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Rao J, Sinn M, Pelzer U, Riess H, Oettle H, Demir IE, Friess H, Jäger C, Steiger K, Muckenhuber A. KRT81 and HNF1A expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: investigation of predictive and prognostic value of immunohistochemistry-based subtyping. J Pathol Clin Res 2024; 10:e12377. [PMID: 38750616 PMCID: PMC11096282 DOI: 10.1002/2056-4538.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Even after decades of research, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a highly lethal disease and responses to conventional treatments remain mostly poor. Subclassification of PDAC into distinct biological subtypes has been proposed by various groups to further improve patient outcome and reduce unnecessary side effects. Recently, an immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based subtyping method using cytokeratin-81 (KRT81) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1A (HNF1A) could recapitulate some of the previously established molecular subtyping methods, while providing significant prognostic and, to a limited degree, also predictive information. We refined the KRT81/HNF1A subtyping method to classify PDAC into three distinct biological subtypes. The prognostic value of the IHC-based method was investigated in two primary resected cohorts, which include 269 and 286 patients, respectively. In the second cohort, we also assessed the predictive effect for response to erlotinib + gemcitabine. In both PDAC cohorts, the new HNF1A-positive subtype was associated with the best survival, the KRT81-positive subtype with the worst, and the double-negative with an intermediate survival (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) in univariate and multivariate analyses. In the second cohort (CONKO-005), the IHC-based subtype was additionally found to have a potential predictive value for the erlotinib-based treatment effect. The revised IHC-based subtyping using KRT81 and HNF1A has prognostic significance for PDAC patients and may be of value in predicting treatment response to specific therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Rao
- Institute of PathologyTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Marianne Sinn
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Tumour Immunology, CONKO‐Study‐GroupCharité – University Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany
- Department of Internal Medicine IIUniversity Medical Center of Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Uwe Pelzer
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Tumour Immunology, CONKO‐Study‐GroupCharité – University Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Hanno Riess
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Tumour Immunology, CONKO‐Study‐GroupCharité – University Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Helmut Oettle
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Tumour Immunology, CONKO‐Study‐GroupCharité – University Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Ihsan E Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- Else Kröner Clinician Scientist Professor for Translational Pancreatic SurgeryMunichGermany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of PathologyTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
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Gosman LM, Țăpoi DA, Costache M. Cutaneous Melanoma: A Review of Multifactorial Pathogenesis, Immunohistochemistry, and Emerging Biomarkers for Early Detection and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15881. [PMID: 37958863 PMCID: PMC10650804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is an increasingly significant public health concern. Due to alarming mortality rates and escalating incidence, it is crucial to understand its etiology and identify emerging biomarkers for improved diagnosis and treatment strategies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multifactorial etiology of CM, underscore the importance of early detection, discuss the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma development and progression, and shed light on the role of the potential biomarkers in diagnosis and treatment. The pathogenesis of CM involves a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, ultraviolet radiation exposure being the predominant environmental risk factor. The emergence of new biomarkers, such as novel immunohistochemical markers, gene mutation analysis, microRNA, and exosome protein expressions, holds promise for improved early detection, and prognostic and personalized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maria Gosman
- Doctoral School, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pathology, Saint Pantelimon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 021659 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana-Antonia Țăpoi
- Department of Pathology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pathology, University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Costache
- Department of Pathology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pathology, University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Chen K, McInnis-Smith K, Tiwari N, Moser JC, Ramasubramanian A. BRAF Immunohistochemical Studies of Pediatric Conjunctival Lesions. Cornea 2023; 42:1404-1407. [PMID: 36729648 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of an activating mutation in the B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) V600E immunoreactivity in pediatric conjunctival lesions. METHODS This retrospective case-control study included 32 pediatric patients who underwent surgical excision of conjunctival lesions between Jan 2019 and May 2022. The collected data included demographic data, clinical features, and histopathologic characteristics of the lesion, including BRAF V600E positivity. The Student t test and the Fisher exact test were used to determine the significance of the associations between clinical variables and BRAF positivity. RESULTS BRAF immunoreactivity was positive in 11/32 lesions (34%). Age at diagnosis did not correlate with BRAF positivity, with a mean age at diagnosis of 131.7 months for patients with BRAF+ lesions and 134.7 months for those with BRAF- lesions ( P > 0.1). No clinical or pathological features were found to be significantly correlated with BRAF positivity, although there was a trend toward BRAF positivity in the presence of cysts ( P = 0.072). CONCLUSIONS BRAF reactivity was present in approximately one-third of pediatric conjunctival nevi but does not correlate significantly with unique clinical or histopathological features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Justin C Moser
- HonorHealth Research and Innovation Institute, Scottsdale, AZ
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Garutti M, Bergnach M, Polesel J, Palmero L, Pizzichetta MA, Puglisi F. BRAF and MEK Inhibitors and Their Toxicities: A Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010141. [PMID: 36612138 PMCID: PMC9818023 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This meta-analysis summarizes the incidence of treatment-related adverse events (AE) of BRAFi and MEKi. METHODS A systematic search of Medline/PubMed was conducted to identify suitable articles published in English up to 31 December 2021. The primary outcomes were profiles for all-grade and grade 3 or higher treatment-related AEs, and the analysis of single side effects belonging to both categories. RESULTS The overall incidence of treatment-related all-grade Aes was 99% for Encorafenib (95% CI: 0.97-1.00) and 97% for Trametinib (95% CI: 0.92-0.99; I2 = 66%) and Binimetinib (95% CI: 0.94-0.99; I2 = 0%). In combined therapies, the rate was 98% for both Vemurafenib + Cobimetinib (95% CI: 0.96-0.99; I2 = 77%) and Encorafenib + Binimetinib (95% CI: 0.96-1.00). Grade 3 or higher adverse events were reported in 69% of cases for Binimetinib (95% CI: 0.50-0.84; I2 = 71%), 68% for Encorafenib (95% CI: 0.61-0.74), and 72% for Vemurafenib + Cobimetinib (95% CI: 0.65-0.79; I2 = 84%). The most common grade 1-2 AEs were pyrexia (43%) and fatigue (28%) for Dabrafenib + Trametinib and diarrhea for both Vemurafenib + Cobimetinib (52%) and Encorafenib + Binimetinib (34%). The most common AEs of grade 3 or higher were pyrexia, rash, and hypertension for Dabrafenib + Trametinib (6%), rash and hypertension for Encorafenib + Binimetinib (6%), and increased AST and ALT for Vemurafenib + Cobimetinib (10%). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides comprehensive data on treatment-related adverse events of BRAFi and MEKi combination therapies, showing related toxicity profiles to offer a helpful tool for clinicians in the choice of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Garutti
- CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-04-3465-9092
| | | | - Jerry Polesel
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Lorenza Palmero
- CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Pizzichetta
- CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, 34123 Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Puglisi
- CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Jones J, Lucey R, Corrie P. Retrospective review of outcomes associated with metastatic melanoma patients treated with 1st-line BRAF-targeted therapy. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:595-604. [PMID: 36114599 PMCID: PMC9826286 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BRAF-mutant melanoma patients can theoretically access both immunotherapy and BRAF-targeted therapy as treatment for metastatic disease. BRAF-targeted therapy is increasingly used 1st line for poorer prognostic patients, so we wanted to assess realistic expectations of these patients accessing 2nd-line immunotherapy. We conducted a retrospective review of clinical outcomes in 25 patients treated over the last 3 years with 1st-line BRAF-targeted therapy in a real-world clinical setting at a UK-based tertiary centre. Compared with the registration trials, our patients receiving 1st-line BRAF-targeted therapy had poorer performance status, higher disease burden, shorter median progression-free survival (5.05 months, 95% CI: 3.96-8.88) and shorter median overall survival (11.5 months, 95% CI: 6.24 - not reached). Overall response rate was similar, at 64%. On disease progression, median survival was 2.34 months (95% CI: 1.62 - not reached). Only five patients went on to receive 2nd-line immunotherapy. Metastatic melanoma patients treated with 1st-line BRAF-targeted therapy now have different demographics compared with those recruited to registration trials conducted over the last 10 years. In a modern-day, real-world setting, these patients should be counselled that only 1 in 5 are likely to receive 2nd-line immunotherapy and their survival times are expected to be short.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Jones
- Department of OncologyCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK,Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Rebecca Lucey
- Department of OncologyCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - Pippa Corrie
- Department of OncologyCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
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6
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Zhao Q, Wang T, Wang H, Cui C, Zhong W, Fu D, Xi W, Si L, Guo J, Cheng Y, Tian H, Hu P. Phase I pharmacokinetic study of an oral, small-molecule MEK inhibitor tunlametinib in patients with advanced NRAS mutant melanoma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1039416. [PMID: 36386136 PMCID: PMC9663925 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1039416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malignant melanoma is an aggressive disease. Tunlametinib (HL-085) is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable MEK1/2 inhibitor. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of tunlametinib and its main metabolite M8 in patients with NRAS-mutant melanoma following a single dose and multiple doses in a phase I safety and PK study. Methods: A multiple-center phase I study was performed in patients with melanoma including dose-escalation phase and dose-expansion phase. PK following a single oral dose and multiple doses of 0.5–18 mg twice daily was assessed. Results: A total of 30 participants were included in the dose escalation phase and then 11 patients were included in the dose-expansion phase (12 mg twice daily). Tunlametinib plasma concentration rapidly increased after dosing, with a Tmax of 0.5–1 h. Mean elimination half-life (t1/2) was dose-independent and had a range from 21.84 to 34.41 h. Mean apparent clearance (CL/F) and distribution volume (V/F) were 28.44–51.93 L/h and 1199.36–2009.26 L, respectively. The average accumulation ratios of AUC and Cmax after the multiple administration of tunlametinib were 1.64–2.73 and 0.82–2.49, respectively. Tunlametinib was rapidly transformed into the main metabolite M8 and M8 reached the peak concentration about 1 h after administration. Mean t1/2 of M8 was 6.1–33.54 h. The body exposure of M8 in plasma was 36%–67% of that of tunlametinib. There were general dose-proportional increases in maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) of tunlametinib and M8 both in the single dose phase and in the multiple doses phase. Conclusion: Tunlametinib was absorbed rapidly and eliminated at a medium speed after drug withdrawal. Pharmacokinetic body exposure increased in general dose-proportional manner from 0.5 mg up to 18 mg. Slight accumulation was found after multiple oral doses. The pharmacokinetics of tunlametinib and its metabolite suggest that twice daily dosing is appropriate for tunlametinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Cui
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhong
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Diyi Fu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Wanlin Xi
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Si
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Shanghai KeChow Pharma, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Hongqi Tian
- Shanghai KeChow Pharma, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Pei Hu,
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Dimitriou F, Hauschild A, Mehnert JM, Long GV. Double Trouble: Immunotherapy Doublets in Melanoma-Approved and Novel Combinations to Optimize Treatment in Advanced Melanoma. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2022; 42:1-22. [PMID: 35658500 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_351123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly anti-PD-1-based immune checkpoint inhibitors, have dramatically improved outcomes for patients with advanced melanoma and are currently deemed a standard of care. Ipilimumab/nivolumab is the first combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors to improve progression-free survival and overall survival in the first-line setting, with durable responses and the longest median overall survival, 72.1 months, of any drug therapy approved for advanced melanoma. However, its use is limited by the high rate of severe (grade 3-4) treatment-related adverse events. More recently, the novel immune checkpoint inhibitor combination of nivolumab/relatlimab (anti-PD-1/anti-LAG3) showed improved progression-free survival compared with nivolumab alone in the first-line setting and was well tolerated; thus, it is likely this combination will be added to the armamentarium as a first-line treatment for advanced melanoma. These changes in the treatment landscape have several treatment implications for decision-making. The choice of first-line systemic drug therapy, and the decision between immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy or combination therapy, requires a comprehensive assessment of disease-related factors and patient characteristics. Despite this striking progress, many patients' disease still progresses. Several new agents and therapeutic approaches are under investigation in clinical trials. Intralesional treatments hold promise for accessible metastases, although their broad application in the clinic will be limited. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers, as well as strategies to reduce treatment-related toxicities and overcome resistance, are required and are now the focus of clinical and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Dimitriou
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Axel Hauschild
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Janice M Mehnert
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Shen Q, Han Y, Wu K, He Y, Jiang X, Liu P, Xia C, Xiong Q, Liu R, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Yang C, Chen Y. MrgprF acts as a tumor suppressor in cutaneous melanoma by restraining PI3K/Akt signaling. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:147. [PMID: 35504869 PMCID: PMC9065076 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous melanoma (CM) has been increasing annually worldwide. In this study, we identify that MrgprF, a MAS related GPR family member, is decreased in cutaneous melanoma tissues and cell lines due to hypermethylation of its promoter region, and show that patients with CM expressing high levels of MrgprF exhibit an improved clinical outcome. We demonstrate that MrgprF forced expression inhibits tumor cell proliferation, migration, xenograft tumor growth, and metastasis. On the contrary, MrgprF knockdown promotes tumor cell proliferation and transformation of immortalized human keratinocyte-HaCaT cells, supporting the inhibitory role of MrgprF during tumor progression. Mechanistic studies reveal that MrgprF reduces the phosphoinositol‑3‑kinase (PI3K) complex formation between p101 and p110γ subunits, the critical step for phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4)-P2 (PIP2) conversion to phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-P3 (PIP3), and then reduces the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. This effect can be reversed by Akt specific agonist SC79. In addition, AMG 706, a previously documented inhibitor for endothelial cell proliferation, is identified as a potential agonist for MrgprF, and can impede tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that MrgprF, a novel tumor suppressor in cutaneous melanoma, may be useful as a therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushuo Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Yanfei Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yaomei He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Xiulin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Peishen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Cuifeng Xia
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China
| | - Qiuxia Xiong
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110042, China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Cuiping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
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9
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Liquid biopsy: early and accurate diagnosis of brain tumor. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:2347-2373. [PMID: 35451698 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive examination is an emerging area in the field of neuro-oncology. Liquid biopsy captures the landscape of genomic alterations of brain tumors and revolutionizes the traditional diagnosis approaches. Rapidly changing sequencing technologies and more affordable prices put the screws on more application of liquid biopsy in clinical settings. In the past few years, extensive application of liquid biopsy has been seen throughout the whole diagnosis and treatment process of brain tumors, including early and accurate detection, characterization and dynamic monitoring. Here, we summarized and compared the most advanced techniques and target molecules or macrostructures related to brain tumor liquid biopsy. We further reviewed and emphasized recent progression in different clinical settings for brain tumors in blood and CSF. The preferred protocol, potential novel biomarkers and future development are discussed in the last part.
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Jiang S, Jiang T, Huang H, Chen X, Li L, Wang Z, Fei J, Liu C, Liu Z, Cheng Y. CHMFL-BMX-078, a BMX inhibitor, overcomes the resistance of melanoma to vemurafenib via inhibiting AKT pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109747. [PMID: 34813779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our recent study demonstrated eIF3a loss contributes to vemurafenib resistance in melanoma by activating ERK. However, overexpression of eIF3a in the clinic is not feasible to produce vemurafenib re-sensitization, and ERK inhibitors combined with vemurafenib still exhibit limited effectiveness in the treatment of melanoma. Here, using the human receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylation antibody array, we observed that silencing eIF3a could activate BMX, a tyrosine kinase. The BMX inhibitor CHMFL-BMX-078 could significantly suppress proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest in vemurafenib resistant melanoma cell line A375 (A375R), however, it was hypotoxic in immortal keratinocytes, melanoma cells, and other solid cancer cells such as glioma and breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the combined treatment of CHMFL-BMX-078 and vemurafenib synergistically reduced cell viability and restored the sensitivity of resistant cells to vemurafenib. The reversal of the resistant phenotype by CHMFL-BMX-078 was associated with the AKT signaling pathway, as co-treatment with the AKT activator SC-79 or up-regulation of AKT attenuated the anti-proliferation effect of CHMFL-BMX-078 and vemurafenib. Lastly, we demonstrated that CHMFL-BMX-078 could significantly enhance vemurafenib efficacy in a xenograft model of A375R cells without producing additive toxicity. In conclusion, these findings reveal that the BMX inhibitor CHMFL-BMX-078 may reverse vemurafenib resistance in melanoma by suppressing the AKT signaling pathway, implying that CHMFL-BMX-078 may be a promising compound for overcoming vemurafenib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShiLong Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, PR China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, PR China
| | - HanXue Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, PR China
| | - XiSha Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, PR China
| | - LanYa Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, PR China
| | - ZhiBin Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, PR China
| | | | - Chong Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, PR China
| | - ZhaoQian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, PR China.
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, PR China.
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11
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Carlino MS, Larkin J, Long GV. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma. Lancet 2021; 398:1002-1014. [PMID: 34509219 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors target the dysfunctional immune system, to induce cancer-cell killing by CD8-positive T cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, specifically anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies, have revolutionised the management of many cancers, particularly advanced melanoma, for which tumour regression and long-term durable cancer control is possible in nearly 50% of patients, compared with less than 10% historically. Despite the absence of adequately powered trial data, combined anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibition has the highest 5-year overall survival rate of all therapies in advanced melanoma, and has high activity in melanoma brain metastases. A phase 3 study has shown the addition of an anti-LAG3 antibody to nivolumab improves progression-free survival, but its effect on overall survival and how this combination compares to combined anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibition is unknown. At present, there are no highly sensitive and specific biomarkers of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, and clinical factors, such as volume and sites of disease, serum lactate dehydrogenase, and BRAF mutation status, are used to select initial therapy for patients with advanced melanoma. Immune checkpoint inhibitors can induce autoimmune toxicities by virtue of their mechanism of action. These toxicities, termed immune-related adverse events, occur most frequently with combined anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibition; can have a variety of presentations; can affect any organ system (most often the skin, colon, endocrine system, and liver); and appear to mimic classic autoimmune diseases. Immune-related adverse events require prompt recognition and management, which may be different from the autoimmune disease it mimics. Immune checkpoint inhibitors appear to be safe for use in patients with HIV, viral hepatitis, and patients with mild-to-moderate pre-existing autoimmune diseases. Patients with organ transplants can respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors but have a high chance of transplant loss. PD-1 inhibitors are now an established standard of care as adjuvant therapy in high-risk resected stage III or IV melanoma. Neoadjuvant checkpoint inhibition for resectable stage III melanoma, which is currently limited to clinical trials, is emerging as a highly effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo S Carlino
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology Blacktown and Westmead Hospitals, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Larkin
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, North Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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12
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Liao S, He J, Liu C, Zhang Z, Liao H, Liao Z, Yu C, Guan J, Mo H, Yuan Z, Liang T, Lu Z, Xu G, Wang Z, Chen J, Jiang J, Zhan X. Construction of autophagy prognostic signature and analysis of prospective molecular mechanisms in skin cutaneous melanoma patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26219. [PMID: 34087900 PMCID: PMC8183723 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is closely related to skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), but the mechanism involved is unclear. Therefore, exploration of the role of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in SKCM is necessary. MATERIALS AND METHODS Differential expression autophagy-related genes (DEARGs) were first analysed. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the expression of DEARGs and prognosis of SKCM. Further, the expression levels of prognosis-related DEARGs were verified by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Finally, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of SKCM. RESULTS Five ARGs (APOL1, BIRC5, EGFR, TP63, and SPNS1) were positively correlated with the prognosis of SKCM. IHC verified the results of the differential expression of these 5 ARGs in the bioinformatics analysis. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve, the signature had a good performance at predicting overall survival in SKCM. The signature could classify SKCM patients into high-risk or low-risk groups according to distinct overall survival. The nomogram confirmed that the risk score has a particularly large impact on the prognosis of SKCM. Calibration plot displayed excellent agreement between nomogram predictions and actual observations. Principal component analysis indicated that patients in the high-risk group could be distinguished from those in low-risk group. Results of GSEA indicated that the low-risk group is enriched with aggressiveness-related pathways such as phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways. CONCLUSION Our study identified a 5-gene signature. It revealed the mechanisms of autophagy that lead to the progression of SKCM and established a prognostic nomogram that can predict overall survival of patients with SKCM. The findings of this study provide novel insights into the relationship between ARGs and prognosis of SKCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shian Liao
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Juliang He
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Chong Liu
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Zide Zhang
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Hongyu Liao
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Zuowei Liao
- Department of General Surgery, The Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Beihai, Guangxi, China
| | - Chaojie Yu
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Hao Mo
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Zhenchao Yuan
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Tuo Liang
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Zhaojun Lu
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Guoyong Xu
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Zequn Wang
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Jiarui Chen
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Jie Jiang
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Xinli Zhan
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
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13
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Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a neoplasm originating in the melanocytes in the skin. Although malignant melanoma is the third most common cutaneous cancer, it is recognized as the main cause of skin cancer-related mortality, and its incidence is rising. The natural history of malignant melanoma involves an inconsistent and insidious skin cancer with great metastatic potential. Increased ultra-violet (UV) skin exposure is undoubtedly the greatest risk factor for developing cutaneous melanoma; however, a plethora of risk factors are now recognized as causative. Moreover, modern oncology now considers melanoma proliferation a complex, multifactorial process with a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors all known to be contributory to tumorgenesis. Herein, we wish to outline the epidemiological, molecular, and biological processes responsible for driving malignant melanoma proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Miller
- Surgery, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, IRL
| | - Niall M McInerney
- Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, IRL
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14
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The Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Aetiology and Development of Uveal Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071700. [PMID: 33916693 PMCID: PMC8038359 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is currently classified by the World Health Organisation as a melanoma caused by risk factors other than cumulative solar damage. However, factors relating to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) susceptibility such as light-coloured skin and eyes, propensity to burn, and proximity to the equator, frequently correlate with higher risk of UM. These risk factors echo those of the far more common cutaneous melanoma (CM), which is widely accepted to be caused by excessive UVR exposure, suggesting a role of UVR in the development and progression of a proportion of UM. Indeed, this could mean that countries, such as Australia, with high UVR exposure and the highest incidences of CM would represent a similarly high incidence of UM if UVR exposure is truly involved. Most cases of UM lack the typical genetic mutations that are related to UVR damage, although recent evidence in a small minority of cases has shown otherwise. This review therefore reassesses statistical, environmental, anatomical, and physiological evidence for and against the role of UVR in the aetiology of UM.
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15
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Luo X, Xu Y, Li Y, Zhang G, Huang S, Liu X, Ren Z, Liu S, Yu L. BAP1 deletion abrogates growth and metastasis of murine cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 2021; 31:119-129. [PMID: 33347048 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although germline mutations in BRCA-associated protein-1 (BAP1) predispose to cutaneous melanoma (CM), BAP1 is rarely mutated in primary CM outside the familial context. The role of BAP1 in the pathogenesis of CM remains obscure. Here, we discovered an unexpected role of BAP1 in suppressing CM growth and metastasis. BAP1 deletion by CRISPR-Cas9 system severely compromises colony-forming capability of murine CM cell line B16-F10 and human CM cell lines, SK-MEL-28 and A375. Furthermore, BAP1 loss abrogates tumor growth and lung metastasis in murine syngeneic tumor models. Deletion of BAP1 in B16-F10 cells leads to preferential downregulation of genes accompanied with increased H2A ubiquitination at lysine 119. Transcriptomic characterization of BAP1 deletion reveals multiple deregulated cellular functions including extracellular matrix-receptor interaction and MAPK signaling pathway which may contribute to BAP1's effect on metastasis and proliferation. Our findings indicate that BAP1 could be a potential therapeutic target for CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University
| | - Yuyan Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University
| | - Yilei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University
| | - Guiming Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University
| | - Sisi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University
| | - Xiaolian Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University
| | - Zhonglu Ren
- College of Medical Information Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University
| | - Le Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University
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16
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Bellei B, Migliano E, Picardo M. A Framework of Major Tumor-Promoting Signal Transduction Pathways Implicated in Melanoma-Fibroblast Dialogue. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113400. [PMID: 33212834 PMCID: PMC7697272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma cells reside in a complex stromal microenvironment, which is a critical component of disease onset and progression. Mesenchymal or fibroblastic cell type are the most abundant cellular element of tumor stroma. Factors secreted by melanoma cells can activate non-malignant associated fibroblasts to become melanoma associate fibroblasts (MAFs). MAFs promote tumorigenic features by remodeling the extracellular matrix, supporting tumor cells proliferation, neo-angiogenesis and drug resistance. Additionally, environmental factors may contribute to the acquisition of pro-tumorigenic phenotype of fibroblasts. Overall, in melanoma, perturbed tissue homeostasis contributes to modulation of major oncogenic intracellular signaling pathways not only in tumor cells but also in neighboring cells. Thus, targeted molecular therapies need to be considered from the reciprocal point of view of melanoma and stromal cells. Abstract The development of a modified stromal microenvironment in response to neoplastic onset is a common feature of many tumors including cutaneous melanoma. At all stages, melanoma cells are embedded in a complex tissue composed by extracellular matrix components and several different cell populations. Thus, melanomagenesis is not only driven by malignant melanocytes, but also by the altered communication between melanocytes and non-malignant cell populations, including fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells. In particular, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), also referred as melanoma-associated fibroblasts (MAFs) in the case of melanoma, are the most abundant stromal cells and play a significant contextual role in melanoma initiation, progression and metastasis. As a result of dynamic intercellular molecular dialogue between tumor and the stroma, non-neoplastic cells gain specific phenotypes and functions that are pro-tumorigenic. Targeting MAFs is thus considered a promising avenue to improve melanoma therapy. Growing evidence demonstrates that aberrant regulation of oncogenic signaling is not restricted to transformed cells but also occurs in MAFs. However, in some cases, signaling pathways present opposite regulation in melanoma and surrounding area, suggesting that therapeutic strategies need to carefully consider the tumor–stroma equilibrium. In this novel review, we analyze four major signaling pathways implicated in melanomagenesis, TGF-β, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin and Hyppo signaling, from the complementary point of view of tumor cells and the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0652666246
| | - Emilia Migliano
- Department of Plastic and Regenerative Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy;
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17
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García-Romero N, Carrión-Navarro J, Areal-Hidalgo P, Ortiz de Mendivil A, Asensi-Puig A, Madurga R, Núñez-Torres R, González-Neira A, Belda-Iniesta C, González-Rumayor V, López-Ibor B, Ayuso-Sacido A. BRAF V600E Detection in Liquid Biopsies from Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010066. [PMID: 31881643 PMCID: PMC7016762 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors are the most fatal cancer diseases in childhood. Due to their localization and infiltrative nature, some tumor resections or biopsies are not feasible. In those cases, the use of minimally invasive methods as diagnostic, molecular marker detection, prognostic or monitoring therapies are emerging. The analysis of liquid biopsies which contain genetic information from the tumor has been much more widely explored in adults than in children. We compare the detection of BRAF V600E targetable mutation by digital-PCR from cell-free-DNA and EV-derived DNA (ctDNA) in serum, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) isolated from a cohort of 29 CNS pediatric patients. Here we demonstrate that ctDNA isolated from serum and plasma could be successfully analyzed to obtain tumor genetic information which could be used to guide critical treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi García-Romero
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, HM Hospitales, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (N.G.-R.); (J.C.-N.); (P.A.-H.); (A.O.d.M.); (R.M.); (C.B.-I.)
| | - Josefa Carrión-Navarro
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, HM Hospitales, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (N.G.-R.); (J.C.-N.); (P.A.-H.); (A.O.d.M.); (R.M.); (C.B.-I.)
| | - Pilar Areal-Hidalgo
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, HM Hospitales, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (N.G.-R.); (J.C.-N.); (P.A.-H.); (A.O.d.M.); (R.M.); (C.B.-I.)
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, Madrid Montepríncipe Hospital, 28660 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ortiz de Mendivil
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, HM Hospitales, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (N.G.-R.); (J.C.-N.); (P.A.-H.); (A.O.d.M.); (R.M.); (C.B.-I.)
| | | | - Rodrigo Madurga
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, HM Hospitales, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (N.G.-R.); (J.C.-N.); (P.A.-H.); (A.O.d.M.); (R.M.); (C.B.-I.)
| | - Rocio Núñez-Torres
- Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.N.-T.); (A.G.-N.)
| | - Anna González-Neira
- Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.N.-T.); (A.G.-N.)
| | - Cristobal Belda-Iniesta
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, HM Hospitales, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (N.G.-R.); (J.C.-N.); (P.A.-H.); (A.O.d.M.); (R.M.); (C.B.-I.)
| | | | - Blanca López-Ibor
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, HM Hospitales, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (N.G.-R.); (J.C.-N.); (P.A.-H.); (A.O.d.M.); (R.M.); (C.B.-I.)
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, Madrid Montepríncipe Hospital, 28660 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.L.-I.); (A.A.-S.); Tel.: +34-91372-4700 (A.A.-S.)
| | - Angel Ayuso-Sacido
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, HM Hospitales, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (N.G.-R.); (J.C.-N.); (P.A.-H.); (A.O.d.M.); (R.M.); (C.B.-I.)
- Facultad de Medicina (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, 28668 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.L.-I.); (A.A.-S.); Tel.: +34-91372-4700 (A.A.-S.)
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18
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Read RL, Thompson JF. Managing in-transit melanoma metastases in the new era of effective systemic therapies for melanoma. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2019; 12:1107-1119. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1689121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Read
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of General Surgery, Calvary Health Care, Canberra, Australia
- School of Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - John F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Melanoma and Surgical Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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19
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Calvete O, Garcia‐Pavia P, Domínguez F, Mosteiro L, Pérez‐Cabornero L, Cantalapiedra D, Zorio E, Ramón y Cajal T, Crespo‐Leiro MG, Teulé Á, Lázaro C, Morente MM, Urioste M, Benitez J. POT1 and Damage Response Malfunction Trigger Acquisition of Somatic Activating Mutations in the VEGF Pathway in Cardiac Angiosarcomas. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012875. [PMID: 31510873 PMCID: PMC6818007 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Mutations in the POT1 gene explain abnormally long telomeres and multiple tumors including cardiac angiosarcomas (CAS). However, the link between long telomeres and tumorigenesis is poorly understood. Methods and Results Here, we have studied the somatic landscape of 3 different angiosarcoma patients with mutations in the POT1 gene to further investigate this tumorigenesis process. In addition, the genetic landscape of 7 CAS patients without mutations in the POT1 gene has been studied. Patients with CAS and nonfunctional POT1 did not repress ATR (ataxia telangiectasia RAD3-related)-dependent DNA damage signaling and showed a constitutive increase of cell cycle arrest and somatic activating mutations in the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)/angiogenesis pathway (KDR gene). The same observation was made in POT1 mutation carriers with tumors different from CAS and also in CAS patients without mutations in the POT1 gene but with mutations in other genes involved in DNA damage signaling. Conclusions Inhibition of POT1 function and damage-response malfunction activated DNA damage signaling and increased cell cycle arrest as well as interfered with apoptosis, which would permit acquisition of somatic mutations in the VEGF/angiogenesis pathway that drives tumor formation. Therapies based on the inhibition of damage signaling in asymptomatic carriers may diminish defects on cell cycle arrest and thus prevent the apoptosis deregulation that leads to the acquisition of driver mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Calvete
- Human Genetics GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO)MadridSpain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - Pablo Garcia‐Pavia
- Department of CardiologyHospital Universitario Puerta de HierroMadridSpain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV)MadridSpain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV)MadridSpain
| | - Fernando Domínguez
- Department of CardiologyHospital Universitario Puerta de HierroMadridSpain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV)MadridSpain
- Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Lluc Mosteiro
- Tumour Suppression GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO)MadridSpain
| | | | - Diego Cantalapiedra
- Medical Genetics UnitSistemas GenómicosParque Tecnológico de ValenciaPaternaSpain
| | - Esther Zorio
- Department of CardiologyHospital Universitario y Politécnico La FeValenciaSpain
| | | | - Maria G. Crespo‐Leiro
- Department of CardiologyHospital Universitario Puerta de HierroMadridSpain
- Department of CardiologyInstituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC)Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUfSiAC)A CoruñaSpain
| | - Álex Teulé
- Hereditary Cancer Program‐Medical Oncology ServiceCatalan Institute of OncologyICO‐IDIBELL and CIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Conxi Lázaro
- Medical Oncology ServiceCatalan Institute of OncologyICO‐IDIBELL and CIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Manuel M. Morente
- Biobank UnitSpanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO)MadridSpain
| | - Miguel Urioste
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)MadridSpain
- Familial Cancer Clinical UnitSpanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO)MadridSpain
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Genetics GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO)MadridSpain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)MadridSpain
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20
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Feuerer L, Lamm S, Henz I, Kappelmann-Fenzl M, Haferkamp S, Meierjohann S, Hellerbrand C, Kuphal S, Bosserhoff AK. Role of melanoma inhibitory activity in melanocyte senescence. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:777-791. [PMID: 31172672 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The protein melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) is known to be expressed in melanoma and to support melanoma progression. Interestingly, previous studies also observed the expression of MIA in nevi. Concentrating on these findings, we revealed that MIA expression is correlated with a senescent state in melanocytes. Induction of replicative or oncogene-induced senescence resulted in increased MIA expression in vitro. Notably, MIA knockdown in senescent melanocytes reduced the percentage of senescence-associated beta-Gal-positive cells and enhanced proliferation. Using the melanoma mouse model Tg(Grm1), MIA-deficient mice supported the impact of MIA on senescence by showing a significantly earlier tumor onset compared to controls. In melanocytes, MIA knockdown led to a downregulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, after induction of hTERT in human melanoma cells, p21 regulation by MIA was lost. In summary, our data show for the first time that MIA is a regulator of cellular senescence in human and murine melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Feuerer
- Emil Fischer Center, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Lamm
- Emil Fischer Center, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingmar Henz
- Emil Fischer Center, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Melanie Kappelmann-Fenzl
- Emil Fischer Center, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Deggendorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Haferkamp
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Emil Fischer Center, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Kuphal
- Emil Fischer Center, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Katrin Bosserhoff
- Emil Fischer Center, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Inhibition of BRAF improves therapeutic efficacy of BRAF-mutant melanoma. However, drug resistance to BRAF inhibitor is inevitable, and the drug resistance mechanisms still remain to be elucidated. Here, BRAF mutant cells A375 and SK-MEL-28 were chosen and treated with BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib, and the results showed that the ERK signaling pathway was blocked in these cells. Then, vemurafenib-resistant cells were constructed, and we found that drug resistance-related gene P-gp was overexpressed in the two cell lines. In addition, the histone acetylation was significantly increased on the P-gp promoter region, which suggested that the epigenetic modification participated in the P-gp overexpression. Furthermore, JQ1, a bromodomain inhibitor, was added to the vemurafenib-resistant cells and sensitizes the vemurafenib-induced melanoma cell apoptosis. In C57BL/6 mice intravenously injected with vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells, cotreatment of vemurafenib and JQ1 also severely suppressed melanoma lung metastasis. Taken together, our findings may have important implications for the combined use of vemurafenib and JQ1 in the therapy for melanoma treatment.
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22
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Abstract
In the past decades, a vast amount of data accumulated on the role of lipid signaling pathways in the progression of malignant melanoma, the most metastatic/aggressive human cancer type. Genomic studies identified that PTEN loss is the leading factor behind the activation of the PI3K-signaling pathway in melanoma, mutations of which are one of the main resistance mechanisms behind target therapy failures. On the other hand, illegitimate expressions of megakaryocytic genes p12-lipoxyganse, cyclooxygenase-2, and phosphodiestherase-2/autotaxin (ATX) are mostly involved in the regulation of motility signaling in melanoma through various G-protein-coupled bioactive lipid receptors. Furthermore, endocannabinoid signaling can also be a novel paracrine survival factor in melanoma. Last but not least, prenylation inhibitors acting even on mutated small GTP-ases, such as NRAS of melanoma may offer novel therapeutic opportunities. As regards melanoma, the most effective therapy nowadays is immunotherapy, with the resistance mechanisms also possibly involving the lipid signaling activities of melanoma cells, which further supports the idea of their being therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Tímár
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, 93. Üllöi u, Budapest, 1091, Hungary. .,Molecular Oncology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - B Hegedüs
- Molecular Oncology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Throracic Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - E Rásó
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, 93. Üllöi u, Budapest, 1091, Hungary
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23
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Abstract
Genetic material derived from tumours is constantly shed into the circulation of cancer patients both in the form of circulating free nucleic acids and within circulating cells or extracellular vesicles. Monitoring cancer-specific genomic alterations, particularly mutant allele frequencies, in circulating nucleic acids allows for a non-invasive liquid biopsy for detecting residual disease and response to therapy. The advent of molecular targeted treatments and immunotherapies with increasing effectiveness requires corresponding effective molecular biology methods for the detection of biomarkers such as circulating nucleic acid to monitor and ultimately personalise therapy. The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods, such as droplet digital PCR, allows for a very sensitive analysis of circulating tumour DNA, but typically only a limited number of gene mutations can be detected in parallel. In contrast, next-generation sequencing allows for parallel analysis of multiple mutations in many genes. The development of targeted next-generation sequencing cancer gene panels optimised for the detection of circulating free DNA now provides both the flexibility of multiple mutation analysis coupled with a sensitivity that approaches or even matches droplet digital PCR. In this review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these current molecular technologies in conjunction with how this field is evolving in the context of melanoma diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of response to therapy.
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24
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Cui S, Wu Q, Wang J, Li M, Qian J, Li S. Quercetin inhibits LPS-induced macrophage migration by suppressing the iNOS/FAK/paxillin pathway and modulating the cytoskeleton. Cell Adh Migr 2018; 13:1-12. [PMID: 29945484 PMCID: PMC6527387 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1486142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural flavonoid quercetin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. We investigated the effect of quercetin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage migration. Quercetin significantly attenuated LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-derived nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells without affecting their viability. Additionally, quercetin altered the cell size and induced an elongated morphology and enlarged the vacuoles and concentrated nuclei. Quercetin significantly disrupted the F-actin cytoskeleton structure. Furthermore, quercetin strongly inhibited LPS-induced macrophage adhesion and migration in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, quercetin inhibited the LPS-induced expression of p-FAK, p-paxillin, FAK, and paxillin as well as the cytoskeletal adapter proteins vinculin and Tensin-2. Therefore, quercetin suppresses LPS-induced migration by inhibiting NO production, disrupting the F-actin cytoskeleton, and suppressing the FAK–paxillin pathway. Quercetin may thus have potential as a therapeutic agent for chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Cui
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases , Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China.,b Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China.,c Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases , Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China
| | - Juan Wang
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases , Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China
| | - Min Li
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases , Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China
| | - Jing Qian
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases , Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China.,b Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China
| | - Shihua Li
- b Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China
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25
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Leonardi GC, Falzone L, Salemi R, Zanghì A, Spandidos DA, McCubrey JA, Candido S, Libra M. Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1071-1080. [PMID: 29532857 PMCID: PMC5843392 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In less than 10 years, melanoma treatment has been revolutionized with the approval of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors, which have been shown to have a significant impact on the prognosis of patients with melanoma. The early steps of this transformation have taken place in research laboratories. The mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, phosphoinositol‑3‑kinase (PI3K) pathway promote the development of melanoma through numerous genomic alterations on different components of these pathways. Moreover, melanoma cells deeply interact with the tumor microenvironment and the immune system. This knowledge has led to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and treatment strategies. In this review, the epidemiological features of cutaneous melanoma along with the biological mechanisms involved in its development and progression are summarized. The current state‑of‑the‑art of advanced stage melanoma treatment strategies and the currently available evidence of the use of predictive and prognostic biomarkers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia C. Leonardi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania
| | - Luca Falzone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania
| | - Rossella Salemi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania
| | - Antonino Zanghì
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology 'G.F. Ingrassia', University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - James A. McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania
- Research Center of Tumor Prevention, Diagnosis and Cure (CRS PreDiCT), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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26
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Wilden SM, Lang BM, Mohr P, Grabbe S. Immune checkpoint inhibitors: a milestone in the treatment of melanoma. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 14:685-95. [PMID: 27373242 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for decades that the immune system is able to detect and destroy tumor cells. In the past, this knowledge - mostly acquired through animal experiments - could not be used to benefit our patients, because immuno-oncological therapeutic approaches in humans had constantly failed over recent decades. With the exception of adjuvant interferon therapy, none of these approaches had found its way into everyday clinical practice, and only very few patients were able to enjoy long-term survival associated with good quality of life. With the advent of novel immunological approaches, the meaning of long-term survival as well as quality of life has been redefined for oncological patients. For the first time, a significant percentage of patients responds to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, showing long-term remission and even cure. It has already become apparent that immunotherapy will in the future be one of the therapeutic mainstays in the treatment of metastatic melanoma as well as many other tumor types. The present review article presents the most important new treatment modalities, their mechanism of action, clinical data regarding treatment response, and adverse events to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Wilden
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Berenice M Lang
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Mohr
- Department of Dermatology, Elbe Hospital, Buxtehude, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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27
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Jenkins RW, Thummalapalli R, Carter J, Cañadas I, Barbie DA. Molecular and Genomic Determinants of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Cancer. Annu Rev Med 2018; 69:333-347. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-060116-022926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell W. Jenkins
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Rohit Thummalapalli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jacob Carter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Israel Cañadas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - David A. Barbie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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28
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Yang Y, Meng Y, Zhang H, Shen X, Li R, Yu L, Liu B, Wang L. Detection of EGFR and BRAF mutations by competitive allele-specific TaqMan polymerase chain reaction in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:3295-3304. [PMID: 29467863 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors are the standard first-line treatment for patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) expressing sensitive EGFR-mutants. Other drugs target different driver mutants, including the serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf (BRAF) inhibitor dabrafenib, which has exhibited promising efficacy for treating patients with metastatic BRAF-mutated NSCLC. Therefore, identifying patients carrying mutations that may be treated using targeted therapies is important. However, the methods of molecular detection presently applied in clinical practice, particularly detection of BRAF in NSCLC patients, require further investigation. Therefore, more sensitive and economic methods are required. The present study applied the competitive allele-specific TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (CastPCR) technology to the molecular detection of EGFR (del2235-2249, del2236-2250, T790M, L858R) and BRAF (V600E, G469A, D594G) mutations in 144 treatment-naive patients with lung adenocarcinoma, and analyzed the association between the mutation rates and patients' clinicopathological features. 51.4% (74/144) cases were identified harboring EGFR mutations. A total of 40.3% (58/144) patients carried sensitizing mutations (exon 19 deletion or L858R) and 14.6% (21/144) carried T790M mutations. 6.9% (10/144) mutation-positive patients were double-mutated. Total EGFR mutation rate was significantly increased in female compared with that of males (60.9 vs. 43.8%, P<0.05), in non-smokers compared with that of smokers (62.8 vs. 34.5%, P<0.05). In total, 8.3% (12/144) patients were identified with BRAF mutations. 16.7% were V600E (2/12) and 83.3% (10/12) were non-V600E mutants. Among the 10 non-V600E mutations, D594G accounted for 90.0% (9/10) and G469A accounted for 10.0% (1/10). Statistical analysis demonstrated that the BRAF mutation rate was not associated with any of the following clinicopathological features: Sex, age, smoking history, clinical stages, distant metastasis, differentiation degree, tumor size and regional lymph node metastasis (P≥0.05). CastPCR technology is a robust method with high sensitivity for the molecular detection of EGFR and BRAF mutations in clinical formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Taikang Xianlin Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, P.R. China
| | - Yi Meng
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Taikang Xianlin Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, P.R. China
| | - Hang Zhang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Shen
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Rutian Li
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Yu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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29
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Muckenhuber A, Berger AK, Schlitter AM, Steiger K, Konukiewitz B, Trumpp A, Eils R, Werner J, Friess H, Esposito I, Klöppel G, Ceyhan GO, Jesinghaus M, Denkert C, Bahra M, Stenzinger A, Sprick MR, Jäger D, Springfeld C, Weichert W. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Subtyping Using the Biomarkers Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1A and Cytokeratin-81 Correlates with Outcome and Treatment Response. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:351-359. [PMID: 29101303 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with a dismal prognosis and poor therapeutic response to current chemotherapy regimens in unselected patient populations. Recently, it has been shown that PDAC may be stratified into functionally and therapeutically relevant molecular subgroups and that some of these subtypes can be recapitulated by IHC for KRT81 [quasi-mesenchymal (QM)/squamous/basal-like] and HNF1A (non-QM, overlap with exocrine/ADEX subtype).Experimental Design: We validated the different outcome of the HNF1A/KRT81 PDAC subtypes in two independent cohorts of surgically treated patients and examined the treatment response to chemotherapy in a third cohort of unresectable patients. The first two cohorts included 262 and 130 patients, respectively, and the third independent cohort comprised advanced-stage PDAC patients who were treated with either FOLFIRINOX (64 patients) or gemcitabine (61 patients).Results: In both cohorts with resected PDAC, the HNF1A-positive subtype showed the best, the KRT81-positive subtype the worst, and the double-negative subtype an intermediate survival (P < 0.013 and P < 0.009, respectively). In the chemotherapy cohort, the survival difference between the double-negative and the HNF1A-positive subtype was lost, whereas the dismal prognosis of KRT81-positive PDAC patients was retained (P < 0.021). Patients with a KRT81-positive subtype did not benefit from FOLFIRINOX therapy, whereas those with HNF1A-positive tumors responded better compared with gemcitabine-based treatment (P < 0.038).Conclusions: IHC stratification recapitulating molecular subtypes of PDAC using HNF1A and KRT81 is associated with significantly different outcomes and responses to chemotherapy. These results may pave the way toward future pretherapeutic biomarker-based stratification of PDAC patients. Clin Cancer Res; 24(2); 351-9. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Muckenhuber
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK; partner site Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Katrin Berger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Melissa Schlitter
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK; partner site Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK; partner site Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Björn Konukiewitz
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK; partner site Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics and Heidelberg Center for Personalised Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB) and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Klöppel
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK; partner site Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp O Ceyhan
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Jesinghaus
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK; partner site Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Medicine Berlin and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK; partner site Berlin), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bahra
- Department of Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Martin R Sprick
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Springfeld
- Department of Medical Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK; partner site Munich), Munich, Germany.
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30
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Genistein inhibits the growth and regulates the migration and invasion abilities of melanoma cells via the FAK/paxillin and MAPK pathways. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21674-21691. [PMID: 28423510 PMCID: PMC5400615 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Genistein is one of the main components of soy-based foods, which are widely known for their many benefits, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-metastasis effects of genistein on B16F10 melanoma cells. Our results showed that genistein strongly inhibited B16F10 cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in time- and concentration-dependent manners. Genistein altered the morphology of B16F10 cells to an elongated shape with slim pseudopodia-like protrusions. Moreover, genistein inhibited the invasion and migration abilities of B16F10 cells in a dose-dependent manner. On one hand, a high concentration of genistein (100 μM) significantly inhibited cell adhesion and migration, as shown by wound healing assays and transwell-migration and invasion assays. Furthermore, the expression levels of p-FAK, p-paxillin, tensin-2, vinculin, and α-actinin were decreased by genistein. As a result, genistein is believed to strongly downregulate the migration and invasion abilities of B16F10 cells via the FAK/paxillin pathway. Moreover, p-p38, p-ERK, and p-JNK levels were also dramatically decreased by treatment with genistein. Finally, genistein significantly decreased the gene expression of FAK, paxillin, vimentin, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-related transcription factor Snail, as shown by real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis. On the other hand, a lower concentration of genistein (12.5 μM) significantly promoted both invasion and migration by activating the FAK/paxillin and MAPK signaling cascades. Taken together, this study showed for the first time that genistein exerts dual functional effects on melanoma cells. Our findings suggest that genistein regulates the FAK/paxillin and MAPK signaling pathways in a highly concentration-dependent manner. Patients with melanoma should therefore be cautious of consuming soy-based foods in their diets.
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31
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Germann UA, Furey BF, Markland W, Hoover RR, Aronov AM, Roix JJ, Hale M, Boucher DM, Sorrell DA, Martinez-Botella G, Fitzgibbon M, Shapiro P, Wick MJ, Samadani R, Meshaw K, Groover A, DeCrescenzo G, Namchuk M, Emery CM, Saha S, Welsch DJ. Targeting the MAPK Signaling Pathway in Cancer: Promising Preclinical Activity with the Novel Selective ERK1/2 Inhibitor BVD-523 (Ulixertinib). Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2351-2363. [PMID: 28939558 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of signaling through the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK (MAPK) pathway is implicated in numerous cancers, making it an attractive therapeutic target. Although BRAF and MEK-targeted combination therapy has demonstrated significant benefit beyond single-agent options, the majority of patients develop resistance and disease progression after approximately 12 months. Reactivation of ERK signaling is a common driver of resistance in this setting. Here we report the discovery of BVD-523 (ulixertinib), a novel, reversible, ATP-competitive ERK1/2 inhibitor with high potency and ERK1/2 selectivity. In vitro BVD-523 treatment resulted in reduced proliferation and enhanced caspase activity in sensitive cells. Interestingly, BVD-523 inhibited phosphorylation of target substrates despite increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2. In in vivo xenograft studies, BVD-523 showed dose-dependent growth inhibition and tumor regression. BVD-523 yielded synergistic antiproliferative effects in a BRAFV600E-mutant melanoma cell line xenograft model when used in combination with BRAF inhibition. Antitumor activity was also demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo models of acquired resistance to single-agent and combination BRAF/MEK-targeted therapy. On the basis of these promising results, these studies demonstrate BVD-523 holds promise as a treatment for ERK-dependent cancers, including those whose tumors have acquired resistance to other treatments targeting upstream nodes of the MAPK pathway. Assessment of BVD-523 in clinical trials is underway (NCT01781429, NCT02296242, and NCT02608229). Mol Cancer Ther; 16(11); 2351-63. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alex M Aronov
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Michael Hale
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Shapiro
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Ramin Samadani
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathryn Meshaw
- Charles River Discovery Services, Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Anna Groover
- BioMed Valley Discoveries, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | - Mark Namchuk
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Saurabh Saha
- BioMed Valley Discoveries, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Dean J Welsch
- BioMed Valley Discoveries, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri.
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32
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Smith MP, Rowling EJ, Miskolczi Z, Ferguson J, Spoerri L, Haass NK, Sloss O, McEntegart S, Arozarena I, von Kriegsheim A, Rodriguez J, Brunton H, Kmarashev J, Levesque MP, Dummer R, Frederick DT, Andrews MC, Cooper ZA, Flaherty KT, Wargo JA, Wellbrock C. Targeting endothelin receptor signalling overcomes heterogeneity driven therapy failure. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:1011-1029. [PMID: 28606996 PMCID: PMC5538298 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approaches to prolong responses to BRAF targeting drugs in melanoma patients are challenged by phenotype heterogeneity. Melanomas of a "MITF-high" phenotype usually respond well to BRAF inhibitor therapy, but these melanomas also contain subpopulations of the de novo resistance "AXL-high" phenotype. > 50% of melanomas progress with enriched "AXL-high" populations, and because AXL is linked to de-differentiation and invasiveness avoiding an "AXL-high relapse" is desirable. We discovered that phenotype heterogeneity is supported during the response phase of BRAF inhibitor therapy due to MITF-induced expression of endothelin 1 (EDN1). EDN1 expression is enhanced in tumours of patients on treatment and confers drug resistance through ERK re-activation in a paracrine manner. Most importantly, EDN1 not only supports MITF-high populations through the endothelin receptor B (EDNRB), but also AXL-high populations through EDNRA, making it a master regulator of phenotype heterogeneity. Endothelin receptor antagonists suppress AXL-high-expressing cells and sensitize to BRAF inhibition, suggesting that targeting EDN1 signalling could improve BRAF inhibitor responses without selecting for AXL-high cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Smith
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Emily J Rowling
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Zsofia Miskolczi
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer Ferguson
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Loredana Spoerri
- Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Nikolas K Haass
- Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Olivia Sloss
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sophie McEntegart
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet-Idisna, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Javier Rodriguez
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, UCD, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Holly Brunton
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jivko Kmarashev
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsspital Zürich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsspital Zürich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsspital Zürich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dennie T Frederick
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miles C Andrews
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachary A Cooper
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudia Wellbrock
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Liu F, Jiang CC, Yan XG, Tseng HY, Wang CY, Zhang YY, Yari H, La T, Farrelly M, Guo ST, Thorne RF, Jin L, Wang Q, Zhang XD. BRAF/MEK inhibitors promote CD47 expression that is reversible by ERK inhibition in melanoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69477-69492. [PMID: 29050218 PMCID: PMC5642493 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of CD47 on the cancer cell surface transmits "don't eat me" signalling that not only inhibits phagocytosis of cancer cells by phagocytes but also impairs anti-cancer T cell responses. Here we report that oncogenic activation of ERK plays an important role in transcriptional activation of CD47 through nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) in melanoma cells. Treatment with BRAF/MEK inhibitors upregulated CD47 in cultured melanoma cells and fresh melanoma isolates. Similarly, melanoma cells selected for resistance to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib expressed higher levels of CD47. The increase in CD47 expression was mediated by ERK signalling, as it was associated with rebound activation of ERK and co-knockdown of ERK1/2 by siRNA diminished upregulation of CD47 in melanoma cells after exposure to BRAF/MEK inhibitors. Furthermore, ERK1/2 knockdown also reduced the constitutive expression of CD47 in melanoma cells. We identified a DNA fragment that was enriched with the consensus binding sites for NRF-1 and was transcriptionally responsive to BRAF/MEK inhibitor treatment. Knockdown of NRF-1 inhibited the increase in CD47, indicating that NRF-1 has a critical role in transcriptional activation of CD47 by ERK signalling. Functional studies showed that melanoma cells resistant to vemurafenib were more susceptible to macrophage phagocytosis when CD47 was blocked. So these results suggest that NRF-1-mediated regulation of CD47 expression is a novel mechanism by which ERK signalling promotes the pathogenesis of melanoma, and that the combination of CD47 blockade and BRAF/MEK inhibitors may be a useful approach for improving their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Chen Chen Jiang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Xu Guang Yan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Hsin-Yi Tseng
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Chun Yan Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuan Yuan Zhang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamed Yari
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ting La
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Margaret Farrelly
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Su Tang Guo
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Rick F Thorne
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Lei Jin
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xu Dong Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Massi D, Romano E, Rulli E, Merelli B, Nassini R, De Logu F, Bieche I, Baroni G, Cattaneo L, Xue G, Mandalà M. Baseline β-catenin, programmed death-ligand 1 expression and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes predict response and poor prognosis in BRAF inhibitor-treated melanoma patients. Eur J Cancer 2017; 78:70-81. [PMID: 28412591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activation of oncogenic Wnt/β-catenin pathway in melanoma contributes to a lack of T-cell infiltration. Whether baseline β-catenin expression in the context of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) overexpression correlates with prognosis of metastatic melanoma patients (MMPs) treated with mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK inhibitor (MAPKi) monotherapy, however, has not been fully clarified. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-four pre-treatment formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded melanoma samples from MMP treated with a BRAF inhibitor (n = 39) or BRAF and MEK inhibitors (n = 25) were assessed for presence of β-catenin, PD-L1, cluster of differentiation (CD)8, CD103 and forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) expression by immunohistochemistry, and results were correlated with clinical outcome. Quantitative assessment of mRNA transcripts associated with Wnt/β-catenin pathway and immune response was performed in 51 patients. RESULTS We found an inverse correlation between tumoural β-catenin expression and the level of CD8, CD103 or forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) positivity in the tumour microenvironment (TME). By multivariate analysis, PD-L1 <5% (odds ratio, OR 0.12, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.03-0.53, p = 0.005) and the presence of CD8+ T cells (OR 18.27, 95%CI 2.54-131.52, p = 0.004) were significantly associated with a higher probability of response to MAPKi monotherapy. Responding patients showed a significantly increased expression of mRNA transcripts associated with adaptive immunity and antigen presentation. By multivariate analysis, progression-free survival (PFS) (hazards ratio (HR) = 0.25 95%CI 0.10-0.61, p = 0.002) and overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.24 95%CI 0.09-0.67, p = 0.006) were longer in patients with high density of CD8+ T cells and β-catenin <10% than those without CD8+ T cells infiltration and β-catenin ≥10%. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence that in the context of MAPKi monotherapy, immune subsets in the (TME) and gene signature predict prognosis in MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Massi
- Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Emanuela Romano
- Department of Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Eliana Rulli
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Merelli
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Romina Nassini
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco De Logu
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Ivan Bieche
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - Gianna Baroni
- Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Cattaneo
- Division of Pathological Anatomy, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Gongda Xue
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario Mandalà
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy.
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Abstract
Treatment options for patients with metastatic melanoma, and especially BRAF-mutant melanoma, have changed dramatically in the past 5 years, with the FDA approval of eight new therapeutic agents. During this period, the treatment paradigm for BRAF-mutant disease has evolved rapidly: the standard-of-care BRAF-targeted approach has shifted from single-agent BRAF inhibition to combination therapy with a BRAF and a MEK inhibitor. Concurrently, immunotherapy has transitioned from cytokine-based treatment to antibody-mediated blockade of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and, now, the programmed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoints. These changes in the treatment landscape have dramatically improved patient outcomes, with the median overall survival of patients with advanced-stage melanoma increasing from approximately 9 months before 2011 to at least 2 years - and probably longer for those with BRAF-V600-mutant disease. Herein, we review the clinical trial data that established the standard-of-care treatment approaches for advanced-stage melanoma. Mechanisms of resistance and biomarkers of response to BRAF-targeted treatments and immunotherapies are discussed, and the contrasting clinical benefits and limitations of these therapies are explored. We summarize the state of the field and outline a rational approach to frontline-treatment selection for each individual patient with BRAF-mutant melanoma.
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36
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Perico L, Mandalà M, Schieppati A, Carrara C, Rizzo P, Conti S, Longaretti L, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. BRAF Signaling Pathway Inhibition, Podocyte Injury, and Nephrotic Syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2017; 70:145-150. [PMID: 28242136 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dabrafenib and trametinib, BRAF and MEK inhibitors, respectively, are effective targeted metastatic melanoma therapies, but little is known about their nephrotoxicity. Although tubulointerstitial injury has been the most widely reported renal side effect of targeted melanoma therapy, nephrotic syndrome has not been reported before. We report on a patient with metastatic melanoma who developed nephrotic syndrome during dabrafenib and trametinib treatment. Kidney biopsy showed diffuse loss of podocyte cytoarchitecture, extensive foot-process effacement, and glomerular endothelial injury. Kidney function and glomerular ultrastructural changes recovered fully after drug withdrawal. In vitro, BRAF inhibition decreased PLCε1 expression in podocytes, accompanied by a reduction in nephrin expression and an increase in permeability to albumin. Additionally, these drugs inhibited the podocyte-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) system. In addition to implications for nephrotic syndrome pathophysiology, we suggest that patients given dabrafenib and trametinib be monitored closely for potential glomerular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Perico
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Mario Mandalà
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Arrigo Schieppati
- Rare Disease Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Camillo Carrara
- Rare Disease Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzo
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sara Conti
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Lorena Longaretti
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy; Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
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37
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Acosta AM, Kadkol SS. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway in Cutaneous Melanoma: An Updated Review. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 140:1290-1296. [PMID: 27788045 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2015-0475-rs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is a cascade of protein kinases that act in a sequential and predominantly linear fashion, albeit displaying some cross talk with other signaling cascades. Mutations in proteins integral to the MAPK signaling pathway are present in more than 50% of cutaneous melanomas. The most frequently mutated protein is v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF), followed by neuroblastoma Ras viral oncogene homolog (NRAS). Recently, the development of targeted drugs for the treatment of BRAF-mutant melanoma has led to the widespread implementation of molecular assays for the detection of specific BRAF mutations. There have been some attempts to standardize testing of BRAF mutations, but this has not been achieved so far. Here we provide an updated review on the role of the MAPK signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of cutaneous melanoma, focusing on several different BRAF mutations and their diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Martin Acosta
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago
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38
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Merzoug-Larabi M, Spasojevic C, Eymard M, Hugonin C, Auclair C, Karam M. Protein kinase C inhibitor Gö6976 but not Gö6983 induces the reversion of E- to N-cadherin switch and metastatic phenotype in melanoma: identification of the role of protein kinase D1. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:12. [PMID: 28056869 PMCID: PMC5217271 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-3007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is a highly metastatic type of cancer that is resistant to all standard anticancer therapies and thus has a poor prognosis. Therefore, metastatic melanoma represents a significant clinical problem and requires novel and effective targeted therapies. The protein kinase C (PKC) family comprises multiple isoforms of serine/threonine kinases that possess distinct roles in cancer development and progression. In this study, we determined whether inhibition of PKC could revert a major process required for melanoma progression and metastasis; i.e. the E- to N-cadherin switch. Methods The cadherin switch was analyzed in different patient-derived primary tumors and their respective metastatic melanoma cells to determine the appropriate cellular model (aggressive E-cadherin-negative/N-cadherin-positive metastasis-derived melanoma cells). Next, PKC inhibition in two selected metastatic melanoma cell lines, was performed by using either pharmacological inhibitors (Gö6976 and Gö6983) or stable lentiviral shRNA transduction. The expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin was determined by western blot. The consequences of cadherin switch reversion were analyzed: cell morphology, intercellular interactions, and β-catenin subcellular localization were analyzed by immunofluorescence labeling and confocal microscopy; cyclin D1 expression was analyzed by western blot; cell metastatic potential was determined by anchorage-independent growth assay using methylcellulose as semi-solid medium and cell migration potential by wound healing and transwell assays. Results Gö6976 but not Gö6983 reversed the E- to N-cadherin switch and as a consequence induced intercellular interactions, profound morphological changes from elongated mesenchymal-like to cuboidal epithelial-like shape, β-catenin translocation from the nucleus to the plasma membrane inhibiting its oncogenic function, and reverting the metastatic potential of the aggressive melanoma cells. Comparison of the target spectrum of these inhibitors indicated that these observations were not the consequence of the inhibition of conventional PKCs (cPKCs), but allowed the identification of a novel serine/threonine kinase, i.e. protein kinase Cμ, also known as protein kinase D1 (PKD1), whose specific inhibition allows the reversion of the metastatic phenotype in aggressive melanoma. Conclusion In conclusion, our study suggests, for the first time, that while cPKCs don’t embody a pertinent therapeutic target, inhibition of PKD1 represents a novel attractive approach for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-3007-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Spasojevic
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235, France.,Département de Génétique, Institut Curie, Unité de Pharmacogénomique, Paris, 75248, France
| | - Marianne Eymard
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235, France
| | - Caroline Hugonin
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235, France
| | - Christian Auclair
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235, France
| | - Manale Karam
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235, France. .,Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, 5825, Qatar.
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39
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Zenga J, Nussenbaum B, Cornelius LA, Linette GP, Desai SC. Management Controversies in Head and Neck Melanoma. JAMA FACIAL PLAST SU 2017; 19:53-62. [DOI: 10.1001/jamafacial.2016.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zenga
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian Nussenbaum
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Lynn A. Cornelius
- Department of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Gerald P. Linette
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Shaun C. Desai
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
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40
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Gee MS, Ghazani AA, Haq R, Wargo JA, Sebas M, Sullivan RJ, Lee H, Weissleder R. Point of care assessment of melanoma tumor signaling and metastatic burden from μNMR analysis of tumor fine needle aspirates and peripheral blood. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 13:821-828. [PMID: 27993725 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates μNMR technology for molecular profiling of tumor fine needle aspirates and peripheral blood of melanoma patients. In vitro assessment of melanocyte (MART-1, HMB45) and MAP kinase signaling (pERK, pS6K) molecule expression was performed in human cell lines, while clinical validation was performed in an IRB-approved study of melanoma patients undergoing biopsy and blood sampling. Tumor FNA and blood specimens were compared with BRAF genetic analysis and cross-sectional imaging. μNMR in vitro analysis showed increased expression of melanocyte markers in melanoma cells as well as increased expression of phosphorylated MAP kinase targets in BRAF-mutant melanoma cells. Melanoma patient FNA samples showed increased pERK and pS6K levels in BRAF mutant compared with BRAF WT melanomas, with μNMR blood circulating tumor cell level increased with higher metastatic burden visible on imaging. These results indicate that μNMR technology provides minimally invasive point-of-care evaluation of tumor signaling and metastatic burden in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Gee
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Arezou A Ghazani
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Rizwan Haq
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Matthew Sebas
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ryan J Sullivan
- Center for Melanoma, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
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41
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Wilden SM, Lang BM, Mohr P, Grabbe S. Checkpoint-Inhibitoren in der Immuntherapie: Ein Meilenstein in der Behandlung des malignen Melanoms. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016; 14:685-97. [PMID: 27373243 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13012_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Seit Jahrzehnten ist bekannt, dass Tumoren vom Immunsystem erkannt und zerstört werden können. Diese, vor allem in Tierversuchen gewonnene Erkenntnis konnte jedoch in der Vergangenheit nicht zum Nutzen unserer Patienten umgesetzt werden, da immunonkologische Therapieansätze in den letzten Jahrzehnten in der Anwendung beim Menschen stets versagt haben. Daher hat, mit Ausnahme der adjuvanten Interferontherapie, keines dieser Verfahren den Einzug in die klinische Versorgung gefunden. Langzeitüberleben unter guter Lebensqualität war dabei sehr wenigen Patienten vorbehalten. Mit den neuen immunologischen Therapieansätzen wird jedoch sowohl das Langzeitüberleben als auch die Lebensqualität onkologischer Patienten neu definiert. Auf die neuen "Immun-Checkpoint-Inhibitoren" spricht erstmals ein relevanter Teil der behandelten Patienten an und diese zeigen in der Regel langandauernde Remissionen bis hin zur Heilung. Schon jetzt ist klar, dass die Immuntherapie in Zukunft eine der wesentlichen Therapiesäulen bei der Behandlung des metastasierten Melanoms und auch vieler anderer fortgeschrittener Tumoren bilden wird. In dieser Übersicht werden die wichtigsten neuen Therapiemodalitäten besprochen und sowohl deren Wirkprinzip als auch klinische Daten zum Therapieansprechen und zu erwartenden Nebenwirkungen der Therapie referiert.
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42
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Rajkumar S, Watson IR. Molecular characterisation of cutaneous melanoma: creating a framework for targeted and immune therapies. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:145-55. [PMID: 27336610 PMCID: PMC4947706 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale genomic analyses of cutaneous melanoma have revealed insights into the aetiology and heterogeneity of this disease, as well as opportunities to further personalise treatment for patients with targeted and immune therapies. Herein, we review the proposed genomic classification of cutaneous melanoma from large-scale next-generation sequencing studies, including the largest integrative analysis of melanoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Network. We examine studies that have identified molecular features of melanomas linked to immune checkpoint inhibitor response. In addition, we draw attention to low-frequency actionable mutations and highlight frequent non-coding mutations in melanoma where little is known about their biological function that may provide novel avenues for the development of treatment strategies for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivshankari Rajkumar
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H3A 1A3
| | - Ian R Watson
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H3A 1A3
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43
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Fatkhutdinov N, Sproesser K, Krepler C, Liu Q, Brafford PA, Herlyn M, Aird KM, Zhang R. Targeting RRM2 and Mutant BRAF Is a Novel Combinatorial Strategy for Melanoma. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:767-75. [PMID: 27297629 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The majority of patients with melanoma harbor mutations in the BRAF oncogene, thus making it a clinically relevant target. However, response to mutant BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) is relatively short-lived with progression-free survival of only 6 to 7 months. Previously, we reported high expression of ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2), which is rate-limiting for de novo dNTP synthesis, as a poor prognostic factor in patients with mutant BRAF melanoma. In this study, the notion that targeting de novo dNTP synthesis through knockdown of RRM2 could prolong the response of melanoma cells to BRAFi was investigated. Knockdown of RRM2 in combination with the mutant BRAFi PLX4720 (an analog of the FDA-approved drug vemurafenib) inhibited melanoma cell proliferation to a greater extent than either treatment alone. This occurred in vitro in multiple mutant BRAF cell lines and in a novel patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model system. Mechanistically, the combination increased DNA damage accumulation, which correlated with a global decrease in DNA damage repair (DDR) gene expression and increased apoptotic markers. After discontinuing PLX4720 treatment, cells showed marked recurrence. However, knockdown of RRM2 attenuated this rebound growth both in vitro and in vivo, which correlated with maintenance of the senescence-associated cell-cycle arrest. IMPLICATIONS Inhibition of RRM2 converts the transient response of melanoma cells to BRAFi to a stable response and may be a novel combinatorial strategy to prolong therapeutic response of patients with melanoma. Mol Cancer Res; 14(9); 767-75. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nail Fatkhutdinov
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Katrin Sproesser
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Clemens Krepler
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patricia A Brafford
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Rugang Zhang
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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44
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Kong BY, Carlino MS, Menzies AM. Biology and treatment of BRAF mutant metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Manag 2016; 3:33-45. [PMID: 30190871 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.15.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF inhibitors were among the first systemic therapies to show clinical benefit in metastatic melanoma. Here, we review the spectrum of BRAF mutations in melanoma, their role in oncogenesis, clinicopathological associations and response to treatment. The differing biology and clinical features of V600E- and V600K-mutated melanoma are outlined. The molecular changes associated with BRAF fusion genes and their response to targeted therapies, as well as the role of immunotherapy in treatment sequencing with targeted therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y Kong
- Crown Princess Mary Cancer Care Centre, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.,Crown Princess Mary Cancer Care Centre, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Matteo S Carlino
- Crown Princess Mary Cancer Care Centre, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Crown Princess Mary Cancer Care Centre, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alexander M Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
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