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Elshami FI, Elrefaei G, Ibrahim MM, Elmehasseb I, Shaban SY. GSH-responsive and folate receptor-targeted pyridine bisfolate-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles for enhanced intracellular drug delivery in MCF-7 cells. Carbohydr Res 2024; 543:109207. [PMID: 39018698 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Folic acid receptor-targeted drug delivery system is a promising candidate for tumor-targeted delivery because its elevated expression specifically on tumor cells enables the selective delivery of cytotoxic cargo to cancerous tissue, thereby minimizing toxic side effects and increasing the therapeutic index. Pyridine bisfolate-chitosan (PyBFA@CS NPs) and folate-chitosan nanocomposite (FA@CS NPs) were synthesized with suitable particle size (256.0 ± 15.0 and 161.0 ± 5.0 nm), high stability (ζ = -27.0 ± 0.1 and -30.0 ± 0.2 mV), respectively, and satisfactory biocompatibility to target cells expressing folate receptors and try to answer the question: Is the metal center always important for activity? Since almost all pharmaceuticals work by binding to specific proteins or DNA, the in vitro binding of human serum albumin (HSA) to PyBFA@CS NPs and FA@CS NPs has been investigated and compared with PyBFA. Strong affinity to HSA is shown by quenching and binding constants in the range of 105 and 104 M-1, respectively with PyBFA@CS NPs showing the strongest. The compounds-HSA kinetic stability, affinity, and association constants were investigated using a stopped-flow method. The findings showed that all formulations bind by a static quenching mechanism that consists of two reversible steps: rapid second-order binding and a more slowly first-order isomerization reaction. The overall coordination affinity of HSA to PyBFA@CS NPs (6.6 × 106 M-1), PyBFA (4.4 × 106 M-1), and FA@CS NPs (1.3 × 106 M-1) was measured and The relative reactivity is roughly (PyBFA@CS NPs)/(PyBFA)/(FA@CS NPs) = 5/3/1. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxicity revealed that, consistent with the binding constants and coordination affinity, active-targeting formulations greatly inhibited FR-positive MCF-7 cells in compared to FRs-negative A549 cells in the following trend: PyBFA@CS NPs > PyBFA > FA@CS NPs. Furthermore, in vitro drug release of PyBFA@CS NPs was found to be stable in PBS at pH 7.4, however, the in pH 5.4 and in pH 5.4 containing 10 mM glutathione (GSH) (mimicking the tumor microenvironment) reached 43 % and 73 %, respectively indicating that the PyBFA@CS NPs system is sensitive to GSH. Folate-modified nanoparticles, PyBFA@CS NPs, are a promising therapeutic for MCF-7 therapy because they not only showed a greater affinity for HSA, but also showed higher cleavage efficiency toward the minor groove of pBR322 DNA via the hydrolytic way, as well as effective antibacterial activity that avoids the usage of extra antibiotics. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzya I Elshami
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Gehad Elrefaei
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Elmehasseb
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Shaban Y Shaban
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
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Zhu S, Kong X, Song M, Chi M, Liu Y, Zhang P, Zhang Q, Shang P, Feng F. MiR-223-3p attenuates the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells by regulating NLRP3. Front Oncol 2022; 12:985962. [PMID: 36276078 PMCID: PMC9583869 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.985962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the malignant tumor with high invasion and metastasis, which seriously threatens public health. Previous study showed that NLRP3 could promote the occurrence of lung tumors in B(a)P-induced mice. MicroRNAs are closely related to the progression and metastasis of lung cancer by regulating target genes. However, which miRNAs affect the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells through regulating NLRP3 remains poorly defined. In this study, the miRNAs targeting NLRP3 were selected from TargetScan and miRDB database and finally miR-223-3p was chosen due to the consistent expression in both A549 and H520 cells. Then, the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells were detected with miR-223-3p mimic and inhibitor using Transwell assay, at the same time the expression of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 was determined using Western Blot and immunohistochemistry assay. Our data demonstrated that miR-223-3p was upregulated in both A549 and H520 cells. Furthermore, the migration and invasion of A549 and H520 cells were promoted after inhibiting miR-223-3p. Besides, the levels of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 were increased in the two lung cancer cells. And the corresponding results were contrary in miR-223-3p mimic group. Taken together, miR-223-3p attenuates the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells by regulating NLRP3, which provides evidence for the prevention and targeted treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangbing Kong
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengru Song
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingyang Chi
- College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yitong Liu
- College of Public Health, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pingping Shang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feifei Feng, ; Pingping Shang,
| | - Feifei Feng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feifei Feng, ; Pingping Shang,
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3
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Lee JM, Tsuboi M, Kim ES, Mok TS, Garrido P. Overcoming immunosuppression and pro-tumor inflammation in lung cancer with combined IL-1β and PD-1 inhibition. Future Oncol 2022; 18:3085-3100. [PMID: 36004638 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in the tumor microenvironment is a complicit and known carcinogenesis driver. Inhibition of IL-1β, one of the most abundant and influential cytokines in the tumor microenvironment, may enhance the efficacy of PD-1. In a post-hoc analysis of phase III cardiovascular CANTOS trial, canakinumab, a monoclonal anti-IL-1β antibody, significantly reduced lung cancer incidence. Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) is the standard of care in non-small-cell lung cancer. However, ICI efficacy is heavily impacted by programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) status. Most patients with non-small-cell lung cancer have low PD-L1 expression levels. Thus, combinational strategies are needed to improve ICI efficacy and expand its use. Here, we describe the preclinical and clinical evidence to support the combination of IL-1β and PD-1 under investigation in the CANOPY program. The perioperative use of canakinumab with or without PD-1 inhibition in the CANOPY-N trial is described as a potential chemotherapy-free immunotherapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Lee
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7313, USA
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Edward S Kim
- Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Tony Sk Mok
- State Key Laboratory of South China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pilar Garrido
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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Md S, Alhakamy NA, Alharbi WS, Ahmad J, Shaik RA, Ibrahim IM, Ali J. Development and Evaluation of Repurposed Etoricoxib Loaded Nanoemulsion for Improving Anticancer Activities against Lung Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413284. [PMID: 34948081 PMCID: PMC8705699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, novel modality for lung cancer intervention has been explored. Primary literature has established the potential role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor in regression of multiple forms of carcinomas. To overcome its poor water solubility and boost anticancer activity, etoricoxib (ETO) was chosen as a therapeutic candidate for repurposing and formulated into a nanoemulsion (NE). The prepared ETO loaded NE was characterized for the surface charge, droplet size, surface morphology, and in vitro release. The optimized ETO loaded NE was then investigated for its anticancer potential employing A549 lung cancer cell line via cytotoxicity, apoptotic activity, mitochondrial membrane potential activity, cell migration assay, cell cycle analysis, Caspase-3, 9, and p53 activity by ELISA and molecular biomarker analysis through RT-PCR test. The developed ETO-NE formulation showed adequate homogeneity in the droplet size distribution with polydispersity index (PDI) of (0.2 ± 0.03) and had the lowest possible droplet size (124 ± 2.91 nm) and optimal negative surface charge (−8.19 ± 1.51 mV) indicative of colloidal stability. The MTT assay results demonstrated that ETO-NE exhibited substantial anticancer activity compared to the free drug. The ETO-NE showed a substantially potent cytotoxic effect against lung cancer cells, as was evident from the commencement of apoptosis/necrotic cell death and S-phase cell cycle arrests in A549 cells. The study on these molecules through RT-PCR confirmed that ETO-NE is significantly efficacious in mitigating the abundance of IL-B, IL-6, TNF, COX-2, and NF-kB as compared to the free ETO and control group. The current study demonstrates that ETO-NE represents a feasible approach that could provide clinical benefits for lung cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Md
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (W.S.A.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (W.S.A.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed S. Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (W.S.A.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rasheed A. Shaik
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ibrahim M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
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Regulation of inflammation and COX-2 gene expression in benzo (a) pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in mice by all trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Life Sci 2021; 285:119967. [PMID: 34543639 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Inflammation provides favourable microenvironment for cancer development. An enhanced COX-2 gene expression is a key inflammatory mediator of cancers and the drug that inhibits it, helps to manage cancer effectively and increases survival rate. The objective is to analyse the inflammatory changes and COX-2 gene expression in benzo (a) pyrene induced mice and to evaluate the regulatory effect of all trans retinoic acid. MATERIALS AND METHODS The body and organ weights were recorded in B(a)P induced mice. The haematological parameters and serum inflammatory markers of carcinogenesis were tested. The H & E stained liver and lung tissues were examined for histopathologic changes. The COX-2 gene expression was analysed by RT-PCR and qPCR in lung and liver. KEY FINDINGS The decreased body weight, increased organ weights and the damages in liver and lung were observed in B(a)P induced mice and were prevented significantly upon ATRA treatment. The lowered Hb, RBC and lymphocytes and an enhanced WBC, monocytes and neutrophils observed in B(a)P group were significantly reversed in treated group. A drastic increase in cancer associated inflammatory markers observed in B(a)P induced mice were significantly (P ≤ 0.001) reduced in treated mice. The RT-PCR product density of COX-2 gene was very high in B(a)P group (lung-0.43 ± 0.06; liver-0.39 ± 0.04) significantly lower in treated group (lung-0.12 ± 0.03; liver-0.08 ± 0.03) with a significant difference in RQ values (B(a)P lung-18.46 ± 0.04, liver-12.46 ± 0.08; treated lung-5.93 ± 0.07, liver-2.92 ± 0.10). SIGNIFICANCE The ATRA has decreased the inflammatory condition with downregulation of COX-2 gene expression and thereby prevented carcinogenesis during early stage of B(a)P induced cancer development.
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Tan Z, Xue H, Sun Y, Zhang C, Song Y, Qi Y. The Role of Tumor Inflammatory Microenvironment in Lung Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:688625. [PMID: 34079469 PMCID: PMC8166205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common and fatal malignant tumor in the world. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely related to the occurrence and development of lung cancer, in which the inflammatory microenvironment plays an important role. Inflammatory cells and inflammatory factors in the tumor inflammatory microenvironment promote the activation of the NF-κB and STAT3 inflammatory pathways and the occurrence, development, and metastasis of lung cancer by promoting immune escape, tumor angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, apoptosis, and other mechanisms. Clinical and epidemiological studies have also shown a strong relationship among chronic infection, inflammation, inflammatory microenvironment, and lung cancer. The relationship between inflammation and lung cancer can be better understood through the gradual understanding of the tumor inflammatory microenvironment, which is advantageous to find more therapeutic targets for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Tan
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Departments of Oncology Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Haibin Xue
- Eighth Medical Center of the General Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yuli Sun
- Departments of Oncology Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanlong Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yonglei Song
- Departments of Oncology Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanfu Qi
- Departments of Oncology Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Kantor ED, O'Connell K, Du M, Cao C, Zhang X, Lee DH, Cao Y, Giovannucci EL. Glucosamine and Chondroitin Use in Relation to C-Reactive Protein Concentration: Results by Supplement Form, Formulation, and Dose. J Altern Complement Med 2021; 27:150-159. [PMID: 33290138 PMCID: PMC7891193 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2020.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Glucosamine and chondroitin supplements have been associated with reduced inflammation, as measured by C-reactive protein (CRP). It is unclear if associations vary by formulation (glucosamine alone vs. glucosamine+chondroitin), form (glucosamine hydrochloride vs. glucosamine sulfate), or dose. Design, Subjects, Setting, Location: The authors evaluated these questions using cross-sectional data collected between 1999 and 2010 on 21,917 US adults, surveyed as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Exposures: Glucosamine and chondroitin use was assessed during an in-home interview; exposures include supplement formulation, form, and dose. Outcome/Analysis: CRP was measured using blood collected at interview. Survey-weighted linear regression was used to evaluate the multivariable-adjusted association between exposures and log-transformed CRP. Results: In early years (1999-2004), use of glucosamine (ratio = 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.79-0.96) and chondroitin (ratio = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.72-0.95) was associated with reduced CRP. However, associations significantly varied by calendar time (p-interaction = 0.04 and p-interaction = 0.01, respectively), with associations nonsignificant in later years (ratio = 1.09; 95% CI = 0.94-1.28 and ratio = 1.16; 95% CI = 0.99-1.35, respectively). Consequently, all analyses have been stratified by calendar time. Associations did not significantly differ by formulation in either set of years; however, significant associations were observed for combined use of glucosamine+chondroitin (ratioearly = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.72-0.95; ratiolate = 1.16; 1.00-1.35), but not glucosamine alone. Associations also did not significantly differ by supplement form. Even so, a significant inverse association was observed only for glucosamine sulfate in the early years (ratio = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.64-0.95); no significant association was observed for glucosamine hydrochloride. No significant trends were observed by dose. Conclusions: Although a significant inverse association was observed for glucosamine and chondroitin and CRP in early years, this association did not hold in later years. This pattern held for combined use of glucosamine+chondroitin as well as glucosamine sulfate, although associations did not significantly vary by supplement form, formulation, or dose. Further study is needed to better understand these associations in the context of calendar time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D. Kantor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelli O'Connell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mengmeng Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chao Cao
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yin Cao
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Gibb H, Wang J, O'Leary K, Chen C, Bateson TF, Kopylev L. The effect of age on the relative risk of lung cancer mortality in a cohort of chromium production workers. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:774-778. [PMID: 32687217 PMCID: PMC7496708 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Hexavalent chromium has been found to increase the risk of lung cancer in occupational studies. It has been suggested that the relative risk of lung cancer may vary by age. Methods The cohort examined is the Baltimore cohort of chromium production workers. The effect of age on the lung cancer risk from hexavalent chromium exposure was examined using a conditional Poisson regression modeling approach of Richardson and Langholz (R&L) and Cox models with interaction terms of age and cumulative hexavalent chromium exposure. Results The inclusion of multiple age groups in the R&L approach suggests the existence of an age effect that is also supported by a Cox proportional hazard analysis. The hazard ratio in Cox models with age‐cumulative exposure interaction terms was significantly elevated for the youngest age group and significantly decreased for the oldest age group. Conclusions Our analyses are consistent with the observation that younger chromium production workers have a greater lung cancer risk than older workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Gibb
- Gibb Epidemiology ConsultingArlington Virginia
| | - Jing Wang
- Gibb Epidemiology ConsultingArlington Virginia
| | | | - Chao Chen
- Gibb Epidemiology ConsultingArlington Virginia
| | - Thomas F. Bateson
- Chemical and Pollutant Assessment Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental AssessmentUS Environmental Protection AgencyWashington DC
| | - Leonid Kopylev
- Chemical and Pollutant Assessment Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental AssessmentUS Environmental Protection AgencyWashington DC
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Folate targeted lipid chitosan hybrid nanoparticles for enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 28:102228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Sun M, Hua J, Liu G, Huang P, Liu N, He X. Myrrh induces the apoptosis and inhibits the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells through down-regulating cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20192372. [PMID: 32364228 PMCID: PMC7240199 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study is designed to evaluate the anti-tumor effects of myrrh on human gastric cancer both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The gastric cancer cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 staining. Wound healing was performed to evaluate the effects of myrrh on the migration. COX-2, PCNA, Bcl-2, and Bax expressions were detected by Western blot analysis. A xenograft nude mice model of human gastric cancer was established to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of myrrh in vivo. RESULTS Myrrh significantly inhibited cellular proliferation, migration, and induced apoptosis in vitro as well as inhibited tumor growth in vivo. In addition, myrrh inhibited the expression of PCNA, COX-2, and Bcl-2 as well as increased Bax expression in gastric cancer cells. CONCLUSION Myrrh may inhibit the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells, as well as induced their apoptosis by down-regulating the expression of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, China
| | - Gaoshuang Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, China
| | - Peiyun Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, China
| | - Ningsheng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
- The Key laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Xiaopu He
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, China
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11
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The Role of Interleukin 1β in the Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer. JTO Clin Res Rep 2020; 1:100001. [PMID: 34589908 PMCID: PMC8474414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2020.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic inflammation is associated with an increased risk of several diseases, including cancer. A complex tumor microenvironment created and maintained by a range of cell types promotes tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Inflammasomes, multicomplex cytosolic proteins, generate much of this inflammation, including the activation of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β. Inflammation generated by IL-1β is present in several disease states, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and arthritis. IL-1β is activated when a specific inflammasome, nucleotide-binding domain–like receptor protein 3, induces cleavage of pro–IL-1β into its active form. Nucleotide-binding domain–like receptor protein 3 is up-regulated in lung cancer; IL-1β binds to its receptor and activates signaling pathways, including the MAPK, cyclooxygenase, and nuclear factor–κB pathways, leading to macrophage activation, intratumoral accumulation of immunosuppressive myeloid cells, and tumor growth, invasiveness, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Evidence suggests a role for IL-1β and some of its downstream effectors (e.g., IL-6, IL-8, C-reactive protein, cyclooxygenase-2) as prognostic markers in many malignancies, including lung cancer. Methods A phase III cardiovascular study of canakinumab, a human immunoglobulin Gk monoclonal antibody with high affinity and specificity for IL-1β, was conducted in patients who had a myocardial infarction. Results A subanalysis of this study found that treatment with canakinumab substantially reduced incident lung cancer and lung cancer mortality in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions A phase III trial is currently recruiting participants to evaluate canakinumab as adjuvant treatment versus placebo in patients with lung cancer. Other studies are investigating combinations of established antineoplastic agents and canakinumab in both early- and advanced-stage NSCLC.
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12
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Chronic IL-1β-induced inflammation regulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition memory phenotypes via epigenetic modifications in non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:377. [PMID: 31941995 PMCID: PMC6962381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation facilitates tumor progression. We discovered that a subset of non-small cell lung cancer cells underwent a gradually progressing epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) phenotype following a 21-day exposure to IL-1β, an abundant proinflammatory cytokine in the at-risk for lung cancer pulmonary and the lung tumor microenvironments. Pathway analysis of the gene expression profile and in vitro functional studies revealed that the EMT and EMT-associated phenotypes, including enhanced cell invasion, PD-L1 upregulation, and chemoresistance, were sustained in the absence of continuous IL-1β exposure. We referred to this phenomenon as EMT memory. Utilizing a doxycycline-controlled SLUG expression system, we found that high expression of the transcription factor SLUG was indispensable for the establishment of EMT memory. High SLUG expression in tumors of lung cancer patients was associated with poor survival. Chemical or genetic inhibition of SLUG upregulation prevented EMT following the acute IL-1β exposure but did not reverse EMT memory. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and methylation-specific PCR further revealed a SLUG-mediated temporal regulation of epigenetic modifications, including accumulation of H3K27, H3K9, and DNA methylation, in the CDH1 (E-cadherin) promoter following the chronic IL-1β exposure. Chemical inhibition of DNA methylation not only restored E-cadherin expression in EMT memory, but also primed cells for chemotherapy-induced apoptosis.
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Guo S, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wu Z, He D, Li X, Wang Z. Long non-coding RNA TUG1 enhances chemosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer by impairing microRNA-221-dependent PTEN inhibition. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:7553-7569. [PMID: 31532756 PMCID: PMC6782002 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA taurine up-regulated gene 1 (TUG1) emerges as new players in gene regulation in several cancers; however, its mechanism of action in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been well-studied. Herein, we determined expression pattern of TUG1 in NSCLC and further identified its effect on the chemosensitivity of NSCLC. Low expression of TUG1 was found in NSCLC tissues obtained from non-responders to platinum-based chemotherapy and reflected poor overall survival. TUG1 overexpression was shown to inhibit cell proliferation, migration, invasion, but facilitate apoptosis and autophagy in NSCLC cells resistant to cisplatin (DDP). Smaller size of tumor xenografts of DDP resistant NSCLC cells in the presence of TUG1 demonstrated enhancement of chemosensitivity by TUG1 in vivo. High expression of miR-221 and low expression of PTEN were determined in cancer tissues obtained from non-responders to platinum-based chemotherapy and reflected poor overall survival. TUG1 inhibited miR-221 that targeted PTEN, as evidenced by an elevated expression of PTEN in the presence of miR-221 or the absence of TUG1. Our present study reveals a model of enhancement of chemosensitivity that consists of TUG1, miR-221 and PTEN. Modulation of their levels may offer a new approach for improving anti-tumor efficacy for chemotherapeutic agents in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghu Guo
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P. R. China
| | - Yuehua Zhang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P. R. China
| | - Dongwei He
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P. R. China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P. R. China
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Lohinai Z, Megyesfalvi Z, Dome B, Weiss GJ. Next-Generation Sequencing May Discriminate Extreme Long-term versus Short-term Survival in Patients with Metastatic Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). Transl Oncol 2019; 12:1539-1548. [PMID: 31476386 PMCID: PMC6727016 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Molecular underpinnings that may prognosticate survival could increase understanding of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tumor behavior. Here, we report the clinicopathological characteristics and biomarker profiles of short-term (ST) versus long-term (LT) survival in patients with metastatic SCLC. METHODS: Of the 876 consecutive metastatic SCLC patients receiving standard of care therapy, 44 met the definition of LT and 91 for ST, respectively. Available FFPE tumor tissue blocks were analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Analysis included gene mutations, copy number variations, mRNA expression, and protein expression by immunohistochemistry, followed by correlation with clinicopathological characteristics. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant and clinically relevant differences in cases with or without FFPE according to major clinicopathological variables in ST and LT. However, according to NGS, five mutually exclusive gene mutations were identified (E1A binding protein P300 [EP300] p.N217S; p.E152K; human epidermal growth factor receptor 4 [ERBB4] p.E317K; BRCA1, DNA repair associated [BRCA1] p.E1661N, and epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] p.V742A). Comparing LT vs. ST survivals, a twofold increase was found in the average predicted number of drugs per patient off compendium. We found high SSTR2 mRNA expressions in all LT patients (vs. two [20%] ST patients), which may reflect more benign neuroendocrine tumor characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Consolidation radiation therapy and higher predicted drug sensitivity for off compendium were associated with LT compared to ST patients in SCLC. NGS profiling of extreme survivals may improve classification of SCLC and possibly identify clinically relevant new targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Lohinai
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Dome
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Glen J Weiss
- MiRanostics Consulting, Oro Valley, AZ, United States
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Interleukin-33 Involvement in Nonsmall Cell Lung Carcinomas: An Update. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050203. [PMID: 31130612 PMCID: PMC6572046 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung carcinogenesis is a multistep process involving genetic mutations and epigenetic changes, with the acquisition of a malignant phenotype characterized by apoptosis resistance, unregulated proliferation and differentiation, invasion, and metastatic abilities. However, neoplastic development and progression seem to be aided by non-neoplastic cells; the molecules they produced can either promote the immune response or, alternatively, support tumor pathogenesis. Consequently, the relative contribution of tumor-associated inflammatory pathways to cancer development has become crucial information. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is an IL-1-like alarmin, and it is a ligand for the suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) receptor. IL-33 functions as a dual role cytokine with the ability to induce T-helper-type 2 (Th2) immune cells and translocate into the nucleus, suppressing gene transcription. Although its function in immunity- and immune-related disorders is well known, its role in tumorigenesis is still debated. The IL-33/ST2 axis is emerging as a powerful modulator of the tumor microenvironment (TME) by recruiting immune cells, able to modify the TME, supporting malignant proliferation or improving antitumor immunity. In the present review, we discuss IL-33′s potential role in lung carcinogenesis and its possible application as a therapeutic target.
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Caramori G, Ruggeri P, Mumby S, Ieni A, Lo Bello F, Chimankar V, Donovan C, Andò F, Nucera F, Coppolino I, Tuccari G, Hansbro PM, Adcock IM. Molecular links between COPD and lung cancer: new targets for drug discovery? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:539-553. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1615884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Caramori
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paolo Ruggeri
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sharon Mumby
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Lo Bello
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vrushali Chimankar
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Chantal Donovan
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Filippo Andò
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Nucera
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Coppolino
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Ultimo, and Centenary Institute, Centre for Inflammation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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Jiang W, Wang L, Zhang J, Shen H, Dong W, Zhang T, Li X, Wang K, Du J. Effects of postoperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on long-term survival and recurrence of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12442. [PMID: 30278522 PMCID: PMC6181525 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to relieve postoperative fever, surgery pain, and inflammation. In addition, NSAIDs have anticancer activity and may reduce the risk and mortality of several cancers. However, the association between postoperative NSAIDs and the clinical outcome of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with fever after surgery is not fully understood. We performed a retrospective study of NSCLC patients who underwent surgery between July 2011 and June 2012, aiming to evaluate the effect of postoperative NSAIDs on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Differences in clinical data between the postoperative NSAIDs group and non-NSAIDs groups were analyzed by Chi-square tests. Kaplan-Meier curves method and Cox regression analysis were conducted for survival analysis. The primary and secondary endpoints were OS and PFS, respectively. This retrospective study included 347 NSCLC patients. There were no significant differences in the clinical characteristics between the NSAIDs group and non-NSAIDs group except for age (P = .024) and differential degree (P = .040). Administration of postoperative NSAIDs was related to longer OS (hazards ratio [HR] 0.528, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.278-0.884, P = .006) and longer PFS (HR 0.557, 95% CI 0.317-0.841, P = .002) in the multivariate Cox regression model. Subgroup analysis showed statistically significant differences in elderly individuals, male subjects, low smoking index, poor differentiation, and non-adenocarcinoma subgroups, respectively. In conclusion, the administration of postoperative NSAIDs was related to longer OS and PFS in NSCLC patients with postoperative fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Jiang
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai
| | - Liguang Wang
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Jiangang Zhang
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Hongchang Shen
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
| | | | - Tiehong Zhang
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
| | | | - Kai Wang
- Department of Healthcare Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Du
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery
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Synthetic Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside (LGM2605) Protects Human Lung in an Ex Vivo Model of Proton Radiation Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122525. [PMID: 29186841 PMCID: PMC5751128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy for the treatment of thoracic malignancies has improved significantly by directing of the proton beam in higher doses on the targeted tumor while normal tissues around the tumor receive much lower doses. Nevertheless, exposure of normal tissues to protons is known to pose a substantial risk in long-term survivors, as confirmed by our work in space-relevant exposures of murine lungs to proton radiation. Thus, radioprotective strategies are being sought. We established that LGM2605 is a potent protector from radiation-induced lung toxicity and aimed in the current study to extend the initial findings of space-relevant, proton radiation-associated late lung damage in mice by looking at acute changes in human lung. We used an ex vivo model of organ culture where tissue slices of donor living human lung were kept in culture and exposed to proton radiation. We exposed donor human lung precision-cut lung sections (huPCLS), pretreated with LGM2605, to 4 Gy proton radiation and evaluated them 30 min and 24 h later for gene expression changes relevant to inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell cycle arrest, and determined radiation-induced senescence, inflammation, and oxidative tissue damage. We identified an LGM2605-mediated reduction of proton radiation-induced cellular senescence and associated cell cycle changes, an associated proinflammatory phenotype, and associated oxidative tissue damage. This is a first report on the effects of proton radiation and of the radioprotective properties of LGM2605 on human lung.
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Ridker PM, MacFadyen JG, Thuren T, Everett BM, Libby P, Glynn RJ. Effect of interleukin-1β inhibition with canakinumab on incident lung cancer in patients with atherosclerosis: exploratory results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2017; 390:1833-1842. [PMID: 28855077 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 864] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation in the tumour microenvironment mediated by interleukin 1β is hypothesised to have a major role in cancer invasiveness, progression, and metastases. We did an additional analysis in the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study (CANTOS), a randomised trial of the role of interleukin-1β inhibition in atherosclerosis, with the aim of establishing whether inhibition of a major product of the Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome with canakinumab might alter cancer incidence. METHODS We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of canakinumab in 10 061 patients with atherosclerosis who had had a myocardial infarction, were free of previously diagnosed cancer, and had concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) of 2 mg/L or greater. To assess dose-response effects, patients were randomly assigned by computer-generated codes to three canakinumab doses (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, subcutaneously every 3 months) or placebo. Participants were followed up for incident cancer diagnoses, which were adjudicated by an oncology endpoint committee masked to drug or dose allocation. Analysis was by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01327846. The trial is closed (the last patient visit was in June, 2017). FINDINGS Baseline concentrations of hsCRP (median 6·0 mg/L vs 4·2 mg/L; p<0·0001) and interleukin 6 (3·2 vs 2·6 ng/L; p<0·0001) were significantly higher among participants subsequently diagnosed with lung cancer than among those not diagnosed with cancer. During median follow-up of 3·7 years, compared with placebo, canakinumab was associated with dose-dependent reductions in concentrations of hsCRP of 26-41% and of interleukin 6 of 25-43% (p<0·0001 for all comparisons). Total cancer mortality (n=196) was significantly lower in the pooled canakinumab group than in the placebo group (p=0·0007 for trend across groups), but was significantly lower than placebo only in the 300 mg group individually (hazard ratio [HR] 0·49 [95% CI 0·31-0·75]; p=0·0009). Incident lung cancer (n=129) was significantly less frequent in the 150 mg (HR 0·61 [95% CI 0·39-0·97]; p=0·034) and 300 mg groups (HR 0·33 [95% CI 0·18-0·59]; p<0·0001; p<0·0001 for trend across groups). Lung cancer mortality was significantly less common in the canakinumab 300 mg group than in the placebo group (HR 0·23 [95% CI 0·10-0·54]; p=0·0002) and in the pooled canakinumab population than in the placebo group (p=0·0002 for trend across groups). Fatal infections or sepsis were significantly more common in the canakinumab groups than in the placebo group. All-cause mortality did not differ significantly between the canakinumab and placebo groups (HR 0·94 [95% CI 0·83-1·06]; p=0·31). INTERPRETATION Our hypothesis-generating data suggest the possibility that anti-inflammatory therapy with canakinumab targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway could significantly reduce incident lung cancer and lung cancer mortality. Replication of these data in formal settings of cancer screening and treatment is required. FUNDING Novartis Pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Ridker
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jean G MacFadyen
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tom Thuren
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ, USA; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brendan M Everett
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Glynn
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Triptolide-Assisted Phosphorylation of p53 Suppresses Inflammation-Induced NF-κB Survival Pathways in Cancer Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00149-17. [PMID: 28533220 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00149-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays important roles in cancer initiation and progression. Resolving chronic inflammation or blocking inflammatory signal transduction may prevent cancer development. Here, we report that the combined low-dose use of two anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin and triptolide, reduces spontaneous lung cancer incidence from 70% to 10% in a mouse model. Subsequent studies reveal that such treatment has little effect on resolving chronic inflammatory conditions in the lung, but it significantly blocks the NF-κB-mediated expression of proliferation and survival genes in cancer cells. Furthermore, triptolide and aspirin induce distinct mechanisms to potentiate each other to block NF-κB nuclear localization stimulated by inflammatory cytokines. While aspirin directly inhibits IκB kinases (IKKs) to phosphorylate IκBα for NF-κB activation, triptolide does not directly target IKKs or other factors that mediate IKK activation. Instead, it requires p53 to inhibit IκBα phosphorylation and degradation. Triptolide binds to and activates p38α and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), which phosphorylate and stabilize p53. Subsequently, p53 competes with IκBα for substrate binding to IKKβ and thereby blocks IκBα phosphorylation and NF-κB nuclear translocation. Inhibition of p38α and ERK1/2 or p53 mutations could abolish the inhibitory effects of triptolide on NF-κB. Our study defines a new p53-dependent mechanism for blocking NF-κB survival pathways in cancer cells.
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Boutaud O, Sosa IR, Amin T, Oram D, Adler D, Hwang HS, Crews BC, Milne G, Harris BK, Hoeksema M, Knollmann BC, Lammers PE, Marnett LJ, Massion PP, Oates JA. Inhibition of the Biosynthesis of Prostaglandin E2 By Low-Dose Aspirin: Implications for Adenocarcinoma Metastasis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:855-865. [PMID: 27554763 PMCID: PMC5093073 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analyses have demonstrated that low-dose aspirin reduces the risk of developing adenocarcinoma metastasis, and when colon cancer is detected during aspirin treatment, there is a remarkable 83% reduction in risk of metastasis. As platelets participate in the metastatic process, the antiplatelet action of low-dose aspirin likely contributes to its antimetastatic effect. Cycloxooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) also contributes to metastasis, and we addressed the hypothesis that low-dose aspirin also inhibits PGE2 biosynthesis. We show that low-dose aspirin inhibits systemic PGE2 biosynthesis by 45% in healthy volunteers (P < 0.0001). Aspirin is found to be more potent in colon adenocarcinoma cells than in the platelet, and in lung adenocarcinoma cells, its inhibition is equivalent to that in the platelet. Inhibition of COX by aspirin in colon cancer cells is in the context of the metastasis of colon cancer primarily to the liver, the organ exposed to the same high concentrations of aspirin as the platelet. We find that the interaction of activated platelets with lung adenocarcinoma cells upregulates COX-2 expression and PGE2 biosynthesis, and inhibition of platelet COX-1 by aspirin inhibits PGE2 production by the platelet-tumor cell aggregates. In conclusion, low-dose aspirin has a significant effect on extraplatelet cyclooxygenase and potently inhibits COX-2 in lung and colon adenocarcinoma cells. This supports a hypothesis that the remarkable prevention of metastasis from adenocarcinomas, and particularly from colon adenocarcinomas, by low-dose aspirin results from its effect on platelet COX-1 combined with inhibition of PGE2 biosynthesis in metastasizing tumor cells. Cancer Prev Res; 9(11); 855-65. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boutaud
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - I. Romina Sosa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Taneem Amin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Denise Oram
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - David Adler
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Hyun S. Hwang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Brenda C. Crews
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Ginger Milne
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Bradford K. Harris
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Megan Hoeksema
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Bjorn C. Knollmann
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Philip E. Lammers
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602,Department of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Pierre P. Massion
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - John A. Oates
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
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22
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Rithidech KN, Jangiam W, Tungjai M, Gordon C, Honikel L, Whorton EB. Induction of Chronic Inflammation and Altered Levels of DNA Hydroxymethylation in Somatic and Germinal Tissues of CBA/CaJ Mice Exposed to (48)Ti Ions. Front Oncol 2016; 6:155. [PMID: 27446801 PMCID: PMC4921787 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the lung is one of the target organs at risk for cancer induction from exposure to heavy ions found in space, information is insufficient on cellular/molecular responses linked to increased cancer risk. Knowledge of such events may aid in the development of new preventive measures. Furthermore, although it is known that germinal cells are sensitive to X- or γ-rays, there is little information on the effects of heavy ions on germinal cells. Our goal was to investigate in vivo effects of 1 GeV/n (48)Ti ions (one of the important heavy ions found in the space environment) on somatic (lung) and germinal (testis) tissues collected at various times after a whole body irradiation of CBA/CaJ mice (0, 0.1, 0.25, or 0.5 Gy, delivered at 1 cGy/min). We hypothesized that (48)Ti-ion-exposure induced damage in both tissues. Lung tissue was collected from each mouse from each treatment group at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months postirradiation. For the testis, we collected samples at 6 months postirradiation. Hence, only late-occurring effects of (48)Ti ions in the testis were studied. There were five mice per treatment group at each harvest time. We investigated inflammatory responses after exposure to (48)Ti ions by measuring the levels of activated nuclear factor kappa B and selected pro-inflammatory cytokines in both tissues of the same mouse. These measurements were coupled with the quantitation of the levels of global 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Our data clearly showed the induction of chronic inflammation in both tissues of exposed mice. A dose-dependent reduction in global 5hmC was found in the lung at all time-points and in testes collected at 6 months postirradiation. In contrast, significant increases in global 5mC were found only in lung and testes collected at 6 months postirradiation from mice exposed to 0.5 Gy of 1 GeV/n (48)Ti ions. Overall, our data showed that (48)Ti ions may create health risks in both lung and testicular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Witawat Jangiam
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Montree Tungjai
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Molecular Imaging, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chris Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Louise Honikel
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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From Bench to Bedside: Attempt to Evaluate Repositioning of Drugs in the Treatment of Metastatic Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0144797. [PMID: 26735301 PMCID: PMC4703211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Based on in vitro data and results of a recent drug repositioning study, some medications approved by the FDA for the treatment of various non-malignant disorders were demonstrated to have anti-SCLC activity in preclinical models. The aim of our study is to confirm whether use of these medications is associated with survival benefit. Methods Consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed, stage 4 SCLC were analyzed in this retrospective study. Patients that were prescribed statins, aspirin, clomipramine (tricyclic antidepressant; TCA), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), doxazosin or prazosin (α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists; ADRA1) were identified. Results There were a total of 876 patients. Aspirin, statins, SSRIs, ADRA1, and TCA were administered in 138, 72, 20, 28, and 5 cases, respectively. A statistically significant increase in median OS was observed only in statin-treated patients when compared to those not receiving any of the aforementioned medications (OS, 8.4 vs. 6.1 months, respectively; p = 0.002). The administration of SSRIs, aspirin, and ADRA1 did not result in a statistically significant OS benefit (median OS, 8.5, 6.8, and 6.0 months, respectively). The multivariate Cox model showed that, besides age and ECOG PS, radiotherapy was an independent survival predictor (Hazard Ratio, 2.151; 95% confidence interval, 1.828–2.525; p <0.001). Conclusions Results of drug repositioning studies using only preclinical data or small numbers of patients should be treated with caution before application in the clinic. Our data demonstrated that radiotherapy appears to be an independent survival predictor in stage 4 SCLC, therefore confirming the results of other prospective and retrospective studies.
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Mittal V, El Rayes T, Narula N, McGraw TE, Altorki NK, Barcellos-Hoff MH. The Microenvironment of Lung Cancer and Therapeutic Implications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 890:75-110. [PMID: 26703800 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24932-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) represents a milieu that enables tumor cells to acquire the hallmarks of cancer. The TME is heterogeneous in composition and consists of cellular components, growth factors, proteases, and extracellular matrix. Concerted interactions between genetically altered tumor cells and genetically stable intratumoral stromal cells result in an "activated/reprogramed" stroma that promotes carcinogenesis by contributing to inflammation, immune suppression, therapeutic resistance, and generating premetastatic niches that support the initiation and establishment of distant metastasis. The lungs present a unique milieu in which tumors progress in collusion with the TME, as evidenced by regions of aberrant angiogenesis, acidosis and hypoxia. Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, and pulmonary disorders in lung cancer patients such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema, constitute comorbid conditions and are independent risk factors for lung cancer. The TME also contributes to immune suppression, induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and diminishes efficacy of chemotherapies. Thus, the TME has begun to emerge as the "Achilles heel" of the disease, and constitutes an attractive target for anti-cancer therapy. Drugs targeting the components of the TME are making their way into clinical trials. Here, we will focus on recent advances and emerging concepts regarding the intriguing role of the TME in lung cancer progression, and discuss future directions in the context of novel diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinogenesis/drug effects
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Cell Communication/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lung Diseases, Obstructive/complications
- Lung Diseases, Obstructive/drug therapy
- Lung Diseases, Obstructive/genetics
- Lung Diseases, Obstructive/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/complications
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Pulmonary Emphysema/complications
- Pulmonary Emphysema/drug therapy
- Pulmonary Emphysema/genetics
- Pulmonary Emphysema/metabolism
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Mittal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Neuberger Berman Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Tina El Rayes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Neuberger Berman Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Navneet Narula
- Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Timothy E McGraw
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Neuberger Berman Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nasser K Altorki
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Neuberger Berman Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, 566 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Celecoxib Treatment Alters p53 and MDM2 Expression via COX-2 Crosstalk in A549 Cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2016; 15:483-9. [PMID: 27642319 PMCID: PMC5018276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the lung cancer. It is known that COX-2 negatively regulates the activity of a number of tumor suppressors, including p53. Consequently, inhibition of COX-2 signaling is anticipated to be a promising approach to stabilize p53 functionality. In this regard, we investigated the effect of COX-2 signaling blockade on p53 and COX-2expression in A549 cells. Cell viability was assessed using MTT and protein expression was measured using Western Blot assay. Results revealed that Celecoxib dose-dependently induced growth inhibition within 24 h. However, prolonged exposure to the drug up to 48 h led to increase cell viability compared to the corresponding control. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Celecoxib could augment p53 expression within 24 h, independently of COX-2 inhibition. In contrast, Celecoxib treatment not only returned p53 to the control level, but also strikingly induced COX-2 expression within 48 h. Of further relevance, Celecoxib exposure could significantly result in MDM2 elevation at 48 h. These findings represent p53 as a molecular target being interconnected with COX-2 signaling axis upon Celecoxib treatment. Moreover, our data point toward the possibility that Celecoxib treatment may not be a proper therapeutic strategy in lung cancer cells owing to its potential role in the activation of oncogenes, including COX-2 and MDM2 which seemingly confers a chemoresistance circumstance to the cell. Consequently, these results underscore intensive preclinical assessment prior to applying COX-2 inhibitors in the treatment of lung tumors.
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Liu R, Xu KP, Tan GS. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in lung cancer treatment: Bench to bed. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 769:127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lu S, Yang Y, Du Y, Cao LL, Li M, Shen C, Hou T, Zhao Y, Wang H, Deng D, Wang L, He Q, Zhu WG. The transcription factor c-Fos coordinates with histone lysine-specific demethylase 2A to activate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2. Oncotarget 2015; 6:34704-17. [PMID: 26430963 PMCID: PMC4741484 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is overexpressed in a variety of human epithelial cancers, including lung cancer, and is highly associated with a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. Understanding how COX-2 is regulated in response to carcinogens will offer insight into designing anti-cancer strategies and preventing cancer development. Here, we analyzed COX-2 expression in several human lung cancer cell lines and found that COX-2 expression was absent in the H719 and H460 cell lines by a DNA methylation-independent mechanism. The re-expression of COX-2 was observed after 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatment in both cell lines. Further investigation found that H3K36 dimethylation was significantly reduced near the COX-2 promoter because histone demethylase 2A (KDM2A) was recruited to the COX-2 promoter after TPA treatment. In addition, the transcription factor c-Fos was found to be required to recruit KDM2A to the COX-2 promoter for reactivation of COX-2 in response to TPA treatment in both the H719 and H460 cell lines. Together, our data reveal a novel mechanism by which the carcinogen TPA activates COX-2 expression by regulating H3K36 dimethylation near the COX-2 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoli Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yipeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lin-lin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Changchun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tianyun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dajun Deng
- Department of Etiology, Peking University School of Oncology and Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qihua He
- Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Peking University-Tsinghua University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100751, China
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Mazzilli SA, Hershberger PA, Reid ME, Bogner PN, Atwood K, Trump DL, Johnson CS. Vitamin D Repletion Reduces the Progression of Premalignant Squamous Lesions in the NTCU Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mouse Model. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:895-904. [PMID: 26276745 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The chemopreventive actions of vitamin D were examined in the N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea (NTCU) mouse model, a progressive model of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). SWR/J mice were fed a deficient diet (D) containing no vitamin D3, a sufficient diet (S) containing 2,000 IU/kg vitamin D3, or the same diets in combination with the active metabolite of vitamin D, calcitriol (C; 80 μg/kg, weekly). The percentage (%) of the mucosal surface of large airways occupied by dysplastic lesions was determined in mice after treatment with a total dose of 15 or 25 μmol NTCU (N). After treatment with 15 μmol NTCU, the percentages of the surface of large airways containing high-grade dysplastic (HGD) lesions were vitamin D-deficient + NTCU (DN), 22.7% [P < 0.05 compared with vitamin D-sufficient +NTCU (SN)]; DN + C, 12.3%; SN, 8.7%; and SN + C, 6.6%. The extent of HGD increased with NTCU dose in the DN group. Proliferation, assessed by Ki-67 labeling, increased upon NTCU treatment. The highest Ki-67 labeling index was seen in the DN group. As compared with SN mice, DN mice exhibited a three-fold increase (P < 0.005) in circulating white blood cells (WBC), a 20% (P < 0.05) increase in IL6 levels, and a four-fold (P < 0.005) increase in WBC in bronchial lavages. Thus, vitamin D repletion reduces the progression of premalignant lesions, proliferation, and inflammation, and may thereby suppress development of lung SCC. Further investigations of the chemopreventive effects of vitamin D in lung SCC are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Mazzilli
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
| | - Pamela A Hershberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mary E Reid
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Paul N Bogner
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kristopher Atwood
- Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo New York
| | | | - Candace S Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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Gibb HJ, Lees PSJ, Wang J, Grace O'Leary K. Extended followup of a cohort of chromium production workers. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:905-13. [PMID: 26041683 PMCID: PMC5008208 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study evaluates the mortality of 2,354 workers first employed at a Baltimore chromate production plant between 1950 and 1974. METHODS The National Death Index (NDI Plus) was used to determine vital status and cause of death. Cumulative chromium (VI) exposure and nasal and skin irritation were evaluated as risk factors for lung cancer mortality. RESULTS There are 91,186 person-years of observation and 217 lung cancer deaths. Cumulative chromium (VI) exposure, nasal irritation, nasal perforation, nasal ulceration, and other forms of irritation (e.g., skin irritation) were associated with lung cancer mortality. CONCLUSION Cumulative chromium (VI) exposure was a risk factor for lung cancer death. Cancer deaths, other than lung cancer, were not significantly elevated. Irritation may be a possible mechanism for chromium (VI)-induced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Keri Grace O'Leary
- Gibb Epidemiology Consulting LLC, Arlington, Virginia
- PhD candidate, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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Recent progress in biomedical applications of Pluronic (PF127): Pharmaceutical perspectives. J Control Release 2015; 209:120-38. [PMID: 25921088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Most of the administered anti-cancer drugs are hydrophobic in nature and are known to have poor water solubility, short residence time, rapid clearance from the body and systemic side effects. Polymeric-based targeted particulate carrier system has shown to directly deliver the encapsulated anti-cancer drug to the desired site of action and prevent the interaction of encapsulated drug with the normal cells. Pluronic F127 (PF127) has been widely investigated for its broad-range of therodiagnostic applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences, but rapid dissolution in the physiological fluids, short residence time, rapid clearance, and weak mechanical strength are the main shortcomings that are associated with PF127 and have recently been overcome by making various modifications in the structure of PF127 notably through preparation of PF127-based mixed polymeric micelles, PF127-conjugated nanoparticles and PF127-based hydrophobically modified thermogels. In this article, we have briefly discussed the recent studies that have been conducted on various anti-cancer drugs using PF127 as nano-carrier modified with other copolymers and/or conjugated with magnetic nanoparticles. The key findings of these studies demonstrated that the modified form of PF127 can significantly increase the stability of incorporated hydrophobic drugs with enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of anti-cancer drugs. Moreover, the modified form of PF127 has also shown its therapeutic potentials as therodiagnostics in various types of tumors and cancers. Hence, it can be concluded that the modified form of PF127 exhibits significant therodiagnostic effects with increased tumor-specific delivery of anti-cancer drugs having minimal toxic effects as compared to PF127 alone and/or other copolymers.
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Kwak TK, Sohn EJ, Kim S, Won G, Choi JU, Jeong K, Jeong M, Kwon OS, Kim SH. Inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum on osteopontin mediated metastasis of NCI-H460 non-small cell lung cancer cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:419. [PMID: 25345853 PMCID: PMC4219006 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Osteopontin (OPN) is one of important molecular targets in cancer progression, metastasis as a calcium-binding, extracellular-matrix-associated protein of the small integrin-binding ligand and, N-linked glycoprotein. In the present study, anti-metastatic mechanism of ethanol extracts of Ocimum sanctum (EEOS) was elucidated on OPN enhanced metastasis in NCI-H460 non- small cell lung cancer cells. Methods Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Adhesion and invasion assays were carried out to see that EEOS inhibited cell adhesion and invasion in OPN treated and non-treated NCI-H 460 cells. RT-PCR was used to determine the mRNA levels of uPA, uPAR, and EGFR. Results EEOS significantly inhibited cell adhesion and invasion in OPN treated and non treated NCI-H460 cells, though EEOS did not show any toxicity up to 200 μg/ml. EEOS effectively attenuated the expression of OPN and CD44 and also OPN activated the expression of CD44 in NCI-H460 cells. In addition, EEOS effectively suppressed the expression of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and the phosphorylation of Akt at protein level in OPN treated NCI-H460 cells. Also, EEOS significantly attenuated the expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at mRNA level and reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production and MMP-9 activity in OPN treated NCI-H460 cells. Furthermore, PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 enhanced anti-metastatic potential of EEOS to attenuate the expression of uPA and MMP-9 in OPN treated NCI-H 460 cells. Conclusion Overall, our findings suggest that anti-metastatic mechanism of EEOS is mediated by inhibition of PI3K/Akt in OPN treated NCI-H460 non-small cell lung cancer cells.
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Jin YX, Jiang GN, Zheng H, Duan L, Ding JA. Common genetic variants on 3q28 contribute to non-small cell lung cancer susceptibility: evidence from 10 case-control studies. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 290:573-84. [PMID: 25344291 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The association between common variations (rs10937405, rs4488809) on 3q28 and lung cancer has been widely evaluated in various ethnic groups, since it was first identified through genome-wide association approach. However, the results have been inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship and the effect of factors that might modify the risk, we performed this meta-analysis. The random-effects model was applied, addressing heterogeneity and publication bias. A total of 10 articles involving 36,221 cases and 58,108 controls were included. Overall, the summary per-allele OR of 1.19 (95 % CI 1.14-1.25, P < 10(-5)) and 1.17 (95 % CI 1.10-1.23, P < 10(-5)) was found for the rs10937405 and rs4488809 polymorphisms, respectively. Significant results were also observed in heterozygous and homozygous when compared with wild genotype for these polymorphisms. Significant results were found in East Asians when stratified by ethnicity, whereas no significant associations were found among Caucasians. After stratifying by sample size, study design, control source and sex, significant associations were also obtained. In addition, our data indicate that these polymorphisms are involved in lung cancer susceptibility and confer its effect primarily in lung adenocarcinoma when stratified by histological subtype. Furthermore, significant associations were also detected both never-smokers and smokers for these polymorphisms. In conclusion, this meta-analysis demonstrated that rs10937405 and rs4488809 are a risk factor associated with increased non-small cell lung cancer susceptibility, particularly for East Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-xing Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, No. 507 Zhengmin Rd, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
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Yang Y, Burke RV, Jeon CY, Chang SC, Chang PY, Morgenstern H, Tashkin DP, Mao J, Cozen W, Mack TM, Rao J, Zhang ZF. Polymorphisms of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and survival of lung cancer and upper aero-digestive tract cancers. Lung Cancer 2014; 85:449-56. [PMID: 25043640 PMCID: PMC4143535 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcriptional factors involved in several biological processes such as inflammation, cancer growth, progression and apoptosis that are important in lung and upper aero-digestive tract (UADT) cancer outcomes. Nonetheless, there are no published studies of the relationship between PPARs gene polymorphisms and survival of patients with lung cancer or UADT cancers. METHODS 1212 cancer patients (611 lung, 303 oral, 100 pharyngeal, 90 laryngeal, and 108 esophageal) were followed for a median duration of 11 years. We genotyped three potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using Taqman - rs3734254 of the gene PPARD and rs10865710 and rs1801282 of the gene PPARG - and investigated their associations with lung and UADT cancer survival using Cox regression. A semi-Bayesian shrinkage approach was used to reduce the potential for false positive findings when examining multiple associations. RESULTS The variant homozygote CC (vs. TT) of PPARD rs3734254 was inversely associated with mortality of both lung cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]=0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.42, 0.96) and UADT cancers (aHR=0.51, 95% CI=0.27, 0.99). Use of the semi-Bayesian shrinkage approach yielded a posterior aHR for lung cancer of 0.66 (95% posterior limits=0.44, 0.98) and a posterior aHR for UADT cancers of 0.58 (95% posterior limits=0.33, 1.03). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that lung-cancer patients with the CC variant of PPARD rs3734254 may have a survival advantage over lung-cancer patients with other gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rita V Burke
- Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christie Y Jeon
- Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shen-Chih Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Po-Yin Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, & Metabolism, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Hal Morgenstern
- Departments of Epidemiology, Environmental Health Sciences, and Urology, Schools of Public Health and Medicine, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Donald P Tashkin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Mao
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Wendy Cozen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Mack
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Cyclooxygenases: mediators of UV-induced skin cancer and potential targets for prevention. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2497-2502. [PMID: 24804836 PMCID: PMC4165774 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), are among the most common human malignancies. Current methods for their prevention include avoidance of natural and artificial sources of UV radiation, photoprotective clothing and sunscreens. However, these methods have proven to be inadequate in stemming the rise in skin cancer incidence over the past several years. There is accumulating evidence that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme involved in prostaglandin synthesis, may be involved in the pathogenesis of NMSC. In preclinical studies, animals genetically deficient in the COX-2 enzyme or that have been treated with pharmacological inhibitors of COX-2 develop significantly fewer tumors when subjected to a UV-induced skin carcinogenesis protocol than control mice. Several epidemiological studies in humans support the concept that this enzyme is intimately involved in UV-induced skin cancer development, and UV radiation is known to augment COX-2 expression in human skin. Recent studies suggest that drugs that block COX-2 expression may prevent the development of NMSCs. Thus, pharmacologic agents that inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 may be effective chemopreventive agents for NMSCs.
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Xu J, Weng Z, Arumugam A, Tang X, Chaudhary SC, Li C, Christiano AM, Elmets CA, Bickers DR, Athar M. Hair follicle disruption facilitates pathogenesis to UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation and basal cell carcinoma development in Ptch(+/-) mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1529-40. [PMID: 24631180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hairless mice carrying homozygous mutations in hairless gene manifest rudimentary hair follicles (HFs), epidermal cysts, hairless phenotype, and enhanced susceptibility to squamous cell carcinomas. However, their susceptibility to basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), a neoplasm considered originated from HF-localized stem cells, is unknown. To demonstrate the role of HFs in BCC development, we bred Ptch(+/-)/C57BL6 with SKH-1 hairless mice, followed by brother-sister cross to get F2 homozygous mutant (hairless) or wild-type (haired) mice. UVB-induced inflammation was less pronounced in shaved haired than in hairless mice. In hairless mice, inflammatory infiltrate was found around the rudimentary HFs and epidermal cysts. Expression of epidermal IL1f6, S100a8, vitamin D receptor, repetin, and major histocompatibility complex II, biomarkers depicting susceptibility to cutaneous inflammation, was also higher. In these animals, HF disruption altered susceptibility to UVB-induced BCCs. Tumor onset in hairless mice was 10 weeks earlier than in haired littermates. The incidence of BCCs was significantly higher in hairless than in haired animals; however, the magnitude of sonic hedgehog signaling did not differ significantly. Overall, 100% of hairless mice developed >12 tumors per mouse after 32 weeks of UVB therapy, whereas haired mice developed fewer than three tumors per mouse after 44 weeks of long-term UVB irradiation. Tumors in hairless mice were more aggressive than in haired littermates and manifested decreased E-cadherin and enhanced mesenchymal proteins. These data provide novel evidence that disruption of HFs in Ptch(+/-) mice enhances cutaneous susceptibility to inflammation and BCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Xu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Aadithya Arumugam
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Xiuwei Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Sandeep C Chaudhary
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David R Bickers
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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The VEGF pathway in lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:1169-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Daniels JMA, Sutedja TG. Detection and minimally invasive treatment of early squamous lung cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2013; 5:235-48. [PMID: 23858332 DOI: 10.1177/1758834013482345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The majority of patents presenting with NSCLC have advanced disease, which precludes curative treatment. Early detection and treatment might result in the identification of more patients with early central lung cancer and improve survival. In addition, the study of early lung cancer improves understanding of lung carcinogenesis and might also reveal new treatment targets for advanced lung cancer. Bronchoscopic investigation of the central airways can reveal both early central lung cancer in situ (stage 0) and other preinvasive lesions such as dysplasia. In the current review we discuss the detection of early squamous lung cancer, the natural history of preinvasive lesions and whether biomarkers can be used to predict progression to cancer. Finally we will review the staging and management of preinvasive lung cancer lesions and the different therapeutic modalities that are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M A Daniels
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Z 4A48, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Prabhu VV, Guruvayoorappan C. Inhibition of Metastatic Lung Cancer in C57BL/6 Mice by Marine Mangrove Rhizophora apiculata. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:1833-40. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.3.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Limburg PJ, Mandrekar SJ, Aubry MC, Ziegler KLA, Zhang J, Yi JE, Henry M, Tazelaar HD, Lam S, McWilliams A, Midthun DE, Edell ES, Rickman OB, Mazzone P, Tockman M, Beamis JF, Lamb C, Simoff M, Loprinzi C, Szabo E, Jett J. Randomized phase II trial of sulindac for lung cancer chemoprevention. Lung Cancer 2013; 79:254-61. [PMID: 23261228 PMCID: PMC3566344 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sulindac represents a promising candidate agent for lung cancer chemoprevention, but clinical trial data have not been previously reported. We conducted a randomized, phase II chemoprevention trial involving current or former cigarette smokers (≥30 pack-years) utilizing the multi-center, inter-disciplinary infrastructure of the Cancer Prevention Network (CPN). METHODS At least 1 bronchial dysplastic lesion identified by fluorescence bronchoscopy was required for randomization. Intervention assignments were sulindac 150mg bid or an identical placebo bid for 6 months. Trial endpoints included changes in histologic grade of dysplasia (per-participant as primary endpoint and per lesion as secondary endpoint), number of dysplastic lesions (per-participant), and Ki67 labeling index. RESULTS Slower than anticipated recruitment led to trial closure after randomizing participants (n=31 and n=30 in the sulindac and placebo arms, respectively). Pre- and post-intervention fluorescence bronchoscopy data were available for 53/61 (87%) randomized, eligible participants. The median (range) of dysplastic lesions at baseline was 2 (1-12) in the sulindac arm and 2 (1-7) in the placebo arm. Change in dysplasia was categorized as regression:stable:progression for 15:3:8 (58%:12%:31%) subjects in the sulindac arm and 15:2:10 (56%:7%:37%) subjects in the placebo arm; these distributions were not statistically different (p=0.85). Median Ki67 expression (% cells stained positive) was significantly reduced in both the placebo (30 versus 5; p=0.0005) and sulindac (30 versus 10; p=0.0003) arms, but the difference between arms was not statistically significant (p=0.92). CONCLUSIONS Data from this multi-center, phase II squamous cell lung cancer chemoprevention trial do not demonstrate sufficient benefits from sulindac 150mg bid for 6 months to warrant additional phase III testing. Investigation of pathway-focused agents is necessary for lung cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Limburg
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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The presence of Merkel cell polyomavirus is associated with deregulated expression ofBRAFandBcl-2genes in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:604-11. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sato M, Shames DS, Hasegawa Y. Emerging evidence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lung carcinogenesis. Respirology 2013; 17:1048-59. [PMID: 22452538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental programme that regulates embryonic morphogenesis and involves significant morphological and molecular changes in cells. Experimental models have revealed that EMT also contributes to various malignant features of cancer cells, including motile, invasive, anti-apoptotic and stem-like phenotypes. Clinically, correlative studies have indicated that mesenchymal-like features of tumour cells are associated with poor tumour differentiation as well as worse patient prognosis. Nevertheless, due to its transitory nature, demonstration of an actual occurrence of EMT during human carcinogenesis is challenging, and most of the evidence to date has been limited to breast and colorectal cancers. However, recent studies suggest that EMT may occur during lung cancer development, although such evidence is still limited. We propose three approaches for obtaining direct evidence of EMT in human cancers and use these criteria to review the available data. We suggest that multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors cooperatively induce EMT in lung cancer. Intrinsic factors include oncogenic genetic changes such as mutant K-RAS. Extrinsic factors are associated with a tumour microenvironment that is inflammatory and hypoxic. The induction of EMT is primarily mediated by various EMT-inducing transcription factors that suppress E-cadherin expression, including SLUG and ZEB1. miR-200 family expression can reverse EMT by suppressing EMT- inducing transcription factors. Obviously, more data demonstrating the clinical relevance of EMT in lung cancer are required, and further elucidation of how EMT is regulated in lung cancer will enable us to develop novel therapeutics that specifically target molecules with critical roles in EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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Chen YC, Hsiao CC, Chen KD, Hung YC, Wu CY, Lie CH, Liu SF, Sung MT, Chen CJ, Wang TY, Chang JC, Tang P, Fang WF, Wang YH, Chung YH, Chao TY, Leung SY, Su MC, Wang CC, Lin MC. Peripheral immune cell gene expression changes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with first line combination chemotherapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57053. [PMID: 23451142 PMCID: PMC3581559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Increasing evidence has shown that immune surveillance is compromised in a tumor-promoting microenvironment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and can be restored by appropriate chemotherapy. Methods To test this hypothesis, we analyzed microarray gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 30 patients with newly-diagnosed advanced stage NSCLC, and 20 age-, sex-, and co-morbidity-matched healthy controls. All the patients received a median of four courses of chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine for a 28-day cycle as first line treatment. Results Sixty-nine differentially expressed genes between the patients and controls, and 59 differentially expressed genes before and after chemotherapy were identified. The IL4 pathway was significantly enriched in both tumor progression and chemotherapy signatures. CXCR4 and IL2RG were down-regulated, while DOK2 and S100A15 were up-regulated in the patients, and expressions of all four genes were partially or totally reversed after chemotherapy. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR for the four up-regulated (S100A15, DOK2) and down-regulated (TLR7, TOP1MT) genes in the patients, and the six up-regulated (TLR7, CRISP3, TOP1MT) and down-regulated (S100A15, DOK2, IL2RG) genes after chemotherapy confirmed the validity of the microarray results. Further immunohistochemical analysis of the paraffin-embedded lung cancer tissues identified strong S100A15 nuclear staining not only in stage IV NSCLC as compared to stage IIIB NSCLC (p = 0.005), but also in patients with stable or progressive disease as compared to those with a partial response (p = 0.032). A high percentage of S100A15 nuclear stained cells (HR 1.028, p = 0.01) was the only independent factor associated with three-year overall mortality. Conclusions Our results suggest a potential role of the IL4 pathway in immune surveillance of advanced stage NSCLC, and immune potentiation of combination chemotherapy. S100A15 may serve as a potential biomarker for tumor staging, and a predictor of poor prognosis in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Che Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chun Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Den Chen
- Center of Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiang Hung
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yuan Wu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hao Lie
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Feng Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tse Sung
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jen Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ya Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chieh Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Petrus Tang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Feng Fang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsi Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiu Chung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ying Chao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sum-Yee Leung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Chang Su
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chou Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chih Lin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Prediagnostic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and lung cancer survival in the VITAL study. J Thorac Oncol 2013; 7:1503-12. [PMID: 22982651 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3182641bdc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation is important for lung oncogenesis. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been shown to improve colorectal cancer survival. However, few studies have examined the association in lung cancer patients. METHODS The VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort includes Washington State residents, aged 50 to 76 years, who completed a baseline questionnaire between 2000 and 2002. Participants responded on the frequency and duration of use of individual NSAIDs in the previous 10 years. Subjects of this study were 785 members of the cohort, who were identified with incident lung cancer from baseline through 2007 through linkage to a population-based cancer registry. Participants were followed for lung cancer death through linkage to state records of death through 2009. Adjusted proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between NSAIDs and lung cancer death. RESULTS Five hundred and twenty-two participants (66%) died from lung cancer. Relative to nonuse, high (≥ 4 days/week and ≥ 4 years) prediagnostic use of regular-strength or low-dose aspirin (HR 0.99, 95% CI: 0.74-1.33 and HR 0.89, 95% CI: 0.67-1.17, respectively) or total nonaspirin NSAIDs (HR 1.20, 95% CI: 0.79-1.83) did not reduce lung cancer death. However, high use of ibuprofen was associated with a 62% increased risk of lung cancer death (HR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.01-2.58). CONCLUSIONS Long-term, prediagnostic NSAID use does not improve lung cancer survival overall. Use of ibuprofen may reduce survival from lung cancer. Our results underscore the need for further study of the mechanisms of action for individual NSAIDs with regard to cancer survival.
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Yang P, Cartwright C, Chan D, Ding J, Felix E, Pan Y, Pang J, Rhea P, Block K, Fischer SM, Newman RA. Anticancer activity of fish oils against human lung cancer is associated with changes in formation of PGE2 and PGE3 and alteration of Akt phosphorylation. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53:566-77. [PMID: 23371504 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids are believed to be due in part to selective alteration of arachidonate metabolism that involves cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Here we investigated the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on the proliferation of human non-small cell lung cancer A549 (COX-2 over-expressing) and H1299 (COX-2 null) cells as well as their xenograft models. While EPA inhibited 50% of proliferation of A549 cells at 6.05 µM, almost 80 µM of EPA was needed to reach similar levels of inhibition of H1299 cells. The formation of prostaglandin (PG)E3 in A549 cells was almost threefold higher than that of H1299 cells when these cells were treated with EPA (25 µM). Intriguingly, when COX-2 expression was reduced by siRNA or shRNA in A549 cells, the antiproliferative activity of EPA was reduced substantially compared to that of control siRNA or shRNA transfected A549 cells. In line with this, dietary menhaden oil significantly inhibited the growth of A549 tumors by reducing tumor weight by 58.8 ± 7.4%. In contrast, a similar diet did not suppress the development of H1299 xenograft. Interestingly, the ratio of PGE3 to PGE2 in A549 was about 0.16 versus only 0.06 in H1299 xenograft tissues. Furthermore, PGE2 up-regulated expression of pAkt, whereas PGE3 downregulated expression of pAkt in A549 cells. Taken together, the results of our study suggest that the ability of EPA to generate PGE3 through the COX-2 enzyme might be critical for EPA-mediated tumor growth inhibition which is at least partly due to down-regulation of Akt phosphorylation by PGE3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Yang
- Department of General Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Smith GR. Angiotensin and systems thinking: wrapping your mind around the big picture. Ochsner J 2013; 13:11-25. [PMID: 23533336 PMCID: PMC3603174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
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Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of chemicals including multiple genotoxic lung carcinogens. The classic mechanisms of carcinogen metabolic activation to DNA adducts, leading to miscoding and mutations in critical growth control genes, applies to this mixture but some aspects are difficult to establish because of the complexity of the exposure. This article discusses certain features of this mechanism including the role of nicotine and its receptors; lung carcinogens, co-carcinogens and related substances in cigarette smoke; structurally characterized DNA adducts in the lungs of smokers; the mutational consequences of DNA adduct formation in smokers' lungs; and biomarkers of nicotine and carcinogen uptake as related to lung cancer. While there are still uncertainties which may never be fully resolved, the general mechanisms by which cigarette smoking causes lung cancer are well understood and provide insights relevant to prevention of lung cancer, the number one cancer killer in the world, causing 1.37 million deaths per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Tumor-induced CD8+ T-cell dysfunction in lung cancer patients. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:741741. [PMID: 23118782 PMCID: PMC3483679 DOI: 10.1155/2012/741741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and one of the most common types of cancers. The limited success of chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimes have highlighted the need to develop new therapies like antitumor immunotherapy. CD8+ T-cells represent a major arm of the cell-mediated anti-tumor response and a promising target for developing T-cell-based immunotherapies against lung cancer. Lung tumors, however, have been considered to possess poor immunogenicity; even so, lung tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell clones can be established that possess cytotoxicity against autologous tumor cells. This paper will focus on the alterations induced in CD8+ T-cells by lung cancer. Although memory CD8+ T-cells infiltrate lung tumors, in both tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and malignant pleural effusions, these cells are dysfunctional and the effector subset is reduced. We propose that chronic presence of lung tumors induces dysfunctions in CD8+ T-cells and sensitizes them to activation-induced cell death, which may be associated with the poor clinical responses observed in immunotherapeutic trials. Getting a deeper knowledge of the evasion mechanisms lung cancer induce in CD8+ T-cells should lead to further understanding of lung cancer biology, overcome tumor evasion mechanisms, and design improved immunotherapeutic treatments for lung cancer.
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Green tea inhibits cycolooxygenase-2 in non-small cell lung cancer cells through the induction of Annexin-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:725-30. [PMID: 23036202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevated cyclooygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is frequently observed in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and associated with poor prognosis, indicating critical involvement of the inflammatory pathway in lung carcinogenesis. Recently, we found that green tea extract (GTE) induced Annexin-1 (ANX1) in the lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. ANX1 is a glucocorticoid-inducible 37kDa protein involved in a wide range biological function and is an important anti-inflammatory mediator. The present study further examines the interplay between the expressions and production of ANX1, COX-2, phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) following the treatment of NSCLC cell lines with GTE. We found that GTE induced ANX1 and inhibited COX-2 expression in lung cancer A549, H157 and H460 cell lines. Addition of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β diminished GTE-induced ANX1. Silence of ANX1 in cells abrogates the inhibitory activity on COX-2, indicating that the anti-inflammatory activity of GTE is mediated at least partially by the up-regulation of ANX1. However, differential pattern of inhibitory effects of ANX1 on cPLA(2) expression was observed among various cell types, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory activity mediated by ANX1 is cell type specific. Our study may provide a new mechanism of GTE on the prevention of lung cancer and other diseases related to inflammation.
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Kiesslich T, Pichler M, Neureiter D. Epigenetic control of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition in human cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2012; 1:3-11. [PMID: 24649114 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2012.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Development and tissue homeostasis as well as carcinogenesis share the evolutionary conserved process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT enables differentiated epithelial cells to trans-differentiate to a mesenchymal phenotype which is associated with diverse cellular properties including altered morphology, migration and invasion and stemness. In physiological development and tissue homeostasis, EMT exerts beneficial functions for structured tissue formation and maintenance. Under pathological conditions, EMT causes uncontrolled tissue repair and organ fibrosis, as well as the induction of tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis in the context of cancer progression. Particularly, the metastatic process is essentially linked to diverse EMT-driven functions which give the mesenchymal differentiated tumor cells the capacity to migrate and form micrometastases in distant organs. Recent analyses of the mechanisms controlling EMT revealed a significant epigenetic regulatory impact reflecting the reversible nature of EMTs. As several approaches of epigenetic therapy are already under clinical evaluation, including inhibitors of DNA methyl transferase and histone deacetylase, targeting the epigenetic regulation of EMT may represent a promising therapeutic option in the future. Therefore, we undertook this review to reassess the current knowledge on the roles of epigenetic control in the regulation of EMT in human cancer. These recent findings are discussed in view of their implications on future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kiesslich
- Institute of Pathology; ; Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Salzburg
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer represent two diseases that share a strong risk factor in smoking, and COPD increases risk of lung cancer even after adjusting for the effects of smoking. These diseases not only occur jointly within an individual but also there is evidence of shared occurrence within families. Understanding the genetic contributions to these diseases, both individually and jointly, is needed to identify the highest risk group for screening and targeted prevention, as well as aiding in the development of targeted treatments. The chromosomal regions that have been identified as being associated either jointly or independently with lung cancer, COPD, nicotine addiction, and lung function are presented. Studies jointly measuring genetic variation in lung cancer and COPD have been limited by the lack of detailed COPD diagnosis and severity data in lung cancer populations, the lack of lung cancer-specific phenotypes (histology and tumor markers) in COPD populations, and the lack of inclusion of minorities. African Americans, who smoke fewer cigarettes per day and have different linkage disequilibrium and disease patterns than whites, and Asians, also with different patterns of exposure to lung carcinogens and linkage patterns, will provide invaluable information to better understand shared and independent genetic contributions to lung cancer and COPD to more fully define the highest risk group of individuals who will most benefit from screening and to develop molecular signatures to aid in targeted treatment and prevention efforts.
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