1
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Olver DJ, Heres P, Paredes E, Benson JD. Rational synthesis of total damage during cryoprotectant equilibration: modelling and experimental validation of osmomechanical, temperature, and cytotoxic damage in sea urchin ( Paracentrotus lividus) oocytes. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15539. [PMID: 37671360 PMCID: PMC10476611 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea urchins (e.g., Paracentrotus lividus) are important for both aquaculture and as model species. Despite their importance, biobanking of urchin oocytes by cryopreservation is currently not possible. Optimized cryoprotectant loading may enable novel vitrification methods and thus successful cryopreservation of oocytes. One method for determining an optimized loading protocol uses membrane characteristics and models of damage, namely osmomechanical damage, temperature damage (e.g., chill injury) and cytotoxicity. Here we present and experimentally evaluate existing and novel models of these damage modalities as a function of time and temperature. In osmomechanical damage experiments, oocytes were exposed for 2 to 30 minutes in hypertonic NaCl or sucrose supplemented seawater or in hypotonic diluted seawater. In temperature damage experiments, oocytes were exposed to 1.7 °C, 10 °C, or 20 °C for 2 to 90 minutes. Cytotoxicity was investigated by exposing oocytes to solutions of Me2SO for 2 to 30 minutes. We identified a time-dependent osmotic damage model, a temperature-dependent damage model, and a temperature and time-dependent cytotoxicity model. We combined these models to estimate total damage during a cryoprotectant loading protocol and determined the optimal loading protocol for any given goal intracellular cryoprotectant concentration. Given our fitted models, we find sea urchin oocytes can only be loaded to 13% Me2SO v/v with about 50% survival. This synthesis of multiple damage modalities is the first of its kind and enables a novel approach to modelling cryoprotectant equilibration survival for cells in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J. Olver
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Pablo Heres
- Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, ECOCOST Lab, Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Estefania Paredes
- Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, ECOCOST Lab, Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - James D. Benson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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2
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Huang L, Benson JD, Almasri M. Microfluidic measurement of individual cell membrane water permeability. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1163:338441. [PMID: 34024416 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a microfluidic lab-on-chip for dynamic particle sizing and real time individual cell membrane permeability measurements. To achieve this, the device measures the impedance change of individual cells or particles at up to ten time points after mixing with different media, e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide or DI water, from separate inlets. These measurements are enabled by ten gold electrode pairs spread across a 20 mm long microchannel. The device measures impedance values within 0.26 s after mixing with other media, has a detection throughput of 150 samples/second, measures impedance values at all ten electrodes at this rate, and allows tracking of individual cell volume changes caused by cell osmosis in anisosmotic fluids over a 1.3 s postmixing timespan, facilitating accurate individual cell estimates of water permeability. The design and testing were performed using yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The relationship between volume and impedance in both polystyrene calibration beads as well as the volume-osmolality relationship in yeast were demonstrated. Moreover, we present the first noninvasive and non-optically-based water permeability measurements in individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James D Benson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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3
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Abstract
Cryobiology is a multiscale and interdisciplinary field. The scope and scale of interactions limit the gains that can be made by one theory or experiment alone. Because of this, modeling has played a critical role in both explaining cryobiological phenomena and predicting improved protocols. Modeling facilitates understanding of the biophysical and some of the biochemical mechanisms of damage during all phases of cryopreservation including CPA equilibration and cooling and warming. Moreover, as a tool for optimization of cryopreservation protocols, modeling has yielded many successes. Modern cryobiological modeling includes very detailed descriptions of the physical phenomena that occur during freezing, including ice growth kinetics and spatial gradients that define heat and mass transport models. Here we reduce the complexity and approach only a small but classic subset of these problems. Namely, here we describe the process of building and using a mathematical model of a cell in suspension where spatial homogeneity is assumed for all quantities. We define the models that describe the critical cell quantities used to describe optimal and suboptimal protocols and then give an overview of classical methods of how to determine optimal protocols using these models. We include practical considerations of modeling in cryobiology, including fitting transport models to cell volume data, performing optimization with cell volume constraints, and a look at expanding cost functions to cooling regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Benson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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4
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Anderson DM, Benson JD, Kearsley AJ. Foundations of modeling in cryobiology-III: Inward solidification of a ternary solution towards a permeable spherical cell in the dilute limit. Cryobiology 2020; 92:34-46. [PMID: 31604066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the previous two manuscripts we outlined the general theory of heat and mass transport in a cell-liquid-ice system with general boundaries and nonideal and nondilute assumptions. Here we simplify the models considerably by presenting a reduction to a spherically symmetric system-a spherical cell with an encroaching spherical ice front. We also reduce to linear approximations of the nonideal nondilute models, essentially assuming dilute and ideal conditions. We derive the resulting nondimensional combined heat and mass transport model for a ternary solution and present numerical solutions. We include an analysis of the effects of varying some nondimensional parameters on rates of ice growth with comments on the necessity of models that account for spatially varying quantities in cryobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Anderson
- Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA; Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
| | - James D Benson
- Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA; Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Anthony J Kearsley
- Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
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5
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Diaz-Dussan D, Peng YY, Sengupta J, Zabludowski R, Adam MK, Acker JP, Ben RN, Kumar P, Narain R. Trehalose-Based Polyethers for Cryopreservation and Three-Dimensional Cell Scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1264-1273. [PMID: 31913606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The capability to slow ice growth and recrystallization is compulsory in the cryopreservation of cells and tissues to avoid injuries associated with the physical and chemical responses of freezing and thawing. Cryoprotective agents (CPAs) have been used to restrain cryoinjury and improve cell survival, but some of these compounds pose greater risks for the clinical application of cryopreserved cells due to their inherent toxicity. Trehalose is known for its unique physicochemical properties and its interaction with the phospholipids of the plasma membrane, which can reduce cell osmotic stress and stabilized the cryopreserved cells. Nonetheless, there has been a shortage of relevant studies on the synthesis of trehalose-based CPAs. We hereby report the synthesis and evaluation of a trehalose-based polymer and hydrogel and its use as a cryoprotectant and three-dimensional (3D) cell scaffold for cell encapsulation and organoid production. In vitro cytotoxicity studies with the trehalose-based polymers (poly(Tre-ECH)) demonstrated biocompatibility up to 100 mg/mL. High post-thaw cell membrane integrity and post-thaw cell plating efficiencies were achieved after 24 h of incubation with skin fibroblast, HeLa (cervical), and PC3 (prostate) cancer cell lines under both controlled-rate and ultrarapid freezing protocols. Differential scanning calorimetry and a splat cooling assay for the determination of ice recrystallization inhibition activity corroborated the unique properties of these trehalose-based polyethers as cryoprotectants. Furthermore, the ability to form hydrogels as 3D cell scaffolds encourages the use of these novel polymers in the development of cell organoids and cryopreservation platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Diaz-Dussan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T5B 4E4 Alberta, Canada
| | - Yi-Yang Peng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T5B 4E4 Alberta, Canada
| | - Jayeeta Sengupta
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T5B 4E4 Alberta, Canada
| | - Rebecca Zabludowski
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T5B 4E4 Alberta, Canada
| | - Madeleine K Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5 Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason P Acker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T5B 4E4 Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, T6G 2R8 Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert N Ben
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5 Ontario, Canada
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2 Alberta, Canada
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T5B 4E4 Alberta, Canada
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6
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Benson JD, Higgins AZ, Desai K, Eroglu A. A toxicity cost function approach to optimal CPA equilibration in tissues. Cryobiology 2018; 80:144-155. [PMID: 28966012 PMCID: PMC8183460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is growing need for cryopreserved tissue samples that can be used in transplantation and regenerative medicine. While a number of specific tissue types have been successfully cryopreserved, this success is not general, and there is not a uniform approach to cryopreservation of arbitrary tissues. Additionally, while there are a number of long-established approaches towards optimizing cryoprotocols in single cell suspensions, and even plated cell monolayers, computational approaches in tissue cryopreservation have classically been limited to explanatory models. Here we develop a numerical approach to adapt cell-based CPA equilibration damage models for use in a classical tissue mass transport model. To implement this with real-world parameters, we measured CPA diffusivity in three human-sourced tissue types, skin, fibroid and myometrium, yielding propylene glycol diffusivities of 0.6 × 10-6 cm2/s, 1.2 × 10-6 cm2/s and 1.3 × 10-6 cm2/s, respectively. Based on these results, we numerically predict and compare optimal multistep equilibration protocols that minimize the cell-based cumulative toxicity cost function and the damage due to excessive osmotic gradients at the tissue boundary. Our numerical results show that there are fundamental differences between protocols designed to minimize total CPA exposure time in tissues and protocols designed to minimize accumulated CPA toxicity, and that "one size fits all" stepwise approaches are predicted to be more toxic and take considerably longer than needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Benson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Adam Z Higgins
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, USA
| | - Kunjan Desai
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, USA
| | - Ali Eroglu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, USA
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7
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Abstract
Cryopreservation is the application of low temperatures to preserve the structural and functional integrity of cells and tissues. Conventional cooling protocols allow ice to form and solute concentrations to rise during the cryopreservation process. The damage caused by the rise in solute concentration can be mitigated by the use of compounds known as cryoprotectants. Such compounds protect cells from the consequences of slow cooling injury, allowing them to be cooled at cooling rates which avoid the lethal effects of intracellular ice. An alternative to conventional cooling is vitrification. Vitrification methods incorporate cryoprotectants at sufficiently high concentrations to prevent ice crystallization so that the system forms an amorphous glass thus avoiding the damaging effects caused by conventional slow cooling. However, vitrification too can impose damaging consequences on cells as the cryoprotectant concentrations required to vitrify cells at lower cooling rates are potentially, and often, harmful. While these concentrations can be lowered to nontoxic levels, if the cells are ultra-rapidly cooled, the resulting metastable system can lead to damage through devitrification and growth of ice during subsequent storage and rewarming if not appropriately handled.The commercial and clinical application of stem cells requires robust and reproducible cryopreservation protocols and appropriate long-term, low-temperature storage conditions to provide reliable master and working cell banks. Though current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) compliant methods for the derivation and banking of clinical grade pluripotent stem cells exist and stem cell lines suitable for clinical applications are available, current cryopreservation protocols, whether for vitrification or conventional slow freezing, remain suboptimal. Apart from the resultant loss of valuable product that suboptimal cryopreservation engenders, there is a danger that such processes will impose a selective pressure on the cells selecting out a nonrepresentative, freeze-resistant subpopulation. Optimizing this process requires knowledge of the fundamental processes that occur during the freezing of cellular systems, the mechanisms of damage and methods for avoiding them. This chapter draws together the knowledge of cryopreservation gained in other systems with the current state-of-the-art for embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell preservation in an attempt to provide the background for future attempts to optimize cryopreservation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Hunt
- UK Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
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8
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Xu Y, Zhang L, Xu J, Wei Y, Xu X. Sensitivity of human embryonic stem cells to different conditions during cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2015; 71:486-92. [PMID: 26548334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.10.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Low cell recovery rate of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) resulting from cryopreservation damages leads to the difficulty in their successful commercialization of clinical applications. Hence in this study, sensitivity of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to different cooling rates, ice seeding and cryoprotective agent (CPA) types was compared and cell viability and recovery after cryopreservation under different cooling conditions were assessed. Both extracellular and intracellular ice formation were observed. Reactive oxidative species (ROS) accumulation of hESCs was determined. Cryopreservation of hESCs at 1 °C/min with the ice seeding and at the theoretically predicted optimal cooling rate (TPOCR) led to lower level of intracellular ROS, and prevented irregular and big ice clump formation compared with cryopreservation at 1 °C/min. This strategy further resulted in a significant increase in the hESC recovery when glycerol and 1,2-propanediol were used as the CPAs, but no increase for Me2SO. hESCs after cryopreservation under all the tested conditions still maintained their pluripotency. Our results provide guidance for improving the hESC cryopreservation recovery through the combination of CPA type, cooling rate and ice seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Jiandong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Yuping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
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9
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Sambu S. A Bayesian approach to optimizing cryopreservation protocols. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1039. [PMID: 26131379 PMCID: PMC4485240 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is beset with the challenge of protocol alignment across a wide range of cell types and process variables. By taking a cross-sectional assessment of previously published cryopreservation data (sample means and standard errors) as preliminary meta-data, a decision tree learning analysis (DTLA) was performed to develop an understanding of target survival using optimized pruning methods based on different approaches. Briefly, a clear direction on the decision process for selection of methods was developed with key choices being the cooling rate, plunge temperature on the one hand and biomaterial choice, use of composites (sugars and proteins as additional constituents), loading procedure and cell location in 3D scaffolding on the other. Secondly, using machine learning and generalized approaches via the Naïve Bayes Classification (NBC) method, these metadata were used to develop posterior probabilities for combinatorial approaches that were implicitly recorded in the metadata. These latter results showed that newer protocol choices developed using probability elicitation techniques can unearth improved protocols consistent with multiple unidimensionally-optimized physical protocols. In conclusion, this article proposes the use of DTLA models and subsequently NBC for the improvement of modern cryopreservation techniques through an integrative approach.
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10
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Ross-Rodriguez LU, Elliott JAW, McGann LE. Non-ideal solution thermodynamics of cytoplasm. Biopreserv Biobank 2015; 10:462-71. [PMID: 23840923 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2012.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative description of the non-ideal solution thermodynamics of the cytoplasm of a living mammalian cell is critically necessary in mathematical modeling of cryobiology and desiccation and other fields where the passive osmotic response of a cell plays a role. In the solution thermodynamics osmotic virial equation, the quadratic correction to the linear ideal, dilute solution theory is described by the second osmotic virial coefficient. Herein we report, for the first time, intracellular solution second osmotic virial coefficients for four cell types [TF-1 hematopoietic stem cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), porcine hepatocytes, and porcine chondrocytes] and further report second osmotic virial coefficients indistinguishable from zero (for the concentration range studied) for human hepatocytes and mouse oocytes.
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11
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Abstract
Modeling plays a critical role in understanding the biophysical processes behind cryopreservation. It facilitates understanding of the biophysical and some of the biochemical mechanisms of damage during all phases of cryopreservation including CPA equilibration, cooling, and warming. Modeling also provides a tool for optimization of cryopreservation protocols and has yielded a number of successes in this regard. While modern cryobiological modeling includes very detailed descriptions of the physical phenomena that occur during freezing, including ice growth kinetics and spatial gradients that define heat and mass transport models, here we reduce the complexity and approach only a small but classic subset of these problems. Namely, here we describe the process of building and using a mathematical model of a cell in suspension where spatial homogeneity is assumed for all quantities. We define the models that describe the critical cell quantities used to describe optimal and suboptimal protocols and then give an overview of classical methods of how to determine optimal protocols using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Benson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA,
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12
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Abstract
Cryopreservation is the only method for long-term storage of viable cells and tissues used for cellular therapy, stem cell transplantation and/or tissue engineering. However, the freeze-thaw process strongly contributes to cell and tissue damage through several mechanisms, including oxidative stress, cell injury from intracellular ice formation and altered physical cellular properties. Our previous proteomics investigation was carried out on Wharton's Jelly Stem Cells (WJSCs) having similar properties to adult mesenchymal stem cells and thus representing a rich source of primitive cells to be potentially used in regenerative medicine. The aim of the present work was to investigate molecular changes that occur in WJSCs proteome in different experimental conditions: fresh primary cell culture and frozen cell. To analyze changes in protein expression of WJSCs undergoing different culturing procedures, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis (2DE followed by MALDI-TOF MS/MS nanoESI-Q-TOF MS coupled with nanoLC) between WJSCs from fresh and frozen cell culturing, respectively. Frozen WJSCs showed qualitative and quantitative changes compared to cells from fresh preparation, expressing proteins involved in replication, cellular defence mechanism and metabolism, that could ensure freeze-thaw survival. The results of this study could play a key role in elucidating possible mechanisms related to maintaining active proliferation and maximal cellular plasticity and thus making the use of WJSCs in cell therapy safe following bio-banking.
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13
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Benson JD. Global stability and exact solution of an arbitrary-solute nonlinear cellular mass transport system. Math Biosci 2014; 258:176-81. [PMID: 25445739 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The prediction of the cellular state as a function of extracellular concentrations and temperatures has been of interest to physiologists for nearly a century. One of the most widely used models in the field is one where mass flux is linearly proportional to the concentration difference across the membrane. These fluxes define a nonlinear differential equation system for the intracellular state, which when coupled with appropriate initial conditions, define the intracellular state as a function of the extracellular concentrations of both permeating and nonpermeating solutes. Here we take advantage of a reparametrization scheme to extend existing stability results to a more general setting and to a develop analytical solutions to this model for an arbitrary number of extracellular solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Benson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL 60178, USA.
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14
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Anderson DM, Benson JD, Kearsley AJ. Foundations of modeling in cryobiology-I: concentration, Gibbs energy, and chemical potential relationships. Cryobiology 2014; 69:349-60. [PMID: 25240602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical modeling plays an enormously important role in understanding the behavior of cells, tissues, and organs undergoing cryopreservation. Uses of these models range from explanation of phenomena, exploration of potential theories of damage or success, development of equipment, and refinement of optimal cryopreservation/cryoablation strategies. Over the last half century there has been a considerable amount of work in bio-heat and mass-transport, and these models and theories have been readily and repeatedly applied to cryobiology with much success. However, there are significant gaps between experimental and theoretical results that suggest missing links in models. One source for these potential gaps is that cryobiology is at the intersection of several very challenging aspects of transport theory: it couples multi-component, moving boundary, multiphase solutions that interact through a semipermeable elastic membrane with multicomponent solutions in a second time-varying domain, during a two-hundred Kelvin temperature change with multi-molar concentration gradients and multi-atmosphere pressure changes. In order to better identify potential sources of error, and to point to future directions in modeling and experimental research, we present a three part series to build from first principles a theory of coupled heat and mass transport in cryobiological systems accounting for all of these effects. The hope of this series is that by presenting and justifying all steps, conclusions may be made about the importance of key assumptions, perhaps pointing to areas of future research or model development, but importantly, lending weight to standard simplification arguments that are often made in heat and mass transport. In this first part, we review concentration variable relationships, their impact on choices for Gibbs energy models, and their impact on chemical potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Anderson
- Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8910, United States; Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States.
| | - James D Benson
- Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8910, United States; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2888, United States.
| | - Anthony J Kearsley
- Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8910, United States.
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15
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Ohki S, Morita M, Kitanobo S, Kowalska AA, Kowalski RK. Cryopreservation of Acropora digitifera sperm with use of sucrose and methanol based solution. Cryobiology 2014; 69:134-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Xu X, Liu Y, Cui ZF. Effects of cryopreservation on human mesenchymal stem cells attached to different substrates. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 8:664-72. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science; Oxford University; UK
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science; Oxford University; UK
- Dalian R&D Centre for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; People's Republic of China
- Regenerative Medicine Centre; Dalian Medical University First Affiliated Hospital; People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Feng Cui
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science; Oxford University; UK
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17
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Benson JD, Benson CT, Critser JK. Mathematical model formulation and validation of water and solute transport in whole hamster pancreatic islets. Math Biosci 2014; 254:64-75. [PMID: 24950195 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of cryopreservation protocols for cells and tissues requires accurate models of heat and mass transport. Model selection often depends on the configuration of the tissue. Here, a mathematical and conceptual model of water and solute transport for whole hamster pancreatic islets has been developed and experimentally validated incorporating fundamental biophysical data from previous studies on individual hamster islet cells while retaining whole-islet structural information. It describes coupled transport of water and solutes through the islet by three methods: intracellularly, intercellularly, and in combination. In particular we use domain decomposition techniques to couple a transmembrane flux model with an interstitial mass transfer model. The only significant undetermined variable is the cellular surface area which is in contact with the intercellularly transported solutes, Ais. The model was validated and Ais determined using a 3×3 factorial experimental design blocked for experimental day. Whole islet physical experiments were compared with model predictions at three temperatures, three perfusing solutions, and three islet size groups. A mean of 4.4 islets were compared at each of the 27 experimental conditions and found to correlate with a coefficient of determination of 0.87±0.06 (mean ± SD). Only the treatment variable of perfusing solution was found to be significant (p<0.05). We have devised a model that retains much of the intrinsic geometric configuration of the system, and thus fewer laboratory experiments are needed to determine model parameters and thus to develop new optimized cryopreservation protocols. Additionally, extensions to ovarian follicles and other concentric tissue structures may be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Benson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60178, USA.
| | - Charles T Benson
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - John K Critser
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Wang P, Li Y, Hu XC, Cai XL, Hou LP, Wang YF, Hu JH, Li QW, Suo LJ, Fan ZG, Zhang B. Cryoprotective effects of low-density lipoproteins, trehalose and soybean lecithin on murine spermatogonial stem cells. ZYGOTE 2014; 22:158-63. [PMID: 22974447 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199412000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) have the ability to self-renew and offer a pathway for genetic engineering of the male germ line. Cryopreservation of SSCs has potential value for the treatment of male infertility, spermatogonial transplantation, and so on. In order to investigate the cryopreservation effects of different cryoprotectants on murine SSCs, 0.2 M of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), trehalose and soybean lecithin were added to the cryoprotective medium, respectively, and the murine SSCs were frozen at -80°C or -196°C. The results indicated that the optimal recovery rates of murine SSCs in the cryoprotective medium supplemented with LDL, trehalose and soybean lecithin were 92.53, 76.35 and 75.48% at -80°C, respectively. Compared with freezing at -196°C, the optimum temperature for improvement of recovery rates of frozen murine SSCs, cryopreservation in three different cryoprotectants at -80°C, were 17.11, 6.68 and 10.44% respectively. The recovery rates of murine SSCs in the cryoprotective medium supplemented with 0.2 M LDL were significantly higher than that of other cryoprotectants (P < 0.05). Moreover, the recovery rates were demonstrated to be greater at -80°C compared with at -196°C (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 0.2 M of LDL could significantly protect murine SSCs at -80°C. In the freezing-thawing process, LDL is responsible for the cryopreservation of murine SSCs because it can form a protective film at the surface of membranes. However, more research is needed to evaluate and understand the precise role of LDL during the freezing-thawing of SSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chen Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Li-Peng Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Feng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hong Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Wang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Li-Juan Suo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Guo Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
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19
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Xu Y, Zhang L, Xu J, Wei Y, Xu X. Membrane permeability of the human pluripotent stem cells to Me₂SO, glycerol and 1,2-propanediol. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 550-551:67-76. [PMID: 24780243 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to the unlimited capacity of self-renew and ability to differentiate into derivatives of three germ layers, human pluripotent stem cells, including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), have a great potential in regenerative medicine. A major challenge we are facing during the long-term storage of human pluripotent stem cells with the conventional slow cooling rate is the low cell recovery rate after cryopreservation which cannot meet the requirements for the future clinical applications. Evaluating the cell membrane permeability and the corresponding activation energy of hESCs and hiPSCs for water and different cryoprotective agents (CPA), including dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), 1,2-propandiol and glycerol, is important for facilitating the development of cryopreservation protocol to enhance cell recovery after the cryopreservation. The osmotically inactive volume of hESCs and hiPSCs determined using the Boyle-van't Hoff model was 0.32V0 and 0.42V0, respectively. The membrane permeability was assessed from the volume changes of cells exposed to Me2SO, 1,2-propanediol and glycerol at the temperatures ranging from 8 to 30°C. These results showed the biophysical differences between hESCs and hiPSCs. Their activation energy for water and CPAs extrapolated from the Arrhenius relationship indicated that the water transport was probably not through the channel-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jiandong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yuping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
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20
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Kashuba CM, Benson JD, Critser JK. Rationally optimized cryopreservation of multiple mouse embryonic stem cell lines: II--Mathematical prediction and experimental validation of optimal cryopreservation protocols. Cryobiology 2014; 68:176-84. [PMID: 24560712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Part I, we documented differences in cryopreservation success measured by membrane integrity in four mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) lines from different genetic backgrounds (BALB/c, CBA, FVB, and 129R1), and we demonstrated a potential biophysical basis for these differences through a comparative study characterizing the membrane permeability characteristics and osmotic tolerance limits of each cell line. Here we use these values to predict optimal cryoprotectants, cooling rates, warming rates, and plunge temperatures. We subsequently verified these predictions experimentally for their effects on post-thaw recovery. From this study, we determined that a cryopreservation protocol utilizing 1M propylene glycol, a cooling rate of 1°C/minute, and plunging into liquid nitrogen at -41°C, combined with subsequent warming in a 22°C water bath with agitation, significantly improved post-thaw recovery for three of the four mESC lines, and did not diminish post-thaw recovery for our single exception. It is proposed that this protocol can be successfully applied to most mESC lines beyond those included within this study once the effect of propylene glycol on mESC gene expression, growth characteristics, and germ-line transmission has been determined. Mouse ESC lines with poor survival using current standard cryopreservation protocols or our proposed protocol can be optimized on a case-by-case basis using the method we have outlined over two papers. For our single exception, the CBA cell line, a cooling rate of 5°C/minute in the presence of 1.0M dimethyl sulfoxide or 1.0M propylene glycol, combined with plunge temperature of -80°C was optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna M Kashuba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | - James D Benson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - John K Critser
- University of Missouri Comparative Medicine Center, 4011 Discovery Drive, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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21
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Kashuba CM, Benson JD, Critser JK. Rationally optimized cryopreservation of multiple mouse embryonic stem cell lines: I--Comparative fundamental cryobiology of multiple mouse embryonic stem cell lines and the implications for embryonic stem cell cryopreservation protocols. Cryobiology 2013; 68:166-75. [PMID: 24384367 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The post-thaw recovery of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) is often assumed to be adequate with current methods. However as this publication will show, this recovery of viable cells actually varies significantly by genetic background. Therefore there is a need to improve the efficiency and reduce the variability of current mESC cryopreservation methods. To address this need, we employed the principles of fundamental cryobiology to improve the cryopreservation protocol of four mESC lines from different genetic backgrounds (BALB/c, CBA, FVB, and 129R1 mESCs) through a comparative study characterizing the membrane permeability characteristics and membrane integrity osmotic tolerance limits of each cell line. In the companion paper, these values were used to predict optimal cryoprotectants, cooling rates, warming rates, and plunge temperatures, and then these predicted optimal protocols were validated against standard freezing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna M Kashuba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | - James D Benson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - John K Critser
- University of Missouri Comparative Medicine Center, 4011 Discovery Drive, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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22
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Li Y, Ma T. Bioprocessing of cryopreservation for large-scale banking of human pluripotent stem cells. Biores Open Access 2013; 1:205-14. [PMID: 23515461 PMCID: PMC3559214 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cell therapy requires production of therapeutic cells in large quantity, which starts from thawing the cryopreserved cells from a working cell bank or a master cell bank. An optimal cryopreservation and thaw process determines the efficiency of hPSC expansion and plays a significant role in the subsequent lineage-specific differentiation. However, cryopreservation in hPSC bioprocessing has been a challenge due to the unique growth requirements of hPSC, the sensitivity to cryoinjury, and the unscalable cryopreservation procedures commonly used in the laboratory. Tremendous progress has been made to identify the regulatory pathways regulating hPSC responses during cryopreservation and the development of small molecule interventions that effectively improves the efficiency of cryopreservation. The adaption of these methods in current good manufacturing practices (cGMP)-compliant cryopreservation processes not only improves cell survival, but also their therapeutic potency. This review summarizes the advances in these areas and discusses the technical requirements in the development of cGMP-compliant hPSC cryopreservation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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23
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Lavoie A, Fugère C, Beauparlant A, Goyer B, Larouche D, Paquet C, Desgagné M, Sauvé S, Robitaille H, Dunnwald M, Kim DH, Pouliot R, Fradette J, Germain L. Human epithelial stem cells persist within tissue-engineered skin produced by the self-assembly approach. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1023-38. [PMID: 23173810 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To adequately and permanently restore organ function after grafting, human tissue-engineered skin substitutes (TESs) must ultimately contain and preserve functional epithelial stem cells (SCs). It is therefore essential that a maximum of SCs be preserved during each in vitro step leading to the production of TESs such as the culture process and the elaboration of a skin cell bank by cryopreservation. To investigate the presence and functionality of epithelial SCs within the human TESs made by the self-assembly approach, slow-cycling cells were identified using 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) in the three-dimensional construct. A subset of basal epithelial cells retained the BrdU label and was positive for the SC-associated marker keratin 19 within TESs after a chase of 21 days in culture post-BrdU labeling. Moreover, keratinocytes harvested from TESs gave rise to SC-like colonies in secondary monolayer subcultures, indicating that SCs were preserved within TESs. To evaluate the effect of cryopreservation with dimethyl sulfoxide and storage in liquid nitrogen on SCs, human epithelial cells were extracted from skin samples, amplified in culture, and used to produce TESs, before cryopreservation as well as after thawing. We found that the proportion and the growth potential of epithelial SCs in monolayer culture and in TESs remained constant before and after cryopreservation. Further, the functionality of these substitutes was demonstrated by successfully grafting human TESs on athymic mice for 6 months. We conclude that human epithelial skin SCs are adequately preserved upon human tissue reconstruction. Thus, these TESs produced by the self-assembly approach are suitable for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Lavoie
- LOEX Centre of Université Laval, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: LOEX-FRQS Research Center of CHU de Québec and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
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24
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Sart S, Ma T, Li Y. Cryopreservation of pluripotent stem cell aggregates in defined protein-free formulation. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 29:143-53. [PMID: 23125166 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cultivation of undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as aggregates has emerged as an efficient culture configuration, enabling rapid and controlled large scale expansion. Aggregate-based PSC cryopreservation facilitates the integrated process of cell expansion and cryopreservation, but its feasibility has not been demonstrated. The goals of current study are to assess the suitability of cryopreserving intact mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) aggregates and investigate the effects of aggregate size and the formulation of cryopreservation solution on mESC survival and recovery. The results demonstrated the size-dependent cell survival and recovery of intact aggregates. In particular, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase activation were reduced for small aggregates (109 ± 55 μm) compared to medium (245 ± 77 μm) and large (365 ± 141 μm) ones, leading to the improved cell recovery. In addition, a defined protein-free formulation was tested and found to promote the aggregate survival, eliminating the cell exposure to animal serum. The cryopreserved aggregates also maintained the pluripotent markers and the differentiation capacity into three-germ layers after thawing. In summary, the cryopreservation of small PSC aggregates in a defined protein-free formulation was shown to be a suitable approach toward a fully integrated expansion and cryopreservation process at large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sart
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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25
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Xu X, Liu Y, Cui Z, Wei Y, Zhang L. Effects of osmotic and cold shock on adherent human mesenchymal stem cells during cryopreservation. J Biotechnol 2012; 162:224-31. [PMID: 22989486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is one of the most practical methods for the long-term storage of cell-matrix systems to ensure off-shelf availability in tissue engineering, stem cell therapy and drug testing. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of osmotic and cold shock caused by the procedures of cryoprotectant agent addition/removal and freezing during cryopreservation on cell viability, intracellular properties, such as filamentous actin distribution, mitochondria localization and intracellular pH, and further recovery of adherent human mesenchymal stem cells. Our results shows a significant decrease in cell viability around 30% after cryopreservation at the cooling rates of 1, 5 and 10°C/min in comparison to the adherent cells and the cells in suspension, implicating that the adherent cells are more vulnerable than the suspension cells. The osmotic shock and cold shock induced by freezing lead to dramatic changes in the intracellular properties. The cooling rate of 10°C/min results in acidification of intracellular pH, distortion and accumulation of filamentous actin, and aggregation of mitochondria. Our findings also suggest that the cooling rate of 1°C/min helps to maintain cell morphology and attachment, integrity and uniformity of filamentous actin, and leads to better cell recovery after cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China.
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26
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Agca Y. Genome resource banking of biomedically important laboratory animals. Theriogenology 2012; 78:1653-65. [PMID: 22981880 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Genome resource banking is the systematic collection, storage, and redistribution of biomaterials in an organized, logistical, and secure manner. Genome cryobanks usually contain biomaterials and associated genomic information essential for progression of biomedicine, human health, and research. In that regard, appropriate genome cryobanks could provide essential biomaterials for both current and future research projects in the form of various cell types and tissues, including sperm, oocytes, embryos, embryonic or adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and gonadal tissues. In addition to cryobanked germplasm, cryobanking of DNA, serum, blood products, and tissues from scientifically, economically, and ecologically important species has become a common practice. For revitalization of the whole organism, cryopreserved germplasm in conjunction with assisted reproductive technologies, offer a powerful approach for research model management, as well as assisting in animal production for agriculture, conservation, and human reproductive medicine. Recently, many developed and developing countries have allocated substantial resources to establish genome resources banks which are responsible for safeguarding scientifically, economically, and ecologically important wild type, mutant, and transgenic plants, fish, and local livestock breeds, as well as wildlife species. This review is dedicated to the memory of Dr. John K. Critser, who has made profound contributions to the science of cryobiology and establishment of genome research and resources centers for mice, rats, and swine. Emphasis will be given to application of genome resource banks to species with substantial contributions to the advancement of biomedicine and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuksel Agca
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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27
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Benson JD, Chicone CC, Critser JK. Analytical optimal controls for the state constrained addition and removal of cryoprotective agents. Bull Math Biol 2012; 74:1516-30. [PMID: 22527943 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-012-9724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryobiology is a field with enormous scientific, financial, and even cultural impact. Successful cryopreservation of cells and tissues depends on the equilibration of these materials with high concentrations of permeating chemicals (CPAs) such as glycerol or 1,2 propylene glycol. Because cells and tissues are exposed to highly anisosmotic conditions, the resulting gradients cause large volume fluctuations that have been shown to damage cells and tissues. On the other hand, there is evidence that toxicity to these high levels of chemicals is time dependent, and therefore it is ideal to minimize exposure time as well. Because solute and solvent flux is governed by a system of ordinary differential equations, CPA addition and removal from cells is an ideal context for the application of optimal control theory. Recently, we presented a mathematical synthesis of the optimal controls for the ODE system commonly used in cryobiology in the absence of state constraints and showed that controls defined by this synthesis were optimal. Here we define the appropriate model, analytically extend the previous theory to one encompassing state constraints, and as an example apply this to the critical and clinically important cell type of human oocytes, where current methodologies are either difficult to implement or have very limited success rates. We show that an enormous increase in equilibration efficiency can be achieved under the new protocols when compared to classic protocols, potentially allowing a greatly increased survival rate for human oocytes and pointing to a direction for the cryopreservation of many other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Benson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL 60178, USA.
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28
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Sambu S, Xu X, Ye H, Cui ZF. Predicting the survival rate of mouse embryonic stem cells cryopreserved in alginate beads. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2012; 225:1092-107. [PMID: 22292208 DOI: 10.1177/0954411911418568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell cryopreservation in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds may offer better protection to cells leading to higher survival rates. However, it introduces heterogeneity in cryoprotective agent (CPA) concentrations, durations of exposure to CPA, and freezing and thawing rate within constructs. This paper applies a mathematical model which couples the mass transport of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) in a cell-seeded spherical construct and cell membrane transport into mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to predict overall cell survival rate (CSR) based on CPA equilibrium exposure times (t(E)) and concentrations. The effect of freeze-concentration is also considered. To enable such a prediction, a contour plot was constructed using experimental data obtained in cryopreservation of cell suspensions with DMSO at a cooling rate of 1 degrees C/min. Thereafter, the diffusion in the alginate bead and the membrane transport of CPA was numerically simulated. Results were mapped onto the survival rate contours yielding 'predicted' CSR. The effects of loading time, hindrance, construct radius, and CPA concentration on predicted CSR were examined. From these results, an operation window with upper and lower t(E) of 12-19 min (for 0.6 mm radius beads and 1.4 M DMSO) yielded an overall viability of 60 per cent. The model predictions and the best experimental cryopreservation results with encapsulated mESCs were in agreement. Hence, optimization based on post-thaw CSR can accelerate the identification of cryopreservation protocols and parameters for maximizing cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sambu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, UK
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29
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Hunt CJ. Cryopreservation of Human Stem Cells for Clinical Application: A Review. Transfus Med Hemother 2011; 38:107-123. [PMID: 21566712 PMCID: PMC3088734 DOI: 10.1159/000326623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY: Stem cells have been used in a clinical setting for many years. Haematopoietic stem cells have been used for the treatment of both haematological and non-haematological disease; while more recently mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow have been the subject of both laboratory and early clinical studies. Whilst these cells show both multipotency and expansion potential, they nonetheless do not form stable cell lines in culture which is likely to limit the breadth of their application in the field of regenerative medicine. Human embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells, capable of forming stable cell lines which retain the capacity to differentiate into cells from all three germ layers. This makes them of special significance in both regenerative medicine and toxicology. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells may also provide a similar breadth of utility without some of the confounding ethical issues surrounding embryonic stem cells. An essential pre-requisite to the commercial and clinical application of stem cells are suitable cryopreservation protocols for long-term storage. Whilst effective methods for cryopreservation and storage have been developed for haematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic cells and iPS cells have proved more refractory. This paper reviews the current state of cryopreservation as it pertains to stem cells and in particular the embryonic and iPS cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. Hunt
- UK Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
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30
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Xu X, Cowley S, Flaim CJ, James W, Seymour LW, Cui Z. Enhancement of cell recovery for dissociated human embryonic stem cells after cryopreservation. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:781-8. [PMID: 20014103 PMCID: PMC3593169 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to widespread applications of human embryonic stem (hES) cells, it is essential to establish effective protocols for cryopreservation and subsequent culture of hES cells to improve cell recovery. We have developed a new protocol for cryopreservation of dissociated hES cells and subsequent culture. We examined the effects of new formula of freezing solution containing 7.5% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (v/v %) and 2.5% polyethylene glycol (PEG) (w/v %) on cell survival and recovery of hES cells after cryopreservation, and further investigated the role of the combination of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor and p53 inhibitor on cell recovery during the subsequent culture. Compared with the conventional slow-freezing method which uses 10% DMSO as a freezing solution and then cultured in the presence of ROCK inhibitor at the first day of culture, we found out that hES cell recovery was significantly enhanced by around 30 % (P < 0.05) by the new freezing solution. Moreover, at the first day of post-thaw culture, the presence of 10 μM ROCK inhibitor (Y-27632) and 1 μM pifithrin-μ together further significantly improved cell recovery by around 20% (P < 0.05) either for feeder-dependent or feeder-independent culture. hES cells remained their undifferentiated status after using this novel protocol for cryopreservation and subsequent culture. Furthermore, this protocol is a scalable cryopreservation method for handling large quantities of hES cells. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- Dept. of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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31
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Ma XH, Shi Y, Hou Y, Liu Y, Zhang L, Fan WX, Ge D, Liu TQ, Cui ZF. Slow-freezing cryopreservation of neural stem cell spheres with different diameters. Cryobiology 2010; 60:184-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Amps KJ, Jones M, Baker D, Moore HD. In situ cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cells in gas-permeable membrane culture cassettes for high post-thaw yield and good manufacturing practice. Cryobiology 2010; 60:344-50. [PMID: 20347760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficient and robust methods for the cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is important for the production of master and working cell banks for future clinical applications. Such methods must meet requirements of good manufacturing practice (GMP) and maintain genetic stability of the cell line. We investigated the culture of four Shef hESC lines in gas permeable 'culture cassettes' which met GMP compliance. hESCs adhered rapidly to the membrane and colonies displayed good proliferation and expansion. After 5-7 days of culture, hESCs were cryopreserved in situ using 10% dimethyl sulphoxide in foetal calf serum at approximately 1 degrees C/min. This method was compared with a control of standard flask culture and cryopreservation in vials. Post-thaw cassette culture displayed relative proliferation ratios (fold increase above flask/cryovial culture) of 114 (Shef 4), 8.2 (Shef 5), 195 (shef 6) and 17.5 (Shef 7). The proportion of cells expressing pluripotency markers after cryopreservation was consistently greater in cassette culture than for the control with the markers SSEA3 and SSEA4 exhibiting a significant increase (P> or =0.05). The efficiency of cell line culture in cassette was associated with the overall passage number of the cell line. The procedure enables cryopreservation of relatively large quantities of hESCs in situ, whilst returning high yields of viable, undifferentiated stem cells, thereby increasing capacity to scale up with greater efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Amps
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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Kim GA, Lee ST, Ahn JY, Park JH, Lim JM. Improved viability of freeze-thawed embryonic stem cells after exposure to glutathione. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:2409-12. [PMID: 20236633 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adding a potent antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), to a cryoprotective solution consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide and ethylene glycol and/or postthaw culture medium significantly improved the postthaw viability of mouse embryonic stem cells. This effect, which was caused by a decrease in reactive oxygen species, was only induced by exposure of embryonic stem cells during cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Ah Kim
- Stem Cell and Bioevalution, Major in Biomodulation, WCU, and Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Xu F, Moon S, Zhang X, Shao L, Song YS, Demirci U. Multi-scale heat and mass transfer modelling of cell and tissue cryopreservation. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2010; 368:561-83. [PMID: 20047939 PMCID: PMC3263795 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cells and tissues undergo complex physical processes during cryopreservation. Understanding the underlying physical phenomena is critical to improve current cryopreservation methods and to develop new techniques. Here, we describe multi-scale approaches for modelling cell and tissue cryopreservation including heat transfer at macroscale level, crystallization, cell volume change and mass transport across cell membranes at microscale level. These multi-scale approaches allow us to study cell and tissue cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Center for Bioengineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sangjun Moon
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Center for Bioengineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Center for Bioengineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lei Shao
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Center for Bioengineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Young Seok Song
- Polymer System Division, Fiber System Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Author for correspondence (; )
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Center for Bioengineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Author for correspondence (; )
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Membrane permeability coefficients of murine primary neural brain cells in the presence of cryoprotectant. Cryobiology 2009; 58:308-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Comparison of three methods for cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cells. Fertil Steril 2008; 93:999-1005. [PMID: 19108825 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish reliable methods for cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). DESIGN Prospective experimental study. SETTING University laboratory. PATIENT(S) One hESC line. INTERVENTION(S) The attachment rates and recovery rates of cryopreserved hESCs using three different cryopreservation methods were compared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The hESCs were frozen and thawed by conventional cryopreservation, programmable cryopreservation, and vitrification method. The efficiency of cryopreservation was assessed by attachment rate and recovery rate. RESULT(S) The attachment rate and recovery rate after thawing of hESCs frozen by the conventional cryopreservation method were significantly lower than those of hESCs frozen by programmed cryopreservation and vitrification methods. Vitrification resulted in the highest attachment rate and recovery rate compared with the other two methods. Human ESCs after vitrification and programmable cryopreservation still expressed pluripotent markers, maintained normal karyotype, and retained their pluripotency. CONCLUSION(S) Our data show that programmable cryopreservation and vitrification methods are appropriate for cryopreservation of hESCs, whereas the conventional slow-rate freezing method is not appropriate for cryopreservation of hESCs.
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