory methods (PW91, M06-2X, and ωB97X-D) with the 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. A high level explicitly correlated CCSD(T)-F12a/VDZ-F12 method is used to obtain accurate binding energies. The reaction Gibbs free energies are evaluated and compared with values for reactions involving ammonia and atmospherically relevant monoamines (methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine). We find that the complex formation between sulfuric acid and the studied diamines provides similar or more favorable reaction free energies than dimethylamine. Diamines that contain one or more secondary amino groups are found to stabilize sulfuric acid complexes more efficiently. Elongating the carbon backbone from ethylenediamine to propane-1,3-diamine or butane-1,4-diamine further stabilizes the complex formation with sulfuric acid by up to 4.3 kcal/mol. Dimethyl-substituted butane-1,4-diamine yields a staggering formation free energy of -19.1 kcal/mol for the clustering with sulfuric acid, indicating that such diamines could potentially be a key species in the initial step in the formation of new particles. For studying larger clusters consisting of a diamine molecule with up to four sulfuric acid molecules, we benchmark and utilize a domain local pair natural orbital coupled cluster (DLPNO-CCSD(T)) method. We find that a single diamine is capable of efficiently stabilizing sulfuric acid clusters with up to four acid molecules, whereas monoamines such as dimethylamine are capable of stabilizing at most 2-3 sulfuric acid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Coty N Jen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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48
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Elm J, Myllys N, Luy JN, Kurtén T, Vehkamäki H. The Effect of Water and Bases on the Clustering of a Cyclohexene Autoxidation Product C6H8O7 with Sulfuric Acid. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2240-9. [PMID: 26954007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the molecular interaction between sulfuric acid and a C6H8O7 ketodiperoxy acid compound (a proxy for highly oxidized products of, e.g., monoterpene autoxidation) in the presence of water, ammonia, or dimethylamine. The molecular geometries are obtained using density functional theory (M06-2X, PW91, and ωB97X-D) with the 6-31++G(d,p) basis set, and the binding energy is corrected utilizing a high-level DLPNO-CCSD(T)/def2-QZVPP calculation. The formation free energies were calculated (ΔG at 298 K and 1 atm), and the stability of the molecular clusters was evaluated. The presence of bases is found to enhance the interaction between ketodiperoxy acid compounds and sulfuric acid. The addition of C6H8O7 compounds to (H2SO4)(NH3) or (H2SO4)((CH3)2NH) clusters is, however, not able to compete with the corresponding uptake of another sulfuric acid molecule, even at a high loading of organic compounds. We furthermore investigate the origin of the weak binding of peroxyacid compounds using atoms in molecules and natural bonding orbital analysis. The weak binding is caused by an internal hydrogen bond and the lack of a strong hydrogen bond acceptor in the peroxyacid group. These findings indicate that autoxidation products containing solely or mainly hydroperoxide and carbonyl functional groups do not participate in the initial step of new particle formation and thereby only contribute to the growth of atmospheric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan-Niclas Luy
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps University , Marburg, Germany
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49
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Myllys N, Elm J, Halonen R, Kurtén T, Vehkamäki H. Coupled Cluster Evaluation of the Stability of Atmospheric Acid–Base Clusters with up to 10 Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:621-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Myllys
- University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonas Elm
- University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roope Halonen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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50
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Ma Y, Chen J, Jiang S, Liu YR, Huang T, Miao SK, Wang CY, Huang W. Characterization of the nucleation precursor (H2SO4–(CH3)2NH) complex: intra-cluster interactions and atmospheric relevance. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22887e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amines have been proposed to participate in the nucleation process, but the electron density analysis and the determination of a temperature dependence of the clusters are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Yi-Rong Liu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Teng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Shou-Kui Miao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Chun-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
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