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Petrescu DI, Yustein JT, Dasgupta A. Preclinical models for the study of pediatric solid tumors: focus on bone sarcomas. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1388484. [PMID: 39091911 PMCID: PMC11291195 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1388484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas comprise between 10-15% of all pediatric malignancies. Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma are the two most common pediatric bone tumors diagnosed in children and young adults. These tumors are commonly treated with surgery and/or radiation therapy and combination chemotherapy. However, there is a strong need for the development and utilization of targeted therapeutic methods to improve patient outcomes. Towards accomplishing this goal, pre-clinical models for these unique malignancies are of particular importance to design and test experimental therapeutic strategies prior to being introduced to patients due to their origination site and propensity to metastasize. Pre-clinical models offer several advantages for the study of pediatric sarcomas with unique benefits and shortcomings dependent on the type of model. This review addresses the types of pre-clinical models available for the study of pediatric solid tumors, with special attention to the bone sarcomas osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Isabel Petrescu
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jason T. Yustein
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Atreyi Dasgupta
- The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, United States
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2
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Yao M, Lei Z, Peng F, Wang D, Li M, Zhong G, Shao H, Zhou J, Du C, Zhang Y. Establishment of orthotopic osteosarcoma animal models in immunocompetent rats through muti-rounds of in-vivo selection. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:703. [PMID: 38849717 PMCID: PMC11162025 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient murine models are usually used as the preclinical models of osteosarcoma. Such models do not effectively simulate the process of tumorigenesis and metastasis. Establishing a suitable animal model for understanding the mechanism of osteosarcoma and the clinical translation is indispensable. The UMR-106 cell suspension was injected into the marrow cavity of Balb/C nude mice. Tumor masses were harvested from nude mice and sectioned. The tumor fragments were transplanted into the marrow cavities of SD rats immunosuppressed with cyclosporine A. Through muti-rounds selection in SD rats, we constructed orthotopic osteosarcoma animal models using rats with intact immune systems. The primary tumor cells were cultured in-vitro to obtain the immune-tolerant cell line. VX2 tumor fragments were transplanted into the distal femur and parosteal radius of New Zealand white rabbit to construct orthotopic osteosarcoma animal models in rabbits. The rate of tumor formation in SD rats (P1 generation) was 30%. After four rounds of selection and six rounds of acclimatization in SD rats with intact immune systems, we obtained immune-tolerant cell lines and established the orthotopic osteosarcoma model of the distal femur in SD rats. Micro-CT images confirmed tumor-driven osteolysis and the bone destruction process. Moreover, the orthotopic model was also established in New Zealand white rabbits by implanting VX2 tumor fragments into rabbit radii and femurs. We constructed orthotopic osteosarcoma animal models in rats with intact immune systems through muti-rounds in-vivo selection and the rabbit osteosarcoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zehua Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Smart Theranostics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China.
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guoqing Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hongwei Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Smart Theranostics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Jielong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chang Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Griffin K, Mizenko R, Arun V, Carney RP, Leach JK. Extracellular Vesicles from Highly Metastatic Osteosarcoma Cells Induce Pro-Tumorigenic Macrophage Phenotypes. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300577. [PMID: 38596830 PMCID: PMC11178448 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Metastasis is the principal factor in poor prognosis for individuals with osteosarcoma (OS). Understanding the events that lead to metastasis is critical to develop better interventions for this disease. Alveolar macrophages are potentially involved in priming the lung microenvironment for OS metastasis, yet the mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. Since extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a known actor in primary tumor development, their potential role in OS metastagenesis through macrophage modulation is explored here. The interaction of EVs isolated from highly metastatic (K7M2) and less metastatic (K12) osteosarcoma cell lines is compared with a peritoneal macrophage cell line. An EV concentration that reproducibly induced macrophage migration is identified first, then used for later experiments. By confocal microscopy, both EV types associated with M0 or M1 macrophages; however, only K7M2-EVs are associated with M2 macrophages, an interaction that is abrogated by EV pre-treatment with anti-CD47 antibody. Interestingly, all interactions appeared to be surface binding, not internalized. In functional studies, K7M2-EVs polarized fewer macrophages to M1. Together, these data suggest that K7M2-EVs have unique interactions with macrophages that can contribute to the production of a higher proportion of pro-tumor type macrophages, thereby accelerating metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Griffin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Rachel Mizenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Vishalakshi Arun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Randy P. Carney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - J. Kent Leach
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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4
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McAloney CA, Makkawi R, Budhathoki Y, Cannon MV, Franz EM, Gross AC, Cam M, Vetter TA, Duhen R, Davies AE, Roberts RD. Host-derived growth factors drive ERK phosphorylation and MCL1 expression to promote osteosarcoma cell survival during metastatic lung colonization. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:259-282. [PMID: 37676378 PMCID: PMC10899530 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00867-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE For patients with osteosarcoma, disease-related mortality most often results from lung metastasis-a phenomenon shared with many solid tumors. While established metastatic lesions behave aggressively, very few of the tumor cells that reach the lung will survive. By identifying mechanisms that facilitate survival of disseminated tumor cells, we can develop therapeutic strategies that prevent and treat metastasis. METHODS We analyzed single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) data from murine metastasis-bearing lungs to interrogate changes in both host and tumor cells during colonization. We used these data to elucidate pathways that become activated in cells that survive dissemination and identify candidate host-derived signals that drive activation. We validated these findings through live cell reporter systems, immunocytochemistry, and fluorescent immunohistochemistry. We then validated the functional relevance of key candidates using pharmacologic inhibition in models of metastatic osteosarcoma. RESULTS Expression patterns suggest that the MAPK pathway is significantly elevated in early and established metastases. MAPK activity correlates with expression of anti-apoptotic genes, especially MCL1. Niche cells produce growth factors that increase ERK phosphorylation and MCL1 expression in tumor cells. Both early and established metastases are vulnerable to MCL1 inhibition, but not MEK inhibition in vivo. Combining MCL1 inhibition with chemotherapy both prevented colonization and eliminated established metastases in murine models of osteosarcoma. CONCLUSION Niche-derived growth factors drive MAPK activity and MCL1 expression in osteosarcoma, promoting metastatic colonization. Although later metastases produce less MCL1, they remain dependent on it. MCL1 is a promising target for clinical trials in both human and canine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A McAloney
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Childhood Cancers and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rawan Makkawi
- Knight Cancer Institute's, Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Yogesh Budhathoki
- Center for Childhood Cancers and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew V Cannon
- Center for Childhood Cancers and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emily M Franz
- Center for Childhood Cancers and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy C Gross
- Center for Childhood Cancers and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maren Cam
- Center for Childhood Cancers and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tatyana A Vetter
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rebekka Duhen
- Knight Cancer Institute's, Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Alexander E Davies
- Knight Cancer Institute's, Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Ryan D Roberts
- Center for Childhood Cancers and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
- The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Mukherjee P, Roy S, Ghosh D, Nandi SK. Role of animal models in biomedical research: a review. Lab Anim Res 2022; 38:18. [PMID: 35778730 PMCID: PMC9247923 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-022-00128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The animal model deals with the species other than the human, as it can imitate the disease progression, its’ diagnosis as well as a treatment similar to human. Discovery of a drug and/or component, equipment, their toxicological studies, dose, side effects are in vivo studied for future use in humans considering its’ ethical issues. Here lies the importance of the animal model for its enormous use in biomedical research. Animal models have many facets that mimic various disease conditions in humans like systemic autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, Atherosclerosis, diabetes, etc., and many more. Besides, the model has tremendous importance in drug development, development of medical devices, tissue engineering, wound healing, and bone and cartilage regeneration studies, as a model in vascular surgeries as well as the model for vertebral disc regeneration surgery. Though, all the models have some advantages as well as challenges, but, present review has emphasized the importance of various small and large animal models in pharmaceutical drug development, transgenic animal models, models for medical device developments, studies for various human diseases, bone and cartilage regeneration model, diabetic and burn wound model as well as surgical models like vascular surgeries and surgeries for intervertebral disc degeneration considering all the ethical issues of that specific animal model. Despite, the process of using the animal model has facilitated researchers to carry out the researches that would have been impossible to accomplish in human considering the ethical prohibitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mukherjee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Mohanpur, Nadia, India
| | - S Roy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Mohanpur, Nadia, India
| | - D Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - S K Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India.
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Tang C, Wang D, Wu Y, Xu H, Zhang H. Surgery Has Positive Effects on Spinal Osteosarcoma Prognosis: A Population-Based Database Study. World Neurosurg 2022; 164:e367-e386. [PMID: 35504478 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The treatment of osteosarcoma of the spine remains controversial. Our aim was to explore the treatment of patients with spinal osteosarcoma. METHODS We analyzed the data from 727 spinal osteosarcoma patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1973 to 2015. X-tile software was used to find the optimal cutoff values for age and economic income. The Kaplan-Meier estimator method was used to analyze overall survival and cancer-specific survival. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were used to identify the independent prognostic factors. Propensity score matching was used to reduce the possibility of selection bias. A logistic regression model was used to clarify the relevant factors affecting a patient's decision to undergo surgery. RESULTS Among 727 eligible spinal osteosarcoma patients, 370 (50.9%) had undergone surgery and 357 (49.1%) had not undergone surgery. Significant differences were found in the effects of patient age at diagnosis, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results historical stage, and tumor grade on the patients' decision to undergo surgery (P < 0.05). Surgery was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival and cancer-specific survival of patients with spinal osteosarcoma. The same results were found after 1:1 propensity score matching. The surgery group had more favorable survival compared with the nonsurgery group. CONCLUSIONS Surgery can provide survival benefits for patients with osteosarcoma of the spine. The patients with spinal osteosarcoma who had undergone surgery experienced favorable survival benefits. Thus, surgery can be a suitable treatment for patients with spinal osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- Orthopedic Department, People's Hospital of Putuo District, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Pain Department, Pizhou City People's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Orthopedics Department, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuman Wu
- Fifth Clinical Medical College, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Hengyuan Xu
- Jiakou Community Health Service Center, Pizhou City People's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Orthopedic Department, People's Hospital of Putuo District, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Martella E, Dozza B, Ferroni C, Obeyok CO, Guerrini A, Tedesco D, Manet I, Sotgiu G, Columbaro M, Ballestri M, Martini L, Fini M, Lucarelli E, Varchi G, Duchi S. Two Beats One: Osteosarcoma Therapy with Light-Activated and Chemo-Releasing Keratin Nanoformulation in a Preclinical Mouse Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030677. [PMID: 35336051 PMCID: PMC8950553 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma treatment is moving towards more effective combination therapies. Nevertheless, these approaches present distinctive challenges that can complicate the clinical translation, such as increased toxicity and multi-drug resistance. Drug co-encapsulation within a nanoparticle formulation can overcome these challenges and improve the therapeutic index. We previously synthetized keratin nanoparticles functionalized with Chlorin-e6 (Ce6) and paclitaxel (PTX) to combine photo (PDT) and chemotherapy (PTX) regimens, and the inhibition of osteosarcoma cells growth in vitro was demonstrated. In the current study, we generated an orthotopic osteosarcoma murine model for the preclinical evaluation of our combination therapy. To achieve maximum reproducibility, we systematically established key parameters, such as the number of cells to generate the tumor, the nanoparticles dose, the design of the light-delivery device, the treatment schedule, and the irradiation settings. A 60% engrafting rate was obtained using 10 million OS cells inoculated intratibial, with the tumor model recapitulating the histological hallmarks of the human counterpart. By scheduling the treatment as two cycles of injections, a 32% tumor reduction was obtained with PTX mono-therapy and a 78% reduction with the combined PTX-PDT therapy. Our findings provide the in vivo proof of concept for the subsequent clinical development of a combination therapy to fight osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martella
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (C.F.); (C.O.O.); (A.G.); (D.T.); (I.M.); (G.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Barbara Dozza
- Rizzoli Laboratory Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40123 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Claudia Ferroni
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (C.F.); (C.O.O.); (A.G.); (D.T.); (I.M.); (G.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Clement Osuru Obeyok
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (C.F.); (C.O.O.); (A.G.); (D.T.); (I.M.); (G.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Andrea Guerrini
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (C.F.); (C.O.O.); (A.G.); (D.T.); (I.M.); (G.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Daniele Tedesco
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (C.F.); (C.O.O.); (A.G.); (D.T.); (I.M.); (G.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Ilse Manet
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (C.F.); (C.O.O.); (A.G.); (D.T.); (I.M.); (G.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Giovanna Sotgiu
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (C.F.); (C.O.O.); (A.G.); (D.T.); (I.M.); (G.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Marta Columbaro
- Electron Microscopy Platform, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Marco Ballestri
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (C.F.); (C.O.O.); (A.G.); (D.T.); (I.M.); (G.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Lucia Martini
- Complex Structure Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (L.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Milena Fini
- Complex Structure Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (L.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Enrico Lucarelli
- Regenerative Therapies in Oncology of the Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Greta Varchi
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (C.F.); (C.O.O.); (A.G.); (D.T.); (I.M.); (G.S.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.V.); (S.D.); Tel.: +39-051-6398283 (G.V.)
| | - Serena Duchi
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (C.F.); (C.O.O.); (A.G.); (D.T.); (I.M.); (G.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Correspondence: (G.V.); (S.D.); Tel.: +39-051-6398283 (G.V.)
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Impact of limb amputation and cisplatin chemotherapy on metastatic progression in mouse models of osteosarcoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24435. [PMID: 34952927 PMCID: PMC8709858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of animal models that accurately recapitulate human cancer is an ongoing challenge. This is particularly relevant in the study of osteosarcoma (OS), a highly malignant bone tumor diagnosed in approximately 1000 pediatric/adolescent patients each year. Metastasis is the leading cause of patient death underscoring the need for relevant animal models of metastatic OS. In this study, we describe how existing OS mouse models can be interrogated in a time-course context to determine the kinetics of spontaneous metastasis from an orthotopically implanted primary tumor. We evaluated four highly metastatic OS cell lines (3 human, 1 mouse) to establish a timeline for metastatic progression in immune deficient NSG mice. To discern the effects of therapy on tumor development and metastasis in these models, we investigated cisplatin therapy and surgical limb amputation at early and late timepoints. These data help define the appropriate observational periods for studies of metastatic progression in OS and further our understanding of existing mouse models. Efforts to advance the study of metastatic OS are critical for facilitating the identification of novel therapeutics and for improving patient survival.
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Liu Z, Wen J, Hu F, Wang J, Hu C, Zhang W. Thrombospondin-1 induced programmed death-ligand 1-mediated immunosuppression by activating the STAT3 pathway in osteosarcoma. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:432-445. [PMID: 34927311 PMCID: PMC8819289 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin‐1 (TSP1) is generally assumed to suppress the growth of osteosarcoma through inhibiting angiogenesis; however, it is unclear whether TSP1 could affect the antitumor immunity against osteosarcoma. We aimed to explore the immune‐related tumor‐promoting effects of TSP1 and decipher its underlying mechanism. First, we identified that TSP1 regulated programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression, which was related to the CD8+ T cells anergy in osteosarcoma cells. The exact role of PD‐L1 in the immunosuppressive effect of TSP1 was then further confirmed by the addition of the PD‐L1 neutralizing Ab. With the addition of PD‐L1 neutralizing Abs during cocultivation, the inhibition of CD8+ T cells was abolished to a certain extent. Further mechanistic investigations showed that TSP1‐induced PD‐L1 upregulation was achieved by activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. In vivo experiments also indicated that TSP1 overexpression could promote the growth of primary lesions, whereas TSP1 knockdown effectively inhibits the growth of the primary lesion as well as lung metastasis by restoring the antitumor immunity. Thrombospondin‐1 knockdown combined with PD‐L1 neutralizing Ab achieved a more pronounced antitumor effect. Taken together, our study showed that TSP1 upregulates PD‐L1 by activating the STAT3 pathway and, therefore, impairs the antitumor immunity against osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuochao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junxiang Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangqiong Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanzhen Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Wedekind MF, Miller KE, Chen CY, Wang PY, Hutzen BJ, Currier MA, Nartker B, Roberts RD, Boon L, Conner J, LaHaye S, Kelly BJ, Gordon D, White P, Mardis ER, Cripe TP. Endogenous retrovirus envelope as a tumor-associated immunotherapeutic target in murine osteosarcoma. iScience 2021; 24:102759. [PMID: 34278266 PMCID: PMC8267546 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma remains one of the deadliest cancers in pediatrics and young adults. We administered two types of immunotherapies, oncolytic virotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibition, to two murine osteosarcoma models and observed divergent results. Mice bearing F420 showed no response, whereas those with K7M2 showed prolonged survival in response to combination therapy. K7M2 had higher expression of immune-related genes and higher baseline immune cell infiltrates, but there were no significant differences in tumor mutational burden or predicted MHC class I binding of nonsynonymous mutations. Instead, we found several mouse endogenous retrovirus sequences highly expressed in K7M2 compared with F420. T cell tetramer staining for one of them, gp70, was detected in mice with K7M2 but not F420, suggesting that endogenous retrovirus proteins are targets for the anti-tumor immune reaction. Given prior observations of endogenous retrovirus expression in human osteosarcomas, our findings may be translatable to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Frances Wedekind
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Katherine E. Miller
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Brian J. Hutzen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Mark A. Currier
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Brooke Nartker
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Ryan D. Roberts
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Louis Boon
- Polpharma Biologics, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stephanie LaHaye
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Kelly
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David Gordon
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter White
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Elaine R. Mardis
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy P. Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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11
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Yu X, Yustein JT, Xu J. Research models and mesenchymal/epithelial plasticity of osteosarcoma. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:94. [PMID: 34022967 PMCID: PMC8141200 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00600-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most osteosarcomas (OSs) develop from mesenchymal cells at the bone with abnormal growth in young patients. OS has an annual incidence of 3.4 per million people and a 60-70% 5-year surviving rate. About 20% of OS patients have metastasis at diagnosis, and only 27% of patients with metastatic OS survive longer than 5 years. Mutation of tumor suppressors RB1, TP53, REQL4 and INK4a and/or deregulation of PI3K/mTOR, TGFβ, RANKL/NF-κB and IGF pathways have been linked to OS development. However, the agents targeting these pathways have yielded disappointing clinical outcomes. Surgery and chemotherapy remain the main treatments of OS. Recurrent and metastatic OSs are commonly resistant to these therapies. Spontaneous canine models, carcinogen-induced rodent models, transgenic mouse models, human patient-derived xenograft models, and cell lines from animal and human OSs have been developed for studying the initiation, growth and progression of OS and testing candidate drugs of OS. The cell plasticity regulated by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition transcription factors (EMT-TFs) such as TWIST1, SNAIL, SLUG, ZEB1 and ZEB2 plays an important role in maintenance of the mesenchymal status and promotion of cell invasion and metastasis of OS cells. Multiple microRNAs including miR-30/9/23b/29c/194/200, proteins including SYT-SSX1/2 fusion proteins and OVOL2, and other factors that inhibit AMF/PGI and LRP5 can suppress either the expression or activity of EMT-TFs to increase epithelial features and inhibit OS metastasis. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate OS cell plasticity should provide potential targets and therapeutic strategies for improving OS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jason T Yustein
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, and The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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12
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Zhou Z, Li Y, Kuang M, Wang X, Jia Q, Cao J, Hu J, Wu S, Wang Z, Xiao J. The CD24 + cell subset promotes invasion and metastasis in human osteosarcoma. EBioMedicine 2020; 51:102598. [PMID: 31901872 PMCID: PMC6948162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.102598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma is the most common primary aggressive bone tumor affecting children and young adolescents. Metastases are often resistant to conventional chemotherapy and mean short-term survival. Development of valuable diagnostic indicators and targeting agents will have important implications for clinical diagnosis by the identification and characterization of molecules that contribute to its aggressive behavior. METHODS We examined differential expression levels of common stem cell markers in osteosarcoma parental and sphere cells. In addition, we further analyzed the changes of candidate common stem cell markers before and after in vitro chemotherapy of osteosarcoma cells. The biological functions of CD24+ subpopulation in osteosarcoma such as proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis were systematically investigated, and the correlations of CD24 levels with prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma were analyzed. FINDINGS CD24+ Cells presented characteristics of TICs and resist drug-induced apoptosis. The prevention of tumor formation and metastasis by CD24 knockdown highlights the potential of CD24 as a therapeutic target for osteosarcoma. Moreover, the levels of CD24 in osteosarcoma samples were significantly correlated with the prognosis of patients. INTERPRETATION CD24+ cell subset played an important role in osteosarcoma invasion and metastasis. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81772857); Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (18140902000); Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (2017ZZ01017; 17411950301).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (The Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200003,China
| | - Yan Li
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032,China
| | - Muyu Kuang
- Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai,200040, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (The Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200003,China
| | - Qi Jia
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (The Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200003,China
| | - Jiashi Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (The Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200003,China
| | - Jingjing Hu
- Clinical Research Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (The Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sujia Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (The Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (The Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200003,China.
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13
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Jiang K, Li J, Zhang J, Wang L, Zhang Q, Ge J, Guo Y, Wang B, Huang Y, Yang T, Hao D, Shan L. SDF-1/CXCR4 axis facilitates myeloid-derived suppressor cells accumulation in osteosarcoma microenvironment and blunts the response to anti-PD-1 therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105818. [PMID: 31437795 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1, are a novel class of inhibitors that function as a tumor suppressing factor via modulation of immune cell-tumor cell interaction. To date, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of specific types of tumors and obtained good clinical efficacy. However, patients with osteosarcoma showed poor response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, the mechanism of which is not well understood. In this study, we found that osteosarcoma tissues were heavily infiltrated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) which could inhibit cytotoxicity T cell (CTL) expansion. Further study revealed that the vast majority of tumor-infiltrating MDSCs were CXCR4 positive and could migrate toward an SDF-1 gradient. The binding of SDF-1 to its receptor CXCR4 results in the activation of downstream AKT pathway that mediates reduced apoptosis of MDSCs. We also demonstrated that AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, has a synergistic effect with anti-PD-1 antibody in tumor treatment in a murine model of osteosarcoma. These findings provide the basis for establishing CXCR4 antagonist and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors co-administration as a novel therapeutic regimen for patients with osteosarcoma and hold great promise for improving the therapeutic effect of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jitao Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qianfeng Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junli Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunshan Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tuanmin Yang
- Department of Bone Disease and Tumor, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Lequn Shan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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14
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Wagner F, Holzapfel BM, Martine LC, McGovern J, Lahr CA, Boxberg M, Prodinger PM, Grässel S, Loessner D, Hutmacher DW. A humanized bone microenvironment uncovers HIF2 alpha as a latent marker for osteosarcoma. Acta Biomater 2019; 89:372-381. [PMID: 30836200 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The quest for predictive tumor markers for osteosarcoma (OS) has not well progressed over the last two decades due to a lack of preclinical models. The aim of this study was to investigate if microenvironmental modifications in an original humanized in vivo model alter the expression of OS tumor markers. Human bone micro-chips and bone marrow, harvested during hip arthroplasty, were implanted at the flanks of NOD/scid mice. We administered recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 7 (rhBMP-7) in human bone micro-chips/bone marrow group I in order to modulate bone matrix and bone marrow humanization. Ten weeks post-implantation, human Luc-SAOS-2 OS cells were injected into the humanized tissue-engineered bone organs (hTEBOs). Tumors were harvested 5 weeks post-implantation to determine the expression of the previously described OS markers ezrin, periostin, VEGF, HIF1α and HIF2α. Representation of these proteins was analyzed in two different OS patient cohorts. Ezrin was downregulated in OS in hTEBOs with rhBMP-7, whereas HIF2α was significantly upregulated in comparison to hTEBOs without rhBMP-7. The expression of periostin, VEGF and HIF1α did not differ significantly between both groups. HIF2α was consistently present in OS patients and dependent on tumor site and clinical stage. OS patients post-chemotherapy had suppressed levels of HIF2α. In conclusion, we demonstrated the overall expression of OS-related factors in a preclinical model, which is based on a humanized bone organ. Our preclinical research results and analysis of two comprehensive patient cohorts imply that HIF2α is a potential prognostic marker and/or therapeutic target. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates the clinical relevance of the humanized organ bone microenvironment in osteosarcoma research and validates the expression of tumor markers, especially HIF2α. The convergence of clinically proven bone engineering concepts for the development of humanized mice models is a new starting point for investigations of OS-related marker expression. The validation and first data set in such a model let one conclude that further clinical studies on the role of HIF2α as a prognostic marker and its potential as therapeutic target is a condition sine qua non.
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15
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Bertin H, Guilho R, Brion R, Amiaud J, Battaglia S, Moreau A, Brouchet-Gomez A, Longis J, Piot B, Heymann D, Corre P, Rédini F. Jaw osteosarcoma models in mice: first description. J Transl Med 2019; 17:56. [PMID: 30813941 PMCID: PMC6391788 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common cancer of bone. Jaw osteosarcoma (JOS) is rare and it differs from other OS in terms of the time of occurrence (two decades later) and better survival. The aim of our work was to develop and characterize specific mouse models of JOS. METHODS Syngenic and xenogenic models of JOS were developed in mice using mouse (MOS-J) and human (HOS1544) osteosarcoma cell lines, respectively. An orthotopic patient-derived xenograft model (PDX) was also developed from a mandibular biopsy. These models were characterized at the histological and micro-CT imaging levels, as well as in terms of tumor growth and metastatic spread. RESULTS Homogeneous tumor growth was observed in both the HOS1544 and the MOS-J JOS models by injection of 0.25 × 106 and 0.50 × 106 tumor cells, respectively, at perimandibular sites. Histological characterization of the tumors revealed features consistent with high grade conventional osteosarcoma, and the micro-CT analysis revealed both osteogenic and osteolytic lesions. Early metastasis was encountered at day 14 in the xenogenic model, while there were no metastatic lesions in the syngenic model and in the PDX models. CONCLUSION We describe the first animal model of JOS and its potential use for therapeutic applications. This model needs to be compared with the usual long-bone osteosarcoma models to investigate potential differences in the bone microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélios Bertin
- Laboratoire des sarcomes osseux et remodelage des tissus calcifiés (Phy.OS), UMR 1238, Faculté de médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes Cedex, France. .,Service de chirurgie Maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Romain Guilho
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, England, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Régis Brion
- Laboratoire des sarcomes osseux et remodelage des tissus calcifiés (Phy.OS), UMR 1238, Faculté de médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Amiaud
- Laboratoire des sarcomes osseux et remodelage des tissus calcifiés (Phy.OS), UMR 1238, Faculté de médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Séverine Battaglia
- Laboratoire des sarcomes osseux et remodelage des tissus calcifiés (Phy.OS), UMR 1238, Faculté de médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Anne Moreau
- Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologique, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Anne Brouchet-Gomez
- Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologique, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopôle, 1 avenue Irène Joliot-Curie, 31059, Toulouse Cedex 9, France.,Centre de ressources biologiques - Cancer, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopôle, 1 avenue Irène Joliot-Curie, 31059, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Julie Longis
- Service de chirurgie Maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Benoit Piot
- Service de chirurgie Maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Laboratoire Hétérogénéité Tumorale et Médecine de Précision, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Boulevard Jacques Monod, 44805, Saint Herblain, France.,Service d'Histologie-Embryologie, Faculté de médecine de Nantes, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Corre
- Service de chirurgie Maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France.,Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Ostéo-Articulaire et Dentaire (LIOAD), Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042, Nantes, France
| | - Françoise Rédini
- Laboratoire des sarcomes osseux et remodelage des tissus calcifiés (Phy.OS), UMR 1238, Faculté de médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes Cedex, France
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16
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Loh AHP, Stewart E, Bradley CL, Chen X, Daryani V, Stewart CF, Calabrese C, Funk A, Miller G, Karlstrom A, Krafcik F, Goshorn DR, Vogel P, Bahrami A, Shelat A, Dyer MA. Combinatorial screening using orthotopic patient derived xenograft-expanded early phase cultures of osteosarcoma identify novel therapeutic drug combinations. Cancer Lett 2018; 442:262-270. [PMID: 30395907 PMCID: PMC6342199 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lead discovery in osteosarcoma has been hampered by the lack of new agents, limited representative clinical samples and paucity of accurate preclinical models. We developed orthotopic patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) that recapitulated the molecular, cellular and histologic features of primary tumors, and screened PDX-expanded short-term cultures and commercial cell lines of osteosarcoma against focused drug libraries. Osteosarcoma cells were most sensitive to HDAC, proteasome, and combination PI3K/MEK and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, and least sensitive to PARP, RAF, ERK and MEK inhibitors. Correspondingly, PI3K signaling pathway genes were up-regulated in metastatic tumors compared to primary tumors. In combinatorial screens, as a class, HDAC inhibitors showed additive effects when combined with standard-of-care agents gemcitabine and doxorubicin. This lead discovery strategy afforded a means to perform high-throughput drug screens of tumor cells that accurately recapitulated those from original human tumors, and identified classes of novel and repurposed drugs with activity against osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos H P Loh
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Elizabeth Stewart
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Cori L Bradley
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Vinay Daryani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Clinton F Stewart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Christopher Calabrese
- Animal Resources Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Amy Funk
- Animal Resources Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Greg Miller
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Asa Karlstrom
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Fred Krafcik
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - David R Goshorn
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Armita Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Anang Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
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17
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Wagner F, Holzapfel BM, McGovern JA, Shafiee A, Baldwin JG, Martine LC, Lahr CA, Wunner FM, Friis T, Bas O, Boxberg M, Prodinger PM, Shokoohmand A, Moi D, Mazzieri R, Loessner D, Hutmacher DW. Humanization of bone and bone marrow in an orthotopic site reveals new potential therapeutic targets in osteosarcoma. Biomaterials 2018; 171:230-246. [PMID: 29705656 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing preclinical murine models often fail to predict effects of anti-cancer drugs. In order to minimize interspecies-differences between murine hosts and human bone tumors of in vivo xenograft platforms, we tissue-engineered a novel orthotopic humanized bone model. METHODS Orthotopic humanized tissue engineered bone constructs (ohTEBC) were fabricated by 3D printing of medical-grade polycaprolactone scaffolds, which were seeded with human osteoblasts and embedded within polyethylene glycol-based hydrogels containing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Constructs were then implanted at the femur of NOD-scid and NSG mice. NSG mice were then bone marrow transplanted with human CD34 + cells. Human osteosarcoma (OS) growth was induced within the ohTEBCs by direct injection of Luc-SAOS-2 cells. Tissues were harvested for bone matrix and marrow morphology analysis as well as tumor biology investigations. Tumor marker expression was analyzed in the humanized OS and correlated with the expression in 68 OS patients utilizing tissue micro arrays (TMA). RESULTS After harvesting the femurs micro computed tomography and immunohistochemical staining showed an organ, which had all features of human bone. Around the original mouse femur new bone trabeculae have formed surrounded by a bone cortex. Staining for human specific (hs) collagen type-I (hs Col-I) showed human extracellular bone matrix production. The presence of nuclei staining positive for human nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 (hs NuMa) proved the osteocytes residing within the bone matrix were of human origin. Flow cytometry verified the presence of human hematopoietic cells. After injection of Luc-SAOS-2 cells a primary tumor and lung metastasis developed. After euthanization histological analysis showed pathognomic features of osteoblastic OS. Furthermore, the tumor utilized the previously implanted HUVECS for angiogenesis. Tumor marker expression was similar to human patients. Moreover, the recently discovered musculoskeletal gene C12orf29 was expressed in the most common subtypes of OS patient samples. CONCLUSION OhTEBCs represent a suitable orthotopic microenvironment for humanized OS growth and offers a new translational direction, as the femur is the most common location of OS. The newly developed and validated preclinical model allows controlled and predictive marker studies of primary bone tumors and other bone malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Wagner
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany; Department of Orthopedics for the University of Regensburg, Asklepios Klinikum Bad Abbach, Kaiser-Karl V.-Allee 3, 93077 Bad Abbach, Germany
| | - Boris M Holzapfel
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia; Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, Brettreichstr. 11, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jacqui A McGovern
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeremy G Baldwin
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Laure C Martine
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christoph A Lahr
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Felix M Wunner
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thor Friis
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Onur Bas
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Melanie Boxberg
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter M Prodinger
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Shokoohmand
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Davide Moi
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roberta Mazzieri
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniela Loessner
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia; Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Brisbane, Australia; George W Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.
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18
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Ray S, Saha S, Sa B, Chakraborty J. In vivo pharmacological evaluation and efficacy study of methotrexate-encapsulated polymer-coated layered double hydroxide nanoparticles for possible application in the treatment of osteosarcoma. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 7:259-275. [PMID: 28050892 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-016-0351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Considering the existing drawbacks of methotrexate (MTX) with respect to its solubility and toxicity, we incorporated it in a nanoceramic matrix, Mg-Al-layered double hydroxide (LDH) to form LDH-MTX nanoparticles, and the same was in turn encapsulated in a nontoxic and biodegradable polymer, poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), to arrest the initial burst release and dose-dumping-related toxicity, already reported by our group. Our present study was designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, survival rate of the test animals, and antitumor efficacy of the PLGA-LDH-MTX nanoparticles and its counterpart without LDH, PLGA-MTX nanoparticles compared with bare MTX. The median lethal dose (LD50) of the former was higher, compared with bare MTX, using Balb/c nude mice, indicating it to be completely safe for use. Also, a comparative pharmacokinetic and antitumour efficacy study using MTX, PLGA-MTX, and PLGA-LDH-MTX nanoparticles in osteosarcoma-induced Balb/c nude mice in vivo demonstrated superiority of PLGA-LDH-MTX as compared to PLGA-MTX and bare MTX. The results suggest that PLGA-LDH-MTX nanoparticles might exhibit potential advantages over the present-day chemotherapy over bare MTX, for the possibility of treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Ray
- CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Suman Saha
- CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Biswanath Sa
- Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Jui Chakraborty
- CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
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19
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Zhou Z, Li Y, Yan X, Wang X, Yang C, Wei H, Yang X, Xiao J. Does rarity mean imparity? Biological characteristics of osteosarcoma cells originating from the spine. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:1959-1969. [PMID: 28551767 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteosarcoma is one of the most common malignancies in bones and is often found in limbs. Until now, it is not clear why osteosarcoma is rare in the spine. On the other hand, previous biological characteristics study about osteosarcoma of spine was also rare because of its low incidence. To explore the biology of spinal osteosarcoma, a stable osteosarcoma cell line derived from spine is necessary. METHODS A novel osteosarcoma cell line named NEO217 was established from spinal osteosarcoma tissues obtained from a Chinese male patient. We performed a series of experiments to investigate the biological properties of NEO217, including cell morphology, the kinetics of cell growth, biomarkers and tumorigenicity. RESULTS The cell line NEO217 was passaged in vitro for more than 50 generations. Ultramicroscopic structural features of these cells were consistent with the pleomorphism characteristic of cancer cells. The average cell doubling time was 26 h. The chromosomal morphology was that of a human karyotype, with the number of chromosomes more than 80. NEO217 cells and available osteosarcoma cell lines such as MG-63 and MNNG/HOS were all CD29+CD59+ phenotype as detected by flow cytometry. Inoculation of NEO217 cells to immunodeficient mice led to tumor formation. The biological and molecular properties of NEO217 cell line are not exactly the same as some human osteosarcoma cell lines derived from the extremities. CONCLUSION We have established a novel osteosarcoma cell line NEO217 derived from the spine, which will provide a useful model for biological or therapeutical studies of spinal osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 455th Hospital of PLA, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Haifeng Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xinghai Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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20
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Zou Y, Huang Y, Yang J, Wu J, Luo C. miR-34a is downregulated in human osteosarcoma stem-like cells and promotes invasion, tumorigenic ability and self-renewal capacity. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1631-1637. [PMID: 28260055 PMCID: PMC5364984 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-34 (miR-34), in particular miR-34a, has a negative regulatory effect on osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Notably, it is also a post‑transcriptional regulatory factor of (sex determining region Y)‑box 2 (Sox-2), which is required for osteosarcoma cell self‑renewal and tumorigenesis. As a direct regulator of Sox‑2, miR‑34a has been hypothesized to be greatly associated with the regulation of malignancies in osteosarcoma. To investigate the role of miR-34a in the malignancies of osteosarcoma, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the expression level of miR‑34a in osteospheres. The results revealed that the miR‑34a, b and c were suppressed in osteosarcoma stem‑like cells (OSCs) and osteospheres. The introduction of miR‑34a mimics and short hairpin (sh)RNA targeting Sox‑2 mRNA (shSox‑2) in human OSCs markedly reduced their transformation properties in vitro and their capacity to form tumors in soft agar. Furthermore, the epigenetic expression of miR‑34a and shSox‑2 inhibited the expression of the stem cell marker, stem cell antigen‑1 and led to the failure of osteosphere formation, respectively. The data of the present study indicated that the inhibitory role of miR‑34a on tumor growth and metastasis of osteosarcoma may function by reducing the maintenance of osteosphere self‑renewal capacity, elimination of tumorigenic ability and invasion of osteosarcoma in vitro. These findings may provide the basis for a novel therapeutic target of osteosarcomas based on inducing the expression of miR-34a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggen Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yuanshuai Huang
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jiexiang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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21
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Martine LC, Holzapfel BM, McGovern JA, Wagner F, Quent VM, Hesami P, Wunner FM, Vaquette C, De-Juan-Pardo EM, Brown TD, Nowlan B, Wu DJ, Hutmacher CO, Moi D, Oussenko T, Piccinini E, Zandstra PW, Mazzieri R, Lévesque JP, Dalton PD, Taubenberger AV, Hutmacher DW. Engineering a humanized bone organ model in mice to study bone metastases. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:639-663. [PMID: 28253234 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current in vivo models for investigating human primary bone tumors and cancer metastasis to the bone rely on the injection of human cancer cells into the mouse skeleton. This approach does not mimic species-specific mechanisms occurring in human diseases and may preclude successful clinical translation. We have developed a protocol to engineer humanized bone within immunodeficient hosts, which can be adapted to study the interactions between human cancer cells and a humanized bone microenvironment in vivo. A researcher trained in the principles of tissue engineering will be able to execute the protocol and yield study results within 4-6 months. Additive biomanufactured scaffolds seeded and cultured with human bone-forming cells are implanted ectopically in combination with osteogenic factors into mice to generate a physiological bone 'organ', which is partially humanized. The model comprises human bone cells and secreted extracellular matrix (ECM); however, other components of the engineered tissue, such as the vasculature, are of murine origin. The model can be further humanized through the engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that can lead to human hematopoiesis within the murine host. The humanized organ bone model has been well characterized and validated and allows dissection of some of the mechanisms of the bone metastatic processes in prostate and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure C Martine
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Boris M Holzapfel
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jacqui A McGovern
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ferdinand Wagner
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Orthopedics for the University of Regensburg, Asklepios Klinikum Bad Abbach, Bad Abbach, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena M Quent
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Martin-Luther-Krankenhaus, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Parisa Hesami
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Felix M Wunner
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cedryck Vaquette
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Toby D Brown
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bianca Nowlan
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dan Jing Wu
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Davide Moi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tatiana Oussenko
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elia Piccinini
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter W Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberta Mazzieri
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Lévesque
- Stem Cell Biology Group - Blood and Bone Diseases Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul D Dalton
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna V Taubenberger
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Biotec TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,George W Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
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22
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In vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of the VO-chrysin complex on a new three-dimensional osteosarcoma spheroids model and a xenograft tumor in mice. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 21:1009-1020. [PMID: 27696106 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary tumor of bone, occurring predominantly in the second decade of life. High-dose cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection have improved prognosis, with long-term survival for patients with localized disease. Vanadium is an ultra-trace element that after being absorbed accumulates in bone. Besides, vanadium compounds have been studied during recent years to be considered as representative of a new class of non-platinum antitumor agents. Moreover, flavonoids are a wide family of polyphenolic compounds that display many interesting biological effects. Since coordination of ligands to metals can improve the pharmacological properties, we report herein, for the first time, the in vitro and in vivo effects of an oxidovanadium(IV) complex with the flavonoid chrysin on the new 3D human osteosarcoma and xenograft osteosarcoma mice models. The pharmacological results show that VOchrys inhibited the cell viability affecting the shape and volume of the spheroids and VOchrys suppressed MG-63 tumor growth in the nude mice without inducing toxicity and side effects. As a whole, the results presented herein demonstrate that the antitumor action of the complex was very promissory on human osteosarcoma models, whereby suggesting that VOchrys is a potentially good candidate for future use in alternative antitumor treatments.
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23
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Fernandes RS, dos Santos Ferreira D, de Aguiar Ferreira C, Giammarile F, Rubello D, de Barros ALB. Development of imaging probes for bone cancer in animal models. A systematic review. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:1253-1264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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24
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Ren L, Mendoza A, Zhu J, Briggs JW, Halsey C, Hong ES, Burkett SS, Morrow J, Lizardo MM, Osborne T, Li SQ, Luu HH, Meltzer P, Khanna C. Characterization of the metastatic phenotype of a panel of established osteosarcoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29469-81. [PMID: 26320182 PMCID: PMC4745740 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone tumor in pediatric patients. Metastasis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The rarity of this disease coupled with the challenges of drug development for metastatic cancers have slowed the delivery of improvements in long-term outcomes for these patients. In this study, we collected 18 OS cell lines, confirmed their expression of bone markers and complex karyotypes, and characterized their in vivo tumorgenicity and metastatic potential. Since prior reports included conflicting descriptions of the metastatic and in vivo phenotypes of these models, there was a need for a comparative assessment of metastatic phenotypes using identical procedures in the hands of a single investigative group. We expect that this single characterization will accelerate the study of this metastatic cancer. Using these models we evaluated the expression of six previously reported metastasis-related OS genes. Ezrin was the only gene consistently differentially expressed in all the pairs of high/low metatstatic OS cells. We then used a subtractive gene expression approach of the high and low human metastatic cells to identify novel genes that may be involved in OS metastasis. PHLDA1 (pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A) was identified as one of the genes more highly expressed in the high metastatic compared to low metastatic cells. Knocking down PHLDA1 with siRNA or shRNA resulted in down regulation of the activities of MAPKs (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Reducing the expression of PHLDA1 also delayed OS metastasis progression in mouse xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ren
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arnulfo Mendoza
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack Zhu
- Genetic Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph W Briggs
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles Halsey
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ellen S Hong
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandra S Burkett
- Comparative Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James Morrow
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael M Lizardo
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tanasa Osborne
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samuel Q Li
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hue H Luu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Chicago, Medicine & Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Paul Meltzer
- Genetic Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chand Khanna
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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25
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Yang J, Guo W, Wang L, Yu L, Mei H, Fang S, Ji P, Liu Y, Liu G, Song Q. Cisplatin-resistant osteosarcoma cells possess cancer stem cell properties in a mouse model. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2599-2605. [PMID: 27698833 PMCID: PMC5038486 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignancy of the bones, and although advances in chemotherapy and surgery had been achieved in recent years, the long-term survival rate has reached a plateau. The main reason for this is the aggressive malignant potential and poor response of the disease to chemotherapy. However, several studies have found that tumor resistance is associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs). To address this issue, in the present study, osteosarcoma cells were treated with specially designated concentrations of cisplatin (CDDP) in a mouse model. Hematoxylin and eosin staining analyses were performed to assess tissue structure, in vivo passaging and CDDP treatment. Drug resistance genes and well-established stemness genes were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A serum-starved sphere formation assay was adopted to evaluate the ability to generate spherical clones and flow cytometry as used to test the expression of the cluster of differentiation 117 and Stro-1 surface markers, known as markers of CSCs. It was found that CDDP could induce an effect of resistance in the osteosarcoma cells, which possessed cancer stem CSC properties, as shown by the elevated expression of CSC marker genes and the higher expression of the cluster of differentiation 117 and Stro-1 surface markers. Moreover, the cells that dissociated from the tumor tissues exhibited an increased ability to form sarcospheres. The results of this study provided a significant correlation between resistance and CSCs, and revealed a clue indicating that osteosarcoma recurrence is likely to be associated with CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Weichun Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan No. 5 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Gaiwei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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26
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Shi H, Mu WD, Zhang B, Meng T, Zhang ST, Zhou DS. Potential role of S-adenosylmethionine in osteosarcoma development. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:3653-9. [PMID: 27382303 PMCID: PMC4920229 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The metastatic form of osteosarcoma is a life threatening one since it metastasizes to the lungs. The major cause of metastatic osteosarcoma is hypomethylation of numerous genes that undergo overexpression to enable the progression of the disease. In the present study, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a predominant methyl donor, was administered to find out its effects on osteosarcoma progression. As evidence of tumor suppression, the SAM-treated mouse tissue was analyzed histologically, which exemplifies the control that SAM has over abnormal cell proliferation, especially on primary osteosarcoma, but it lacks positive effects on metastatic osteosarcoma. At the molecular level, the successful inhibition of primary osteosarcoma was found to be associated with a lower expression of Sox2, a protein highly expressed in osteosarcoma stem cells, along with an upregulated expression of TCTP. The data suggest that the administration of SAM has a positive role in treating primary osteosarcoma, but it has no role in suppressing metastatic osteosarcoma. The decreased expression of Sox2 together with upregulation of TCTP following SAM administration indicates that SAM has a control over primary osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Department of Traumatic Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan; Department of Bone and Joint Surgery
| | - Wei-Dong Mu
- Department of Traumatic Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Meng
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery
| | | | - Dong-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Traumatic Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
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27
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Wagner F, Holzapfel BM, Thibaudeau L, Straub M, Ling MT, Grifka J, Loessner D, Lévesque JP, Hutmacher DW. A Validated Preclinical Animal Model for Primary Bone Tumor Research. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2016; 98:916-25. [PMID: 27252436 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.15.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the introduction of 21st-century surgical and neoadjuvant treatment modalities, survival of patients with osteosarcoma (OS) has not improved in two decades. Advances will depend in part on the development of clinically relevant and reliable animal models. This report describes the engineering and validation of a humanized tissue-engineered bone organ (hTEBO) for preclinical research on primary bone tumors in order to minimize false-positive and false-negative results due to interspecies differences in current xenograft models. METHODS Pelvic bone and marrow fragments were harvested from patients during reaming of the acetabulum during hip arthroplasty. HTEBOs were engineered by embedding fragments in a fibrin matrix containing bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) and implanted into NOD-scid mice. After 10 weeks of subcutaneous growth, one group of hTEBOs was harvested to analyze the degree of humanization. A second group was injected with human luciferase-labeled OS (Luc-SAOS-2) cells. Tumor growth was followed in vivo with bioluminescence imaging. After 5 weeks, the OS tumors were harvested and analyzed. They were also compared with tumors created via intratibial injection. RESULTS After 10 weeks of in vivo growth, a new bone organ containing human bone matrix as well as viable and functional human hematopoietic cells developed. Five weeks after injection of Luc-SAOS-2 cells into this humanized bone microenvironment, spontaneous metastatic spread to the lung was evident. Relevant prognostic markers such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and periostin were found to be positive in OS tumors grown within the humanized microenvironment but not in tumors created in murine tibial bones. Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-2α (HIF-2α) was detected only in the humanized OS. CONCLUSIONS We report an in vivo model that contains human bone matrix and marrow components in one organ. BMP-7 made it possible to maintain viable mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells and created a bone microenvironment mimicking human physiology. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This novel platform enables preclinical research on primary bone tumors in order to test new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Wagner
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Department of Orthopedics, Asklepios Klinikum Bad Abbach, University of Regensburg, Bad Abbach, Germany Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Boris M Holzapfel
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laure Thibaudeau
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Melanie Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ming-Tat Ling
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, at Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Joachim Grifka
- Department of Orthopedics, Asklepios Klinikum Bad Abbach, University of Regensburg, Bad Abbach, Germany
| | - Daniela Loessner
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Lévesque
- Stem Cell Biology Group-Blood and Bone Diseases Program, Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Ordeig O, Chin SY, Kim S, Chitnis PV, Sia SK. An implantable compound-releasing capsule triggered on demand by ultrasound. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22803. [PMID: 26965207 PMCID: PMC4786798 DOI: 10.1038/srep22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantable devices have a large potential to improve human health, but they are often made of biofouling materials that necessitate special coatings, rely on electrical connections for external communication, and require a continuous power source. This paper demonstrates an alternative platform, which we call iTAG (implantable thermally actuated gel), where an implanted capsule can be wirelessly controlled by ultrasound to trigger the release of compounds. We constructed a millimeter-sized capsule containing a co-polymer gel (NiPAAm-co-AAm) that contracts above body temperature (i.e. at 45 °C) to release compounds through an opening. This gel-containing capsule is biocompatible and free of toxic electronic or battery components. An ultrasound hardware, with a focused ultrasound (FUS) transducer and a co-axial A-mode imaging transducer, was used to image the capsule (to monitor in real time its position, temperature, and effectiveness of dose delivery), as well as to trigger a rapid local rise in temperature, contraction of gel, and release of compounds in vitro and in vivo. The combination of this gel-based capsule and compact ultrasound hardware can serve as a platform for triggering local release of compounds, including potentially in deep tissue, to achieve tailored personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ordeig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Sau Yin Chin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Sohyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Parag V. Chitnis
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22032, United States
- F. L. Lizzi Center for Biomedical Engineering, Riverside Research, New York, NY 10038, United States
| | - Samuel K. Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, United States
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Liao YX, Fu ZZ, Zhou CH, Shan LC, Wang ZY, Yin F, Zheng LP, Hua YQ, Cai ZD. AMD3100 reduces CXCR4-mediated survival and metastasis of osteosarcoma by inhibiting JNK and Akt, but not p38 or Erk1/2, pathways in in vitro and mouse experiments. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:33-42. [PMID: 25997540 PMCID: PMC4484610 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) has an unfavorable prognosis and tends to metastasize to lung tissue. Although the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis appears to affect progression and metastasis in numerous tumors, its mechanism and downstream pathways in OS remain unclear. We used western blotting and flow cytometry to detect CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression in two OS cell lines (LM8 and Dunn). An MTT assay was used to evaluate the effects of CXCL12 and AMD3100, a specific CXCR4 antagonist, on cell viability. Flow cytometry was utilized to analyze changes in apoptosis induced by serum deprivation following treatment with CXCL12 and AMD3100. A Transwell assay was used to assess cell migration in response to CXCL12 and AMD3100. Western blotting was performed to identify the phosphorylation of signaling molecules (JNK, c-Jun, Akt, p38 and Erk1/2) and expression of caspase-3 and -8, and PARP. Mouse models were employed to evaluate AMD3100 inhibition of primary OS growth and lung metastasis in vivo. CXCR4 expression was detected in LM8 but not Dunn cells, and neither cell line expressed CXCR7. The addition of CXCL12 induced the survival and migration of serum-starved CXCR4+ LM8 cells activating JNK and Akt pathways, which were abrogated by adding AMD3100. However, similar results were not observed in CXCR4− Dunn cells. CXCL12 protected LM8, but not Dunn cells, from apoptosis induced by serum deprivation by suppressing PARP cleavage, which was partly reversed by AMD3100. In a mouse model, AMD3100 reduced primary tumor growth and lung metastasis compared with the controls. Thus, the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis regulated OS survival and metastasis through the JNK and Akt pathways, and blocking them with AMD3100 was found to be a potential OS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Liao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Ze Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Hao Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Cheng Shan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo-Ying Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Long-Po Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Qi Hua
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Dong Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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Guijarro MV, Ghivizzani SC, Gibbs CP. Animal models in osteosarcoma. Front Oncol 2014; 4:189. [PMID: 25101245 PMCID: PMC4102850 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common non-hematologic primary tumor of bone in children and adults. High-dose cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection have improved prognosis, with long-term survival for non-metastatic disease approaching 70%. However, most OS tumors are high grade and tend to rapidly develop pulmonary metastases. Despite clinical advances, patients with metastatic disease or relapse have a poor prognosis. Toward a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of human OS, several genetically modified OS mouse models have been developed and will be reviewed here. However, better animal models that more accurately recapitulate the natural progression of the disease are needed for the development of improved prognostic and diagnostic markers as well as targeted therapies for both primary and metastatic OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Guijarro
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Steven C Ghivizzani
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - C Parker Gibbs
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
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31
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Guijarro MV. Osteosarcoma: mouse models, cell of origin and cancer stem cell. POSTDOC JOURNAL : A JOURNAL OF POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH AND POSTDOCTORAL AFFAIRS 2014; 2:19-30. [PMID: 27617267 DOI: 10.14304/surya.jpr.v2n2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common non-hematologic primary tumor of bone in children and adults. High-dose cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection have improved prognosis, with long-term survival for non-metastatic disease approaching 70%. However, most OS tumors are high grade and tend to rapidly develop pulmonary metastases. Despite clinical advances, patients with metastatic disease or relapse have a poor prognosis. Here the cell biology of OS is reviewed with a special emphasis on mouse models as well as the roles of the cell of origin and cancer stem cells. A better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of human OS is essential for the development of improved prognostic and diagnostic markers as well as targeted therapies for both primary and metastatic OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Guijarro
- Gene Therapy Lab. Dept. Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation. University of Florida. 1600 Archer Road, MSB M2-212. Gainesville, FL 32610. USA
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32
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Pang LY, Gatenby EL, Kamida A, Whitelaw BA, Hupp TR, Argyle DJ. Global gene expression analysis of canine osteosarcoma stem cells reveals a novel role for COX-2 in tumour initiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83144. [PMID: 24416158 PMCID: PMC3885401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumour of both children and dogs. It is an aggressive tumour in both species with a rapid clinical course leading ultimately to metastasis. In dogs and children distant metastasis occurs in >80% of individuals treated by surgery alone. Both canine and human osteosarcoma has been shown to contain a sub-population of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which may drive tumour growth, recurrence and metastasis, suggesting that naturally occurring canine osteosarcoma could act as a preclinical model for the human disease. Here we report the successful isolation of CSCs from primary canine osteosarcoma, as well as established cell lines. We show that these cells can form tumourspheres, and demonstrate relative resistance to chemotherapy. We demonstrate similar results for the human osteosarcma cell lines, U2OS and SAOS2. Utilizing the Affymetrix canine microarray, we are able to definitively show that there are significant differences in global gene expression profiles of isolated osteosarcoma stem cells and the daughter adherent cells. We identified 13,221 significant differences (p = 0.05), and significantly, COX-2 was expressed 141-fold more in CSC spheres than daughter adherent cells. To study the role of COX-2 expression in CSCs we utilized the COX-2 inhibitors meloxicam and mavacoxib. We found that COX-2 inhibition had no effect on CSC growth, or resistance to chemotherapy. However inhibition of COX-2 in daughter cells prevented sphere formation, indicating a potential significant role for COX-2 in tumour initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y. Pang
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Gatenby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Ayako Kamida
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce A. Whitelaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Ted R. Hupp
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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33
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Reduced Latency in the Metastatic Niche Contributes to the More Aggressive Phenotype of LM8 Compared to Dunn Osteosarcoma Cells. Sarcoma 2013; 2013:404962. [PMID: 24369449 PMCID: PMC3867932 DOI: 10.1155/2013/404962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of death of osteosarcoma patients and its diagnosis remains difficult. In preclinical studies, however, forced expression of reporter genes in osteosarcoma cells has remarkably improved the detection of micrometastases and, consequently, the quality of the studies. We recently showed that Dunn cells equipped with a lacZ reporter gene disseminated from subcutaneous primary tumors as frequently as their highly metastatic subline LM8, but only LM8 cells grew to macrometastases. In the present time-course study, tail-vein-injected Dunn and LM8 cells settled within 24 h at the same frequency in the lung, liver, and kidney of mice. Furthermore, Dunn cells also grew to macrometastases, but, compared to LM8, with a delay of two weeks in lung and one week in liver and kidney tissue, consistent with prolonged survival of the mice. Dunn- and LM8-cell-derived ovary and spine metastases occurred less frequently. In vitro, Dunn cells showed less invasiveness and stronger contact inhibition and intercellular adhesion than LM8 cells and several cancer- and dormancy-related genes were differentially expressed. In conclusion, Dunn cells, compared to LM8, have a similar capability but a longer latency to form macrometastases and provide an interesting new experimental system to study tumor cell dormancy.
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34
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Ng AJ, Mutsaers AJ, Baker EK, Walkley CR. Genetically engineered mouse models and human osteosarcoma. Clin Sarcoma Res 2012; 2:19. [PMID: 23036272 PMCID: PMC3523007 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-2-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common form of bone cancer. Pivotal insight into the genes involved in human osteosarcoma has been provided by the study of rare familial cancer predisposition syndromes. Three kindreds stand out as predisposing to the development of osteosarcoma: Li-Fraumeni syndrome, familial retinoblastoma and RecQ helicase disorders, which include Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome in particular. These disorders have highlighted the important roles of P53 and RB respectively, in the development of osteosarcoma. The association of OS with RECQL4 mutations is apparent but the relevance of this to OS is uncertain as mutations in RECQL4 are not found in sporadic OS. Application of the knowledge or mutations of P53 and RB in familial and sporadic OS has enabled the development of tractable, highly penetrant murine models of OS. These models share many of the cardinal features associated with human osteosarcoma including, importantly, a high incidence of spontaneous metastasis. The recent development of these models has been a significant advance for efforts to improve our understanding of the genetics of human OS and, more critically, to provide a high-throughput genetically modifiable platform for preclinical evaluation of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Jm Ng
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Emma K Baker
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Carl R Walkley
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
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Saini V, Hose CD, Monks A, Nagashima K, Han B, Newton DL, Millione A, Shah J, Hollingshead MG, Hite KM, Burkett MW, Delosh RM, Silvers TE, Scudiero DA, Shoemaker RH. Identification of CBX3 and ABCA5 as putative biomarkers for tumor stem cells in osteosarcoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41401. [PMID: 22870217 PMCID: PMC3411700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been renewed interest in the role of tumor stem cells (TSCs) in tumorigenesis, chemoresistance, and relapse of malignant tumors including osteosarcoma. The potential exists to improve osteosarcoma treatment through characterization of TSCs and identification of therapeutic targets. Using transcriptome, proteome, immunophenotyping for cell-surface markers, and bioinformatic analyses, heterogeneous expression of previously reported TSC or osteosarcoma markers, such as CD133, nestin, POU5F1 (OCT3/4), NANOG, SOX2, and aldehyde dehydrogenase, among others, was observed in vitro. However, consistently significantly lower CD326, CD24, CD44, and higher ABCG2 expression in TSC-enriched as compared with un-enriched osteosarcoma cultures was observed. In addition, consistently higher CBX3 expression in TSC-enriched osteosarcoma cultures was identified. ABCA5 was identified as a putative biomarker of TSCs and/or osteosarcoma. Lastly, in a high-throughput screen we identified epigenetic (5-azacytidine), anti-microtubule (vincristine), and anti-telomerase (3,11-difluoro-6,8,13-trimethyl- 8H-quino [4,3,2-kl] acridinium methosulfate; RHPS4)-targeted therapeutic agents as candidates for TSC ablation in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Saini
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Curtis D. Hose
- SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anne Monks
- SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bingnan Han
- SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dianne L. Newton
- SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Angelena Millione
- SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jalpa Shah
- SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melinda G. Hollingshead
- Biological Testing Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen M. Hite
- SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark W. Burkett
- SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rene M. Delosh
- SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Silvers
- SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dominic A. Scudiero
- SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Shoemaker
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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Wu B, Cui J, Zhang C, Li Z. A polysaccharide from Agaricus blazei inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:1116-20. [PMID: 22390851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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37
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Osteosarcoma models: from cell lines to zebrafish. Sarcoma 2012; 2012:417271. [PMID: 22566751 PMCID: PMC3329665 DOI: 10.1155/2012/417271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade osteosarcoma is an aggressive tumor most commonly affecting adolescents. The early age of onset might suggest genetic predisposition; however, the vast majority of the tumors are sporadic. Early onset, most often lack of a predisposing condition or lesion, only infrequent (<2%) prevalence of inheritance, extensive genomic instability, and a wide histological heterogeneity are just few factors to mention that make osteosarcoma difficult to study. Therefore, it is sensible to design and use models representative of the human disease. Here we summarize multiple osteosarcoma models established in vitro and in vivo, comment on their utilities, and highlight newest achievements, such as the use of zebrafish embryos. We conclude that to gain a better understanding of osteosarcoma, simplification of this extremely complex tumor is needed. Therefore, we parse the osteosarcoma problem into parts and propose adequate models to study them each separately. A better understanding of osteosarcoma provides opportunities for discovering and assaying novel effective treatment strategies. “Sometimes the model is more interesting than the original disease” PJ Hoedemaeker (1937–2007).
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38
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Miot-Noirault E, Gouin F, Dauplat MM, Heymann D, Chezal JM, Redini F. Relevance of the POS-1 orthotopic model as an "imaging model" for in vivo and simultaneous monitoring of tumor proliferation and bone remodeling in osteosarcoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 27:96-103. [PMID: 22217151 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2011.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteosarcoma (OS) management requires a better understanding of tumor/bone interactions in vivo during disease progression. Using [(18)F]-FDG and [(99m)Tc]-HMDP imaging, we assessed a methodology for an in vivo quantitative characterization of an orthotopic model of osteolytic OS on the basis of (1) tumor proliferation, (2) tumor and bone metabolic activities, and (3) bone remodeling. METHODS POS-1 tumor bearing mice were monitored in vivo over a 26-day period, with tumor and bone metabolic volumes (TMV and BMV, respectively) being determined from [(18)F]-FDG, bone remodeling from [(99m)Tc]-HMDP, and tumoral volume from micro- computed tomography scans. RESULTS From day 10, [(18)F]-FDG strongly accumulated within POS-1 tumor, with a tumor/muscle ratio of 3.7 ± 0.8. TMV and BMV increased as pathology progressed: TMV increased at early stage of pathology (from 56%) whereas BMV strongly increased (from 113%) during late stage. From [(99m)Tc]-HMDP imaging, bone remodeling features were evidenced within the distal region of tibia bearing the tumor, with a mean scintigraphic ratio of 1.36 ± 0.11 at day 12, that reached value of 2.53 ± 0.19 at day 26. CONCLUSIONS Our results validated the POS-1 orthotopic model as "OS imaging model," that could serve for evaluating in vivo therapies targeting tumor proliferation and/or bone remodeling in OS.
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Mohseny AB, Machado I, Cai Y, Schaefer KL, Serra M, Hogendoorn PCW, Llombart-Bosch A, Cleton-Jansen AM. Functional characterization of osteosarcoma cell lines provides representative models to study the human disease. J Transl Med 2011; 91:1195-205. [PMID: 21519327 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell lines represent in vitro models for studying malignancies, general cell biology, drug discovery and more. Whether they can be considered as exact representative models of the parental tumors remains uncertain given the acquisition of additional ex vivo changes of the cells and the lack of tissue architecture and stroma. Previously, within the EuroBoNeT consortium, we characterized a collection of bone sarcoma cell lines on genomic and proteomic level. Here, we address the phenotypical and functional characterization of the unique set of osteosarcoma cell lines (n=19) in vitro and in vivo. For functional analysis of differentiation capacity, cells were stimulated towards osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes. Furthermore, all cell lines were injected subcutaneously and intramuscularly into nude mice to assay their in vivo tumor formation capacity as well as for phenotypical analysis of the tumors. All formed tumors were further characterized histologically and immunohistochemically. Out of 19 cell lines, 17 (89%) showed adipogenic differentiation, 13/19 (68%) could differentiate towards osteoblasts and in 6/19 (32%) cell lines chondrogenic differentiation was evident. About half of the cell lines (8/19, 42%) produced tumors in vivo after subcutaneous and intramuscular injections. Several cell lines showed invasion into adjacent tissues and one tumor developed several lung metastases. The use of cell lines, especially in cancer research, is of paramount importance. Here, we identify comprehensively characterized osteosarcoma cell lines, which robustly represent clinical osteosarcoma providing researchers useful in vitro and in vivo models to study the genetics and functional characteristics of this highly malignant neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Mohseny
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Hua Y, Qiu Y, Zhao A, Wang X, Chen T, Zhang Z, Chi Y, Li Q, Sun W, Li G, Cai Z, Zhou Z, Jia W. Dynamic metabolic transformation in tumor invasion and metastasis in mice with LM-8 osteosarcoma cell transplantation. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:3513-21. [PMID: 21661735 DOI: 10.1021/pr200147g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
While extensive evidence indicates that tumor cells shift their global metabolic programs, the molecular details of the metabolic transformation in tumor invasion, progression, and metastasis remain largely unknown. Characterization of the time-dependent metabolic shift during the tumor invasion, development, and metastasis will describe an important aspect of tumor phenotypes and potentially allow us to design therapies that inhibit tumor cell movement. In this study, a metabonomic study was performed to characterize the global metabolic changes during the process of tumor invasion and metastasis to lung in a mouse model with subcutaneous transplantation of murine osteosarcoma cell line (LM8). The serum metabolic profiling revealed that many key metabolites in glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, as well as most of the amino acids were elevated at rapidly growing stage of tumor, presumably resulting from a high energy demand and turnover of anabolic metabolism during the tumor cell proliferation. Serum levels of succinic acid and proline significantly increased (with fold change FC = 10.75 and 4.43, relative to controls) among all the metabolites in the third week. The serum metabolic profile of lung metastasis at week 4 was different from that at week 3, in that most of previously increased serum metabolites were found decreased, except for cholesterol and several free fatty acids, suggesting lowered carbohydrate and amino acids metabolism, but an elevated lipid metabolism associated with tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Hua
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Center, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, PR China
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Arlt MJE, Banke IJ, Walters DK, Puskas GJ, Steinmann P, Muff R, Born W, Fuchs B. LacZ transgene expression in the subcutaneous Dunn/LM8 osteosarcoma mouse model allows for the identification of micrometastasis. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:938-46. [PMID: 21284029 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
More effective treatment of patients with metastasizing osteosarcoma (OS) with a mean 5-year survival rate of <20% requires more detailed knowledge on the complex mechanisms of metastasis for the design of new drugs, which selectively target metastasizing cells. Moreover, novel diagnostic imaging technology for early detection of metastases is needed. Mouse models, which reproduce human metastasizing OS and allow visualization of single metastatic cells are instrumental for preclinical testing of new pharmaceuticals and diagnostic instruments. Here, the low metastatic Dunn cell line and its highly metastatic LM8 subline, both equipped with a constitutively expressed lacZ gene, were used to improve the well-established OS models in syngeneic C3H mice to achieve ex vivo visualization of single metastatic cells in affected organs by X-gal staining. These models, combined with a technique for in situ high quality lung tissue-maintaining perfusion revealed, as a novel finding, single metastasizing Dunn cells in lung and liver. Importantly, constitutive lacZ gene expression did not affect in vitro and in vivo tumorigenic and metastatic properties of Dunn and LM8 cells. Thus, these improved Dunn and LM8 OS mouse models will in the future serve as a benchmark for the development of new metastasis-targeting drugs and metastasis-imaging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J E Arlt
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Targeted apc;twist double-mutant mice: a new model of spontaneous osteosarcoma that mimics the human disease. Transl Oncol 2010; 3:344-53. [PMID: 21151473 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.10169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TWIST and adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC) are critical signaling factors in normal bone development. In previous studies examining a homogeneously treated cohort of pediatric osteosarcoma patients, we reported the frequent and concurrent loss of both TWIST and APC genes. On these bases, we created a related animal model to further explore the oncogenic cooperation between these two genes. We performed intercrosses between twist-null/+ and Apc1638N/+ mice and studied their progeny. The Apc1638N/+;twistnull/+ mice developed bone abnormalities observed by macroscopic skeletal analyses and in vivo imaging. Complementary histologic, cellular, and molecular analyses were used to characterize the identified bone tumors, including cell culture and immunofluorescence of bone differentiation markers. Spontaneous localized malignant bone tumors were frequently identified in Apc1638N/+;twist-null/+ mice by in vivo imaging evaluation and histologic analyses. These tumors possessed several features similar to those observed in human localized osteosarcomas. In particular, the murine tumors presented with fibroblastic, chondroblastic, and osteoblastic osteosarcoma histologies, as well as mixtures of these subtypes. In addition, cellular analyses and bone differentiation markers detected by immunofluorescence on tumor sections reproduced most murine and human osteosarcoma characteristics. For example, the early bone differentiation marker Runx2, interacting physically with hypophosphorylated pRb, was undetectable in these murine osteosarcomas, whereas phosphorylated retinoblastoma was abundant in the osteoblastic and chondroblastic tumor subtypes. These characteristics, similar to those observed in human osteosarcomas, indicated that our animal model may be a powerful tool to further understand the development of localized osteosarcoma.
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Janeway KA, Walkley CR. Modeling human osteosarcoma in the mouse: From bedside to bench. Bone 2010; 47:859-65. [PMID: 20696288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary tumour of bone, occurring predominantly in the second decade of life. High-dose cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection have improved prognosis, with long-term survival for patients with localized (non-metastatic) disease approaching 70%. At presentation approximately 20% of patients have metastases and almost all patients with recurrent OS have metastatic disease and cure rates for patients with metastatic or recurrent disease remain poor (<20% survival). Over the past 20 years, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of OS pathogenesis, yet these insights have not translated into substantial therapeutic advances and clinical outcomes. Further progress is essential in order to develop molecularly based therapies that target both primary lesions as well as metastatic disease. The increasing sophistication with which gene expression can be modulated in the mouse, both positively and negatively in addition to temporally, has allowed for the recent generation of more faithful OS models than have previously been available. These murine OS models can recapitulate all aspects of the disease process, from initiation and establishment to invasion and dissemination to distant sites. The development and utilisation of murine models that faithfully recapitulate human osteosarcoma, complementing existing approaches using human and canine disease, holds significant promise in furthering our understanding of the genetic basis of the disease and, more critically, in advancing pre-clinical studies aimed at the rational development and trialing of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Janeway
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of solid bone cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in pediatric patients. Many patients are not cured by the current osteosarcoma therapy consisting of combination chemotherapy along with surgery and thus new treatments are urgently needed. In the last decade, cancer stem cells have been identified in many tumors such as leukemia, brain, breast, head and neck, colon, skin, pancreatic, and prostate cancers and these cells are proposed to play major roles in drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and metastasis. Recent studies have shown evidence that osteosarcoma also possesses cancer stem cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the osteosarcoma cancer stem cell including the methods used for its isolation, its properties, and its potential as a new target for osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Siclari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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45
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Abstract
Bone and soft tissue sarcomas are an infrequent and heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumors including more than a hundred different entities attending to histologic patterns. Research into the molecular aspects of sarcomas has increased greatly in the last few years. This enormous amount of knowledge has allowed, for instance, to refine the classification of sarcomas, improve the diagnosis, and increase the number of therapeutical targets available, most of them under preclinical evaluation. However, other important key issues, such as sarcomagenesis and the cell of origin of sarcomas, remain unresolved. From a molecular point of view, these neoplasias are grouped into 2 main types: (a) sarcomas showing relatively simple karyotypes and translocations, which originate gene fusions (eg, EWS-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma) or point mutations (eg, c-kit in the gastrointestinal tumors) and (b) sarcomas showing unspecific gene alterations, very complex karyotypes, and no translocations. The discovery of the early mechanisms involved in the genesis of sarcomas, the more relevant signaling pathways, and the development of genetically engineered mouse models could also provide a new individualized therapeutic strategy against these tumors. This review describes the clinical application of some of the molecular alterations found in sarcomas, some advances in the field of sarcomagenesis, and the development of animal models.
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Romero G, Sneddon WB, Yang Y, Wheeler D, Blair HC, Friedman PA. Parathyroid hormone receptor directly interacts with dishevelled to regulate beta-Catenin signaling and osteoclastogenesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:14756-63. [PMID: 20212039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.102970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone growth and remodeling depend upon the opposing rates of bone formation and resorption. These functions are regulated by intrinsic seven transmembrane-spanning receptors, the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) and frizzled (FZD), through their respective ligands, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Wnt. FZD activation of canonical beta-catenin signaling requires the adapter protein Dishevelled (Dvl). We identified a Dvl-binding motif in the PTH1R. Here, we report that the PTH1R activates the beta-catenin pathway by directly recruiting Dvl, independent of Wnt or LRP5/6. PTH1R coimmunoprecipitated with Dvl. Deleting the carboxyl-terminal PTH1R PDZ-recognition domain did not abrogate PTH1R-Dvl interactions; nor did truncating the receptor at position 480. However, further deletion eliminating the putative Dvl recognition domain abolished PTH1R interactions with Dvl. PTH activated beta-catenin in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and translocated beta-catenin to the nucleus. beta-Catenin activation was inhibited by Dvl2 dominant negatives and by short hairpin RNA sequences targeted against Dvl2. PTH-induced osteoclastogenesis was also inhibited by Dvl2 dominant negative mutants. These findings demonstrate that G protein-coupled receptors other than FZD directly activate beta-catenin signaling, thereby mimicking many of the functions of the canonical Wnt-FZD pathway. The distinct modes whereby FZD and PTH1R activate beta-catenin control convergent or divergent effects on osteoblast differentiation, and osteoclastogenesis may arise from PTH1R-induced second messenger phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Romero
- Laboratory for G Protein-coupled Receptor Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Yuan J, Ossendorf C, Szatkowski JP, Bronk JT, Maran A, Yaszemski M, Bolander ME, Sarkar G, Fuchs B. Osteoblastic and osteolytic human osteosarcomas can be studied with a new xenograft mouse model producing spontaneous metastases. Cancer Invest 2009; 27:435-42. [PMID: 19212826 DOI: 10.1080/07357900802491477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is no animal model that reflects the histological and radiographical heterogeneity of osteosarcoma. We assessed seven osteosarcoma cell lines for their potential to develop orthotopic tumors and lung metastasis in SCID mice. Whereas radiologically, 143B developed osteolytic tumors, SaOS-LM7 developed osteoblastic primary tumors. The mineralization status was confirmed by assessing the alkaline phosphatase activity and the microarray expression profile. We herein report a xenograft orthotopic osteosarcoma mouse model to assess osteoblastic and osteolytic lesions, which may contribute in the search for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- Children's Cancer Institute of Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, Australia
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Wang B, Yang Y, Abou-Samra AB, Friedman PA. NHERF1 regulates parathyroid hormone receptor desensitization: interference with beta-arrestin binding. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 75:1189-97. [PMID: 19188335 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.054486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) activation, desensitization, internalization, and recycling proceed in a cyclical manner. The Na(+)/H(+) exchange regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1) is a cytoplasmic adapter protein that regulates trafficking and signaling of several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including the PTH1R. The mineral ion wasting and bone phenotype of NHERF1-null mice suggests that PTH1R may interact with NHERF1. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of NHERF1 on PTH1R desensitization. Using rat osteosarcoma T6-N4 cells expressing the endogenous PTH1R, in which NHERF1 expression could be induced by tetracycline, PTH1R desensitization was assessed by measuring adenylyl cyclase activity after successive PTH challenges. PTH1R-mediated adenylyl cyclase responses were desensitized by repetitive PTH challenges in a concentration-dependent manner, and desensitization was inhibited by NHERF1. NHERF1 blocked PTH-induced dissociation of the PTH1R from Galpha(s). Blocking PTH1R endocytosis did not mitigate PTH1R desensitization. Reducing constitutive NHERF1 levels in human osteosarcoma SAOS2 cells, which express both endogenous PTH1R and NHERF1, with short hairpin RNA directed against NHERF1 restored PTH1R desensitization. Mutagenesis of the PDZ-binding domains or deletion of the NHERF1 MERM domain demonstrated that both are required for inhibition of receptor desensitization. A phosphorylation-deficient PTH1R exhibited reduced desensitization and interaction with beta-arrestin2 compared with wild-type PTH1R. NHERF1 inhibited beta-arrestin2 binding to wtPTH1R but had no effect on beta-arrestin2 association with pdPTH1R. Such an effect may protect against PTH resistance or PTH1R down-regulation in cells harboring NHERF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Metastatic osteosarcoma gene expression differs in vitro and in vivo. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008; 466:2071-80. [PMID: 18516656 PMCID: PMC2493017 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-008-0309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of differential gene expression in highly metastatic osteosarcoma could provide gene targets for treatment of metastases. We compared gene expression profiles of high- (LM7) and low- (LM2) metastatic SaOS2-derived cell lines in an in vitro tissue culture model and examined several differentially regulated genes in vivo in a murine orthotopic xenograft model. We hypothesized an orthotopic inoculation of LM2 and LM7 cells would establish a primary lesion and the gene expression profile of cells grafted in this fashion would resemble the gene expression profile observed in an in vitro model. Thirty-five days after inoculation, animals were euthanized and both tibiae were harvested and rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. Human-specific GAPDH mRNA was present in two of four tibias inoculated with LM2 cells and three of four tibias inoculated with LM7 cells. Tibiae displaying the presence of human cells were assayed by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. We observed poor correspondence of in vitro to in vivo gene expression for either cell line. Accordingly, in vitro osteosarcoma gene expression data must be interpreted with caution until confirmed in vivo. Our orthotopic injection model allowed in vivo study of differential gene expression between these two cell lines but did not show radiographic evidence of an established primary lesion.
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50
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Walkley CR, Qudsi R, Sankaran VG, Perry JA, Gostissa M, Roth SI, Rodda SJ, Snay E, Dunning P, Fahey FH, Alt FW, McMahon AP, Orkin SH. Conditional mouse osteosarcoma, dependent on p53 loss and potentiated by loss of Rb, mimics the human disease. Genes Dev 2008; 22:1662-76. [PMID: 18559481 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1656808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone. Analysis of familial cancer syndromes and sporadic cases has strongly implicated both p53 and pRb in its pathogenesis; however, the relative contribution of these mutations to the initiation of osteosarcoma is unclear. We describe here the generation and characterization of a genetically engineered mouse model in which all animals develop short latency malignant osteosarcoma. The genetically engineered mouse model is based on osteoblast-restricted deletion of p53 and pRb. Osteosarcoma development is dependent on loss of p53 and potentiated by loss of pRb, revealing a dominance of p53 mutation in the development of osteosarcoma. The model reproduces many of the defining features of human osteosarcoma including cytogenetic complexity and comparable gene expression signatures, histology, and metastatic behavior. Using a novel in silico methodology termed cytogenetic region enrichment analysis, we demonstrate high conservation of gene expression changes between murine osteosarcoma and known cytogentically rearranged loci from human osteosarcoma. Due to the strong similarity between murine osteosarcoma and human osteosarcoma in this model, this should provide a valuable platform for addressing the molecular genetics of osteosarcoma and for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Walkley
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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