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Correa-Morales JE, Mantilla-Manosalva N, Rodríguez-Cardona X, Bedoya-Muñoz LJ, Florez-Vargas B, León MX, Giraldo-Moreno S, Gomezese OF, Salamanca-Balen N. Guided Imagery for Symptom Management of Patients with Life-Limiting Illnesses: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Palliat Med 2024; 27:802-812. [PMID: 38350116 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2023.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with life-limiting illnesses receiving palliative care have a high symptom burden that can be challenging to manage. Guided imagery (GI), a complementary and integrative therapy in which patients are induced to picture mental images with sensory components, has proven in quasi-experimental studies to be effective as a complementary therapy for symptom management. Objective: To systematically review randomized controlled trials that report evidence of guided imagery for symptom management in patients with life-limiting illnesses. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline was followed for this review and the search strategy was applied in Medline, CINHAL, and Web of Science. The quality of articles was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk-of-Bias Tool 2 (RoB 2). The results are presented using the Guidance on the Conduct of Narrative Synthesis in Systematic Reviews. Results: A total of 8822 studies were initially identified through the search strategy, but after applying exclusion criteria, 14 randomized controlled trials were included in this review. The quality assessment revealed that four studies had a high risk of bias, nine had some concerns, and one had a low risk of bias. Out of the 14 studies, 6 evaluated oncological diagnosis, while the remaining 8 focused on nononcological diagnoses across 6 different diseases. GI was found to be effective in managing symptoms in 10 out of the 14 studies. Regardless of the disease stage, patients who received guided imagery experienced relief from anxiety, depression, pain, sleep disturbances, and fatigue. Conclusion: GI therapy has shown promising results regarding symptom management in palliative care patients with life-limiting illnesses at different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Esteban Correa-Morales
- Palliative Care Program, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nidia Mantilla-Manosalva
- Palliative Care Program, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ximena Rodríguez-Cardona
- Palliative Care Program, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lennis Jazmin Bedoya-Muñoz
- Palliative Care Program, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Bibiana Florez-Vargas
- Palliative Care Program, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
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Kay L, Keogh R, Pearson J. Slower but more accurate mental rotation performance in aphantasia linked to differences in cognitive strategies. Conscious Cogn 2024; 121:103694. [PMID: 38657474 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Mental rotation tasks are frequently used as standard measures of mental imagery. However, aphantasia research has brought such use into question. Here, we assessed a large group of individuals who lack visual imagery (aphantasia) on two mental rotation tasks: a three-dimensional block-shape, and a human manikin rotation task. In both tasks, those with aphantasia had slower, but more accurate responses than controls. Both groups demonstrated classic linear increases in response time and error-rate as functions of angular disparity. In the three-dimensional block-shape rotation task, a within-group speed-accuracy trade-off was found in controls, whereas faster individuals in the aphantasia group were also more accurate. Control participants generally favoured using object-based mental rotation strategies, whereas those with aphantasia favoured analytic strategies. These results suggest that visual imagery is not crucial for successful performance in classical mental rotation tasks, as alternative strategies can be effectively utilised in the absence of holistic mental representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Kay
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Rebecca Keogh
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Joel Pearson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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3
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Zeman A. Aphantasia and hyperphantasia: exploring imagery vividness extremes. Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:467-480. [PMID: 38548492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The vividness of imagery varies between individuals. However, the existence of people in whom conscious, wakeful imagery is markedly reduced, or absent entirely, was neglected by psychology until the recent coinage of 'aphantasia' to describe this phenomenon. 'Hyperphantasia' denotes the converse - imagery whose vividness rivals perceptual experience. Around 1% and 3% of the population experience extreme aphantasia and hyperphantasia, respectively. Aphantasia runs in families, often affects imagery across several sense modalities, and is variably associated with reduced autobiographical memory, face recognition difficulty, and autism. Visual dreaming is often preserved. Subtypes of extreme imagery appear to be likely but are not yet well defined. Initial results suggest that alterations in connectivity between the frontoparietal and visual networks may provide the neural substrate for visual imagery extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Zeman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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4
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Rogers LW, Yeebo M, Collerton D, Moseley P, Dudley R. Non-clinical hallucinations and mental imagery across sensory modalities. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2024; 29:87-102. [PMID: 38363282 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2024.2313467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vivid mental imagery has been proposed to increase the likelihood of experiencing hallucinations. Typically, studies have employed a modality general approach to mental imagery which compares imagery across multiple domains (e.g., visual, auditory and tactile) to hallucinations in multiple senses. However, modality specific imagery may be a better predictor of hallucinations in the same domain. The study examined the contribution of imagery to hallucinations in a non-clinical sample and specifically whether imagery best predicted hallucinations at a modality general or modality specific level. METHODS In study one, modality general and modality specific accounts of the imagery-hallucination relationship were contrasted through application of self-report measures in a sample of 434 students. Study two used a subsample (n = 103) to extend exploration of the imagery-hallucinations relationship using a performance-based imagery task. RESULTS A small to moderate modality general relationship was observed between self-report imagery and hallucination proneness. There was only evidence of a modality specific relationship in the tactile domain. Performance-based imagery measures were unrelated to hallucinations and self-report imagery. CONCLUSIONS Mental imagery may act as a modality general process increasing hallucination proneness. The observed distinction between self-report and performance-based imagery highlights the difficulty of accurately measuring internal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Wilson Rogers
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mma Yeebo
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel Collerton
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter Moseley
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Robert Dudley
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK
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5
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Tomasino B, Maggioni E, Piani MC, Bonivento C, D'Agostini S, Balestrieri M, Brambilla P. The mental simulation of state/psychological stimuli in anxiety disorders: A 3T fMRI study. J Affect Disord 2024; 345:435-442. [PMID: 37852592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Mental imagery plays an important role in cognitive and emotional processes, therefore it might contribute to psychopathology in affective disorders. Distressive intrusive imagery is a core feature of anxiety disorders, but the underlying neurobiology remains unexplored. Here, we examined the functional brain mechanisms involved in state/psychological imagery in individuals with anxiety disorders. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) was used to assess the brain circuits involved in state/psychological (vs. action) imagery controlled by letter detection on the same stimuli in 33 individuals with anxiety disorders relative to 33 healthy controls. Patients were faster than controls in processing state/psychological stimuli and in general in the imagery task. We found that the left superior frontal gyrus was differentially activated by the state/psychological (vs. action) imagery (vs. letter detection) in the anxious individuals vs. healthy controls. We suggest that this area, which is involved in processing of state/psychological semantic information, appears deregulated during imagery in subjects with anxiety disorders. Our study provided the first evidence of both behavioral and brain functional alterations during imagery, highlighting a key role of the left superior frontal gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tomasino
- Scientific Institute IRCCS "Eugenio Medea", Dipartimento/Unità Operativa Pasian di Prato, Udine, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Maggioni
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy; Dept. of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Piani
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bern UPD, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Bonivento
- Scientific Institute IRCCS "Eugenio Medea", Dipartimento/Unità Operativa Pasian di Prato, Udine, Italy
| | - Serena D'Agostini
- Neuroradiology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, ASU FC, Italy
| | - Matteo Balestrieri
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Dept. of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Dept. of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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6
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Sulfaro AA, Robinson AK, Carlson TA. Properties of imagined experience across visual, auditory, and other sensory modalities. Conscious Cogn 2024; 117:103598. [PMID: 38086154 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about the perceptual characteristics of mental images nor how they vary across sensory modalities. We conducted an exhaustive survey into how mental images are experienced across modalities, mainly targeting visual and auditory imagery of a single stimulus, the letter "O", to facilitate direct comparisons. We investigated temporal properties of mental images (e.g. onset latency, duration), spatial properties (e.g. apparent location), effort (e.g. ease, spontaneity, control), movement requirements (e.g. eye movements), real-imagined interactions (e.g. inner speech while reading), beliefs about imagery norms and terminologies, as well as respondent confidence. Participants also reported on the five traditional senses and their prominence during thinking, imagining, and dreaming. Overall, visual and auditory experiences dominated mental events, although auditory mental images were superior to visual mental images on almost every metric tested except regarding spatial properties. Our findings suggest that modality-specific differences in mental imagery may parallel those of other sensory neural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Sulfaro
- School of Psychology, Griffith Taylor Building, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Amanda K Robinson
- School of Psychology, Griffith Taylor Building, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, New South Wales, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Thomas A Carlson
- School of Psychology, Griffith Taylor Building, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, New South Wales, Australia.
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7
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Janssen H, van den Berg KC, Paulik G, Newman-Taylor K, Taylor CDJ, Steel C, Keijsers GPJ, Marcelis MC. Emotional and non-emotional mental imagery and auditory verbal hallucinations (hearing voices): A systematic review of imagery assessment tools. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023. [PMID: 37905563 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown to what extent mental imagery and auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are related. Trials evaluating this issue used both emotional and non-emotional mental imagery tools, thereby complicating outcomes comparisons. Therefore, the present study aimed to systematically review the literature on mental imagery in individuals with AVHs to (1) inventory imagery assessment tools used in this population, (2) to collect information on the relation between emotional and non-emotional mental imagery in all sensory domains and AVHs and (3) to integrate the outcomes of this systematic review in a model of different mental imagery domains and related assessment tools. We conducted a systematic literature search in the PubMed Database. After full-text screening, 17 papers were included. Findings showed that a variety of assessment methods have been used to assess various aspects of mental imagery in people with AVHs, suggesting that there is a lack of agreed theoretical conceptualization of mental imagery and AVHs. In addition, the studies confirmed as was expected that non-emotional mental imagery seemed unrelated to AVHs whereas emotional mental imagery was related to AVHs. Lastly, we proposed a model of mental imagery domains and corresponding assessment methods distinguishing between emotional and non-emotional mental imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Janssen
- Medical Psychiatric Research Group, Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, MHeNs Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Karin C van den Berg
- Medical Psychiatric Research Group, Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychological Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Georgie Paulik
- Perth Voices Clinic, Murdoch, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Katherine Newman-Taylor
- Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Psychology Department, College Keep, Southern Health NHSF Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Christopher D J Taylor
- Secondary Care Psychological Therapies Service, Pennine Care National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Lancashire, UK
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Craig Steel
- Oxford Centre for Psychological Health, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, Oxford, UK
| | - Ger P J Keijsers
- Department of Clinical Psychological Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Machteld C Marcelis
- Medical Psychiatric Research Group, Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, MHeNs Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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8
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Wilson-Mendenhall CD, Dunne JD, Davidson RJ. Visualizing Compassion: Episodic Simulation as Contemplative Practice. Mindfulness (N Y) 2023; 14:2532-2548. [PMID: 37982041 PMCID: PMC10655951 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-022-01842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Contemplative interventions designed to cultivate compassion are receiving increasing empirical attention. Accumulating evidence suggests that these interventions bolster prosocial motivation and warmth towards others. Less is known about how these practices impact compassion in everyday life. Here we consider one mechanistic pathway through which compassion practices may impact perception and action in the world: simulation. Evidence suggests that vividly imagining a situation simulates that experience in the brain as if it were, to a degree, actually happening. Thus, we hypothesize that simulation during imagery-based contemplative practices can construct sensorimotor patterns in the brain that prime an individual to act compassionately in the world. We first present evidence across multiple literatures in Psychology that motivates this hypothesis, including the neuroscience of mental imagery and the emerging literature on prosocial episodic simulation. Then, we examine the specific contemplative practices in compassion-based interventions that may construct such simulations. We conclude with future directions for investigating how compassion-based interventions may shape prosocial perception and action in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D. Dunne
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Asian Languages and Cultures, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard J. Davidson
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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9
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M'Bailara K, Echegaray F, Di Simplicio M. What's in the mind's eye of individuals with bipolar disorders: an exploration of the content and characteristics of mental images in different thymic phases. Behav Cogn Psychother 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37737052 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465823000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental imagery, or 'seeing with the mind's eye' (Kosslyn et al. ), provokes strong emotional responses (Ji et al., ). To date, there is a lack of data on the content and clinical characteristics (e.g. vividness, likelihood, emotional effects) of spontaneous mental images (MI) in people with bipolar disorder (BD) according to their thymic states. AIM The current study sought to assess the characteristics associated with the contents of MI in people with BD. METHOD Forty-two euthymic individuals diagnosed with BD (American Psychiatric Association, ) were asked to self-report their MI during depression, (hypo)mania and euthymia. Participants also rated levels of vividness, likelihood and emotional activation related to MI (i.e. valence, arousal, type of emotion). RESULTS The contents of the MI revealed phenomenological aspects of BD. Different themes were associated with each thymic phase. In (hypo)mania and in euthymia, the mental images were assessed as being as vivid as probable (p>.05). (Hypo)manic and euthymic-related MI activated more pleasure than displeasure (p<.001) and were mainly associated with joy. In depression, MI were assessed as more vivid than likely (p<.05). In depression, MI activated more displeasure than pleasure (p<.0001) and induced mainly sadness. DISCUSSION Overall, a congruence between the contents of images and the three thymic phases was found. The content of the MI was related to self-reported emotional effects that were congruent with the thymic phases concerned. The results add new clinical information for the use of imagery-based cognitive therapy in individuals with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M'Bailara
- Laboratoire de psychologie, Labpsy UR4139, Université de Bordeaux, France
- Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Pôle PGU, Bordeaux, France
- Centre Expert Trouble bipolaire, Fondation FondaMental, France
| | - F Echegaray
- Laboratoire de psychologie, Labpsy UR4139, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - M Di Simplicio
- Centre for Psychiatry, Brain Sciences Division, Imperial College, London, UK
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10
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Cherry J, Kamel S, Elfil M, Aravala SS, Bayoumi A, Patel A, Sinha R, Tinaz S. Mental imagery content is associated with disease severity and specific brain functional connectivity changes in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain Imaging Behav 2023; 17:161-171. [PMID: 36434490 PMCID: PMC10050121 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mental imagery is the mental re-creation of perceptual experiences, events and scenarios, and motor acts. In our previous study, we assessed whether motor imagery (MI) training combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging-based neurofeedback could improve the motor function of nondemented subjects with mild Parkinson's disease (PD) (N = 22). We used visual imagery (VI) (e.g., of scenes or events, but not of self-movements) training without neurofeedback for the control group (N = 22). Notably, both groups showed significant and comparable improvement in motor function after four weeks of daily imagery practice. In this study, we further examined the neural correlates of the motor enhancement as a result of the VI training by analyzing the self-reported VI content during daily practice and relating its quality to the functional connectivity characteristics of the same subjects. We demonstrated that the VI practice encompassed multisensory, spatial, affective, and executive processes all of which are also important for motor function in real life. Subjects with worse global disease severity also showed poorer quality of the VI content. Finally, the quality of the VI content showed significant positive correlations with the functional connectivity changes during the VI tasks in brain areas supporting visuospatial and sensorimotor processes. Our findings suggest that mental imagery training combining VI and MI may enhance motor function in patients with mild PD, and more broadly, underline the importance of incorporating self-reports of thoughts and experiences in neuroimaging studies that examine the brain mechanisms of complex cognitive processes especially in neuropsychiatric patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Cherry
- Department of Neurology, Division of Movement Disorders, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Neurosciences Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Serageldin Kamel
- Department of Neurology, Division of Movement Disorders, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Neurosciences Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mohamed Elfil
- Department of Neurology, Division of Movement Disorders, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Neurosciences Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sai S Aravala
- Department of Neurology, Division of Movement Disorders, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Neurosciences Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ahmed Bayoumi
- Department of Neurology, Division of Movement Disorders, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Neurosciences Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amar Patel
- Department of Neurology, Division of Movement Disorders, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Yale Stress Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sule Tinaz
- Department of Neurology, Division of Movement Disorders, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Clinical Neurosciences Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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11
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Cryder S, Jensen S, McCarthy J, Whitworth K, Kennelley GE, Nowak AS, Hysell MK. Guided, motor, and mental imagery adjuncts to teaching central venous access. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2023; 7:e10867. [PMID: 37064489 PMCID: PMC10090483 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Mental, motor, and guided imagery techniques are commonly used in sports psychology, but less often in medical education. Utilization of imagery-based techniques (IBTs) in combination with traditional teaching methods may provide a low-cost, innovative approach to improving outcomes in graduate medical education. Objective The objective was to assess whether medical students demonstrate greater proficiency in the ability to obtain central venous access in simulation trainers following exposure to guided, mental, and motor imagery teaching methods in comparison to traditional methods. Methods Volunteer fourth-year medical students during their emergency medicine rotation were randomly assigned to two groups, traditional plus imagery teaching or traditional teaching alone. The control group watched a video tutorial on central line placement methods. The study group watched the same video with the addition of imagery components. Participants filled out survey questions before and after the video and again after line placement. Proctors blinded to student group assignments then observed student placement of an internal jugular triple-lumen catheter on a simulation trainer and completed a standardized performance rubric. Results Sixty medical students participated. Two were excluded for having performed five or more lines either clinically or in a previous simulation. There was no difference in self-perceived competence in line placement prior to watching the video or in the number of lines previously performed between groups. The imagery group (n = 25) averaged 1.3 errors/need for intervention compared to 2.2 errors/need for intervention in the control group (n = 33; p = 0.045, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02 to 1.61). Time to place the line was similar-8.9 min for the control group versus 8.6 min for the imagery group (p = 0.74, 95% CI -1.39 to 1.95). Conclusions The use of IBTs may be a promising adjunct to traditional medical teaching of procedures in emergency medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Cryder
- Graduate Medical Education Department, Emergency Medicine ResidencyCorewell Health SouthSt. JosephMichiganUSA
| | - Stephen Jensen
- Graduate Medical Education Department, Emergency Medicine ResidencyCorewell Health SouthSt. JosephMichiganUSA
| | - Joseph McCarthy
- Graduate Medical Education Department, Emergency Medicine ResidencyCorewell Health SouthSt. JosephMichiganUSA
| | - Kristen Whitworth
- Graduate Medical Education Department, Emergency Medicine ResidencyCorewell Health SouthSt. JosephMichiganUSA
| | - Gabrielle E. Kennelley
- Department of Medical EducationCentral Michigan University College of MedicineMt. PleasantMichiganUSA
| | - Andrew S. Nowak
- Department of Medical EducationCentral Michigan University College of MedicineMt. PleasantMichiganUSA
| | - Matthew K. Hysell
- Graduate Medical Education Department, Emergency Medicine ResidencyCorewell Health SouthSt. JosephMichiganUSA
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12
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Hewitt OM, Langdon PE, Hales SA, Larkin M. The phenomenology of mental imagery in people with intellectual disabilities. Psychol Psychother 2023; 96:25-39. [PMID: 36018277 PMCID: PMC10087696 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mental imagery is important in the development and maintenance of psychological disorders and well-being but has been neglected in people with intellectual disabilities. A detailed idiographic analysis of the lived experience of mental imagery in this population is presented. DESIGN This qualitative study uses interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). It involved inclusive research methods with people with intellectual disabilities and other stakeholders (including family members, advocates, support workers and intellectual disability service managers). METHODS Ten individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with people with mild-moderate intellectual disabilities. Participants were opportunistically sampled through organisations providing community services to people with intellectual disabilities in the UK. Two men and eight women (mean age 43 years) participated. Interviews were audio-recorded and analysed using IPA. RESULTS People with intellectual disabilities are able to experience a range of rich and detailed mental images across all sensory modalities. Participants reported changes in affect based on mental imagery, and an ability to experience both spontaneous and deliberate mental images. The emotional saliency of the object of mental imagery appeared to influence participants' ability to engage with imagery. A number of adaptations make mental imagery more accessible and easier to report. The ability of people with intellectual disabilities to experience vivid mental imagery has important clinical implications for the use of a range of mental imagery interventions with this population. CONCLUSIONS The need to consider mental imagery interventions for this population, and how these can be adapted to ensure accessibility is a priority for people with intellectual disabilities and psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Mary Hewitt
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Learning Disability Services, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK
| | - Peter E Langdon
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Rainbow Unit, Brooklands Hospital, Birmingham
| | - Susie A Hales
- Emotion and Mental Imagery Lab (EMIL), Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Larkin
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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13
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Cushing CA, Dawes AJ, Hofmann SG, Lau H, LeDoux JE, Taschereau-Dumouchel V. A generative adversarial model of intrusive imagery in the human brain. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgac265. [PMID: 36733294 PMCID: PMC9887942 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the subjective experiences of mental disorders remain poorly understood. This is partly due to long-standing over-emphasis on behavioral and physiological symptoms and a de-emphasis of the patient's subjective experiences when searching for treatments. Here, we provide a new perspective on the subjective experience of mental disorders based on findings in neuroscience and artificial intelligence (AI). Specifically, we propose the subjective experience that occurs in visual imagination depends on mechanisms similar to generative adversarial networks that have recently been developed in AI. The basic idea is that a generator network fabricates a prediction of the world, and a discriminator network determines whether it is likely real or not. Given that similar adversarial interactions occur in the two major visual pathways of perception in people, we explored whether we could leverage this AI-inspired approach to better understand the intrusive imagery experiences of patients suffering from mental illnesses such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder. In our model, a nonconscious visual pathway generates predictions of the environment that influence the parallel but interacting conscious pathway. We propose that in some patients, an imbalance in these adversarial interactions leads to an overrepresentation of disturbing content relative to current reality, and results in debilitating flashbacks. By situating the subjective experience of intrusive visual imagery in the adversarial interaction of these visual pathways, we propose testable hypotheses on novel mechanisms and clinical applications for controlling and possibly preventing symptoms resulting from intrusive imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Cushing
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alexei J Dawes
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0106, Japan
| | - Stefan G Hofmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hakwan Lau
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0106, Japan
| | - Joseph E LeDoux
- Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, 10012, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical School, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Vincent Taschereau-Dumouchel
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H1N 3M5, Canada
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Cavedon-Taylor D. Aphantasia and psychological disorder: Current connections, defining the imagery deficit and future directions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:822989. [PMID: 36312098 PMCID: PMC9614338 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.822989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphantasia is a condition characterized by a deficit of mental imagery. Since several psychopathologies are partially maintained by mental imagery, it may be illuminating to consider the condition against the background of psychological disorder. After outlining current findings and hypotheses regarding aphantasia and psychopathology, this paper suggests that some support for defining aphantasia as a lack of voluntary imagery may be found here. The paper then outlines potentially fruitful directions for future research into aphantasia in general and its relation to psychopathology in particular, including rethinking use of the SUIS to measure involuntary imagery, whether aphantasia offers protection against addiction, and whether hyperphantasia is a potential risk factor for maladaptive daydreaming, among others.
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15
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Gulyás E, Gombos F, Sütöri S, Lovas A, Ziman G, Kovács I. Visual imagery vividness declines across the lifespan. Cortex 2022; 154:365-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Jankowska DM, Karwowski M. How Vivid Is Your Mental Imagery? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Across five studies (total N > 3,600), we report the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ-2PL). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a unidimensional structure of this instrument; measurement invariance concerning participants’ gender was established as well. The VVIQ-2PL showed excellent test-retest reliability, high internal consistency, and adequate construct validity. As predicted, art students scored significantly higher in visual mental imagery than the non-artist group. We discuss these findings alongside future research directions and possible modifications of VVIQ-2PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota M. Jankowska
- Department of Educational Sciences, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Hewitt OM, Steel C, Hales SA, Hayden N, Gundeslioglu H, Tapp K, Langdon P. A systematic review and narrative synthesis of mental imagery tasks in people with an intellectual disability: Implications for psychological therapies. Clin Psychol Rev 2022; 96:102178. [PMID: 35738164 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mental imagery is recognised for its role in both psychological distress and wellbeing, with mental imagery techniques increasingly being incorporated into psychological interventions. In this systematic review and narrative synthesis (PROSPERO 2021: CRD42021240930), we identify and evaluate the evidence base for the phenomenon and phenomenology of mental imagery in people with intellectual disabilities, to ascertain the applicability of such interventions for this population. Electronic searches of nine databases and grey literature identified relevant publications. Two reviewers independently assessed titles and abstracts of retrieved records (n = 8609) and full-text articles (n = 101) against eligibility criteria. Data were extracted and quality appraised. Forty-onepapers met our eligibility criteria. The quality and designs were variable. Mental imagery was facilitated through ensuring participants understood tasks, providing opportunity to rehearse tasks (including using concrete prompts) and using scaffolding to help participants elaborate their responses. People with intellectual disabilities can engage with mental imagery, with appropriate adaptations, although the associated phenomenology has not been thoroughly investigated. Mental imagery interventions may be useful for people with intellectual disabilities with appropriate modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Mary Hewitt
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Learning Disability Services, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, 7-9 Cremyll Road, Reading RG1 8NQ, UK.
| | - Craig Steel
- xford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, Isis Education Centre, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Susie A Hales
- Emotion and Mental Imagery Lab (EMIL), Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Box 1225, 751 42, Sweden; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Littlemore Mental Health Centre, Sandford Road, Littlemore, Oxford OX4 4XN, UK
| | - Nikita Hayden
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Hatice Gundeslioglu
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Katherine Tapp
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter Langdon
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Rainbow Unit, Brooklands Hospital, Marston Green, Birmingham B37 5RY, UK
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Gatti M, Palumbo R, Di Domenico A, Mammarella N. Simulating Extreme Environmental Conditions via Mental Imagery: The Case of Microgravity and Weight Estimation. Front Psychol 2022; 13:913162. [PMID: 35734453 PMCID: PMC9207523 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.913162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental imagery can be used for recreating an extreme environment experience. Here we assessed whether microgravity effects over cognition, that typically occur during a space mission, may be reproduced via mental imagery. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions in which they were guided to imagine to be (1) in outer space or (2) in a nature scenario and subsequently estimate the weight of common objects. We found that only for those who engaged in a space scenario imagery, there was a decrease in object weight estimation compared with a prior rating. This finding is the first to indicate that the effects of weightlessness on cognition can be simulated via an imagery-based technique and add to the ongoing debate about the importance of trying to disentangle the effect of microgravity alone on human performance. Moreover, our findings ultimately suggest that imagery can be used as a less expensive simulated scenario for studying the impact of extreme environmental conditions over astronauts' cognition and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicola Mammarella
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Jungmann SM, Becker F, Witthöft M. Erfassung der Lebendigkeit mentaler Vorstellungsbilder. DIAGNOSTICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1026/0012-1924/a000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Mentale Vorstellungsfähigkeit bezeichnet ein Konstrukt von enormer Bedeutung für diverse psychische Funktionen (z. B. Motivation, Emotion und Handlungssteuerung). Die Lebendigkeit gilt hierbei als ein zentrales und interindividuell variierendes Merkmal mentaler Vorstellungen. Bislang mangelt es allerdings an validierten deutschsprachigen Fragebögen zur Erfassung der Lebendigkeit. Daher wurden an einer Stichprobe von N = 300 Personen aus der Allgemeinbevölkerung (81 % Studierende) deutschsprachige Versionen des Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ; visuelle Vorstellungen) und des Plymouth Sensory Imagery Questionnaire (PSI-Q; multisensorische Erfassung) adaptiert und validiert. Für den VVIQ und PSI-Q konnten die faktorielle (mittels Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling), konvergente und diskriminante Validität belegt werden. Es ergaben sich akzeptable bis hohe interne Konsistenzen, die Retest-Korrelationen (8 Monate) variierten je nach Subskala. Die Lebendigkeit mentaler Vorstellungen zeigte erwartungskonform negative Zusammenhänge mit Defiziten in der emotionalen Verarbeitung (Alexithymie). Insgesamt stellen die beiden Fragebögen ökonomische, reliable und valide Verfahren dar, um die Lebendigkeit mentaler Vorstellungen zu erfassen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie M. Jungmann
- Abteilung für Klinische Psychologie, Psychotherapie und Experimentelle Psychopathologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
| | - Fritz Becker
- Abteilung für Klinische Psychologie, Psychotherapie und Experimentelle Psychopathologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen
| | - Michael Witthöft
- Abteilung für Klinische Psychologie, Psychotherapie und Experimentelle Psychopathologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
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20
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Imagery ability assessments: a cross-disciplinary systematic review and quality evaluation of psychometric properties. BMC Med 2022; 20:166. [PMID: 35491422 PMCID: PMC9059408 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last two centuries, researchers developed several assessments to evaluate the multidimensional construct of imagery. However, no comprehensive systematic review (SR) exists for imagery ability evaluation methods and an in-depth quality evaluation of their psychometric properties. METHODS We performed a comprehensive systematic search in six databases in the disciplines of sport, psychology, medicine, education: SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and ERIC. Two reviewers independently identified and screened articles for selection. COSMIN checklist was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the studies. All included assessments were evaluated for quality using criteria for good measurement properties. The evidence synthesis was summarised by using the GRADE approach. RESULTS In total, 121 articles reporting 155 studies and describing 65 assessments were included. We categorised assessments based on their construct on: (1) motor imagery (n = 15), (2) mental imagery (n = 48) and (3) mental chronometry (n = 2). Methodological quality of studies was mainly doubtful or inadequate. The psychometric properties of most assessments were insufficient or indeterminate. The best rated assessments with sufficient psychometric properties were MIQ, MIQ-R, MIQ-3, and VMIQ-2 for evaluation of motor imagery ability. Regarding mental imagery evaluation, only SIAQ and VVIQ showed sufficient psychometric properties. CONCLUSION Various assessments exist to evaluate an individual's imagery ability within different dimensions or modalities of imagery in different disciplines. However, the psychometric properties of most assessments are insufficient or indeterminate. Several assessments should be revised and further validated. Moreover, most studies were only evaluated with students. Further cross-disciplinary validation studies are needed including older populations with a larger age range. Our findings allow clinicians, coaches, teachers, and researchers to select a suitable imagery ability assessment for their setting and goals based on information about the focus and quality of the assessments. SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS REGISTER PROSPERO CRD42017077004 .
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21
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Lahti L. Detecting the patient’s need for help with machine learning based on expressions. BMC Med Res Methodol 2022; 22:60. [PMID: 35249538 PMCID: PMC8898191 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Developing machine learning models to support health analytics requires increased understanding about statistical properties of self-rated expression statements used in health-related communication and decision making. To address this, our current research analyzes self-rated expression statements concerning the coronavirus COVID-19 epidemic and with a new methodology identifies how statistically significant differences between groups of respondents can be linked to machine learning results.
Methods
A quantitative cross-sectional study gathering the “need for help” ratings for twenty health-related expression statements concerning the coronavirus epidemic on an 11-point Likert scale, and nine answers about the person’s health and wellbeing, sex and age. The study involved online respondents between 30 May and 3 August 2020 recruited from Finnish patient and disabled people’s organizations, other health-related organizations and professionals, and educational institutions (n = 673). We propose and experimentally motivate a new methodology of influence analysis concerning machine learning to be applied for evaluating how machine learning results depend on and are influenced by various properties of the data which are identified with traditional statistical methods.
Results
We found statistically significant Kendall rank-correlations and high cosine similarity values between various health-related expression statement pairs concerning the “need for help” ratings and a background question pair. With tests of Wilcoxon rank-sum, Kruskal-Wallis and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) between groups we identified statistically significant rating differences for several health-related expression statements in respect to groupings based on the answer values of background questions, such as the ratings of suspecting to have the coronavirus infection and having it depending on the estimated health condition, quality of life and sex. Our new methodology enabled us to identify how statistically significant rating differences were linked to machine learning results thus helping to develop better human-understandable machine learning models.
Conclusions
The self-rated “need for help” concerning health-related expression statements differs statistically significantly depending on the person’s background information, such as his/her estimated health condition, quality of life and sex. With our new methodology statistically significant rating differences can be linked to machine learning results thus enabling to develop better machine learning to identify, interpret and address the patient’s needs for well-personalized care.
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22
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TIBA AI, VOSS L. " A Motor Imagery Training for Improving Action Cognition Results in the Reduction of Residual Symptoms after Major Depressive Disorder: A Single-Case Study". JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE-BASED PSYCHOTHERAPIES 2022. [DOI: 10.24193/jebp.2022.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The high rate of recurrence and residual symptoms of depression continuously motivate the search for new treatments addressing this challenging condition. In this single-case study, we reported the application of a cognitive rehabilitation skills training based on remote kinematics as a treatment for residual depression by targeting deficits of mental simulations of action. We found that the administration of Kinect-based rehabilitation training resulted in important improvements showed by significant mean baseline reductions (MBLR) of difficulty in imagining positive actions (MBLR= 54 %), negative emotions (MBLR = 36.3 %), cognitive flexibility (MBLR= 69.7 %), depressive symptoms (MBLR= 80%), and physical retardation (MBLR= 50 %). Similarly, improvements in positive affect (MBLR = 107 %) and vividness of motor imagery for positive actions were registered (MBLR= 100 %). We also found unique effects of our intervention such as reports of involuntary action simulations to distant stimuli or extended affordances. The training was well-accepted and the patient considered it was an entertaining way to do physical exercises and to get in physical and mental shape. We concluded that further scientific research of remote Kinematic interventions in depression may be warranted.
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23
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Yang Z, Liu X. Emotional autobiographical memory impairment features in three mental disorders. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.2224/sbp.10915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We proposed the Emotional Autobiographical Memory Test (EAMT) as a specialized method for measuring emotional autobiographical memory impairment in patients with mental disorders. The EAMT was tested with 32 patients with schizophrenia, 18 patients with bipolar disorder, 32 patients
with depression, and 42 people undiagnosed with such disorders. We extracted 13 indices of five kinds of features from participants' emotional autobiographical memory and compared them among the four groups. The overgeneralization result in the schizophrenia and depression groups was consistent
with previous results, supporting the EAMT's validity. However, inconsistent with previous results, overgeneralization was not found in the bipolar disorder group. Further, the count of involuntary memories in the patient groups (vs. control group) was significantly smaller, which can guide
future researchers in investigating the psychopathology of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xufeng Liu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, People's Republic of China
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Greening SG, Lee TH, Burleigh L, Grégoire L, Robinson T, Jiang X, Mather M, Kaplan J. Mental imagery can generate and regulate acquired differential fear conditioned reactivity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:997. [PMID: 35046506 PMCID: PMC8770773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental imagery is an important tool in the cognitive control of emotion. The present study tests the prediction that visual imagery can generate and regulate differential fear conditioning via the activation and prioritization of stimulus representations in early visual cortices. We combined differential fear conditioning with manipulations of viewing and imagining basic visual stimuli in humans. We discovered that mental imagery of a fear-conditioned stimulus compared to imagery of a safe conditioned stimulus generated a significantly greater conditioned response as measured by self-reported fear, the skin conductance response, and right anterior insula activity (experiment 1). Moreover, mental imagery effectively down- and up-regulated the fear conditioned responses (experiment 2). Multivariate classification using the functional magnetic resonance imaging data from retinotopically defined early visual regions revealed significant decoding of the imagined stimuli in V2 and V3 (experiment 1) but significantly reduced decoding in these regions during imagery-based regulation (experiment 2). Together, the present findings indicate that mental imagery can generate and regulate a differential fear conditioned response via mechanisms of the depictive theory of imagery and the biased-competition theory of attention. These findings also highlight the potential importance of mental imagery in the manifestation and treatment of psychological illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Greening
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA.
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Tae-Ho Lee
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Lauryn Burleigh
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Laurent Grégoire
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
- Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Tyler Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Xinrui Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Mara Mather
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jonas Kaplan
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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Ottonello M, Torselli E, Caneva S, Fiabane E, Vassallo C, Pistarini C. Mental Imagery Skills in Alcohol-Dependent Subjects and Their Associations With Cognitive Performance: An Exploratory Study During Residential Rehabilitation. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:741900. [PMID: 34912249 PMCID: PMC8666508 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.741900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
People in alcohol-detoxification experience deficits in motor and non-motor functions including cognitive performance. Imagery, the cognitive process of generating visual, auditory or kinesthetic experiences in the mind without the presence of external stimuli, has been little studied in Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD). This pilot study aims to observe the cognitive abilities useful for the inspection, maintenance, generation and manipulation of images in these patients during residential rehabilitation and investigate the relationships with their cognitive performance. Thirty-six subjects who completed the 28-day rehabilitation program for alcohol addiction, completed the Mental Imagery Test (MIT) and Neuropsychological Battery (ENB-2). The global score at MIT did not show pathological scores. The 11.1% of AUD patients showed an impaired global score in the cognitive performance and the 5.7% with scoring at limits of norm. Significant correlations were found between Mental Imagery abilities and ENB-2 subscale and stepwise regression analysis showed the close association between the ability of imagery (Mental Imagery Test) and the overall cognitive performance (ENB-2) in alcohol dependent patients and this relationship is stronger than other cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Ottonello
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine of Genova Nervi Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici (ICS) Maugeri Spa SB, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Torselli
- School of Psychotherapy, Miller Institute for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Caneva
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Fiabane
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine of Genova Nervi Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici (ICS) Maugeri Spa SB, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Vassallo
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine of Genova Nervi Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici (ICS) Maugeri Spa SB, Genoa, Italy
| | - Caterina Pistarini
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Medicine of Pavia Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici (ICS) Maugeri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Spa SB, Pavia, Italy
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Swee MB, Hudson CC, Heimberg RG. Examining the relationship between shame and social anxiety disorder: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 90:102088. [PMID: 34598054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper is the first systematic review of the literature on the relationship between shame and social anxiety (SA). We reviewed a total of 60 peer-reviewed empirical articles that met criteria for inclusion. We begin by summarizing literature investigating the empirical association between shame and SA and review literature on whether this association is impacted by cultural or diagnostic differences. Next, we briefly describe the updated version of Rapee and Heimberg's (1997) cognitive-behavioral model of social anxiety disorder (SAD; Heimberg, Brozovich, & Rapee, 2014) and propose how shame may interact with five processes described therein: environmental experiences, observations/images of the self, perceived negative evaluation by others, post-event cognitive processes, and behavioral manifestations of SA. We review the current literature on shame and SA as it relates to each of these domains. Thereafter, we discuss existing research on the role of shame in the treatment of SAD and the implications of the research discussed in this review. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of some key limitations in the existing literature and areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela B Swee
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 North 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
| | - Chloe C Hudson
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, 62 Arch Street, Humphrey Hall, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Richard G Heimberg
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 North 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
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Bergouignan L, Nyberg L, Ehrsson HH. Out-of-body memory encoding causes third-person perspective at recall. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2021.1958823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - H. Henrik Ehrsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Individual differences in mental imagery in different modalities and levels of intentionality. Mem Cognit 2021; 50:29-44. [PMID: 34462893 PMCID: PMC8763825 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-021-01209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mental imagery is a highly common component of everyday cognitive functioning. While substantial progress is being made in clarifying this fundamental human function, much is still unclear or unknown. A more comprehensive account of mental imagery aspects would be gained by examining individual differences in age, sex, and background experience in an activity and their association with imagery in different modalities and intentionality levels. The current online study combined multiple imagery self-report measures in a sample (n = 279) with a substantial age range (18-65 years), aiming to identify whether age, sex, or background experience in sports, music, or video games were associated with aspects of imagery in the visual, auditory, or motor stimulus modality and voluntary or involuntary intentionality level. The findings show weak positive associations between age and increased vividness of voluntary auditory imagery and decreased involuntary musical imagery frequency, weak associations between being female and more vivid visual imagery, and relations of greater music and video game experience with higher involuntary musical imagery frequency. Moreover, all imagery stimulus modalities were associated with each other, for both intentionality levels, except involuntary musical imagery frequency, which was only related to higher voluntary auditory imagery vividness. These results replicate previous research but also contribute new insights, showing that individual differences in age, sex, and background experience are associated with various aspects of imagery such as modality, intentionality, vividness, and frequency. The study's findings can inform the growing domain of applications of mental imagery to clinical and pedagogical settings.
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Pile V, Smith P, Leamy M, Oliver A, Bennett E, Blackwell SE, Meiser-Stedman R, Stringer D, Dunn BD, Holmes EA, Lau JYF. A feasibility randomised controlled trial of a brief early intervention for adolescent depression that targets emotional mental images and memory specificity (IMAGINE). Behav Res Ther 2021; 143:103876. [PMID: 34098409 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Brief, evidence-based interventions for adolescent depression are urgently required, particularly for school-settings. Cognitive mechanisms research suggests dysfunctional mental imagery and overgeneral memory could be promising targets to improve mood. This feasibility randomised controlled trial with parallel symptomatic groups (n = 56) compared a novel imagery-based cognitive behavioural intervention (ICBI) to non-directive supportive therapy (NDST) in school settings. Blind assessments (of clinical symptoms and cognitive mechanisms) took place pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up three months later. The trial aimed to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the methodology and interventions, and estimate the likely range of effects of the intervention on self-reported depression. The pre-defined criteria for proceeding to a definitive RCT were met: full recruitment occurred within eleven months; retention was 89%; ICBI acceptability was above satisfactory; and no harm was indicated. Intention-to-treat analysis found large effects in favour of ICBI (relative to NDST) at post-intervention in reducing depressive symptoms (d = -1.34, 95% CI [-1.87, -0.80]) and improving memory specificity (d = 0.79 [0.35, 1.23]), a key cognitive target. The findings suggest that ICBI may not only improve mood but also strengthen abilities associated with imagining and planning the future, critical skills at this life stage. A fully powered evaluation of ICBI is warranted. Trial Registration: https://www.isrctn.com/; ISRCTN85369879.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Pile
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Patrick Smith
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Mary Leamy
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abigail Oliver
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Eleanor Bennett
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Simon E Blackwell
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Richard Meiser-Stedman
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Emily A Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Sweden and Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Y F Lau
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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31
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Canales-Johnson A, Lanfranco RC, Morales JP, Martínez-Pernía D, Valdés J, Ezquerro-Nassar A, Rivera-Rei Á, Ibanez A, Chennu S, Bekinschtein TA, Huepe D, Noreika V. In your phase: neural phase synchronisation underlies visual imagery of faces. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2401. [PMID: 33504828 PMCID: PMC7840739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental imagery is the process through which we retrieve and recombine information from our memory to elicit the subjective impression of “seeing with the mind’s eye”. In the social domain, we imagine other individuals while recalling our encounters with them or modelling alternative social interactions in future. Many studies using imaging and neurophysiological techniques have shown several similarities in brain activity between visual imagery and visual perception, and have identified frontoparietal, occipital and temporal neural components of visual imagery. However, the neural connectivity between these regions during visual imagery of socially relevant stimuli has not been studied. Here we used electroencephalography to investigate neural connectivity and its dynamics between frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal electrodes during visual imagery of faces. We found that voluntary visual imagery of faces is associated with long-range phase synchronisation in the gamma frequency range between frontoparietal electrode pairs and between occipitoparietal electrode pairs. In contrast, no effect of imagery was observed in the connectivity between occipitotemporal electrode pairs. Gamma range synchronisation between occipitoparietal electrode pairs predicted subjective ratings of the contour definition of imagined faces. Furthermore, we found that visual imagery of faces is associated with an increase of short-range frontal synchronisation in the theta frequency range, which temporally preceded the long-range increase in the gamma synchronisation. We speculate that the local frontal synchrony in the theta frequency range might be associated with an effortful top-down mnemonic reactivation of faces. In contrast, the long-range connectivity in the gamma frequency range along the fronto-parieto-occipital axis might be related to the endogenous binding and subjective clarity of facial visual features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Canales-Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK. .,Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
| | - Renzo C Lanfranco
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Pablo Morales
- Facultad de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Joaquín Valdés
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Agustín Ibanez
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), Latin American Institute of Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Cognitive Neurosience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - Srivas Chennu
- School of Computing, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David Huepe
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valdas Noreika
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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32
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Spagna A, Hajhajate D, Liu J, Bartolomeo P. Visual mental imagery engages the left fusiform gyrus, but not the early visual cortex: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 122:201-217. [PMID: 33422567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The dominant neural model of visual mental imagery (VMI) stipulates that memories from the medial temporal lobe acquire sensory features in early visual areas. However, neurological patients with damage restricted to the occipital cortex typically show perfectly vivid VMI, while more anterior damages extending into the temporal lobe, especially in the left hemisphere, often cause VMI impairments. Here we present two major results reconciling neuroimaging findings in neurotypical subjects with the performance of brain-damaged patients: (1) A large-scale meta-analysis of 46 fMRI studies, of which 27 investigated specifically visual mental imagery, revealed that VMI engages fronto-parietal networks and a well-delimited region in the left fusiform gyrus. (2) A Bayesian analysis showed no evidence for imagery-related activity in early visual cortices. We propose a revised neural model of VMI that draws inspiration from recent cytoarchitectonic and lesion studies, whereby fronto-parietal networks initiate, modulate, and maintain activity in a core temporal network centered on the fusiform imagery node, a high-level visual region in the left fusiform gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Spagna
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University in the City of New York, NY, 10027, USA; Sorbonne Université, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Dounia Hajhajate
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jianghao Liu
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France; Dassault Systèmes, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France
| | - Paolo Bartolomeo
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France.
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33
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Keogh R, Pearson J, Zeman A. Aphantasia: The science of visual imagery extremes. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 178:277-296. [PMID: 33832681 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821377-3.00012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Visual imagery allows us to revisit the appearance of things in their absence and to test out virtual combinations of sensory experience. Visual imagery has been linked to many cognitive processes, such as autobiographical and visual working memory. Imagery also plays symptomatic and mechanistic roles in neurologic and mental disorders and is utilized in treatment. A large network of brain activity spanning frontal, parietal, temporal, and visual cortex is involved in generating and maintain images in mind. The ability to visualize has extreme variations, ranging from completely absent (aphantasia) to photo-like (hyperphantasia). The anatomy and functionality of visual cortex, including primary visual cortex, have been associated with individual differences in visual imagery ability, pointing to a potential correlate for both aphantasia and hyperphantasia. Preliminary evidence suggests that lifelong aphantasia is associated with prosopagnosia and reduction in autobiographical memory; hyperphantasia is associated with synesthesia. Aphantasic individuals can also be highly imaginative and are able to complete many tasks that were previously thought to rely on visual imagery, demonstrating that visualization is only one of many ways of representing things in their absence. The study of extreme imagination reminds us how easily invisible differences can escape detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Keogh
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joel Pearson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam Zeman
- Cognitive Neurology Research Group, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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34
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Rasmussen AR, Raballo A, Preti A, Sæbye D, Parnas J. Anomalies of Imagination, Self-Disorders, and Schizophrenia Spectrum Psychopathology: A Network Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:808009. [PMID: 35111092 PMCID: PMC8801416 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.808009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anomalies of imagination encompass disturbances of the basic experiential structure of fantasies and imagery that can be explored in a semi-structured way with the Examination of Anomalous Fantasy and Imagination (EAFI). We aimed (1) to examine the distribution of anomalies of imagination among different diagnostic groups and a group of healthy controls, and (2) to examine their relation with disorders of basic self, perceptual disturbances and canonical state psychopathology of the schizophrenia-spectrum (positive, negative and general symptoms). METHODS The 81 participants included patients with schizophrenia or other non-affective psychosis (N = 32), schizotypal personality disorder (N = 15) or other mental illness (N = 16) and healthy controls (N = 18). The assessment encompassed EAFI, Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE), parts of Bonn Scale for the Assessment of Basic Symptoms (BSABS) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). For network analysis, the associations of EAFI with the other psychopathological variables were tested by Pearson's correlation coefficient and graphically represented using multidimensional clustering. Comparisons between correlations in the network were tested with Steiger's test. RESULTS Anomalies of imagination aggregated significantly in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders compared to other mental illness and healthy controls with no difference between schizophrenia and schizotypal disorder. In the network analysis, anomalies of imagination were closely inter-connected with self-disorders. Although, the anomalies of imagination correlated moderately with perceptual disturbance and positive, negative and general state symptomatology, these dimensions aggregated separately and relatively distant in the network. CONCLUSIONS The results support that anomalies of imagination are highly characteristic of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and closely related to self-disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rosén Rasmussen
- Mental Health Center Amager, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Broendby, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Raballo
- Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Center for Translational, Phenomenological and Developmental Psychopathology (CTPDP), Perugia University Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Preti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ditte Sæbye
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Josef Parnas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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35
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Koerner N, Blackwell SE. Mental imagery in chronic worry and generalized anxiety disorder: Shining a spotlight on a key research and clinical target. Behav Res Ther 2020; 137:103785. [PMID: 33360432 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Koerner
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Canada.
| | - Simon E Blackwell
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
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36
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Hoppe JM, Holmes EA, Agren T. Exploring the neural basis of fear produced by mental imagery: imaginal exposure in individuals fearful of spiders. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 376:20190690. [PMID: 33308073 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaginal exposure, i.e. reducing fear using exposure to mental imagery, is a widely used psychological treatment technique for dysfunctional fears. Yet, little is known about its underlying neural mechanisms. The present study examines the neural basis of imaginal exposure using a novel experimental procedure consisting of repeated exposure to flashpoint mental imagery of phobic (spiders) and neutral (gloves) stimuli. Whether the 10 min long imaginal exposure procedure could reduce fear responses was examined one week later. Thirty participants fearful of spiders underwent the experimental procedure. Neural activity was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (session 1). Subjective fear and skin conductance responses were measured throughout the study (sessions 1 and 2). Imaginal exposure evoked intense fear and heightened skin conductance responses, and indicated robust activation in several brain regions, including amygdala, midcingulate cortex and insula. Findings demonstrate that neural activity in fear-processing brain areas can be elicited solely by generating a mental image of a phobic stimulus, that is, in the absence of the percept. Relevant for treatment development, results reveal that a single 10 min session of brief exposures to flashpoint mental imagery can lead to lasting reductions in phobic fear at both the subjective and physiological levels. This article is part of the theme issue 'Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Hoppe
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Box 1225, 75142 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emily A Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Box 1225, 75142 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17165 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Agren
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Box 1225, 75142 Uppsala, Sweden
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37
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Brunette AM, Schacter DL. Cognitive mechanisms of episodic simulation in psychiatric populations. Behav Res Ther 2020; 136:103778. [PMID: 33338778 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Episodic simulation is the construction of a mental representation of a specific autobiographical future event. Episodic simulation has increasingly been studied in psychiatric populations. Here we 1) review evidence indicating that episodic simulation is compromised in patients with depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and PTSD; and 2) consider several potential cognitive mechanisms of episodic simulation in psychiatric populations: episodic retrieval, scene construction, mental imagery, components of the CaRFAX model (i.e., capture and rumination, functional avoidance, and executive functioning), and narrative style. We evaluate evidence regarding these mechanisms across psychiatric populations, and identify areas of future research. Understanding the factors that contribute to episodic simulation impairment in psychiatric populations may lead to targeted and effective treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Brunette
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Psychology Service, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02130, United States.
| | - Daniel L Schacter
- Harvard University, Department of Psychology, William James Hall, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States.
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38
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Saulsman LM, Ji JL, Mcevoy PM. The essential role of mental imagery in cognitive behaviour therapy: What is old is new again. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Saulsman
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Services Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julie L. Ji
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter M. Mcevoy
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Interventions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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39
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Syed AA, Neelofur S, Moran A, O'Reilly G. Exploring the vividness of mental imagery and eidetic imagery in people with intellectual disability (ID) in comparison with typically developing (TD) individuals. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05429. [PMID: 33235933 PMCID: PMC7672219 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mental imagery (MI) has been described as the “ability to simulate in the mind information that is not currently being perceived by the sense organs” (Moran, 2012, p. 166). The vividness of mental imagery has been defined as the clarity, brightness, or intensity of an image as reported by the individual (Marks, 1973). There are many studies conducted on vividness in typically developing (TD) individuals, however, no attempt has been made either to assess the vividness of mental imagery in people with intellectual disability (ID) or compare it with that of typically developing (TD) adults. Metods A vividness of imagery test (comprising a modified version of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire 2, (VVIQ-2; Marks, 1995), and two items of the Age Projection Test, (APT; Ahsen, 1988) were administered to participants with mild, moderate, and severe ID. Their performance on the vividness scale was compared with typically developing individuals. Measures for cognitive and adaptive functioning were administered to ascertain the ID level of participants. Results The results of this study reveal a non-significant group difference between people with mild ID, moderate ID, and TD on the vividness of mental imagery and eidetic imagery. People with severe ID performed significantly lower than the other three groups. Conclusion Despite their cognitive impairment, a non-significant difference between the performance of people with mild and moderate ID and typically developing individuals on imagery vividness scale is noteworthy.
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40
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Bello UM, Winser SJ, Chan CCH. Role of kinaesthetic motor imagery in mirror-induced visual illusion as intervention in post-stroke rehabilitation. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:659-674. [PMID: 32229682 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mirror-induced visual illusion obtained through mirror therapy is widely used to facilitate motor recovery after stroke. Activation of primary motor cortex (M1) ipsilateral to the moving limb has been reported during mirror-induced visual illusion. However, the mechanism through which the mirror illusion elicits motor execution processes without movements observed in the mirrored limb remains unclear. This study aims to review evidence based on brain imaging studies for testing the hypothesis that neural processes associated with kinaesthetic motor imagery are attributed to ipsilateral M1 activation. Four electronic databases were searched. Studies on functional brain imaging, investigating the instant effects of mirror-induced visual illusion among stroke survivors and healthy participants were included. Thirty-five studies engaging 78 stroke survivors and 396 healthy participants were reviewed. Results of functional brain scans (n = 20) indicated that half of the studies (n = 10, 50%) reported significant changes in the activation of ipsilateral M1, which mediates motor preparation and execution. Other common neural substrates included primary somatosensory cortex (45%, kinaesthesia), precuneus (40%, image generation and self-processing operations) and cerebellum (20%, motor control). Similar patterns of ipsilateral M1 activations were observed in the two groups. These neural substrates mediated the generation, maintenance, and manipulation of motor-related images, which were the key processes in kinaesthetic motor imagery. Relationships in terms of shared neural substrates and mental processes between mirror-induced visual illusion and kinaesthetic motor imagery generate new evidence on the role of the latter in mirror therapy. Future studies should investigate the imagery processes in illusion training for post-stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar M Bello
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, No. 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Physiotherapy, Yobe State University Teaching Hospital, Along Potiskum Road, Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
| | - Stanley J Winser
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, No. 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chetwyn C H Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, No. 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, No. 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, No. 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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41
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Image qualities and mood variability: Evaluating the utility of an imagery survey for bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2020; 272:77-83. [PMID: 32379623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Imagery appears to play an important role in mood variability, a core symptom of patients suffering from bipolar disorder. The present study aimed to explore the validity and reliability of an online self-report measure of imagery, the Dutch Imagery Survey (DImS). The DImS is an adaptation of the Imagery interview used in research on imagery in mental disorders. The present study additionally explored the ability of the DImS to detect relationships between self-reported imagery and subsequent mood and subsequent behaviour. METHOD 135 students completed the DImS and additional mental imagery and mood questionnaires. For re-test reliability, 42 students completed the survey again within two days. RESULTS Internal consistencies and test-retest scores of the five scales of the DImS were reasonable. Imagery Quality correlated with Emotions, and to a lesser degree with Behaviour. Positive Appraisals correlated with Positive Emotions, Negative Appraisals with Negative Emotions, and Positive appraisals with Behaviour. Frequency of Imagery, Imagery Quality and Positive Appraisals correlated with elevated mood. Imagery Quality and Negative Appraisals correlated with low mood. The DImS took approximately 15 min to complete. LIMITATIONS Re-test reliability was limited due to participants changing their dominant image. Results need to be replicated in a clinical sample. CONCLUSIONS Psychometric findings with the DImS appeared reasonable and consistent and showed that, in line with other recent studies, imagery is related to current mood and to both self-perceived emotion and subsequent behaviour. These findings suggested that the DImS is suitable to study the role of imagery in bipolar mood variability.
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42
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van Veen SC, van Schie K, van de Schoot R, van den Hout MA, Engelhard IM. Making eye movements during imaginal exposure leads to short-lived memory effects compared to imaginal exposure alone. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2020; 67:101466. [PMID: 30885389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A plethora of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) analogue studies has shown that, in the short term, making eye movements (EM) during brief imaginal exposure ("recall + EM") blurs memories more than just imaginal exposure ("recall only"). Yet, results of the few studies that included a follow-up test are inconsistent. We improved this paradigm's ecological validity by including an extended intervention phase and multiple assessments per phase. We hypothesized that recall + EM results in larger immediate and 24 h reductions in memory vividness, negative valence, and distress than recall alone. We explored the persistence of the effects, as well as the predictive value of memory characteristics and individual differences. METHODS Students (N = 100) selected a negative autobiographical memory and were randomized to recall + EM or recall alone; both interventions lasted 32 intervals of 24s. During the interventions they rated the memory after every four intervals. RESULTS After 4 × 24s intervention, recall + EM resulted in memory deflation, while recall only caused memory inflation. After the full intervention (i.e., 32 × 24s), both conditions resulted in immediate and 24 h reductions on all outcome measures. Crucially, memory effects in the recall + EM condition partially relapsed 24 h later, while the effects in the recall only condition persisted. Change patterns were hardly explained by predictive variables. LIMITATIONS We used a non-clinical sample; replication in clinical samples is warranted. CONCLUSION Making EM during imaginal exposure leads to short-lived effects compared to imaginal exposure alone. However, EM may offer a response aid for those who avoid imaginal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C van Veen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Kevin van Schie
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rens van de Schoot
- Department of Methods and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Iris M Engelhard
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Di Corrado D, Guarnera M, Guerrera CS, Maldonato NM, Di Nuovo S, Castellano S, Coco M. Mental Imagery Skills in Competitive Young Athletes and Non-athletes. Front Psychol 2020; 11:633. [PMID: 32362857 PMCID: PMC7180224 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental imagery is a fully immersive multi-sensory procedure that associates as numerous senses to create a mental image and process it without the presence of external stimuli. In the sport situation, imagery has been designated as the state in which people imagine themselves while effecting abilities to deal with the forthcoming duty or improve performance. Methodical analyses have revealed that imagery increases performance in motor tasks. This study aims at observing not the vividness of image but the cognitive abilities useful for the inspection, maintenance, generation, and manipulation of dissimilar classes of images, investigating modifications in mental imagery skills in competitive athletes and non-athletes. Participants were competitive athletes (n = 48) and non-athletes (n = 48) between the ages of 8 and 13 years (M age = 10.50, SD = 1.73). The athletes had a minimum of 5 years of training skill in the sport. They completed the Mental Imagery Test (MIT). Competitive athletes showed higher scores on mental imagery skills than non-athletes. The study contributed to increase the exploration in the definite area of mental imagery, supplying an added support for the pluridimensional nature of mental imagery and for its practicality in motor and sport sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Guarnera
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University, Enna, Italy
| | | | - Nelson Mauro Maldonato
- Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Santo Di Nuovo
- Department of Formative Processes, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Department of Formative Processes, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marinella Coco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Croijmans I, Speed LJ, Arshamian A, Majid A. Expertise Shapes Multimodal Imagery for Wine. Cogn Sci 2020; 44:e12842. [PMID: 32383201 PMCID: PMC7379309 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although taste and smell seem hard to imagine, some people nevertheless report vivid imagery in these sensory modalities. We investigate whether experts are better able to imagine smells and tastes because they have learned the ability, or whether they are better imaginers in the first place, and so become experts. To test this, we first compared a group of wine experts to yoked novices using a battery of questionnaires. We show for the first time that experts report greater vividness of wine imagery, with no difference in vividness across sensory modalities. In contrast, novices had more vivid color imagery than taste or odor imagery for wines. Experts and novices did not differ on other vividness of imagery measures, suggesting a domain-specific effect of expertise. Critically, in a second study, we followed a group of students commencing a wine course and a group of matched control participants. Students and controls did not differ before the course, but after the wine course students reported more vivid wine imagery. We provide evidence that expertise improves imagery, exemplifying the extent of plasticity of cognition underlying the chemical senses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Croijmans
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral SciencesUtrecht University
| | | | - Artin Arshamian
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet
- Department of PsychologyStockholm University
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Macduff C. Fostering nursing innovation to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance using approaches from the arts and humanities. J Res Nurs 2020; 25:189-207. [PMID: 34394626 PMCID: PMC7932494 DOI: 10.1177/1744987120914718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to address the complex global problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) highlight the need for imagination and innovation. However, nursing has not yet leveraged its potential to innovate to prevent AMR advancing. AIMS This paper focuses on the initial phase of an ongoing research and development study that seeks to foster nursing imagination and innovation by enhancing the meaningfulness of AMR for practising nurses and by facilitating their creative ideas. METHODS This aim is addressed through application of arts and humanities approaches, in particular the use of visualisation, co-design and historical methods, underpinned by the Design Council Double Diamond process model. The first phase with 20 UK participants explored how hospital and community-based nurses understand and respond to the priorities and consequences of AMR within their everyday working lives. RESULTS Nurses varied in their conceptualisations of AMR and in their depictions and explanations of its meaning and priority within everyday practices. Some saw infection prevention and control as bound up with AMR, whereas others differentiated in the context of specific work activities. Insights into related reasoning and practice tactics were also generated. CONCLUSIONS The initial project phase provides a basis for fostering nursing innovation in this important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Macduff
- Senior Research Fellow, School of Design, Glasgow School of Art, UK
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46
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A review on mental imagery in fear conditioning research 100 years since the ‘Little Albert’ study. Behav Res Ther 2020; 126:103556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tallon K, Ovanessian MM, Koerner N, Dugas MJ. Mental imagery in generalized anxiety disorder: A comparison with healthy control participants. Behav Res Ther 2020; 127:103571. [PMID: 32087392 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mental imagery plays a prominent role across psychopathology. However, its quality and role in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have not been examined as extensively as in other disorders. The goal of the present study was to obtain a better understanding of general imagery processes and individual differences in people with GAD. Adults with GAD (N = 31) were compared to a Healthy Control (HC) group (N = 32) across mental imagery domains as per Pearson, Deeprose, Wallace-Hadrill, Heyes, and Holmes (2013)'s framework: cognitive, general use/experience, and clinical. No differences were found between the GAD and HC groups on cognitive aspects of imagery. Both groups were also similar in their ability to imagine experiences across sensory modalities. No differences were found between groups in their spontaneous use of imagery in everyday situations, or in vividness of sensory-perceptual imagery. For clinical aspects of imagery, between-group differences emerged in the experience of prospective imagery; those with GAD reported greater "pre-experiencing" ("intrusive, prospective, personally-relevant imagery"; Deeprose & Holmes, 2010), rated imagined future negative scenarios as more vivid, more likely, and more personally relevant, and evaluated the experience of these images as more intense than did HCs. Taken together, findings suggest that the presence of intrusive mental imagery distinguishes individuals with GAD from those without psychopathology. Findings could help improve interventions utilizing imagery techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naomi Koerner
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Canada.
| | - Michel J Dugas
- Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Canada
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Imagery Rescripting for Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2020; 22:17. [PMID: 32076845 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-020-1139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review describes imagery rescripting (ImRs) and its clinical application to anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Variations in ImRs delivery, clinical evidence, and theories of potential mechanisms of change are also reviewed. Finally, we propose a future research agenda. RECENT FINDINGS There is some evidence that ImRs affects memory processes and schemas. ImRs is associated with reductions in cognitive-affective, physiological and behavioural symptoms of social anxiety disorder and reductions in OCD-related distress and OCD symptoms. ImRs for other anxiety disorders has not been evaluated. While ImRs appears to be an effective intervention for social anxiety disorder and OCD, more research is needed to (a) systematically compare ImRs to established interventions, (b) evaluate ImRs for other anxiety disorders, (c) test theorized mechanisms of change, and (d) evaluate the impact of moderating factors and treatment variations on therapeutic outcomes.
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Allé MC, Berna F, Danion JM, Berntsen D. Seeing or hearing one's memories: Manipulating autobiographical memory imagery in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2020; 286:112835. [PMID: 32062523 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia, and theories suggesting a link between autobiographical memory and hallucination, raise the possibility of a dominant role of auditory imagery in autobiographical remembering in patients with schizophrenia, whereas visual imagery is dominant in autobiographical memory of healthy adults. The present study explored this possibility by comparing autobiographical memory characteristics, according to sensory modality, in patients with schizophrenia versus healthy controls. Twenty-eight patients and 28 matched controls were asked to retrieve autobiographical memories that were dominated by auditory, visual, gustatory-olfactory, or tactile imagery. ANOVA analysis showed that patients rated their memories lower on specificity, contextual information, feeling of reliving, overall vividness, coherence and autobiographical me-ness (i.e. whether an autobiographical memory is experienced as belonging to the self), ps < 0.03, compared with control participants. The effects of sensory modality imagery were largely similar for patients and controls, as no interaction effects were observed. The findings did not support a dominance of auditory imagery in patients' autobiographical memory. In the patient group, reduced autobiographical me-ness was predicted by lower ratings of contextual information related to the setting of the event. Future research should examine whether these effects extend to involuntary autobiographical memory in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa C Allé
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Fabrice Berna
- Inserm U1114, Strasbourg University, University Hospital of Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marie Danion
- Inserm U1114, Strasbourg University, University Hospital of Strasbourg, France
| | - Dorthe Berntsen
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Clark IA, Maguire EA. Do questionnaires reflect their purported cognitive functions? Cognition 2019; 195:104114. [PMID: 31869709 PMCID: PMC6963768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Imagery and navigation questionnaires reflect their purported cognitive functions. Memory questionnaires reflect autobiographical memory vividness. Episodic details and memory questionnaires measure different aspects of memory. Imagery questionnaires also correlated with memory vividness and future thinking. Single questions modelled performance comparably to established questionnaires.
Questionnaires are used widely across psychology and permit valuable insights into a person’s thoughts and beliefs, which are difficult to derive from task performance measures alone. Given their importance and widespread use, it is vital that questionnaires map onto the cognitive functions they purport to reflect. However, where performance on naturalistic tasks such as imagination, autobiographical memory, future thinking and navigation is concerned, there is a dearth of knowledge about the relationships between task performance and questionnaire measures. Questionnaires are also typically designed to probe a specific aspect of cognition, when instead researchers sometimes want to obtain a broad profile of a participant. To the best of our knowledge, no questionnaire exists that asks simple single questions about a wide range of cognitive functions. To address these gaps in the literature, we recruited a large sample of participants (n = 217), all of whom completed a battery of widely used questionnaires and performed naturalistic tasks involving imagination, autobiographical memory, future thinking and navigation. We also devised a questionnaire that comprised simple single questions about the cognitive functions of interest. There were four main findings. First, imagination and navigation questionnaires reflected performance on their related tasks. Second, memory questionnaires were associated with autobiographical memory vividness and not internal (episodic) details. Third, imagery questionnaires were more associated with autobiographical memory vividness and future thinking than the questionnaires purporting to reflect these functions. Finally, initial exploratory analyses suggested that a broad profile of information can be obtained efficiently using a small number of simple single questions, and these modelled task performance comparably to established questionnaires in young, healthy adults. Overall, while some questionnaires can act as proxies for behaviour, the relationships between memory and future thinking tasks and questionnaires are more complex and require further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Clark
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK.
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