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Yang G, Xiao Z, Ren J, Xia R, Wu Y, Yuan Y, Tao X. Machine learning based on magnetic resonance imaging and clinical parameters helps predict mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor expression in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: a pilot study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2024; 137:421-430. [PMID: 38246808 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2023.12.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to develop machine learning models to predict phosphorylated mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (p-MET) expression in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived texture features and clinical features. METHODS Thirty-four patients with OTSCC were retrospectively collected. Texture features were derived from preoperative MR images, including T2WI, apparent diffusion coefficient mapping, and contrast-enhanced (ce)-T1WI. Dimension reduction was performed consecutively with reproducibility analysis and an information gain algorithm. Five machine learning methods-AdaBoost, logistic regression (LR), naïve Bayes (NB), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM)-were adopted to create models predicting p-MET expression. Their performance was assessed with fivefold cross-validation. RESULTS In total, 22 and 12 cases showed low and high p-MET expression, respectively. After dimension reduction, 3 texture features (ADC-Minimum, ce-T1WI-Imc2, and ce-T1WI-DependenceVariance) and 2 clinical features (depth of invasion [DOI] and T-stage) were selected with good reproducibility and best correlation with p-MET expression levels. The RF model yielded the best overall performance, correctly classifying p-MET expression status in 87.5% of OTSCCs with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.875. CONCLUSION Differences in p-MET expression in OTSCCs can be noninvasively reflected in MRI-based texture features and clinical parameters. Machine learning can potentially predict biomarker expression levels, such as MET, in patients with OTSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongxin Yang
- Department of Radiology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zebin Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Jiliang Ren
- Department of Radiology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - RongHui Xia
- Department of Radiology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingwei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Radiology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Tao
- Department of Radiology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Chen S, Zhang K, Zou J, Yu Z, Gai C, Chai X, Zhao Q, Zou Y. Further structural optimization and SAR study of sungsanpin derivatives as cell-invasion inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 99:129627. [PMID: 38272189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Metastasis is one of the major causes of death in patients with cancer, and cell invasion plays a fundamental part in this process. Because of the absence of efficacious treatments, caring for these patients is challenging. Recently, we optimized the structure of the naturally occurring lasso peptide sungsanpin. We identified two peptides, octapeptide S3 and cyclic peptide S4, which inhibited invasion into A549 cells effectively. We undertook an alanine scan of S3 to explore the structure-activity relationship. The linear octapeptide S3-4 and cyclic peptide S4-1 exhibited improved inhibition of invasion into A549 cells. We modified S3-4 to obtain S3-4K, which displayed much higher inhibitory activity against invasion into A549 cells than S3-4. Of all peptides tested, S4-1 upregulated significantly mRNA of tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase TIMP-1 and TIMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Jihua Zou
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350122, PR China
| | - Zhou Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Conghao Gai
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Qingjie Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| | - Yan Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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Teraiya M, Krokhin O, Chen VC, Perreault H. Cytoplasmic Shotgun Proteomic Points to Key Proteins and Pathways in Temozolomide-Resistant Glioblastoma Multiforme. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:465-482. [PMID: 38147655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is the first line of chemotherapy to treat primary brain tumors of the type glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). TMZ resistance (TMZR) is one of the main barriers to successful treatment and is a principal factor in relapse, resulting in a poor median survival of 15 months. The present paper focuses on proteomic analyses of cytosolic fractions from TMZ-resistant (TMZR) LN-18 cells. The experimental workflow includes an easy, cost-effective, and reproducible method to isolate subcellular fraction of cytosolic (CYTO) proteins, mitochondria, and plasma membrane proteins for proteomic studies. For this study, enriched cytoplasmic fractions were analyzed in replicates by nanoflow liquid chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS), and proteins identified were quantified using a label-free approach (LFQ). Statistical analysis of control (CTRL) and temozolomide-resistant (TMZR) proteomes revealed proteins that appear to be differentially controlled in the cytoplasm. The functions of these proteins are discussed as well as their roles in other cancers and TMZ resistance in GBM. Key proteins are also described through biological processes related to gene ontology (GO), molecular functions, and cellular components. For protein-protein interactions (PPI), network and pathway involvement analyses have been performed, highlighting the roles of key proteins in the TMZ resistance phenotypes. This study provides a detailed insight into methods of subcellular fractionation for proteomic analysis of TMZ-resistant GBM cells and the potential to apply this approach to future large-scale studies. Several key proteins, protein-protein interactions (PPI), and pathways have been identified, underlying the TMZ resistance phenotype and highlighting the proteins' biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Teraiya
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T3C7, Canada
| | - Oleg Krokhin
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T3C7, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E3P4, Canada
| | - Vincent C Chen
- Chemistry Department, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba R7A 6A9, Canada
| | - Hélène Perreault
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T3C7, Canada
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4
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Lyu Y, Xie F, Chen B, Shin WS, Chen W, He Y, Leung KT, Tse GMK, Yu J, To KF, Kang W. The nerve cells in gastrointestinal cancers: from molecular mechanisms to clinical intervention. Oncogene 2024; 43:77-91. [PMID: 38081962 PMCID: PMC10774121 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is a formidable malignancy with significant morbidity and mortality rates. Recent studies have shed light on the complex interplay between the nervous system and the GI system, influencing various aspects of GI tumorigenesis, such as the malignance of cancer cells, the conformation of tumor microenvironment (TME), and the resistance to chemotherapies. The discussion in this review first focused on exploring the intricate details of the biological function of the nervous system in the development of the GI tract and the progression of tumors within it. Meanwhile, the cancer cell-originated feedback regulation on the nervous system is revealed to play a crucial role in the growth and development of nerve cells within tumor tissues. This interaction is vital for understanding the complex relationship between the nervous system and GI oncogenesis. Additionally, the study identified various components within the TME that possess a significant influence on the occurrence and progression of GI cancer, including microbiota, immune cells, and fibroblasts. Moreover, we highlighted the transformation relationship between non-neuronal cells and neuronal cells during GI cancer progression, inspiring the development of strategies for nervous system-guided anti-tumor drugs. By further elucidating the deep mechanism of various neuroregulatory signals and neuronal intervention, we underlined the potential of these targeted drugs translating into effective therapies for GI cancer treatment. In summary, this review provides an overview of the mechanisms of neuromodulation and explores potential therapeutic opportunities, providing insights into the understanding and management of GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuda Xie
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bonan Chen
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wing Sum Shin
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yulong He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kam Tong Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary M K Tse
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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He S, He P, Wu H, Feng Y, Situ J, Chen Y, Du J, Qin J, Lv P, Chen K. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Multi-Target Anti-Cancer Agent PYR26. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087131. [PMID: 37108294 PMCID: PMC10138507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the synthesis of a new compound, PYR26, and the multi-target mechanism of PYR26 inhibiting the proliferation of HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PYR26 significantly inhibits the growth of HepG2 cells (p < 0.0001) and this inhibition has a concentration effect. There was no significant change in ROS release from HepG2 cells after PYR26 treatment. The mRNA expressions of CDK4, c-Met and Bak genes in HepG2 cells were significantly inhibited (p < 0.05), while mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic factors such as caspase-3 and Cyt c was significantly increased (p < 0.01). The expression of PI3K, CDK4 and pERK proteins decreased. The expression level of caspase-3 protein was increased. PI3K is a kind of intracellular phosphatidylinositol kinase. PI3K signaling pathway is involved in signal transduction of a variety of growth factors, cytokines and extracellular matrix and plays an important role in preventing cell apoptosis, promoting cell survival and influencing cell glucose metabolism. CDK4 is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex and is important for G1 phase progression of the cell cycle. PERK refers to phosphorylated activated ERK, which is translocated from cytoplasm to the nucleus after activation, and then participates in various biological reactions such as cell proliferation and differentiation, cell morphology maintenance, cytoskeleton construction, cell apoptosis and cell canceration. Compared with the model group and the positive control group, the tumor volume of the nude mice in the low-concentration PYR26 group, the medium-concentration group and the high-concentration group was smaller, and the organ volume was smaller than that in the model group and the positive control group. The tumor inhibition rates of low-concentration group PYR26, medium-concentration group and high-concentration group reached 50.46%, 80.66% and 74.59%, respectively. The results showed that PYR26 inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells and induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells by down-regulating c-Met, CDK4 and Bak, up-regulating the mRNA expression of caspase-3 and Cyt c genes, down-regulating PI3K, pERK and CDK4 proteins and up-regulating the protein level of caspase-3. In a certain range, with the increase in PYR26 concentration, the tumor growth was slower and the tumor volume was smaller. Preliminary results showed that PYR26 also had an inhibitory effect on the tumors of Hepa1-6 tumor-bearing mice. These results suggest that PYR26 has an inhibitory effect on the growth of liver cancer cells, therefore it has potential to be developed into a new anti-liver cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirong He
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peiting He
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haojing Wu
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yao Feng
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiejin Situ
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiling Chen
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junxi Du
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin Qin
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pengcheng Lv
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kun Chen
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Correlation between hypoxia and HGF/c-MET expression in the management of pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188869. [PMID: 36842767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is very deadly and difficult to treat. The presence of hypoxia has been shown to increase the probability of cancer developing and spreading. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC/PC) has traditionally viewed a highly lethal form of cancer due to its high occurrence of early metastases. Desmoplasia/stroma is often thick and collagenous, with pancreatic stellate cells as the primary source (PSCs). Cancer cells and other stromal cells interact with PSCs, promoting disease development. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-MET pathway have been proposed as a growth factor mechanism mediating this interaction. Human growth factor (HGF) is secreted by pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), and its receptor, c-MET, is generated by pancreatic cancer cells and endothelial cells. Hypoxia is frequent in malignant tumors, particularly pancreatic (PC). Hypoxia results from limitless tumor development and promotes survival, progression, and invasion. Hypoxic is becoming a critical driver and therapeutic target of pancreatic cancer as its hypoxia microenvironment is defined. Recent breakthroughs in cancer biology show that hypoxia promotes tumor proliferation, aggressiveness, and therapeutic resistance. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) stabilize hypoxia signaling. Hypoxia cMet is a key component of pancreatic tumor microenvironments, which also have a fibrotic response, that hypoxia, promotes and modulates. c-Met is a tyrosine-protein kinase. As describe it simply, the MET gene in humans' codes for a protein called hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR). Most cancerous tumors and pancreatic cancer in particular, suffer from a lack of oxygen (PC). Due to unrestrained tumor development, hypoxia develops, actively contributing to tumor survival, progression, and invasion. As the processes by which hypoxia signaling promotes invasion and metastasis become clear, c-MET has emerged as an important determinant of pancreatic cancer malignancy and a potential pharmacological target. This manuscript provides the most current findings on the role of hypoxia and HGF/c-MET expression in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Poto R, Gambardella AR, Marone G, Schroeder JT, Mattei F, Schiavoni G, Varricchi G. Basophils from allergy to cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1056838. [PMID: 36578500 PMCID: PMC9791102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1056838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human basophils, first identified over 140 years ago, account for just 0.5-1% of circulating leukocytes. While this scarcity long hampered basophil studies, innovations during the past 30 years, beginning with their isolation and more recently in the development of mouse models, have markedly advanced our understanding of these cells. Although dissimilarities between human and mouse basophils persist, the overall findings highlight the growing importance of these cells in health and disease. Indeed, studies continue to support basophils as key participants in IgE-mediated reactions, where they infiltrate inflammatory lesions, release pro-inflammatory mediators (histamine, leukotriene C4: LTC4) and regulatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-13) central to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Studies now report basophils infiltrating various human cancers where they play diverse roles, either promoting or hampering tumorigenesis. Likewise, this activity bears remarkable similarity to the mounting evidence that basophils facilitate wound healing. In fact, both activities appear linked to the capacity of basophils to secrete IL-4/IL-13, with these cytokines polarizing macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. Basophils also secrete several angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF-A, amphiregulin) consistent with these activities. In this review, we feature these newfound properties with the goal of unraveling the increasing importance of basophils in these diverse pathobiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy,World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy
| | - Adriana Rosa Gambardella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - John T. Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy,*Correspondence: Gilda Varricchi, ; Giovanna Schiavoni,
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy,*Correspondence: Gilda Varricchi, ; Giovanna Schiavoni,
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Tumor-Associated Neutrophils in Colorectal Cancer Development, Progression and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194755. [PMID: 36230676 PMCID: PMC9563115 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The colorectal-cancer (CRC) incidence rate and mortality have remained high for several years. In recent years, immune-checkpoint-inhibitor (ICI) therapy has rapidly developed. However, it is only effective in a few CRC patients with microsatellite-instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch-repair-deficient (dMMR) CRC. How to improve the efficiency of ICI therapy in CRC patients with microsatellite stability (MSS) remains a huge obstacle. Tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), which are similar to macrophages, also have N1 and N2 phenotypes. They can be recruited and polarized through different cytokines or chemokines, and then play an antitumor or tumor-promoting role. In CRC, we find that the prognostic significance of TANs is still controversial. In this review, we describe the antitumor regulation of TANs, and their mechanism of promoting tumor progression by boosting the transformation of inflammation into tumors, facilitating tumor-cell proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis. The targeting of TANs combined with ICIs may be a new treatment model for CRC. Relevant animal experiments have shown good responses, and clinical trials have also been carried out in succession. TANs, as “assistants” of ICI treatment, may become the key to the success of CRC immunotherapy, although no significant results have been obtained.
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Zhu L, Zhang X, Chen Y, Yan D, Han J. Identification of prognostic genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment. Cancer Biomark 2022; 34:523-532. [PMID: 35275524 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-210432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies reveal the clinical significance of tumor microenvironment (TME) in multiple cancers. The association between TME in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and clinical outcomes remains unsolved. OBJECTIVE This study aims to exhibit the TME of OSCC and identified the prognostic marker. METHODS Gene expression profile and clinical data OSCC patients were from the TCGA database. The validated stage data was from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE65858). Immune/stromal scores of each patient were calculated by ESTIMATE algorithm. Biological functional prediction was conducted. Prognostic genes identified by survival analysis. Nomogram and Receiver operating characteristic curves were employed to test the predicting power. TIMER database was applied to evaluated the immune infiltrates. RESULTS Lower immune scores were observed in male patients (P= 0.0107) and different primary tumor sites of oral cavity with different stromal scores (P= 0.0328). The Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in immune related pathways. HGF gene (hepatocyte growth factor) was prognostic related and with a better prognostic performance when combined with clinical features (AUC=TCGA 0.638, AUC=GEO 0.714). HGF was significantly related with B cell, CD4ï¼T cell, CD8+T cell, macrophage, neutrophils, and dendritic cell infiltration. CONCLUSION The current study analyzed the TME and presented immune related prognostic biomarkers for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbiao Zhu
- Department of The Sixth Dental Division, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Jiangsu, China.,Department of The Sixth Dental Division, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of The Sixth Dental Division, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Jiangsu, China.,Department of The Sixth Dental Division, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Jiangsu Cancer Centre, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Donglin Yan
- Department of The Sixth Dental Division, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Han
- Jiangsu Cancer Centre, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Choy E, Cote GM, Michaelson MD, Wirth L, Gainor JF, Muzikansky A, Sequist LV, Sullivan RJ, Fidias PM, Shaw A, Heist RS. OUP accepted manuscript. Oncologist 2022; 27:600-606. [PMID: 35524758 PMCID: PMC9256024 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases are often difficult to manage as they can be symptomatic and skeletal-related events (SREs) can contribute to significant morbidity and declines in performance status. We sought to identify a novel medical treatment for bone metastasis by testing the safety and efficacy of cabozantinib in patients with bone metastasis arising from non-breast, non-prostate, malignant solid tumors. Patients were administered cabozantinib as an oral drug starting at 60 mg per day and radiologic measurements were performed at baseline and every 8 weeks. Thirty-seven patients were enrolled. No SREs were observed throughout the study. Twenty patients had disease measurable by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1. Four of 20 had a partial response by RECIST. An additional 12 patients had some decrease in tumor burden with nine of these having a decrease in tumor burden of at least 10% by RECIST. Six of the patients with at least a minor response had sarcoma. Sixteen patients had biomarkers of bone turnover measured before and after treatment. Most of these patients demonstrated decrease in urine and serum N-telopeptide and serum C-telopeptide. However, these changes in biomarkers of bone turnover did not correlate with radiographic changes measured by RECIST. This study demonstrates clinical activity and safety for cabozantinib in heavily pretreated patients with bone metastasis and shows activity for cabozantinib in patients with metastatic sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Choy
- Corresponding author: Edwin Choy, MD, Division of Hematology Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Gregory M Cote
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Dror Michaelson
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lori Wirth
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin F Gainor
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alona Muzikansky
- Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lecia V Sequist
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan J Sullivan
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Panagiotis M Fidias
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Care, Exeter Hospital, Exeter, NH, USA
| | - Alice Shaw
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca S Heist
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Magesh P, Thankachan S, Venkatesh T, Suresh PS. Breast cancer fibroblasts and cross-talk. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 521:158-169. [PMID: 34270953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The breast tumor microenvironment is one of the crucial elements supporting breast cancer tumor progression and metastasis. The fibroblasts are the chief cellular component of the stromal microenvironment and are pathologically activated and differentiated into breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The catabolic phenotype of breast CAFs arises due to metabolic reprogramming of these fibroblasts under pseudo-hypoxic conditions. The metabolic intermediates and ATP produced by the breast CAFs are exploited by the neighboring cancer cells for energy generation. The growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines secreted by the CAFs help fuel tumor growth, invasion, and dissemination. Moreover, the interplay between breast CAFs and cancer cells, mediated by the growth factors, ROS, metabolic intermediates, exosomes, and catabolite transporters, aids in building a favorable microenvironment that promotes cancer cell proliferation, tumor progression, and metastasis. Therefore, identifying effective means to target the reprogrammed metabolism of the breast CAFs and the cross-communication between CAFs and cancer cells serve as promising strategies to develop anti-cancer therapeutics. Henceforth, the scope of the present review ranges from discussing the underlying characteristics of breast CAFs, mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming in breast CAFs, and the nature of interactions between breast CAFs and cancer cells to studying the intricacies of reprogrammed metabolism targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanila Magesh
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Sanu Thankachan
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Thejaswini Venkatesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod 671316, India
| | - Padmanaban S Suresh
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India.
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12
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Shuai Y, Duan Y, Zhou M, Yue K, Liu D, Fang Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Wang X. Development and Validation of a Nomogram based on cell growth-related Biomarkers for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Cancer 2021; 12:5153-5163. [PMID: 34335932 PMCID: PMC8317514 DOI: 10.7150/jca.54475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We aimed to develop a prognostic nomogram based on immunohistochemistry (IHC) biomarkers of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: A total of 294 patients were enrolled in the study. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression model was performed to develop a combined IHC score (IHCs) classifier. Results: Five biomarkers, specifically c-Met, Vimentin, HIF-2α, VEGF-c, and Bcl-2 were extracted. Then, an IHCs classifier was developed, and patients were stratified into high- and low-IHCs groups. In the training cohort, the 5-year overall survival (OS) was 62.1% in low-IHCs group and 28.2% in high-IHCs group (P<0.001). The 5-year OS was 68.6% for the low-IHCs group and 28.4% for the high-IHCs group in the validation cohort (P<0.001). The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of the combination of the IHCs classifier and TNM stage was 0.746 (95% CI: 0.658-0.833) in the training cohort and 0.735 (95% CI: 0.651-0.818) in the validation cohort, respectively. Conclusions: The nomogram could effectively predict the prognosis for patients with OSCC and may be employed as a potential tool to guide the individual decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Shuai
- Department of Maxillofacial & E.N.T oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuansheng Duan
- Department of Maxillofacial & E.N.T oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengqian Zhou
- Department of Maxillofacial & E.N.T oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Yue
- Department of Maxillofacial & E.N.T oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Maxillofacial & E.N.T oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Maxillofacial & E.N.T oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Maxillofacial & E.N.T oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yansheng Wu
- Department of Maxillofacial & E.N.T oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Maxillofacial & E.N.T oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Maxillofacial & E.N.T oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
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13
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Samatiwat P, Tabtimmai L, Suphakun P, Jiwacharoenchai N, Toviwek B, Kukongviriyapan V, Gleeson MP, Choowongkomon K. The Effect of the EGFR - Targeting Compound 3-[(4-Phenylpyrimidin-2-yl) Amino] Benzene-1-Sulfonamide (13f) against Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Lines. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:381-390. [PMID: 33639651 PMCID: PMC8190356 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.2.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a noxious malignancy of epithelium of the bile duct with a low response rate to chemotherapy. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is implicated in the development of cancerous cells, especially CCA. In this study, we report detailed biological profiling of 13f identified from our earlier hit expansion studies. The aim of this work was to expand our understanding of 13f via more detailed investigations of its mechanism of action against KKU-100, KKU-452 and KKU-M156 CCA cells, as well as in comparison to the EGFR inhibitor Gefitinib and non-specific chemotherapeutic agents such as Cisplatin. METHODS Inhibiting EGFR-Kinase, cytotoxicity, clonogenic assay, wound healing and apoptosis were performed. Levels of total expression of EGFR and EGFR phosphorylation proteins were detected. RESULTS 13f was confirmed as an inhibitor of EGFR with an IC50 value against the tyrosine kinase of EGFR of 22 nM and IC50 values for 48 h incubation period were 1.3 ± 1.9, 1.5 ± 0.4 and 1.7 ± 1.1 µM of KKU-100, KKU-452 and KKU-M156, respectively through dose- and time-dependent induction of early apoptosis of CCA cells. The compound also suppressed the clonogenic ability of KKU-100 and KKU-M156 cells stronger than Gefitinib, while potently inhibiting EGF-stimulated CCA cell migratory activity in KKU-452 cells. It was observed that under normal conditions EGFR was activated in CCA cells. EGF-stimulated basal expression of EGFR in KKU-452 cells was suppressed following 13f treatment, which was significantly greater than that of the marketed EGFR inhibitor Gefitinib. CONCLUSION In summary, our study showed that 13f has potent anti-cancer activities including antiproliferation, clonogenic ability and migration through the modulation of EGFR signaling pathway in CCA for the first time. The compound represents an interesting starting point as a potential chemotherapeutic agent in ongoing efforts to improve response rate in CCA patients.<br />.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papavee Samatiwat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand.
| | - Lueacha Tabtimmai
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Prapasri Suphakun
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Nattanan Jiwacharoenchai
- Genetic Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, 10900, Thailand.
| | | | - Veerapol Kukongviriyapan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - M. Paul Gleeson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok. Thailand.
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
- For Correspondence:
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14
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Ma Y, Yu X, Li YX, Wang YL. HGF/c-Met signaling regulates early differentiation of placental trophoblast cells. J Reprod Dev 2021; 67:89-97. [PMID: 33455972 PMCID: PMC8075731 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2020-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Depletion of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met) in mice leads to fetal lethality and placental maldevelopment.
However, the dynamic change pattern of HGF/c-Met signaling during placental development and its involvement in the early differentiation of trophoblasts remain
to be elucidated. In this study, using in situ hybridization assay, we elaborately demonstrated the spatial-temporal expression of
Hgf and c-Met in mouse placenta from E5.5, the very early stage after embryonic implantation, to E12.5, when the placental
structure is well developed. The concentration of the soluble form of c-Met (sMet) in maternal circulation peaked at E10.5. By utilizing the induced
differentiation model of mouse trophoblast stem cells (mTSCs), we found that HGF significantly promoted mTSC differentiation into syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs)
and invasive parietal trophoblast giant cells (PTGCs). Interestingly, sMet efficiently reversed the effect of HGF on mTSC differentiation. These findings
indicate that HGF/c-Met signaling participates in regulating placental trophoblast cell fate at the early differentiation stage and that sMet acts as an
endogenous antagonist in this aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Targeting HGF/c-MET Axis in Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239170. [PMID: 33271944 PMCID: PMC7730415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC/PC)) has been an aggressive disease that is associated with early metastases. It is characterized by dense and collagenous desmoplasia/stroma, predominantly produced by pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). PSCs interact with cancer cells as well as other stromal cells, facilitating disease progression. A candidate growth factor pathway that may mediate this interaction is the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-MET pathway. HGF is produced by PSCs and its receptor c-MET is expressed on pancreatic cancer cells and endothelial cells. The current review discusses the role of the MET/HGF axis in tumour progression and dissemination of pancreatic cancer. Therapeutic approaches that were developed targeting either the ligand (HGF) or the receptor (c-MET) have not been shown to translate well into clinical settings. We discuss a two-pronged approach of targeting both the components of this pathway to interrupt the stromal–tumour interactions, which may represent a potential therapeutic strategy to improve outcomes in PC.
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16
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Tumor-associated neutrophils as new players in immunosuppressive process of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer. Life Sci 2020; 264:118699. [PMID: 33137368 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the conventional reputation of neutrophils to have antibacterial properties, recent studies have put emphasis and are interested in the role of neutrophils in the spread and treatment of cancer. It has been shown that the infiltration of neutrophils, either by exerting pro- or anti-tumoral effects, probably affects tumor prognosis. Tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) probably participate in tumor promotion and development in different ways, such as increasing genomic instability, induction of immunosuppression, and increasing angiogenesis. Despite major advances in breast cancer treatment, it is the second leading cause of death in American women. It has been revealed that inflammation is a fundamental issue in the treatment of this cancer because tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and vascularization can be affected by inflammatory factors. It is demonstrated that enhanced neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio probably contributes to the raised rate of mortality and decreased survival among breast cancer cases. The present review explores the biology of TANs, their suspected interactions in the breast cancer microenvironment, and their functions in preserving the tumor microenvironment and progression of tumors. Furthermore, their potential as therapeutic targets and clinical biomarkers has been discussed in this paper.
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17
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Marone G, Schroeder JT, Mattei F, Loffredo S, Gambardella AR, Poto R, de Paulis A, Schiavoni G, Varricchi G. Is There a Role for Basophils in Cancer? Front Immunol 2020; 11:2103. [PMID: 33013885 PMCID: PMC7505934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophils were identified in human peripheral blood by Paul Ehrlich over 140 years ago. Human basophils represent <1% of peripheral blood leukocytes. During the last decades, basophils have been described also in mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and monkeys. There are many similarities, but also several immunological differences between human and mouse basophils. There are currently several strains of mice with profound constitutive or inducible basophil deficiency useful to prove that these cells have specific roles in vivo. However, none of these mice are solely and completely devoid of all basophils. Therefore, the relevance of these findings to humans remains to be established. It has been known for some time that basophils have the propensity to migrate into the site of inflammation. Recent observations indicate that tissue resident basophils contribute to lung development and locally promote M2 polarization of macrophages. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that lung-resident basophils exhibit a specific phenotype, different from circulating basophils. Activated human and mouse basophils synthesize restricted and distinct profiles of cytokines. Human basophils produce several canonical (e.g., VEGFs, angiopoietin 1) and non-canonical (i.e., cysteinyl leukotriene C4) angiogenic factors. Activated human and mouse basophils release extracellular DNA traps that may have multiple effects in cancer. Hyperresponsiveness of basophils has been demonstrated in patients with JAK2V617F-positive polycythemia vera. Basophils are present in the immune landscape of human lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer and can promote inflammation-driven skin tumor growth. The few studies conducted thus far using different models of basophil-deficient mice have provided informative results on the roles of these cells in tumorigenesis. Much more remains to be discovered before we unravel the hitherto mysterious roles of basophils in human and experimental cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Marone
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - John T Schroeder
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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18
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Ding C, Li Y, Xing C, Zhang H, Wang S, Dai M. Research Progress on Slit/Robo Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer: Emerging and Promising. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:2845906. [PMID: 32670371 PMCID: PMC7341381 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2845906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant digestive system tumor which is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The basic and clinical research of pancreatic cancer has made great progress in recent years, and kinds of signaling pathways have been found in the tumorigenesis and progression in pancreatic cancer. The Slit glycoprotein (Slit) and Roundabout receptor (Robo) signaling pathway acts as a neural targeting factor with the axonal remnant, axon guidance, and inhibition of neuronal migration in the nervous system. In recent years, it has been found that the Slit/Robo signaling pathway has different degrees of expression changes in various tumor cells. In different tumor cells, the signaling pathway gene expression is different and regulates tumor angiogenesis, cell invasion, metastasis, and nerve infiltration. Herein, we summarize the mechanisms of the Slit/Robo pathway in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer, in order to have more understanding of the role of Slit/Robo in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- National Translational Medicine of China, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yatong Li
- National Translational Medicine of China, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Cheng Xing
- National Translational Medicine of China, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- National Translational Medicine of China, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shunda Wang
- National Translational Medicine of China, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Menghua Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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19
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Braile M, Cristinziano L, Marcella S, Varricchi G, Marone G, Modestino L, Ferrara AL, De Ciuceis A, Scala S, Galdiero MR, Loffredo S. LPS-mediated neutrophil VEGF-A release is modulated by cannabinoid receptor activation. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:621-631. [PMID: 32573828 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0520-187r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils (PMNs) are innate immune cells with primary roles in inflammation and in host defense against infections. Both inflammatory and tumor angiogenesis are modulated by a sequential, coordinated production of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), angiopoietins, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and chemokines. These factors are produced by several immune cells, including PMNs. Activation of cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1 ) and -2 (CB2 ) has been suggested as a new strategy to modulate in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis. We sought to investigate whether activation of CB1 and CB2 by CB agonists modulate LPS-mediated angiogenic activity of human PMNs. Highly purified PMNs were isolated from buffy coats of healthy donors. Cells were stimulated with CB1 and CB2 agonists/antagonists alone and/or in combination with LPS. Angiogenic factors in cell-free supernatants were measured by ELISA. The modulation of activation markers of PMNs by CB agonists was evaluated by flow cytometry. Angiogenesis in vitro was measured as tube formation by optical microscopy. Endothelial cell permeability was assessed by an in vitro vascular permeability assay. LPS-activated PMNs released VEGF-A, CXCL8, and HGF. Preincubation of PMNs with low concentrations of CB1 and CB2 agonists inhibited VEGF-A release induced by LPS, but did not affect CXCL8 and HGF production. The effects of CB agonists on VEGF-A release induced by LPS were reversed by preincubation with CB antagonists. CB agonists modulated in vitro angiogenesis and endothelial permeability induced by supernatants of LPS-activated PMNs through the reduction of VEGF-A. Neutrophils play a central role in the control of bacterial infections and in the outcome of sepsis. The latter condition is associated with an increase in circulating levels of VEGF-A. We demonstrated that low concentrations of CB agonists inhibit VEGF-A release from LPS-activated PMNs. These results suggest that CB agonists might represent a novel therapeutic strategy in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonia Braile
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Leonardo Cristinziano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Marcella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,CNR Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali dei Colli-Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Modestino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anne Lise Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Agnese De Ciuceis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Scala
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,CNR Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,CNR Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", Naples, Italy
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20
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Feng Z, Liu S, Chen Q, Tan Q, Xian J, Feng H, Chen Z, Li G. uPA alleviates kaolin-induced hydrocephalus by promoting the release and activation of hepatocyte growth factor in rats. Neurosci Lett 2020; 731:135011. [PMID: 32497735 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) was demonstrated to alleviate kaolin-induced communicating hydrocephalus via inhibiting subarachnoid space fibrosis, but the exact mechanism remains elusive. Thus, this study was designed to investigate if hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which plays a vital role in uPA-triggered inhibiting of fibrosis in multiple systems, is involved in this process in hydrocephalus. There were 2 parts in this study. First, hydrocephalus was induced in rats by basal cistern injection of kaolin. Then rats were treated with saline or uPA and brain tissue and CSF were collected for Western blot and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) four days later. Second, kaolin-induced hydrocephalus rats were treated with saline, uPA, uPA + PHA665752 (antagonist of HGF) or PHA665752. Some animals received MRI four weeks later and brains were used for immunofluorescence. The others were euthanized four days later for ELISA. Both levels of total and activated HGF in the CSF was increased after uPA injections, but related mRNA expression of HGF showed no statistical significance when compared with the control group. Further, the effects of uPA that alleviating ventricular enlargement, subarachnoid fibrosis and reactive astrocytosis were partially reversed by PHA665752. Moreover, PHA665752 partially abolished uPA-induced reduction of transforming growth factor- β1(TGF- β1) level in CSF. Our data suggest that uPA effectively inhibited subarachnoid fibrosis and restricted the development of communicating hydrocephalus in rats in part by promoting HGF release and activation, which may further regulate the TGF-β1 expression in CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Shengyan Liu
- Chongqing Mental Health Center, Chongqing, 4001147, PR China
| | - Qianwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Qiang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Jishu Xian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, 563003, PR China.
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21
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Sun Z, Cai S, Zabkiewicz C, Liu C, Ye L. Bone morphogenetic proteins mediate crosstalk between cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment at primary tumours and metastases (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1335-1351. [PMID: 32236571 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are pluripotent molecules, co‑ordinating cellular functions from early embryonic and postnatal development to tissue repair, regeneration and homeostasis. They are also involved in tumourigenesis, disease progression and the metastasis of various solid tumours. Emerging evidence has indicated that BMPs are able to promote disease progression and metastasis by orchestrating communication between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment. The interactions occur between BMPs and epidermal growth factor receptor, hepatocyte growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and extracellular matrix components. Overall, these interactions co‑ordinate the cellular functions of tumour cells and other types of cell in the tumour to promote the growth of the primary tumour, local invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis, and the establishment and survival of cancer cells in the metastatic niche. Therefore, the present study aimed to provide an informative summary of the involvement of BMPs in the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Sun
- VIP‑II Division of Medical Department, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Cai
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Zabkiewicz
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Chang Liu
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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22
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Wound fluids collected postoperatively from patients with breast cancer induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition but intraoperative radiotherapy impairs this effect by activating the radiation-induced bystander effect. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7891. [PMID: 31133667 PMCID: PMC6536501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound fluids (WF) are believed to play a role in the local recurrences by inducing an inflammatory process in scar tissue area. Given that most local relapse in primary breast cancer patients occur within the scar tissue area, researchers have investigated whether localized radiotherapy, such as intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT), could be more effective than postoperative RT in inhibiting local tumor recurrence. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program plays a critical role in promoting metastasis in epithelium-derived carcinoma. Given this background the main aim of the present study was to determine the mechanisms by which IORT decreases the tumorigenic potential of WF. We assumed that postoperative fluids from patients would activate the radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) in treated cells, thus altering the tumor microenvironment. To confirm this hypothesis, WF collected from patients after breast conserving surgery (BCS) alone, after BCS followed by IORT treatment or WF from BCS patients together with RIBE medium were incubated with MCF7 and MDA-MB-468 cells. Changes in the CSC phenotype, in EMT program and potential to migrate were performed to determine the possible role of WF on the migration of breast cancer cells. Our findings show that wound fluids stimulate the CSC phenotype and EMT program in breast cancer cell lines. This effect was partially abrogated when the cells were incubated in wound fluids collected from patients after breast-conserving surgery followed by IORT. Additionally, we confirmed the role of radiation-induced bystander effect in altering the properties of the WF to induce the CSC phenotype and EMT program.
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23
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Ghanaatgar-Kasbi S, Khorrami S, Avan A, Aledavoud SA, Ferns GA. Targeting the C-MET/HGF Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:4619-4625. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190110145855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) is involved in the tumorigenesis of various
cancers. HGF/Met inhibitors are now attracting considerable interest due to their anti-tumor activity in multiple
malignancies such as pancreatic cancer. It is likely that within the next few years, HGF/Met inhibitors will become
a crucial component for cancer management. In this review, we summarize the role of HGF/Met pathway in
the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer, with particular emphasize on HGF/Met inhibitors in the clinical setting,
including Cabozantinib (XL184, BMS-907351), Crizotinib (PF-02341066), MK-2461, Merestinib (LY2801653),
Tivantinib (ARQ197), SU11274, Onartuzumab (MetMab), Emibetuzumab (LY2875358), Ficlatuzumab (AV-
299), Rilotumumab (AMG 102), and NK4 in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Ghanaatgar-Kasbi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shadi Khorrami
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed A. Aledavoud
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, United Kingdom
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24
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Pothuraju R, Rachagani S, Junker WM, Chaudhary S, Saraswathi V, Kaur S, Batra SK. Pancreatic cancer associated with obesity and diabetes: an alternative approach for its targeting. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:319. [PMID: 30567565 PMCID: PMC6299603 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0963-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer (PC) is among foremost causes of cancer related deaths worldwide due to generic symptoms, lack of effective screening strategies and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapies. The risk factors associated with PC include several metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Studies have shown that obesity and T2DM are associated with PC pathogenesis; however, their role in PC initiation and development remains obscure. MAIN BODY Several biochemical and physiological factors associated with obesity and/or T2DM including adipokines, inflammatory mediators, and altered microbiome are involved in PC progression and metastasis albeit by different molecular mechanisms. Deep understanding of these factors and causal relationship between factors and altered signaling pathways will facilitate deconvolution of disease complexity as well as lead to development of novel therapies. In the present review, we focuses on the interplay between adipocytokines, gut microbiota, adrenomedullin, hyaluronan, vanin and matrix metalloproteinase affected by metabolic alteration and pancreatic tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic diseases, such as obesity and T2DM, contribute PC development through altered metabolic pathways. Delineating key players in oncogenic development in pancreas due to metabolic disorder could be a beneficial strategy to combat cancers associated with metabolic diseases in particular, PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wade M Junker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Sanguine Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sanjib Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. .,Fred & Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. .,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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25
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Roversi FM, Cury NM, Lopes MR, Ferro KP, Machado-Neto JA, Alvarez MC, Dos Santos GP, Giardini Rosa R, Longhini AL, Duarte ADSS, Pericole FV, Favaro P, Yunes JA, Saad STO. Up-regulation of SPINT2/HAI-2 by Azacytidine in bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells affects leukemic stem cell survival and adhesion. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1562-1571. [PMID: 30484958 PMCID: PMC6349149 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of tumour microenvironment in neoplasm initiation and malignant evolution has been increasingly recognized. However, the bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell (BMMSC) contribution to disease progression remains poorly explored. We previously reported that the expression of serine protease inhibitor kunitz‐type2 (SPINT2/HAI‐2), an inhibitor of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activation, is significantly lower in BMMSC from myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients compared to healthy donors (HD). Thus, to investigate whether this loss of expression was due to SPINT2/HAI‐2 methylation, BMMSC from MDS and de novo acute myeloid leukaemia (de novo AML) patients were treated with 5‐Azacitidine (Aza), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. In MDS‐ and de novo AML‐BMMSC, Aza treatment resulted in a pronounced SPINT2/HAI‐2 levels up‐regulation. Moreover, Aza treatment of HD‐BMMSC did not improve SPINT2/HAI‐2 levels. To understand the role of SPINT2/HAI‐2 down‐regulation in BMMSC physiology, SPINT2/HAI‐2 expression was inhibited by lentivirus. SPINT2 underexpression resulted in an increased production of HGF by HS‐5 stromal cells and improved survival of CD34+ de novo AML cells. We also observed an increased adhesion of de novo AML hematopoietic cells to SPINT2/HAI‐2 silenced cells. Interestingly, BMMSC isolated from MDS and de novo AML patients had increased expression of the integrins CD49b, CD49d, and CD49e. Thus, SPINT2/HAI‐2 may contribute to functional and morphological abnormalities of the microenvironment niche and to stem/progenitor cancer cell progression. Hence, down‐regulation in SPINT2/HAI‐2 gene expression, due to methylation in MDS‐BMMSC and de novo AML‐BMMSC, provides novel insights into the pathogenic role of the leukemic bone marrow microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Marconi Roversi
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Moreno Cury
- Centro Infantil de Investigações Hematológicas Dr. Domingos A. Boldrini, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Rodrigues Lopes
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karla Priscila Ferro
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Agostinho Machado-Neto
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Claudia Alvarez
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pereira Dos Santos
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Giardini Rosa
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Leda Longhini
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Vieira Pericole
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Favaro
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Andres Yunes
- Centro Infantil de Investigações Hematológicas Dr. Domingos A. Boldrini, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Noriega-Guerra H, Freitas VM. Extracellular Matrix Influencing HGF/c-MET Signaling Pathway: Impact on Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113300. [PMID: 30352967 PMCID: PMC6274944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a crucial component of the tumor microenvironment involved in numerous cellular processes that contribute to cancer progression. It is acknowledged that tumor–stromal cell communication is driven by a complex and dynamic network of cytokines, growth factors and proteases. Thus, the ECM works as a reservoir for bioactive molecules that modulate tumor cell behavior. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) produced by tumor and stromal cells acts as a multifunctional cytokine and activates the c-MET receptor, which is expressed in different tumor cell types. The HGF/c-MET signaling pathway is associated with several cellular processes, such as proliferation, survival, motility, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Moreover, c-MET activation can be promoted by several ECM components, including proteoglycans and glycoproteins that act as bridging molecules and/or signal co-receptors. In contrast, c-MET activation can be inhibited by proteoglycans, matricellular proteins and/or proteases that bind and sequester HGF away from the cell surface. Therefore, understanding the effects of ECM components on HGF and c-MET may provide opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we give a short overview of how certain ECM components regulate the distribution and activation of HGF and c-MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heydi Noriega-Guerra
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Prédio I, sala 428, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Morais Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Prédio I, sala 428, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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27
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Parr C, Ali AY. Boswellia frereana suppresses HGF-mediated breast cancer cell invasion and migration through inhibition of c-Met signalling. J Transl Med 2018; 16:281. [PMID: 30314527 PMCID: PMC6186110 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plays a pivotal role in breast cancer cell motility, invasion and angiogenesis. These pro-metastatic events are triggered through HGF coupling and activation of the c-Met receptor. Reports have demonstrated that HGF/c-Met signalling plays an important part in breast cancer progression and that their expression is linked to poor patient outcome. In the present study, we investigated the anti-metastatic potential of an extract from traditional Somalian frankincense, Boswellia frereana, on human breast cancer cells. In addition, we also examined the effect of this Boswellia frereana extract (BFE) upon HGF-mediated stimulation of the c-Met receptor. METHODS Two triple negative human breast cancer cell lines, BT549 and MDA-MB-231, were utilised in the study to examine the effect of BFE on tumour cell proliferation, migration, matrix-adhesion, angiogenesis and invasion. Cell migration was investigated using a Cell IQ time-lapsed motion analysis system; while tumour cell-matrix adhesion, angiogenesis and invasion were assessed through Matrigel-based in vitro assays. Breast cancer cell growth and spheroid formation was examined through proliferation assay and 3D non-scaffold cell culture techniques. Western Blotting was employed to determine the phosphorylation status of the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase following BFE treatment and subsequent HGF stimulation. RESULTS Following HGF treatment, the breast cancer cells displayed a significant increase in migration, matrix adhesion, vessel/tubule formation, invasion and c-Met activation. HGF did not appear to have any bearing on the proliferation rate or spheroid formation of these breast cancer cells. The addition of the BFE extract quenched the HGF-enhanced migratory, angiogenic and invasive potential of these cells. Further study revealed that BFE inhibited c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylation within these breast cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that BFE was able to significantly suppress the influence of HGF in breast cancer cell motility and invasion in vitro, through the ability of BFE to reduce HGF/c-Met signalling events. Therefore, these results indicate that BFE could play a novel role in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Parr
- Connective Tissue Laboratories, Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ahmed Y. Ali
- Connective Tissue Laboratories, Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, UK
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28
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Lath DL, Buckle CH, Evans HR, Fisher M, Down JM, Lawson MA, Chantry AD. ARQ-197, a small-molecule inhibitor of c-Met, reduces tumour burden and prevents myeloma-induced bone disease in vivo. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199517. [PMID: 29924867 PMCID: PMC6010293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met, its ligand HGF, and components of the downstream signalling pathway, have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of myeloma, both as modulators of plasma cell proliferation and as agents driving osteoclast differentiation and osteoblast inhibition thus, all these contribute substantially to the bone destruction typically caused by myeloma. Patients with elevated levels of HGF have a poor prognosis, therefore, targeting these entities in such patients may be of substantial benefit. We hypothesized that ARQ-197 (Tivantinib), a small molecule c-Met inhibitor, would reduce myeloma cell growth and prevent myeloma-associated bone disease in a murine model. In vitro we assessed the effects of ARQ-197 on myeloma cell proliferation, cytotoxicity and c-Met protein expression in human myeloma cell lines. In vivo we injected NOD/SCID-γ mice with PBS (non-tumour bearing) or JJN3 cells and treated them with either ARQ-197 or vehicle. In vitro exposure of JJN3, U266 or NCI-H929 cells to ARQ-197 resulted in a significant inhibition of cell proliferation and an induction of cell death by necrosis, probably caused by significantly reduced levels of phosphorylated c-Met. In vivo ARQ-197 treatment of JJN3 tumour-bearing mice resulted in a significant reduction in tumour burden, tumour cell proliferation, bone lesion number, trabecular bone loss and prevented significant decreases in the bone formation rate on the cortico-endosteal bone surface compared to the vehicle group. However, no significant differences on bone parameters were observed in non-tumour mice treated with ARQ-197 compared to vehicle, implying that in tumour-bearing mice the effects of ARQ-197 on bone cells was indirect. In summary, these res ults suggest that ARQ-197 could be a promising therapeutic in myeloma patients, leading to both a reduction in tumour burden and an inhibition of myeloma-induced bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren L. Lath
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Clive H. Buckle
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Holly R. Evans
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Fisher
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny M. Down
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle A. Lawson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Chantry
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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29
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Xia GS, Li SH, Zhou W. Isoquercitrin, ingredients in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg, inhibits hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor-induced tumor cell migration and invasion. Cell Adh Migr 2018; 12:464-471. [PMID: 29741444 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1473664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) and its receptor, Met, is involved in the development and progression of many human cancers. In the screening assay of extracts from the root tuber of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg, isoquercitrin inhibited HGF/SF-Met signaling as indicated by its inhibitory activity on HGF/SF-induced cell scattering. Further analysis revealed that isoquercitrin specifically inhibited HGF/SF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Met. We also found that isoquercitrin decreased HGF-induced migration and invasion by parental or HGF/SF-transfected bladder carcinoma cell line NBT-II cells. Furthermore, isoquercitrin inhibited HGF/SF-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition in vitro and the invasion/metastasis of HGF/SF-transfected NBT-II cells in vivo. Our data suggest the possible use of isoquercitrin in human cancers associated with dysregulated HGF/SF-Met signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Shou Xia
- a Department of Ecology , Lishui University , Lishui , Zhejiang , China
| | - Shu-Hong Li
- b Department of Medicine and Health , Lishui University , Lishui , Zhejiang , China
| | - Wu Zhou
- b Department of Medicine and Health , Lishui University , Lishui , Zhejiang , China
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30
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Shen M, Zhao X, Zhao L, Shi L, An S, Huang G, Liu J. Met is involved in TIGAR-regulated metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:88. [PMID: 29753331 PMCID: PMC5948872 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
TIGAR is a p53 target gene that is known to protect cells from ROS-induced apoptosis by promoting the pentose phosphate pathway. The role of TIGAR in tumor cell invasion and metastasis remains elusive. Here we found that downregulation of TIGAR reduced the invasion and metastasis of NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis of 72 NSCLC patients showed that TIGAR and Met protein expression was positively correlated with late stages of lung cancer. Besides, patients with high co-expression of TIGAR and Met presented a significantly worse survival. In addition, we found that Met signaling pathway is involved in TIGAR-induced invasion and metastasis. Our study indicates that TIGAR/Met pathway may be a novel target for NSCLC therapy. It is necessary to evaluate the expression of TIGAR before Met inhibitors are used for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqin Shen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Shuxian An
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Collaborative Scientific Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Science, Shanghai, 200093, China. .,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China. .,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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31
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Chen C, Yang D, Zeng Q, Luo L, Cai C. PF-2341066 combined with celecoxib promotes apoptosis and inhibits proliferation in human cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4543-4549. [PMID: 29725387 PMCID: PMC5920157 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a malignant tumor with high incidence and an average age of onset of 50-70 years old. However, at present there is no effective treatment for this disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a c-Met inhibitor, PF-2341066 and a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, celecoxib, on c-Met and COX-2 expression, proliferation and apoptosis. The results demonstrated that c-Met and COX-2 are highly expressed in hepatobiliary calculus with cholangiocarcinoma. PF-2341066 was able to downregulate the expression of c-Met and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner at the mRNA and protein levels in human cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells. Furthermore, combined treatment with PF-2341066 with celecoxib downregulated the mRNA expression of both genes, inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis. It was also demonstrated that PF-2341066 and celecoxib treatment was able to restrict the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The results of the present study suggest that PF-2341066 and celecoxib may inhibit the development of cholangiocarcinoma by downregulating the expression of c-Met and COX-2 to inhibit cell proliferation, promote apoptosis and prevent VEGF-mediated tumor angiogenesis. Co-treatment with PF-2341066 and celecoxib may be a potential therapeutic strategy for hepatobiliary calculus with cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410002, P.R. China
| | - Dinghua Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410002, P.R. China
| | - Liang Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410002, P.R. China
| | - Chengzhi Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410002, P.R. China
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Kim HJ, Baek MJ, Kang DH, Lee SC, Bae SB, Lee KT, Lee N, Kim H, Jeong D, Ahn TS, Lee MS, Hong DS, Won JH. Association Between c-Met and Lymphangiogenic Factors in Patients With Colorectal Cancer. Ann Coloproctol 2018; 34:88-93. [PMID: 29742856 PMCID: PMC5951094 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2017.10.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Animal models show a strong relationship between lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. However, the clinical significance of lymphangiogenesis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the association between c-Met and lymphangiogenic factors and to elucidate the prognostic significance of c-Met in patients with CRC. Methods A total of 379 tissue samples were obtained from surgically resected specimens from patients with CRC at Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital between January 2002 and December 2010. The expressions of c-Met, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF-D, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3, and podoplanin were examined using immunohistochemistry. The expression of c-Met and clinical factors were analyzed. Results Of the 379 tissues, 301 (79.4%) had c-Met expression. High expression of c-Met in tumor cells was significantly associated with high expression of VEGF-C (P < 0.001) and VEGFR-3 (P = 0.001). However, no statistically significant association with podoplanin (P = 0.587) or VEGF-D (P = 0.096) was found. Of the 103 evaluable patients, expression of c-Met in tumor cells was significantly associated with advanced clinical stage (P = 0.020), positive lymph node status (P = 0.038), and high expression of VEGF-C (P = 0.020). However, no statistically significant association with podoplanin (P = 0.518), VEGFR-3 (P = 0.085), VEGF-D (P = 0.203), or overall survival (P = 0.360) was found. Conclusion Our results provide indirect evidence for an association and possible regulatory link of c-Met with the lymphangiogenic markers, but c-Met expression in patients with CRC is not a prognostic indicator for overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Moo-Jun Baek
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kang
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sang Byung Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Kyu Taek Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Namsu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyungjoo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang Medical Science Research Institute, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dongjun Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang Medical Science Research Institute, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Tae Sung Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Moon Soo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dae Sik Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Won
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Xu Y, Zhou W, Ji Y, Shen J, Zhu X, Yu H, Guo J, Pang Z, Wei W. Elongator promotes the migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cell by the phosphorylation of AKT. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:518-530. [PMID: 29805303 PMCID: PMC5968844 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.23511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Elongator is a complex with multiple subunits (Elp1-Elp6) which promotes transcript elongation and protein translation. In this study, we investigated the effects of Elongator on the migration and invasion of HCC cells as well as the underlying mechanisms. We showed that overexpression of Elp3 or Elp4 promoted the migration and invasion of HCC cells, which was abolished when either Elp3 or Elp4 was silenced. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 were enhanced by phosphorylation of AKT. Elongator-driven migration and invasion and the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were reduced in HCC cells treated with AKT inhibitor LY294002. Depletion of Elp3 also reduced the phosphorylation of AKT induced by growth factors. In vivo assay of lung metastasis in mice demonstrated that overexpression of Elp3 increased tumor nodules metastatic to lung. Importantly, Elp3 was up-regulated in human HCC tissues, which was correlated with the phosphorylation of AKT and expression of MMP-2. Collectively, these results suggested that Elongator activated migration and invasion of HCC cells by promoting the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Our work suggests that Elongator might be a potential marker which promotes the metastasis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Yuan Ji
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Xiaxia Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Huijun Yu
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Jingchun Guo
- State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Zhi Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The North District of the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215008 China
| | - Wenxiang Wei
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
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Parikh PK, Ghate MD. Recent advances in the discovery of small molecule c-Met Kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:1103-1138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Irie T, Sawa M. 7-Azaindole: A Versatile Scaffold for Developing Kinase Inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:29-36. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaaki Sawa
- Research and Development, Carna Biosciences, Inc
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36
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Analogs of the hepatocyte growth factor and macrophage-stimulating protein hinge regions act as Met and Ron dual inhibitors in pancreatic cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 27:766-79. [PMID: 27314431 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is among the leading causes of cancer death in the USA, with limited effective treatment options. A major contributor toward the formation and persistence of pancreatic cancer is the dysregulation of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Met (HGF receptor) and the macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP)/Ron (MSP receptor) systems. These systems normally mediate a variety of cellular behaviors including proliferation, survival, and migration, but are often overactivated in pancreatic cancer and contribute toward cancer progression. Previous studies have shown that HGF must dimerize to activate Met. Small-molecule antagonists with homology to a 'hinge' region within the putative dimerization domain of HGF have been developed that bind to HGF and block dimerization, therefore inhibiting Met signaling. Because of the structural and sequence homology between MSP and HGF, we hypothesized that the inhibition of HGF by the hinge analogs may extend to MSP. The primary aim of this 'proof-of-concept' study was to determine whether hinge analogs could inhibit cellular responses to both HGF and MSP in pancreatic cancer cells. Our results showed that these compounds inhibited HGF and MSP activity. Hinge analog treatment resulted in decreased Met and Ron activation, and suppressed malignant cell behaviors including proliferation, migration, and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. These results suggest that the hinge analogs represent a novel group of molecules that may offer a therapeutic approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and warrant further development and optimization.
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37
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Wu Q, Tian Y, Zhang J, Zhang H, Gu F, Lu Y, Zou S, Chen Y, Sun P, Xu M, Sun X, Xia C, Chi H, Ying Zhu A, Tang D, Wang D. Functions of pancreatic stellate cell-derived soluble factors in the microenvironment of pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102721-102738. [PMID: 29254283 PMCID: PMC5731993 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal forms of cancer with poor prognosis because it is highly resistant to traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy and it has a low rate of surgical resection eligibility. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) have become a research hotspot in recent years, and play a vital role in PDAC microenvironment by secreting soluble factors such as transforming growth factor β, interleukin-6, stromal cell-derived factor-1, hepatocyte growth factor and galectin-1. These PSC-derived cytokines and proteins contribute to PSC activation, participating in PDAC cell proliferation, migration, fibrosis, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and chemoradiation resistance, leading to malignant outcome. Consequently, targeting these cytokines and proteins or their downstream signaling pathways is promising for treating PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Tian
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jingqiu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongpeng Zhang
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fengming Gu
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yongdie Lu
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shengnan Zou
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuji Chen
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pengxiang Sun
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mengyue Xu
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chao Xia
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chi
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - A Ying Zhu
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dong Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Daorong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
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Cancer-promoting mechanisms of tumor-associated neutrophils. Am J Surg 2017; 214:938-944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tsuji T, Sakamori Y, Ozasa H, Yagi Y, Ajimizu H, Yasuda Y, Funazo T, Nomizo T, Yoshida H, Nagai H, Maeno K, Oguri T, Hirai T, Kim YH. Clinical impact of high serum hepatocyte growth factor in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71805-71816. [PMID: 29069748 PMCID: PMC5641091 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of c-MET through hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) increases tumorigenesis, induces resistance, and is associated with poor prognosis in various solid tumors. However, the clinical value of serum HGF (sHGF) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially those receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy, remains unknown. Here, we show that sHGF may be useful to predict tumor response and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with advanced NSCLC. A total of 81 patients with NSCLC were investigated. sHGF levels were evaluated using ELISA at 4 time-points: at pre-treatment, at response-evaluation (1-2 months after treatment initiation), at the best tumor response, and at disease progression. As a control biomarker, CEA was also evaluated in lung adenocarcinoma. Positive-sHGF at response-evaluation predicted poor PFS compared with Negative-sHGF in both first-line (median, 153.5 vs. 288.0; P < 0.05) and second-line treatment (87.0 vs. 219.5; P = 0.01). In 55 patients that received cytotoxic chemotherapy, multiple Cox proportional hazards models showed significant independent associations between poor PFS and Positive-sHGF at response-evaluation (hazard ratio, 4.24; 95% CI, 2.05 to 9.46; P < 0.01). Lung adenocarcinoma subgroup analysis showed that in patients receiving second cytotoxic chemotherapy, there were no significant differences in PFS between patients with low-CEA compared with those with high-CEA, but Positive-sHGF at pre-treatment or at response-evaluation predicted poor PFS (35.0 vs. 132.0; P < 0.01, 50.0 vs. 215.0; P < 0.01, respectively). These findings give a rationale for future research investigating the merit of sHGF as a potential clinical biomarker to evaluate HGF/c-MET activity, which would be useful to indicate administration of c-MET inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsuji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sakamori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ozasa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Yagi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ajimizu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuto Yasuda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Funazo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomizo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Maeno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Oguri
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Young Hak Kim
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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40
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Targeting the HGF/c-MET pathway: stromal remodelling in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76722-76739. [PMID: 29100344 PMCID: PMC5652738 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal-tumor interactions in pancreatic cancer (PC) impact on treatment outcomes. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) produce the collagenous stroma of PC and interact with cancer cells to facilitate disease progression. A candidate growth factor pathway that may mediate this interaction is the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-MET pathway. HGF is produced by PSCs and its receptor c-MET is expressed on pancreatic cancer cells. We studied the effects on PC progression of inhibiting the HGF/c-MET pathway in the presence and absence of a representative chemotherapeutic agent, gemcitabine. Using an orthotopic model of PC we have shown that “triple therapy” (inhibition of both HGF and c-MET combined with gemcitabine) resulted in the greatest reduction in tumor volume compared to each of the treatments alone or in dual combinations. Importantly, metastasis was virtually eliminated in mice receiving triple therapy. Our in vivo findings were supported by in vitro studies showing that the increase in cancer cell proliferation and migration in response to PSC secretions was significantly inhibited by the triple regimen. Our studies suggest that a combined approach, that targets tumor cells by chemotherapy while inhibiting specific pathways that mediate stromal-tumor interactions, may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to improve outcomes in PC.
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Price EW, Carnazza KE, Carlin SD, Cho A, Edwards KJ, Sevak KK, Glaser JM, de Stanchina E, Janjigian YY, Lewis JS. 89Zr-DFO-AMG102 Immuno-PET to Determine Local Hepatocyte Growth Factor Protein Levels in Tumors for Enhanced Patient Selection. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1386-1394. [PMID: 28280216 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.187310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) binding antibody rilotumumab (AMG102) was modified for use as a 89Zr-based immuno-PET imaging agent to noninvasively determine the local levels of HGF protein in tumors. Because recent clinical trials of HGF-targeting therapies have been largely unsuccessful in several different cancers (e.g., gastric, brain, lung), we have synthesized and validated 89Zr-DFO-AMG102 as a companion diagnostic for improved identification and selection of patients having high local levels of HGF in tumors. To date, patient selection has not been performed using the local levels of HGF protein in tumors. Methods: The chelator p-SCN-Bn-DFO was conjugated to AMG102, radiolabeling with 89Zr was performed in high radiochemical yields and purity (>99%), and binding affinity of the modified antibody was confirmed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-type binding assay. PET imaging, biodistribution, autoradiography and immunohistochemistry, and ex vivo HGF ELISA experiments were performed on murine xenografts of U87MG (HGF-positive, MET-positive) and MKN45 (HGF-negative, MET-positive) and 4 patient-derived xenografts (MET-positive, HGF unknown). Results: Tumor uptake of 89Zr-DFO-AMG102 at 120 h after injection in U87MG xenografts (HGF-positive) was high (36.8 ± 7.8 percentage injected dose per gram [%ID/g]), whereas uptake in MKN45 xenografts (HGF-negative) was 5.0 ± 1.3 %ID/g and a control of nonspecific human IgG 89Zr-DFO-IgG in U87MG tumors was 11.5 ± 3.3 %ID/g, demonstrating selective uptake in HGF-positive tumors. Similar experiments performed in 4 different gastric cancer patient-derived xenograft models showed low uptake of 89Zr-DFO-AMG102 (∼4-7 %ID/g), which corresponded with low HGF levels in these tumors (ex vivo ELISA). Autoradiography, immunohistochemical staining, and HGF ELISA assays confirmed that elevated levels of HGF protein were present only in U87MG tumors and that 89Zr-DFO-AMG102 uptake was closely correlated with HGF protein levels in tumors. Conclusion: The new immuno-PET imaging agent 89Zr-DFO-AMG102 was successfully synthesized, radiolabeled, and validated in vitro and in vivo to selectively accumulate in tumors with high local levels of HGF protein. These results suggest that 89Zr-DFO-AMG102 would be a valuable companion diagnostic tool for the noninvasive selection of patients with elevated local concentrations of HGF in tumors for planning any HGF-targeted therapy, with the potential to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Price
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kathryn E Carnazza
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sean D Carlin
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Andrew Cho
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kimberly J Edwards
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kuntal K Sevak
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan M Glaser
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yelena Y Janjigian
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York .,Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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42
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Sun PH, Chen G, Mason M, Jiang WG, Ye L. Dual roles of protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa in coordinating angiogenesis induced by pro-angiogenic factors. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1127-1135. [PMID: 28259897 PMCID: PMC5363875 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential role may be played by receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa (PTPRK) in angiogenesis due to its critical function in coordinating intracellular signal transduction from various receptors reliant on tyrosine phosphorylation. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of PTPRK in the cellular functions of vascular endothelial cells (HECV) and its role in angiogenesis using in vitro assays and a PTPRK knockdown vascular endothelial cell model. PTPRK knockdown in HECV cells (HECVPTPRKkd) resulted in a decrease of cell proliferation and cell-matrix adhesion; however, increased cell spreading and motility were seen. Reduced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin protein levels were seen in the PTPRK knockdown cells which may contribute to the inhibitory effect on adhesion. HECVPTPRKkd cells were more responsive to the treatment of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) in their migration compared with the untreated control and cells treated with VEGF. Moreover, elevated c-Src and Akt1 were seen in the PTPRK knockdown cells. The FGF-promoted cell migration was remarkably suppressed by an addition of PLCγ inhibitor compared with other small inhibitors. Knockdown of PTPRK suppressed the ability of HECV cells to form tubules and also impaired the tubule formation that was induced by FGF and conditioned medium of cancer cells. Taken together, it suggests that PTPRK plays dual roles in coordinating angiogenesis. It plays a positive role in cell proliferation, adhesion and tubule formation, but suppresses cell migration, in particular, the FGF-promoted migration. PTPRK bears potential to be targeted for the prevention of tumour associated angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hui Sun
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Gang Chen
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Malcolm Mason
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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Qamsari ES, Sharifzadeh Z, Bagheri S, Riazi-Rad F, Younesi V, Abolhassani M, Ghaderi SS, Baradaran B, Somi MH, Yousefi M. Isolation and characterization of anti c-met single chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies. J Immunotoxicol 2017; 14:23-30. [PMID: 28090795 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1251512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) Met is the cell surface receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) involved in invasive growth programs during embryogenesis and tumorgenesis. There is compelling evidence suggesting important roles for c-Met in colorectal cancer proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and survival. Hence, a molecular inhibitor of an extracellular domain of c-Met receptor that blocks c-Met-cell surface interactions could be of great thera-peutic importance. In an attempt to develop molecular inhibitors of c-Met, single chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display libraries Tomlinson I + J against a specific synthetic oligopeptide from the extracellular domain of c-Met receptor were screened; selected scFv were then characterized using various immune techniques. Three c-Met specific scFv (ES1, ES2, and ES3) were selected following five rounds of panning procedures. The scFv showed specific binding to c-Met receptor, and significantly inhibited proliferation responses of a human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-116). Moreover, anti- apoptotic effects of selected scFv antibodies on the HCT-116 cell line were also evaluated using Annexin V/PI assays. The results demonstrated rates of apoptotic cell death of 46.0, 25.5, and 37.8% among these cells were induced by use of ES1, ES2, and ES3, respectively. The results demonstrated ability to successfully isolate/char-acterize specific c-Met scFv that could ultimately have a great therapeutic potential in immuno-therapies against (colorectal) cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Safaie Qamsari
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Department of Immunology , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Immunology Department, Hybridoma Laboratory , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Zahra Sharifzadeh
- c Immunology Department, Hybridoma Laboratory , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Salman Bagheri
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Department of Immunology , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Immunology Department, Hybridoma Laboratory , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Farhad Riazi-Rad
- d Department of Immunology , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Vahid Younesi
- e Monoclonal Anti-body Research Center , Avicenna Research Institute , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohsen Abolhassani
- c Immunology Department, Hybridoma Laboratory , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Sepideh Safaei Ghaderi
- f Department of Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- g Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- g Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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Rosen LS, Goldman JW, Algazi AP, Turner PK, Moser B, Hu T, Wang XA, Tuttle J, Wacheck V, Wooldridge JE, Banck M. A First-in-Human Phase I Study of a Bivalent MET Antibody, Emibetuzumab (LY2875358), as Monotherapy and in Combination with Erlotinib in Advanced Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1910-1919. [PMID: 27803065 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The MET/HGF pathway regulates cell proliferation and survival and is dysregulated in multiple tumors. Emibetuzumab (LY2875358) is a bivalent antibody that inhibits HGF-dependent and HGF-independent MET signaling. Here, we report dose escalation results from the first-in-human phase I trial of emibetuzumab.Experimental Design: The study comprised a 3+3 dose escalation for emibetuzumab monotherapy (Part A) and in combination with erlotinib (Part A2). Emibetuzumab was administered i.v. every 2 weeks (Q2W) using a flat dosing scheme. The primary objective was to determine a recommended phase II dose (RPTD) range; secondary endpoints included tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and antitumor activity.Results: Twenty-three patients with solid tumors received emibetuzumab monotherapy at 20, 70, 210, 700, 1,400, and 2,000 mg and 14 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients at 700, 1,400, and 2,000 mg in combination with erlotinib 150 mg daily. No dose-limiting toxicities and related serious or ≥ grade 3 adverse events were observed. The most common emibetuzumab-related adverse events included mild diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, and mild to moderate fatigue, anorexia, and hypocalcemia in combination with erlotinib. Emibetuzumab showed linear PK at doses >210 mg. Three durable partial responses were observed, one for emibetuzumab (700 mg) and two for emibetuzumab + erlotinib (700 mg and 2,000 mg). Both of the responders to emibetuzumab + erlotinib had progressed to prior erlotinib and were positive for MET protein tumor expression.Conclusions: Based on tolerability, PK/PD analysis, and preliminary clinical activity, the RPTD range for emibetuzumab single agent and in combination with erlotinib is 700 to 2,000 mg i.v. Q2W. Clin Cancer Res; 23(8); 1910-9. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee S Rosen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Jonathan W Goldman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alain P Algazi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Brian Moser
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tianle Hu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Jay Tuttle
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Liu N, Wang Y, Huang G, Ji C, Fan W, Li H, Cheng Y, Tian H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine and 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives as c-Met inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2016; 65:146-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pothula SP, Xu Z, Goldstein D, Biankin AV, Pirola RC, Wilson JS, Apte MV. Hepatocyte growth factor inhibition: a novel therapeutic approach in pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:269-80. [PMID: 26766740 PMCID: PMC4742591 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs, which produce the stroma of pancreatic cancer (PC)) interact with cancer cells to facilitate PC growth. A candidate growth factor pathway that may mediate this interaction is the HGF-c-MET pathway. METHODS Effects of HGF inhibition (using a neutralising antibody AMG102) alone or in combination with gemcitabine were assessed (i) in vivo using an orthotopic model of PC, and (ii) in vitro using cultured PC cells (AsPC-1) and human PSCs. RESULTS We have shown that human PSCs (hPSCs) secrete HGF but do not express the receptor c-MET, which is present predominantly on cancer cells. HGF inhibition was as effective as standard chemotherapy in inhibiting local tumour growth but was significantly more effective than gemcitabine in reducing tumour angiogenesis and metastasis. HGF inhibition has resulted in reduced metastasis; however, interestingly this antimetastatic effect was lost when combined with gemcitabine. This suggests that gemcitabine treatment selects out a subpopulation of cancer cells with increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stem-cell characteristics, as supported by our findings of increased expression of EMT and stem-cell markers in tumour sections from our animal model. In vitro studies showed that hPSC secretions induced proliferation and migration, but inhibited apoptosis, of cancer cells. These effects were countered by pretreatment of hPSC secretions with a HGF-neutralising antibody but not by gemcitabine, indicating a key role for HGF in PSC-PC interactions. CONCLUSIONS Our studies suggest that targeted therapy to inhibit stromal-tumour interactions mediated by the HGF-c-MET pathway may represent a novel therapeutic approach in PC that will require careful modelling for optimal integration with existing treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa P Pothula
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Goldstein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Romano C Pirola
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeremy S Wilson
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Minoti V Apte
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
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Buchsbaum RJ, Oh SY. Breast Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8020019. [PMID: 26828520 PMCID: PMC4773742 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers are heterogeneous tissues comprised of multiple components, including tumor cells and microenvironment cells. The tumor microenvironment has a critical role in tumor progression. The tumor microenvironment is comprised of various cell types, including fibroblasts, macrophages and immune cells, as well as extracellular matrix and various cytokines and growth factors. Fibroblasts are the predominant cell type in the tumor microenvironment. However, neither the derivation of tissue-specific cancer-associated fibroblasts nor markers of tissue-specific cancer-associated fibroblasts are well defined. Despite these uncertainties it is increasingly apparent that cancer-associated fibroblasts have a crucial role in tumor progression. In breast cancer, there is evolving evidence showing that breast cancer-associated fibroblasts are actively involved in breast cancer initiation, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Breast cancer-associated fibroblasts also play a critical role in metabolic reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment and therapy resistance. This review summarizes the current understanding of breast cancer-associated fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Buchsbaum
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Sun Young Oh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10467, USA.
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48
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Owen S, Sanders AJ, Mason MD, Jiang WG. Importance of osteoprotegrin and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB in breast cancer response to hepatocyte growth factor and the bone microenvironment in vitro. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:919-28. [PMID: 26781475 PMCID: PMC4750544 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoprotegrin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) and RANK ligand (RANKL) are signal transducers which have pleiotropic actions. Each tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member has unique structural attributes which directly couples them to signalling pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Previous studies have clinically linked OPG, RANK and RANKL to increasing tumour burden, metastatic bone involvement and estrogen status. This study aimed to establish the potential implications of targeting endogenously produced OPG and RANK in the osteotropic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB‑231 in vitro. Subsequently this study also aimed to explore the potential links between these molecules with regards to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signalling and extracted bone proteins (BME). OPG and RANK expression was successfully suppressed using hammerhead ribozyme technology. Subsequently effects were explored in MDA-MB‑231 cell proliferation, matrix adhesion, migration and invasion in vitro function assays. Reduced OPG expression resulted in increased breast cancer cell migration and invasion. These increases, particularly invasion, appeared to however be reduced under the influence of the exogenous stimuli (HGF and BME). In contrast, suppression of RANK in MDA-MB‑231 breast cancer cells resulted in decreased cancer cell proliferation, matrix-adhesion, motility and invasion with little cumulative effect being noted after the addition of exogenous stimuli. The complexity of the bone environment underpins the vast number of soluble factors and signalling pathways which can influence osteotropic cancer behaviour and progression. Further work into elucidating all the pathways affected could potentially lead to better identification of those patients most at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sioned Owen
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Malcolm D Mason
- Section of Oncology and Palliative Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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Chen L, Li C, Zhu Y. The HGF inhibitory peptide HGP-1 displays promising in vitro and in vivo efficacy for targeted cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2015; 6:30088-101. [PMID: 26254225 PMCID: PMC4745783 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HGF/MET pathway mediates cancer initiation and development. Thus, inhibition on HGF-initiated MET signaling pathway would provide a new approach to cancer targeted therapeutics. In our study, we identified a targeting peptide candidate binding to HGF which was named HGF binding peptide-1 (HGP-1) via bacterial surface display methods coupled with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). HGP-1 showed the moderate affinity when determined with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique and high specificity in binding to HGF while assessed by fluorescence-based ELISA assay. The results from MTT and in vitro migration assay indicated that HGF-dependent cell proliferation and migration could be inhibited by HGP-1. In vivo administration of HGP-1 led to an effective inhibitory effect on tumor growth in A549 tumor xenograft models. Moreover, findings from Western Blots revealed that HGP-1 could down-regulated the phosphorylation levels of MET and ERK1/2 initiated by HGF, which suggested that HGP-1 could disrupt the activation of HGF/MET signaling to influence the cell activity. All the data highlighted the potential of HGP-1 to be a potent inhibitor for HGF/MET signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.,Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.,Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
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50
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Jiang WG, Ye L, Ruge F, Owen S, Martin T, Sun PH, Sanders AJ, Lane J, Satherley L, Weeks HP, Gao Y, Wei C, Wu Y, Mason MD. YangZheng XiaoJi exerts anti-tumour growth effects by antagonising the effects of HGF and its receptor, cMET, in human lung cancer cells. J Transl Med 2015; 13:280. [PMID: 26310485 PMCID: PMC4551384 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a cytokine that has a profound effect on cancer cells by stimulating migration and invasion and acting as an angiogenic factor. In lung cancer, the factor also plays a pivotal role and is linked to a poor outcome in patients. In particular, HGF is known to work in combination with EGF on lung cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a traditional Chinese medicine reported in cancer therapies, namely YangZheng XiaoJi (YZXJ) on lung cancer and on HGF mediated migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. METHODS Human lung cancer cells, SKMES1 and A549 were used in the study. An extract from the medicine was used. Cell migration was investigated using the EVOS and by ECIS. Cell-matrix adhesion and in vitro invasion were assessed. In vivo growth of lung cancer was tested using an in vivo xenograft tumour model and activation of the HGF receptor in lung tumours by an immunofluorescence method. RESULTS Both lung cancer cells increased their migration in response to HGF and responded to YZXJ by reducing their speed of migration. YZXJ markedly reduced the migration and in vitro invasiveness induced by HGF. It worked synergistically with PHA665752 and SU11274, HGF receptor inhibitors on the lung cancer cells both on HGF receptor activation and on cell functions. A combination of HGF and EGF resulted in a greater increase in cell migration, which was similarly inhibited by YZXJ, and in combination with the HGF receptor and EGF receptor inhibitors. In vivo, YZXJ reduced the rate of tumour growth and potentiated the effects of PHA665752 on tumour growth. It was further revealed that YZXJ significantly reduced the degree of phosphorylation of the HGF receptor in lung tumours. CONCLUSION YZXJ has a significant role in reducing the migration, invasion and in vivo tumour growth of lung cancer and acts to inhibit the migratory and invasive effects induced by HGF and indeed by HGF/EGF. This effect is likely attributed to the inhibition of the HGF receptor activation. These results indicate that YZXJ has a therapeutic role in lung cancer and that combined strategy with methods to block HGF and EGF should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Fiona Ruge
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Sioned Owen
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Tracey Martin
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Ping-Hui Sun
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Jane Lane
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Lucy Satherley
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Hoi P Weeks
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Yong Gao
- Yiling Medical Research Institute, No. 238 TianShan DaJie, Shijianzhuang, HeBei Province, China.
| | - Cong Wei
- Yiling Medical Research Institute, No. 238 TianShan DaJie, Shijianzhuang, HeBei Province, China.
| | - Yiling Wu
- Yiling Medical Research Institute, No. 238 TianShan DaJie, Shijianzhuang, HeBei Province, China.
| | - Malcolm D Mason
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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