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Cho JR, Yu EH, Lee HJ, Kim IH, Jeong JH, Lee DB, Cho SK, Joo JK. Ultra-Fast Vitrification: Minimizing the Toxicity of Cryoprotective Agents and Osmotic Stress in Mouse Oocyte Cryopreservation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1884. [PMID: 38339162 PMCID: PMC10856457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, women have been adopting oocyte cryopreservation (OC) for fertility preservation for various reasons, such as inevitable gonadotoxic treatment for specific pathologic states and social preferences. While conventional vitrification (C-VIT) has improved the success rate of OC, challenges of possible toxicities of high-concentration cryoprotective agents and osmotic stress persist. To overcome these challenges, we evaluated the ultra-fast vitrification (UF-VIT) method, which reduces the equilibration solution stage exposure time compared to C-VIT by observing mouse oocyte intracellular organelles and embryonic development. Consequently, compared to fresh mouse oocytes, UF-VIT presented significant differences only in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) intensity and mitochondrial (MT) distribution. Meanwhile, C-VIT showed substantial differences in the survival rate, key ER and MT parameters, and embryonic development rate. UF-VIT exhibited considerably fewer negative effects on key MT parameters and resulted in a notably higher blastocyst formation rate than C-VIT. Meiotic spindle (spindle and chromosomes) morphology showed no significant changes between the groups during vitrification/warming (VW), suggesting that VW did not negatively affect the meiotic spindle of the oocytes. In conclusion, UF-VIT seems more effective in OC owing to efficient cytoplasmic water molecule extraction, osmotic stress reduction, and minimization of cell contraction and expansion amplitude, thus compensating for the drawbacks of C-VIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ran Cho
- Infertility Center of Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (J.-R.C.); (J.-H.J.); (D.-B.L.)
- Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology & Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University Graduate School, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (E.-H.Y.); (H.-J.L.); (I.-H.K.)
| | - Hyun-Joo Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (E.-H.Y.); (H.-J.L.); (I.-H.K.)
| | - In-Hye Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (E.-H.Y.); (H.-J.L.); (I.-H.K.)
| | - Ji-Hye Jeong
- Infertility Center of Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (J.-R.C.); (J.-H.J.); (D.-B.L.)
- Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology & Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University Graduate School, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Dan-Bi Lee
- Infertility Center of Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (J.-R.C.); (J.-H.J.); (D.-B.L.)
| | - Seong-Keun Cho
- Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology & Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University Graduate School, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Kil Joo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (E.-H.Y.); (H.-J.L.); (I.-H.K.)
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Traversari G, Delogu F, Aparicio S, Cincotti A. hMSCs in contact with DMSO for cryopreservation: experiments and modelling of osmotic injury and cytotoxic effect. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2890-2907. [PMID: 35799310 PMCID: PMC9546233 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this work a combined analysis of osmotic injury and cytotoxic effect useful for the optimization of the cryopreservation process of a cell suspension is carried out. The case of human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) from Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) in contact with DiMethyl SulfOxide (DMSO) acting as Cryo-Protectant Agent (CPA) is investigated from the experimental as well as the theoretical perspective. The experimental runs are conducted by suspending the cells in hypertonic solutions of DMSO at varying osmolality, system temperature and contact times; then, at room temperature, cells are pelleted by centrifugation and suspended back to isotonic conditions. Eventually cell count and viability are measured by means of a Coulter counter and flow-cytometer, respectively. Overall, a decrease of cell count and viability results when DMSO concentration, temperature and contact time increase. A novel mathematical model is developed and proposed to interpret measured data by dividing the cell population between viable and non-viable cells. The decrease of cell count is ascribed exclusively to the osmotic injury caused by expansion lysis: excessive swelling causes the burst of both viable as well as non-viable cells. On the other hand, the reduction of cell viability is ascribed only to cytotoxicity which gradually transforms viable cells into non-viable ones. A chemical reaction engineering approach is adopted to describe the dynamics of both phenomena: by following the kinetics of two chemical reactions during cell osmosis inside a closed system it is shown that the simultaneous reduction of cell count and viability may be successfully interpreted. The use of the Surface Area Regulation (SAR) model recently proposed by the authors allows one to avoid the setting in advance of fixed cell Osmotic Tolerance Limits (OTLs), as traditionally done in cryopreservation literature to circumvent the mathematical simulation of osmotic injury. Comparisons between experimental data and theoretical simulations are provided: first, a non-linear regression analysis is performed to evaluate unknown model parameters through a best-fitting procedure carried out in a sequential fashion; then, the proposed model is validated by full predictions of system behavior measured at operating conditions different from those used during the best-fit procedure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Traversari
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09100, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Delogu
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09100, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Cincotti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09100, Cagliari, Italy
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3
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Impact of equilibration duration combined with temperature on the outcome of bovine oocyte vitrification. Theriogenology 2022; 184:110-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Huang Z, Liu W, Liu B, He X, Guo H, Xue S, Yan X, Jaganathan GK. Cryopreservation of human T lymphocytes under fast cooling with controlled ice nucleation in cryoprotective solutions of low toxicity. Cryobiology 2021; 103:92-100. [PMID: 34508713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of human T lymphocytes has become an essential tool for some cell-based immunotherapy. However, the cryopreservation procedure of the cells has not been systematically studied. In particular, the key factors of ice seeding and cryoprotective agents (CPA) driving the success of cryopreservation remain unclear. We systematically investigated the key factors, including cooling rate, ice-seeding temperature, CPA concentration, and types of CPA, during cryopreservation of human T lymphocytes with controlled ice nucleation. We found that ice seeding at below -10 °C could enable human T lymphocytes to be cooled at 90 °C min-1 with high relative viability and recovery after rewarming, 94.9% and 90.2%, respectively, which are significantly higher than those without ice seeding (P < 0.001). After optimization, the concentration of dimethyl sulphoxide was as low as 2% (v/v) with relative viability and recovery of 95.4% and 100.8%, respectively, at the cooling rate of 90 °C min-1 after ice seeding at -16 °C. The cryopreservation procedure developed in this study could facilitate the understanding of the mechanism for ice seeding and cell injury and offer a promising cryopreservation method with a high cooling rate and extremely low toxicity for extensive clinical application of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Huang
- Institute of Biothermal and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Biothermal and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- Institute of Biothermal and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Xiaowen He
- Origincell Technology Group Co, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hao Guo
- Origincell Technology Group Co, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Suxia Xue
- Origincell Technology Group Co, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yan
- Origincell Technology Group Co, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ganesh K Jaganathan
- Institute of Biothermal and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
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Huang H, He X, Yarmush ML. Advanced technologies for the preservation of mammalian biospecimens. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:793-804. [PMID: 34426675 PMCID: PMC8765766 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The three classical core technologies for the preservation of live mammalian biospecimens-slow freezing, vitrification and hypothermic storage-limit the biomedical applications of biospecimens. In this Review, we summarize the principles and procedures of these three technologies, highlight how their limitations are being addressed via the combination of microfabrication and nanofabrication, materials science and thermal-fluid engineering and discuss the remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishui Huang
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA.
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiaoming He
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Park JK, Lee JH, Park EA, Lim HJ, Lyu SW, Lee WS, Kim J, Song H. Development of Optimized Vitrification Procedures Using Closed Carrier System to Improve the Survival and Developmental Competence of Vitrified Mouse Oocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071670. [PMID: 34359838 PMCID: PMC8304188 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The open carrier system (OC) is used for vitrification due to its high efficiency in preserving female fertility, but concerns remain that it bears possible risks of cross-contamination. Closed carrier systems (CC) could be an alternative to the OC to increase safety. However, the viability and developmental competence of vitrified/warmed (VW) oocytes using the CC were significantly lower than with OC. We aimed to improve the efficiency of the CC. Metaphase II oocytes were collected from mice after superovulation and subjected to in vitro fertilization after vitrification/warming. Increasing the cooling/warming rate and exposure time to cryoprotectants as key parameters for the CC effectively improved the survival rate and developmental competence of VW oocytes. When all the conditions that improved the outcomes were applied to the conventional CC, hereafter named the modified vitrification/warming procedure using CC (mVW-CC), the viability and developmental competence of VW oocytes were significantly improved as compared to those of VW oocytes in the CC. Furthermore, mVW-CC increased the spindle normality of VW oocytes, as well as the cell number of blastocysts developed from VW oocytes. Collectively, our mVW-CC optimized for mouse oocytes can be utilized for humans without concerns regarding possible cross-contamination during vitrification in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyun Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.K.P.); (J.H.L.)
- CHA Fertility Center Gangnam, CHA University, Seoul 06125, Korea; (S.W.L.); (W.S.L.)
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.K.P.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Eun A Park
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, CHA University, Seoul 04637, Korea;
| | - Hyunjung J. Lim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Sang Woo Lyu
- CHA Fertility Center Gangnam, CHA University, Seoul 06125, Korea; (S.W.L.); (W.S.L.)
| | - Woo Sik Lee
- CHA Fertility Center Gangnam, CHA University, Seoul 06125, Korea; (S.W.L.); (W.S.L.)
| | - Jayeon Kim
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, CHA University, Seoul 04637, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Haengseok Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.K.P.); (J.H.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (H.S.)
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7
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Abstract
Vitrification is an alternative to cryopreservation by freezing that enables hydrated living cells to be cooled to cryogenic temperatures in the absence of ice. Vitrification simplifies and frequently improves cryopreservation because it eliminates mechanical injury from ice, eliminates the need to find optimal cooling and warming rates, eliminates the importance of differing optimal cooling and warming rates for cells in mixed cell type populations, eliminates the need to find a frequently imperfect compromise between solution effects injury and intracellular ice formation, and can enable chilling injury to be "outrun" by using rapid cooling without a risk of intracellular ice formation. On the other hand, vitrification requires much higher concentrations of cryoprotectants than cryopreservation by freezing, which introduces greater risks of both osmotic damage and cryoprotectant toxicity. Fortunately, a large number of remedies for the latter problem have been discovered over the past 35 years, and osmotic damage can in most cases be eliminated or adequately controlled by paying careful attention to cryoprotectant introduction and washout techniques. Vitrification therefore has the potential to enable the superior and convenient cryopreservation of a wide range of biological systems (including molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and even some whole organisms), and it is also increasingly recognized as a successful strategy for surviving harsh environmental conditions in nature. But the potential of vitrification is sometimes limited by an insufficient understanding of the complex physical and biological principles involved, and therefore a better understanding may not only help to improve present outcomes but may also point the way to new strategies that may be yet more successful in the future. This chapter accordingly describes the basic principles of vitrification and indicates the broad potential biological relevance of this alternative method of cryopreservation.
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Abstract
Mass transfer of protectant chemicals is a fundamental aspect of cryopreservation and freeze-drying protocols. As such, mass transfer modeling is useful for design of preservation methods. Cell membrane transport modeling has been successfully used to guide design of preservation methods for isolated cells. For tissues, though, there are several mass transfer modeling challenges that arise from phenomena associated with cells being embedded in a tissue matrix. Both cells and the tissue matrix form a barrier to the free diffusion of water and protective chemicals. Notably, the extracellular space becomes important to model. The response of cells embedded in the tissue is dependent on the state of the extracellular space which varies both spatially and temporally. Transport in the extracellular space can also lead to changes in tissue size. In this chapter, we describe various mass transfer models that can be used to describe transport phenomena occurring during loading of tissues with protective molecules for cryopreservation applications. Assumptions and simplifications that limit the applicability of each of these models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M Warner
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Adam Z Higgins
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Cryobiology is a multiscale and interdisciplinary field. The scope and scale of interactions limit the gains that can be made by one theory or experiment alone. Because of this, modeling has played a critical role in both explaining cryobiological phenomena and predicting improved protocols. Modeling facilitates understanding of the biophysical and some of the biochemical mechanisms of damage during all phases of cryopreservation including CPA equilibration and cooling and warming. Moreover, as a tool for optimization of cryopreservation protocols, modeling has yielded many successes. Modern cryobiological modeling includes very detailed descriptions of the physical phenomena that occur during freezing, including ice growth kinetics and spatial gradients that define heat and mass transport models. Here we reduce the complexity and approach only a small but classic subset of these problems. Namely, here we describe the process of building and using a mathematical model of a cell in suspension where spatial homogeneity is assumed for all quantities. We define the models that describe the critical cell quantities used to describe optimal and suboptimal protocols and then give an overview of classical methods of how to determine optimal protocols using these models. We include practical considerations of modeling in cryobiology, including fitting transport models to cell volume data, performing optimization with cell volume constraints, and a look at expanding cost functions to cooling regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Benson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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10
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Measurement of grouped intracellular solute osmotic virial coefficients. Cryobiology 2020; 97:198-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Meneghel J, Kilbride P, Morris GJ. Cryopreservation as a Key Element in the Successful Delivery of Cell-Based Therapies-A Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:592242. [PMID: 33324662 PMCID: PMC7727450 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.592242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is a key enabling technology in regenerative medicine that provides stable and secure extended cell storage for primary tissue isolates and constructs and prepared cell preparations. The essential detail of the process as it can be applied to cell-based therapies is set out in this review, covering tissue and cell isolation, cryoprotection, cooling and freezing, frozen storage and transport, thawing, and recovery. The aim is to provide clinical scientists with an overview of the benefits and difficulties associated with cryopreservation to assist them with problem resolution in their routine work, or to enable them to consider future involvement in cryopreservative procedures. It is also intended to facilitate networking between clinicians and cryo-researchers to review difficulties and problems to advance protocol optimization and innovative design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meneghel
- Asymptote, Cytiva, Danaher Corporation, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kilbride
- Asymptote, Cytiva, Danaher Corporation, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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12
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Lotz J, Içli S, Liu D, Caliskan S, Sieme H, Wolkers WF, Oldenhof H. Transport processes in equine oocytes and ovarian tissue during loading with cryoprotective solutions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129797. [PMID: 33212229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rational design of cryopreservation strategies for oocytes and ovarian cortex tissue requires insights in the rate at which cryoprotective agents (CPA) permeate and concomitant water transport takes place. The aim of the current study was to investigate possible differences in permeation kinetics of different CPAs (i.e., glycerol/GLY, ethylene glycol/EG, dimethyl sulfoxide/DMSO, and propylene glycol/PG), in equine oocytes as well as ovarian tissue. METHODS Membrane permeability of oocytes to water (Lp) and to CPAs (Ps) was inferred from video microscopic imaging of oocyte volume responses during perfusion with anisotonic and CPA solutions. CPA diffusion into ovarian tissue and tissue dehydration was monitored during incubation, using osmometer and weight measurements, to derive CPA diffusion coefficients (D). RESULTS Membrane permeability of oocytes towards CPAs was found to increase in the order GLY < EG < DMSO<PG. Permeability towards water in anisotonic solutions was determined to be higher than in CPA solutions, indicating CPAs alter membrane permeability properties. CPA diffusion in ovarian tissue increased in the order GLY,PG < EG,DMSO. Tissue dehydration was found to increase with exposure to increasing CPA concentrations, which inversely correlated with CPA diffusivity. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, it is shown here that the rate of CPA movement across membrane bilayers is determined by different physical barrier factors than those determining CPA movement in tissues. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The parameters presented in this study can be applied in models describing solute and water transport in cells and tissues, as well as in cryopreservation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Lotz
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine - Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sercan Içli
- Biostabilization laboratory - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dejia Liu
- Biostabilization laboratory - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sükrü Caliskan
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine - Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Biostabilization laboratory - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Harald Sieme
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine - Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Willem F Wolkers
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine - Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Biostabilization laboratory - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Harriëtte Oldenhof
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine - Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Human oocytes and zygotes are ready for ultra-fast vitrification after 2 minutes of exposure to standard CPA solutions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15986. [PMID: 31690725 PMCID: PMC6831692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitrification of human oocytes and embryos in different stages of development is a key element of daily clinical practice of in vitro fertilization treatments. Despite the cooling and warming of the cells is ultra-fast, the procedure as a whole is time consuming. Most of the duration is employed in a long (8–15 minutes), gradual or direct exposure to a non-vitrifying cryoprotectant solution, which is followed by a short exposure to a more concentrated vitrifying solution. A reduction in the duration of the protocols is desirable to improve the workflow in the IVF setting and reduce the time of exposure to suboptimal temperature and osmolarity, as well as potentially toxic cryoprotectants. In this work it is shown that this reduction is feasible. In silico (MatLab program using two-parameter permeability model) and in vitro observations of the oocytes’ osmotic behaviour indicate that the dehydration upon exposure to standard cryoprotectant solutions occurs very fast: the point of minimum volume of the shrink-swell curve is reached within 60 seconds. At that point, intracellular water ejection is complete, which coupled with the permeation of low molecular weight cryoprotectants results in similar intracellular and extracellular solute concentrations. This shows that prolonging the exposure to the cryoprotectant solutions does not improve the cytosolic glass forming tendency and could be avoided. To test this finding, human oocytes and zygotes that were donated for research were subjected to a shortened, dehydration-based protocol, consisting of two consecutive exposures of one-minute to two standard cryoprotectant solutions, containing ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide and sucrose. At the end of this two-minute dehydration protocol, the critical intracellular solute concentration necessary for successful vitrification was attained, confirmed by the post-warming survival and ability to resume cytokinesis of the cells. Further studies of the developmental competency of oocytes and embryos would be necessary to determine the suitability of this specific dehydration protocol for clinical practice, but based on our results, short times of exposure to increasingly hypertonic solutions could be a more time-efficient strategy to prepare human oocytes and embryos for vitrification.
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14
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Guo Y, Yang Y, Yi X, Zhou X. Microfluidic method reduces osmotic stress injury to oocytes during cryoprotectant addition and removal processes in porcine oocytes. Cryobiology 2019; 90:63-70. [PMID: 31449779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oocyte cryopreservation is an important technology in assisted reproduction and fertility preservation. However, the developmental potential of cryopreserved oocyte remains poor. Osmotic stress injury (OSI) during cryoprotectants (CPAs) loading and unloading steps has critical impact on successful cryopreservation. In order to minimize OSI to oocytes, a microfluidic device was designed and fabricated to achieve continuous CPA concentration change. MII porcine oocytes were loaded and unloaded CPAs with step-wise and microfluidic methods, oocyte volume changes were recorded and compared, loading and unloading duration of microfluidic methods were optimized. The survival and developmental rate of treated oocytes in step-wise and microfluidic linear methods were also evaluated. The results showed that oocyte volume changes with microfluidic method were obviously less than step-wise method, and the survival, cleavage and blastocyst rate of oocytes were 95.3%, 64.4%, and 19.4%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the traditional step-wise method (79.4%, 43.6%, and 9.7%) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, microfluidic device can effectively reduce the osmotic damage to oocytes and improve the survival rate and developmental rate of oocytes, which may provide a new path for oocyte cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Guo
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyue Yi
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinli Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Safari M, Parsaie H, Sameni HR, Aldaghi MR, Zarbakhsh S. Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Apigenin on Number of Viable and Apoptotic Blastomeres, Zona Pellucida Thickness and Hatching Rate of Mouse Embryos. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2018; 12:257-262. [PMID: 29935073 PMCID: PMC6018174 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2018.5392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Apigenin is a plant-derived compound belonging to the flavonoids category and bears protective effects on different cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of apigenin on the number of viable and
apoptotic blastomeres, the zona pellucida (ZP) thickness and hatching rate of pre-implantation mouse embryos exposed
to H2O2 and actinomycin D. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, 420 two-cell embryos were randomly divided into six groups:
i. Control, ii. Apigenin, iii. H2O2 , iv. Apigenin+H2O2 , v. Actinomycin D, and vi. Apigenin+Actinomycin D. The percentage of blastocysts and hatched blastocysts was calculated. Blastocyst ZP thickness was also measured. In addition, viable blastomeres quantity was counted by Hoechst and propidium iodide staining and the number of apoptotic
blastomeres was counted by TUNEL assay. Results The results of viable and apoptotic blastomeres quantity, the ZP thickness, and the percentage of blastocysts and hatched blastocysts were significantly
more favorable in the apigenin group, rather than the control
group (P<0.05). The results of the apigenin+H2O2 group were significantly more favorable than the H2O2 group
(P<0.05); and the results of apigenin+actinomycin D group were significantly more favorable than actinomycin D
group (P<0.05). Conclusion The results suggest that apigenin may protect mouse embryos against H2O2 and actinomycin D. So that
it increases the number of viable blastomeres and decreases the number of apoptotic blastomeres, which may cause
expanding the blastocysts, thinning of the ZP thickness and increasing the rate of hatching in mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manouchehr Safari
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Houman Parsaie
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sameni
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Aldaghi
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sam Zarbakhsh
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Electronic Address:
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Marques C, Santos-Silva C, Rodrigues C, Matos J, Moura T, Baptista M, Horta A, Bessa R, Alves S, Soveral G, Pereira R. Bovine oocyte membrane permeability and cryosurvival: Effects of different cryoprotectants and calcium in the vitrification media. Cryobiology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Sameni HR, Javadinia SS, Safari M, Tabrizi Amjad MH, Khanmohammadi N, Parsaie H, Zarbakhsh S. Effect of quercetin on the number of blastomeres, zona pellucida thickness, and hatching rate of mouse embryos exposed to actinomycin D: An experimental study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.16.2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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18
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Sameni HR, Javadinia SS, Safari M, Tabrizi Amjad MH, Khanmohammadi N, Parsaie H, Zarbakhsh S. Effect of quercetin on the number of blastomeres, zona pellucida thickness, and hatching rate of mouse embryos exposed to actinomycin D: An experimental study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2018; 16:101-108. [PMID: 29675494 PMCID: PMC5899824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quercetin is a flavonoid with the ability to improve the growth of embryos in vitro, and actinomycin D is an inducer of apoptosis in embryonic cells. OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate the effect of quercetin on the number of viable and apoptotic cells, the zona pellucida (ZP) thickness and the hatching rate of preimplantation embryos exposed to actinomycin D in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two-cell embryos were randomly divided into four groups (Control, Quercetin, actinomycin D, and Quercetin + actinomycin D group). Blastocysts percentage, hatched blastocysts, and ZP thickness of blastocysts was measured. The number of blastomeres was counted by Hoechst and propidium iodide staining and the apoptotic cells number was counted by TUNEL assay. RESULTS The results showed that the use of quercetin significantly improved the growth of embryos compared to the control group (p=0.037). Moreover, quercetin reduced the destructive effects of actinomycin D on the growth of embryos significantly (p=0.026). CONCLUSION quercetin may protect the embryos against actinomycin D so that increases the number of viable cells and decreases the number of apoptotic cells, which can help the expansion of the blastocysts, thinning of the ZP thickness and increasing the hatching rate in mouse embryos.
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19
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Zielinski MW, McGann LE, Nychka JA, Elliott JAW. Nonideal Solute Chemical Potential Equation and the Validity of the Grouped Solute Approach for Intracellular Solution Thermodynamics. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:10443-10456. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b07992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal W. Zielinski
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2B7
| | - Locksley E. McGann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2B7
| | - John A. Nychka
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9
| | - Janet A. W. Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2B7
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20
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Ali Mohamed MS. A new strategy and system for the ex vivo ovary perfusion and cryopreservation: An innovation. Int J Reprod Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.15.6.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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21
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Ali Mohamed MS. A new strategy and system for the ex vivo ovary perfusion and cryopreservation: An innovation. Int J Reprod Biomed 2017; 15:323-330. [PMID: 29177236 PMCID: PMC5605853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Children and young adults, who suffer from cancer, receive gonadotoxic therapy, which destroys their fertile abilities after survival. Ovarian cryopreservation and transplantation provide the promising solution to this problem, where the ovary can be removed before the gonadotoxic therapy and reimplanted after patient's survival, where the ovary is to be cryopreserved during the period of the therapy. However, cryopreservation of the whole ovary is still facing great obstacles, namely the ischemic reperfusion injury and the defective cryopreservation related to the defective ability to universally deliver the cryopreservation/warming solutions through the ovarian vascular bed. Meanwhile, the currently applied technique of ovarian tissue cryopreservation provides limited follicular recovery because many follicles are lost until the development of revascularization post-transplantation. To solve the problems, an innovative system has been developed to insure immediate and universal delivery of the cryopreservation/warming solutions to the graft, in addition to keeping the graft under continuous perfusion before and after cryopreservation, minimizing any chance for microthrombi formation or ischemia-reperfusion. This innovative system can be applied in the following surgical and clinical interventions: 1) Allogeneic ovarian transplantation; 2) Preservation of fertility after systemic chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation in young females, where the ovaries could be removed before the therapy and exposed to the adequate cryopreservation provided by the system till re-implantation after the patient's survival; 3) The system is also suitable for the corresponding applications on the testicles.
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22
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Wang S, Elliott GD. Synergistic Development of Biochips and Cell Preservation Methodologies: A Tale of Converging Technologies. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2017; 3:45-53. [PMID: 28966905 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-017-0074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Over the past several decades, cryopreservation has been widely used to preserve cells during long term storage, but advances in stem cell therapies, regenerative medicine, and miniaturized cell-based diagnostics and sensors are providing new targets of opportunity for advancing preservation methodologies. The advent of microfluidics-based devices is an interesting case in which the technology has been used to improve preservation processing, but as the devices have evolved to also include cells, tissues, and simulated organs as part of the architecture, the biochip itself is a desirable target for preservation. In this review, we will focus on the synergistic co-development of preservation methods and biochip technologies, while identifying where the challenges and opportunities lie in developing methods to place on-chip biologics on the shelf, ready for use. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging studies are demonstrating that the cost of some biochips have been reduced to the extent that they will have high utility in point-of-care settings, especially in low resource environments where diagnostic capabilities are limited. Ice-free low temperature vitrification and anhydrous vitrification technologies will likely emerge as the preferred strategy for long-term preservation of bio-chips. SUMMARY The development of preservation methodologies for partially or fully assembled biochips would enable the widespread distribution of these technologies and enhance their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangping Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223
| | - Gloria D Elliott
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223
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23
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Khanmohammadi N, Movahedin M, Safari M, Sameni HR, Yousefi B, Jafari B, Zarbakhsh S. Effect of L-carnitine on in vitro developmental rate, the zona pellucida and hatching of blastocysts and their cell numbers in mouse embryos. Int J Reprod Biomed 2016; 14:649-656. [PMID: 27921089 PMCID: PMC5124328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED L-carnitine (LC) is an antioxidant with the ability to promote the growth in vitro embryo. OBJECTIVE The goal was to evaluate the effect of LC on some indicators of embryo development and blastocyst quality including zona pellucid (ZP) thickness, the hatching of blastocysts and their cell numbers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse embryos were randomly divided into five groups and incubated with different concentrations of LC (I; 0, II; 0.5, III; 1, IV; 2 and V; 4 mg/ml) from 2-cell to hatched blastocyst. The percentage of blastocysts and hatched blastocysts was calculated. Blastocysts ZP thickness was measured and the number of blastocyst cells was counted using Hoechst and propidium iodide (PI) staining. RESULTS The results showed concentration of 0.5 mg/ml of LC had an antioxidant effect as in this group, the percentage of blastocysts and hatched blactocysts (p=0.01), the ZP thickness (p=0.00) and the number of blastocyst inner cell mass were significantly more favorable than the control group (p=0.03); and concentration of 4 mg/ml of LC had a toxic effect on embryo development and blastocyst quality (p=0.00). CONCLUSION The results suggest that LC may increase the number of blastocyst cells, which probably helps to expand the blastocyst and thinning of the ZP thickness and, therefore, creating a successful hatching for implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Khanmohammadi
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Mansoureh Movahedin
- Anatomical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Manouchehr Safari
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Sameni
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Behpour Yousefi
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Behnaz Jafari
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Sam Zarbakhsh
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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24
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Khanmohammadi N, Movahedin M, Safari M, Sameni HR, Yousefi B, Jafari B, Zarbakhsh S. Effect of L-carnitine on in vitro developmental rate, the zona pellucida and hatching of blastocysts and their cell numbers in mouse embryos. Int J Reprod Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.14.10.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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25
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Olsson C, Jansson H, Swenson J. The Role of Trehalose for the Stabilization of Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:4723-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Olsson
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Helén Jansson
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jan Swenson
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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26
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Lee D, Lee D, Won Y, Hong H, Kim Y, Song H, Pyun JC, Cho YS, Ryu W, Moon J. Insertion of Vertically Aligned Nanowires into Living Cells by Inkjet Printing of Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1446-1457. [PMID: 26800021 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Effective insertion of vertically aligned nanowires (NWs) into cells is critical for bioelectrical and biochemical devices, biological delivery systems, and photosynthetic bioenergy harvesting. However, accurate insertion of NWs into living cells using scalable processes has not yet been achieved. Here, NWs are inserted into living Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells (Chlamy cells) via inkjet printing of the Chlamy cells, representing a low-cost and large-scale method for inserting NWs into living cells. Jetting conditions and printable bioink composed of living Chlamy cells are optimized to achieve stable jetting and precise ink deposition of bioink for indentation of NWs into Chlamy cells. Fluorescence confocal microscopy is used to verify the viability of Chlamy cells after inkjet printing. Simple mechanical considerations of the cell membrane and droplet kinetics are developed to control the jetting force to allow penetration of the NWs into cells. The results suggest that inkjet printing is an effective, controllable tool for stable insertion of NWs into cells with economic and scale-related advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donggyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yulim Won
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonaug Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Soo Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhyoung Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooho Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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27
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Liang S, Yuan B, Kwon JW, Ahn M, Cui XS, Bang JK, Kim NH. Effect of antifreeze glycoprotein 8 supplementation during vitrification on the developmental competence of bovine oocytes. Theriogenology 2016; 86:485-494.e1. [PMID: 26948296 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of antifreeze glycoprotein 8 (AFGP8) supplementation during vitrification on the survival, fertilization, and embryonic development of bovine oocytes and the underlying molecular mechanism(s). Survival, fertilization, early embryonic development, apoptosis, DNA double-strand breaks, reactive oxygen species levels, meiotic cytoskeleton assembly, chromosome alignment, and energy status of mitochondria were measured in the present experiments. Compared with that in the nonsupplemented group; survival, monospermy, blastocyst formation rates, and blastomere counts were significantly higher in the AFGP8-supplemented animals. Oocytes of the latter group also presented fewer double-strand breaks and lower cathepsin B and caspase activities. Rates of normal spindle organization and chromosome alignment, actin filament impairment, and mitochondrial distribution were significantly higher in the AFGP8-supplemented group. In addition, intracellular reactive oxygen species levels significantly decreased in the AFGP8-supplemented groups, maintaining a higher ΔΨm than that in the nonsupplemented group. Taken together, these results indicated that supplementation with AFGP8 during vitrification has a protective effect on bovine oocytes against chilling injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jeong-Woo Kwon
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Mija Ahn
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Kyu Bang
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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28
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Tan YJ, Zhang XY, Ding GL, Li R, Wang L, Jin L, Lin XH, Gao L, Sheng JZ, Huang HF. Aquaporin7 plays a crucial role in tolerance to hyperosmotic stress and in the survival of oocytes during cryopreservation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17741. [PMID: 26634435 PMCID: PMC4669445 DOI: 10.1038/srep17741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperosmotic stress may induce apoptosis of different cells. However, oocytes show tolerance to osmotic stress during cryopreservation by vitrification, which is an assisted reproductive technique. The underlying mechanism is still not understood. Here, we demonstrated that hyperosmosis produced by high concentrations of cryoprotectants, including DMSO, ethylene glycol and sucrose, significantly upregulated the protein levels of aquaporin (AQP) 7, but not AQP3 and AQP9, in mouse oocytes. Knockdown of AQP7 expression by siRNA-injection significantly reduced the survival of oocytes after vitrification. In oocytes, AQP7 was shown to bind with F-actin, a protein involved in almost all biological events. Moreover, we found that hyperosmosis could upregulate the phosphorylation levels of CPE-binding protein (CPEB) and Aurora A. Inhibition of the PI3K and PKC pathways blocked the hyperosmosis-induced upregulation of AQP7 and the phosphorylation of CPEB and Aurora A in oocytes. In conclusion, hyperosmosis could upregulate the expression of AQP7 via Aurora A/CPEB phosphorylation mediated by the PI3K and PKC pathways, and upregulation of AQP7 plays an important role in improving of tolerance to hyperosmotic stress and survival of oocytes during cryopreservation by vitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jing Tan
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Ying Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Lian Ding
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Li
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Hua Lin
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Sheng
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology &Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - He-Feng Huang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, China
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29
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Davidson AF, Glasscock C, McClanahan DR, Benson JD, Higgins AZ. Toxicity Minimized Cryoprotectant Addition and Removal Procedures for Adherent Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142828. [PMID: 26605546 PMCID: PMC4659675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ice-free cryopreservation, known as vitrification, is an appealing approach for banking of adherent cells and tissues because it prevents dissociation and morphological damage that may result from ice crystal formation. However, current vitrification methods are often limited by the cytotoxicity of the concentrated cryoprotective agent (CPA) solutions that are required to suppress ice formation. Recently, we described a mathematical strategy for identifying minimally toxic CPA equilibration procedures based on the minimization of a toxicity cost function. Here we provide direct experimental support for the feasibility of these methods when applied to adherent endothelial cells. We first developed a concentration- and temperature-dependent toxicity cost function by exposing the cells to a range of glycerol concentrations at 21°C and 37°C, and fitting the resulting viability data to a first order cell death model. This cost function was then numerically minimized in our state constrained optimization routine to determine addition and removal procedures for 17 molal (mol/kg water) glycerol solutions. Using these predicted optimal procedures, we obtained 81% recovery after exposure to vitrification solutions, as well as successful vitrification with the relatively slow cooling and warming rates of 50°C/min and 130°C/min. In comparison, conventional multistep CPA equilibration procedures resulted in much lower cell yields of about 10%. Our results demonstrate the potential for rational design of minimally toxic vitrification procedures and pave the way for extension of our optimization approach to other adherent cell types as well as more complex systems such as tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Fry Davidson
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cameron Glasscock
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Danielle R. McClanahan
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - James D. Benson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States of America
| | - Adam Z. Higgins
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Herrid M, Billah M, Malo C, Skidmore JA. Optimization of a vitrification protocol for hatched blastocysts from the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Theriogenology 2015; 85:585-90. [PMID: 26603656 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to modify and optimize a vitrification protocol (open pulled straw) that was originally designed for human oocytes and embryos, to make it suitable for the cryopreservation of camel hatched blastocysts. The original open pulled straw protocol was a complex process with 15-minute exposure of oocytes/embryos in 7.5% ethylene glycol (EG) and 7.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) for equilibration, and cooling in 16% EG + 16% Me2SO + 1 M sucrose. Recognizing a need to better control the cryoprotectant (CPA) concentrations, while avoiding toxicity to the embryos, the effects on the survival rate and developmental potential of camel embryos in vitro were investigated using two different methods of loading the CPAs into the embryos (stepwise and semicontinuous increase in concentration), two different loading temperature/time (room temperature ∼24 °C/15 min and body 37 °C/3 min), and the replacement of Me2SO with EG alone or in combination with glycerol (Gly). A total of 145 in vivo-derived embryos were subjected to these processes, and after warming their morphological quality and integrity, and re-expansion was assessed after 0, 2, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of culture. Exposure of embryos in a stepwise method was more beneficial to the survival of embryos than was the semicontinuous process, and loading of CPAs at 37 °C with a short exposure time (3 minutes) resulted in an outcome comparable to the original processing at room temperature with a longer exposure time (15 minutes). The replacement of the Me2SO + EG mixture with EG only or a combination of EG + Gly in the vitrification medium significantly improved the outcome of all these evaluation criteria (P < 0.05). The modified protocol of loading EG at 37 °C for 3 minutes has increased the embryo survival of the original protocol from 67% to 91% and the developmental rate from 57% to 83% at 5-day culture. These results were comparable to or better than those reported in human or other species, indicating that this optimized method is well suited to any commercial embryo transfer program in the dromedary camel.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herrid
- Camel Reproduction Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Billah
- Camel Reproduction Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - C Malo
- Camel Reproduction Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - J A Skidmore
- Camel Reproduction Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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31
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Zou L, Ding W, Sun S, Tang F, Gao D. Fatigue damage to pig erythrocytes during repeated swelling and shrinkage. Cryobiology 2015; 71:210-5. [PMID: 26143742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
During the removal of cryoprotectants from cryopreserved-thawed blood with the dialysis-based or dilution-filtration method, due to the change in the extracellular osmolality, erythrocytes usually undergo repeated swelling and shrinkage. However, the erythrocyte fatigue damage induced by this repeated volume change has not yet been studied. In this work, by successively loading hypotonic and hypertonic solutions, we mimicked the repeated swelling and shrinkage of pig erythrocytes and then examined the effect of the number of cycle loops on the steady-state volume and the mortality of the pig erythrocytes. The results suggest that because of cell leakage in the swelling process, the steady-state volume of the pig erythrocytes after one cycle is smaller than the volume before the cycle, even though the cell performs a self-protective regulatory procedure. If the number of cycle loops is increased, the repeated swelling and shrinkage will cause a continuous decrease in the steady-state volume, and the ability of the pig erythrocytes to resist osmotic damage will decrease; as a result, the mortality of the pig erythrocytes increases as the number of cycle loops increases. The viability of the cells is also affected by the hypotonic and isotonic processing times: a short processing time may contribute to a decrease in the mortality of the pig erythrocytes. This work is of significance to optimizing the process of removing cryoprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zou
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Weiping Ding
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Sijie Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Fangqiong Tang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Dayong Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Matos JE, Marques CC, Moura TF, Baptista MC, Horta AEM, Soveral G, Pereira RMLN. Conjugated linoleic acid improves oocyte cryosurvival through modulation of the cryoprotectants influx rate. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:60. [PMID: 26066493 PMCID: PMC4465151 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cryopreservation, oocytes are subjected to extreme hyperosmotic conditions, inducing large volume changes that, along with an abrupt temperature drop, interfere with their developmental competence. Our objectives in this work were to find conditions enabling an increase in oocyte cryosurvival and subsequent development. METHODS Abattoir-derived bovine oocytes were cultured without (Control group) or with trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid isomer (CLA group). Comparative observations were made for 1) the oocyte developmental competence after exposure to cryoprotectants followed or not by vitrification/warming, 2) the oocyte membrane permeability to water (using the non-permeant cryoprotectant sucrose) and 3) the oocyte membrane permeability to two cryoprotectants (ethylene glycol, EG, and dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO). Mature oocytes cultured with or without CLA and vitrified/warmed or only exposed to cryoprotectants without vitrification were subjected to in vitro fertilization; embryo culture proceeded until the blastocyst stage. The oocyte membrane permeabilities to water and cryoprotectants were estimated using mature oocytes subjected to hyperosmotic challenges. For water permeability, 200 mM sucrose was used, whereas for the cryoprotectant permeability, a 10 % solution of both EG and DMSO was used. The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure and Student's T-test. RESULTS CLA supplementation improves the developmental competence of vitrified/warmed and cryoprotectants exposed oocytes (p < 0.01) and reduces their membrane permeability to water (37 %, p < 0.001) and to cryoprotectants (42 %, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS By slowing the fluxes of water and of permeant cryoprotectants, CLA contributed to improved oocyte cryosurvival and post-thawed viability. This isomer supplementation to the maturation media should be considered when designing new protocols for oocyte cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana E Matos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Carla C Marques
- INIAV, Unidade de Biotecnologias e Recursos Genéticos, Quinta da Fonte Boa, 2005-048, Vale de Santarém, Portugal.
| | - Teresa F Moura
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Maria C Baptista
- INIAV, Unidade de Biotecnologias e Recursos Genéticos, Quinta da Fonte Boa, 2005-048, Vale de Santarém, Portugal.
| | - Antonio E M Horta
- INIAV, Unidade de Biotecnologias e Recursos Genéticos, Quinta da Fonte Boa, 2005-048, Vale de Santarém, Portugal.
| | - Graça Soveral
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Departamento Bioquímica e Biologia Humana, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Rosa M L N Pereira
- INIAV, Unidade de Biotecnologias e Recursos Genéticos, Quinta da Fonte Boa, 2005-048, Vale de Santarém, Portugal.
- Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, Campus Universitário de Lordemão, 3020-210, Coimbra, Portugal.
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Abstract
Modeling plays a critical role in understanding the biophysical processes behind cryopreservation. It facilitates understanding of the biophysical and some of the biochemical mechanisms of damage during all phases of cryopreservation including CPA equilibration, cooling, and warming. Modeling also provides a tool for optimization of cryopreservation protocols and has yielded a number of successes in this regard. While modern cryobiological modeling includes very detailed descriptions of the physical phenomena that occur during freezing, including ice growth kinetics and spatial gradients that define heat and mass transport models, here we reduce the complexity and approach only a small but classic subset of these problems. Namely, here we describe the process of building and using a mathematical model of a cell in suspension where spatial homogeneity is assumed for all quantities. We define the models that describe the critical cell quantities used to describe optimal and suboptimal protocols and then give an overview of classical methods of how to determine optimal protocols using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Benson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA,
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Anderson DM, Benson JD, Kearsley AJ. Foundations of modeling in cryobiology-I: concentration, Gibbs energy, and chemical potential relationships. Cryobiology 2014; 69:349-60. [PMID: 25240602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical modeling plays an enormously important role in understanding the behavior of cells, tissues, and organs undergoing cryopreservation. Uses of these models range from explanation of phenomena, exploration of potential theories of damage or success, development of equipment, and refinement of optimal cryopreservation/cryoablation strategies. Over the last half century there has been a considerable amount of work in bio-heat and mass-transport, and these models and theories have been readily and repeatedly applied to cryobiology with much success. However, there are significant gaps between experimental and theoretical results that suggest missing links in models. One source for these potential gaps is that cryobiology is at the intersection of several very challenging aspects of transport theory: it couples multi-component, moving boundary, multiphase solutions that interact through a semipermeable elastic membrane with multicomponent solutions in a second time-varying domain, during a two-hundred Kelvin temperature change with multi-molar concentration gradients and multi-atmosphere pressure changes. In order to better identify potential sources of error, and to point to future directions in modeling and experimental research, we present a three part series to build from first principles a theory of coupled heat and mass transport in cryobiological systems accounting for all of these effects. The hope of this series is that by presenting and justifying all steps, conclusions may be made about the importance of key assumptions, perhaps pointing to areas of future research or model development, but importantly, lending weight to standard simplification arguments that are often made in heat and mass transport. In this first part, we review concentration variable relationships, their impact on choices for Gibbs energy models, and their impact on chemical potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Anderson
- Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8910, United States; Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States.
| | - James D Benson
- Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8910, United States; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2888, United States.
| | - Anthony J Kearsley
- Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8910, United States.
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35
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Davidson AF, Benson JD, Higgins AZ. Mathematically optimized cryoprotectant equilibration procedures for cryopreservation of human oocytes. Theor Biol Med Model 2014; 11:13. [PMID: 24649826 PMCID: PMC3994563 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-11-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Simple and effective cryopreservation of human oocytes would have an enormous impact on the financial and ethical constraints of human assisted reproduction. Recently, studies have demonstrated the potential for cryopreservation in an ice-free glassy state by equilibrating oocytes with high concentrations of cryoprotectants (CPAs) and rapidly cooling to liquid nitrogen temperatures. A major difficulty with this approach is that the high concentrations required for the avoidance of crystal formation (vitrification) also increase the risk of osmotic and toxic damage. We recently described a mathematical optimization approach for designing CPA equilibration procedures that avoid osmotic damage and minimize toxicity, and we presented optimized procedures for human oocytes involving continuous changes in solution composition. Methods Here we adapt and refine our previous algorithm to predict piecewise-constant changes in extracellular solution concentrations in order to make the predicted procedures easier to implement. Importantly, we investigate the effects of using alternate equilibration endpoints on predicted protocol toxicity. Finally, we compare the resulting procedures to previously described experimental methods, as well as mathematically optimized procedures involving continuous changes in solution composition. Results For equilibration with CPA, our algorithm predicts an optimal first step consisting of exposure to a solution containing only water and CPA. This is predicted to cause the cells to initially shrink and then swell to the maximum cell volume limit. To reach the target intracellular CPA concentration, the cells are then induced to shrink to the minimum cell volume limit by exposure to a high CPA concentration. For post-thaw equilibration to remove CPA, the optimal procedures involve exposure to CPA-free solutions that are predicted to cause swelling to the maximum volume limit. The toxicity associated with these procedures is predicted to be much less than that of conventional procedures and comparable to that of the corresponding procedures with continuous changes in solution composition. Conclusions The piecewise-constant procedures described in this study are experimentally facile and are predicted to be less toxic than conventional procedures for human oocyte cryopreservation. Moreover, the mathematical optimization approach described here will facilitate the design of cryopreservation procedures for other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam Z Higgins
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, 102 Gleeson Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2702, USA.
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