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Gates JA, McNair ML, Richards JK, Lerner MD. Social Knowledge & Performance in Autism: A Critical Review & Recommendations. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2023; 26:665-689. [PMID: 37544969 PMCID: PMC10613329 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-023-00449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Autistic social challenges have long been assumed to arise from a lack of social knowledge ("not knowing what to do"), which has undergirded theory and practice in assessment, treatment, and education. However, emerging evidence suggests these differences may be better accounted for by difficulties with social performance ("doing what they may know"). This distinction has important implications for research, practice, policy, and community support of autistic people. This review examines the theoretical and clinical implications and empirical status of the knowledge-performance distinction in autism. Current evidence suggests that social knowledge deficits are neither definitional nor reliably related to outcomes in autism. Prioritizing social knowledge, then, may produce unanticipated, problematic consequences in terms of accuracy of assessment, intervention effectiveness, and promotion of stigma. It may also yield unrealistic expectations around the value of knowledge for autistic people and their families, yielding important ethical considerations. Conversely, recent evidence highlights performance-related factors as being especially promising for better modeling and addressing social challenges in autism. Prioritizing performance, then, may offer new directions for assessment, substantially different intervention opportunities, and novel methods of inclusion and affirmation. This review touches upon each of these domains and implications, integrates these developments with broader models of social competence in youth, and provides direction for future research and practice regarding social competence in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew D Lerner
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2500, USA.
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Namlı Z, Tamam L, Demirkol ME, Karaytuğ MO, Sun T. The Relationship Among Autistic Traits, Impulsivity, and Functionality in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:195-202. [PMID: 36191327 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic mental disorder that causes disabilities. This study investigated the relationship among impulsivity, autistic traits, and disabilities in patients with OCD. We included 88 patients with OCD and 90 healthy volunteers without any mental disorders. The participants were evaluated using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0). Regression analyses revealed that AQ-attention switching and BIS-attentional subscale scores were associated with WHODAS-overall score in the OCD group ( p = 0.017 and p = 0.034, respectively). In the OCD group, AQ total, social skills, and communication subdomain scores partially mediated the relationship between impulsivity and disability. BIS total, attentional, and nonplanning subscale scores partially mediated the relationship between autistic traits and disability. Developing new treatment strategies for cognitive recovery, in addition to traditional treatment approaches in patients with OCD, may help increase functionality in patients with OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Namlı
- Department of Psychiatry, Çukurova University Medical School, Adana, Turkey
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Raynal P, Melioli T, Chabrol H. Personality disorder traits in young adults with subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms: Not just traits related to obsessive- compulsive personality. Bull Menninger Clin 2019; 83:433-452. [PMID: 31380698 DOI: 10.1521/bumc_2019_83_05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Research is scarce regarding personality disorder traits of individuals with subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Cluster analysis based on obsessional, schizotypal, and borderline personality and autism-spectrum features was conducted on the results for 118 students scoring above cutoff on the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised. This identified four groups: O, L, S, and A. One third of the sample was represented by individuals with obsessional traits (O), while another third was composed of individuals with low traits (L); the last two profiles corresponded to a cluster with autistic traits (A) and a group with schizotypal and borderline features (S), both clusters together comprising the remaining third. Significant differences were observed between groups, both on personality traits and on psychopathological symptoms. The S cluster displayed the highest scores of suicidality, depression, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. This study identified meaningful profiles of personality disorder traits, distinct from obsessive-compulsive personality, in individuals with subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henri Chabrol
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé, Université de Toulouse, France
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Abstract
Research has shown high rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders among samples of youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (Farrell et al., Psychiatry Res 199(2):115-123, 2012; Lewin et al., Psychiatry Res 178(2):317-322, 2010; POTS Team, J Am Med Assoc 292(16):1969-1976, 2004). Autism and autistic traits co-occur at high rates within clinical samples of youth with OCD (Ivarsson and Melin in J Anxiety Disord 22(6):969-978, 2008; Stewart et al. in Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1-9, 2016). This study extends the literature by examining the relationship between ASD traits, family accommodation, and functional impairment in a sample of youth with OCD across a wide age range (n = 80; aged 7-17 years). Results indicated that autistic traits, as measured by the social responsiveness scale (SRS), were elevated in 32.5% of youth (based on a T-score of 66T and above) relative to typically developing youth, as well as youth with non-autism-related psychiatric disorders (Constantino and Gruber in Social responsiveness scale, Western Psychogical Services, Torrance, 2012). Furthermore, 27.5% of youth scored within a moderate range (66T-75T) and 5% of youth scored within a severe range (76T or higher) on the SRS, typical of children with ASD (Constantino and Gruber in Social responsiveness scale, Western Psychogical Services, Torrance, 2012). Additionally, ASD traits were associated with greater functional impairment above OCD severity. Furthermore, family accommodation mediated the relationship between ASD traits and functional impairment. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of clinical assessment and direction for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Griffiths
- School of Applied Psychology, Behaviour Basis of Health and Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Lara J Farrell
- School of Applied Psychology, Behaviour Basis of Health and Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Allison M Waters
- School of Applied Psychology, Behaviour Basis of Health and Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Susan W White
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 109 Williams Hall (0436), Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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De-la-Iglesia M, Olivar JS. Risk Factors for Depression in Children and Adolescents with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:127853. [PMID: 26413564 PMCID: PMC4562099 DOI: 10.1155/2015/127853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of our study was to examine, discuss, and provide proposals on diagnostic comorbidity of depression in children and adolescents with high functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) in the following aspects. (1) Prevalence. It was concluded that there are an elevated depression rate and the need for longitudinal studies to determine prevalence and incidence based on functioning level, autistic symptoms, gender, age, type of depression, prognosis, duration, and treatment. (2) Explicative Hypotheses and Vulnerability. The factors that present the greatest specific risk are higher cognitive functioning, self-awareness of deficit, capacity for introspection, stressful life events, adolescence, quality of social relationships, and alexithymia. (3) Risk of Suicide. The need for control and detection of suicidal tendencies and bullying is emphasised. (4) Depressive Symptoms. Indicators for early detection are proposed and their overlap with HFASD is analysed, examining the assessment techniques used and arguing that specific adapted tests are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam De-la-Iglesia
- Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus María Zambrano, Plaza Alto de los Leones 1, 40005 Segovia, Spain
- Laboratoire LPPS, EA 4057, 92100 Paris, France
| | - José-Sixto Olivar
- Laboratoire LPPS, EA 4057, 92100 Paris, France
- Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Educación y Trabajo Social, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 1, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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García-Villamisar D, Rojahn J. Comorbid psychopathology and stress mediate the relationship between autistic traits and repetitive behaviours in adults with autism. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2015; 59:116-24. [PMID: 23919538 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comorbid psychopathology and stress were considered possible mediators that may explain the relationship between some autistic traits and repetitive behaviours. The current study sought to examine the mediational effects of comorbid psychopathology, executive dysfunctions and stress in the relationship between some autistic traits and repetitive behaviours. METHOD A battery of questionnaires including measures of autistic traits, repetitive behaviours, stress, executive dysfunctions and comorbid psychopathology were administered to a sample of adults with autism and intellectual disabilities (n = 43). RESULTS We found that when taken as set dimensions of comorbidity, dysexecutive functioning and stress mediated or explained the effects of autistic symptoms on repetitive behaviour. The total model explained 60% of the variation in repetitive behaviours (R = 0.60; F = 13.64, P < 0.001). The results are discussed in the light of pertinent previous research and their clinical implications, and suggestions for future research are provided. CONCLUSIONS According to the investigated model, increased levels of comorbid psychopathology and stress explained the relationships between repetitive/restrictive behaviours and autistic traits in adults with autism, while executive functioning did not contribute to that relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- D García-Villamisar
- Department of Personality and Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Autism Spectrum Disorder Risk Factors and Autistic Traits in Gender Dysphoric Children. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 45:1742-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mito H, Matsuura N, Mukai K, Yanagisawa Y, Nakajima A, Motoyama M, Arikawa A, Yamanishi K, Matsunaga H. The impacts of elevated autism spectrum disorder traits on clinical and psychosocial features and long-term treatment outcome in adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55:1526-33. [PMID: 24957957 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While a close relation between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been pointed out, there are few studies that have investigated whether highly elevated ASD traits may have significant impacts on clinical and psychosocial features as well as long-term treatment outcome in adult OCD patients. METHODS We assessed ASD traits using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) in 81 Japanese patients with OCD. The relation between degree of ASD traits and clinical and psychosocial variables and the 48-week treatment outcomes was analyzed in the subjects. RESULTS A substantial proportion of the subjects showed higher ASD traits (35%) with more severe depressive or pervasive anxiety status, and social impairments and lower QOL compared to other OCD individuals. However, elevated ASD traits may exert rather smaller impact on the OCD phenomenology along with on the long-term treatment outcome than expected. CONCLUSIONS Elevated ASD traits may further emphasize the general psychopathological and socio-dysfunctional features rather than clinical aspects associated with OCD. Co-existing depressive or anxious symptom severity may further exacerbate the core-deficits related to ASD pathology. Thus the assessment of ASD traits should be important for understanding the clinical and psychosocial features and treatment responses in OCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Mito
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nisinomiya, Japan; Zinmeikai Hospital, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Naomi Matsuura
- Graduate School of Education, Tokyo University of Social Welfare, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keiitiro Mukai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nisinomiya, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nisinomiya, Japan
| | - Mikuni Motoyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nisinomiya, Japan
| | - Ayako Arikawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nisinomiya, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Yamanishi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nisinomiya, Japan
| | - Hisato Matsunaga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nisinomiya, Japan.
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Matson JL, Williams LW. Depression and mood disorders among persons with autism spectrum disorders. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:2003-7. [PMID: 24864053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have both risen in prevalence and become a critical area of research in the field of developmental disabilities. As the body of knowledge about ASD has grown, the overlap of ASD with other problems has also become a rapidly emerging area of study. One of the most studied of these topics is comorbid psychopathology, with depression and mood disorders emerging as one of the more troublesome of these co-occurring conditions. A great deal of research is still needed to determine how best to assess and treat these disorders within the context of ASD. This manuscript reviews current trends and topics relative to this area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny L Matson
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
| | - Lindsey W Williams
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
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Turygin NC, Matson JL, Adams H, Belva B. The effect of DSM-5 criteria on externalizing, internalizing, behavioral and adaptive symptoms in children diagnosed with autism. Dev Neurorehabil 2013; 16:277-82. [PMID: 23617257 DOI: 10.3109/17518423.2013.769281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are changing with the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5), which simplifies the diagnostic categories into social/emotional deficits and repetitive and restricted behavior. ASDs have been closely linked to a variety of other disorders, in particular externalizing disorders such as ADHD, and internalizing disorders including anxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder. The present study examines the externalizing, internalizing, behavioral and adaptive symptoms of children with ASD. METHOD Children diagnosed with the DSM-IV who do not meet diagnostic criteria for DSM-5 and were compared to a non-ASD sample and a sample of those who meet the new criteria. Differences were examined between the three experimental groups with respect to internalizing, externalizing, behavioral severity and adaptive behavior. RESULTS No significant differences were observed between the DSM-5 and DSM-IV groups with respect to composite and subscale scores on the externalizing, behavior severity index and adaptive behavior domains of the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition. CONCLUSIONS Significantly more impairment was evident for both ASD groups compared to the no-ASD group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Turygin
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Russell-Smith SN, Maybery MT, Bayliss DM, Sng AAH. Support for a link between the local processing bias and social deficits in autism: an investigation of embedded figures test performance in non-clinical individuals. J Autism Dev Disord 2013; 42:2420-30. [PMID: 22434280 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to explore the degree to which specific subsets of autistic-like traits relate to performance on the Embedded Figures Test (Witkin et al. in A manual for the embedded figures test. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA, 1971). In the first group-based investigation with this focus, students were selected for their extreme scores (either high or low) on each of the 'Social Skills' and 'Details/Patterns' factors of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al. in J Austim Dev Disord 31:5-17, 2001). The resulting 2 × 2 factorial design permitted examination of the degree to which the social and non-social autistic-like traits separately relate to EFT performance. Surprisingly, in two studies, superior EFT performance was found to relate only to greater social difficulty, suggesting that the local processing bias in autism may be linked specifically to the social deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna N Russell-Smith
- Neurocognitive Development Unit, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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Anckarsäter H, Hofvander B, Billstedt E, Gillberg IC, Gillberg C, Wentz E, Råstam M. The sociocommunicative deficit subgroup in anorexia nervosa: autism spectrum disorders and neurocognition in a community-based, longitudinal study. Psychol Med 2012; 42:1957-67. [PMID: 22186945 PMCID: PMC3413193 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711002881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subgroup of persons with anorexia nervosa (AN) have been proposed to have sociocommunicative problems corresponding to autism spectrum disorders [ASDs, i.e. DSM-IV pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs): autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, PDD not otherwise specified (NOS)]. Here, clinical problems, personality traits, cognitive test results and outcome are compared across 16 subjects (32%) with teenage-onset AN who meet or have met ASD criteria (AN+ASD), 34 ASD-negative AN subjects and matched controls from a longitudinal Swedish study including four waves of independent assessments from the teens to the early thirties. METHOD The fourth wave included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)-I and the SCID-II (cluster C, i.e. 'anxious' PDs) interviews, the Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Interview, self-assessments by the Autism Spectrum Quotient and the Temperament and Character Inventory, neurocognitive tests by subscales from the Wechsler scales, continuous performance tests, Tower of London, and Happé's cartoons. RESULTS The ASD assessments had substantial inter-rater reliability over time (Cohen's κ between 0.70 and 0.80 with previous assessments), even if only six subjects had been assigned a diagnosis of an ASD in all four waves of the study, including retrospective assessments of pre-AN neurodevelopmental problems. The AN+ASD group had the highest prevalence of personality disorders and the lowest Morgan-Russell scores. The non-ASD AN group also differed significantly from controls on personality traits related to poor interpersonal functioning and on neurocognitive tests. CONCLUSIONS A subgroup of subjects with AN meet criteria for ASDs. They may represent the extreme of neurocognitive and personality problems to be found more generally in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Anckarsäter
- Forensic Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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