1
|
Eldeeb MH, Camacho Lopez LJ, Fontanesi F. Mitochondrial respiratory supercomplexes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. IUBMB Life 2024. [PMID: 38529880 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The functional and structural relationship among the individual components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain constitutes a central aspect of our understanding of aerobic catabolism. This interplay has been a subject of intense debate for over 50 years. It is well established that individual respiratory enzymes associate into higher-order structures known as respiratory supercomplexes, which represent the evolutionarily conserved organizing principle of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, supercomplexes are formed by a complex III homodimer flanked by one or two complex IV monomers, and their high-resolution structures have been recently elucidated. Despite the wealth of structural information, several proposed supercomplex functions remain speculative and our understanding of their physiological relevance is still limited. Recent advances in the field were made possible by the construction of yeast strains where the association of complex III and IV into supercomplexes is impeded, leading to diminished respiratory capacity and compromised cellular competitive fitness. Here, we discuss the experimental evidence and hypotheses relative to the functional roles of yeast respiratory supercomplexes. Moreover, we review the current models of yeast complex III and IV assembly in the context of supercomplex formation and highlight the data scattered throughout the literature suggesting the existence of cross talk between their biogenetic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazzen H Eldeeb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lizeth J Camacho Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morse PT, Arroum T, Wan J, Pham L, Vaishnav A, Bell J, Pavelich L, Malek MH, Sanderson TH, Edwards BFP, Hüttemann M. Phosphorylations and Acetylations of Cytochrome c Control Mitochondrial Respiration, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, Energy, ROS, and Apoptosis. Cells 2024; 13:493. [PMID: 38534337 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c (Cytc) has both life-sustaining and cellular death-related functions, depending on subcellular localization. Within mitochondria, Cytc acts as a single electron carrier as part of the electron transport chain (ETC). When released into the cytosol after cellular insult, Cytc triggers the assembly of the apoptosome, committing the cell to intrinsic apoptosis. Due to these dual natures, Cytc requires strong regulation by the cell, including post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and acetylation. Six phosphorylation sites and three acetylation sites have been detected on Cytc in vivo. Phosphorylations at T28, S47, Y48, T49, T58, and Y97 tend to be present under basal conditions in a tissue-specific manner. In contrast, the acetylations at K8, K39, and K53 tend to be present in specific pathophysiological conditions. All of the phosphorylation sites and two of the three acetylation sites partially inhibit respiration, which we propose serves to maintain an optimal, intermediate mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) to minimize reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Cytc phosphorylations are lost during ischemia, which drives ETC hyperactivity and ΔΨm hyperpolarization, resulting in exponential ROS production thus causing reperfusion injury following ischemia. One of the acetylation sites, K39, shows a unique behavior in that it is gained during ischemia, stimulating respiration while blocking apoptosis, demonstrating that skeletal muscle, which is particularly resilient to ischemia-reperfusion injury compared to other organs, possesses a different metabolic strategy to handle ischemic stress. The regulation of Cytc by these post-translational modifications underscores the importance of Cytc for the ETC, ΔΨm, ROS production, apoptosis, and the cell as a whole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Morse
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Tasnim Arroum
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Junmei Wan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Lucynda Pham
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Asmita Vaishnav
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jamie Bell
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Lauren Pavelich
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Moh H Malek
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Thomas H Sanderson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brian F P Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hara T, Amagai R, Sakakibara R, Okado-Matsumoto A. Supercomplex formation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in leukocytes from patients with neurodegenerative diseases. J Biochem 2024; 175:289-298. [PMID: 38016934 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With population aging, cognitive impairments and movement disorders due to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), are increasingly considered as key social issues. Clinically, it has remained challenging to diagnose them before the onset of symptoms because of difficulty to observe the progressive loss of neurons in the brain. Therefore, with exploratory research into biomarkers, a number of candidates have previously been proposed, such as activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in blood in AD and PD. In this study, we focused on the formation of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes (SCs) because the formation of SC itself modulates the activity of each complex. Here we investigated the SC formation in leukocytes from patients with AD, PD and DLB. Our results showed that SCs were well formed in AD and PD compared with controls, while poorly formed in DLB. We highlighted that the disruption of the SC formation correlated with the progression of PD and DLB. Taking our findings together, we propose that pronounced SC formation would already have occurred before the onset of AD, PD and DLB and, with the progression of neurodegeneration, the SC formation would gradually be disrupted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Hara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Amagai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Ryuji Sakakibara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Shimoshizu 564-1, Sakura, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Ayako Okado-Matsumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kohler A, Barrientos A, Fontanesi F, Ott M. The functional significance of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57092. [PMID: 37828827 PMCID: PMC10626428 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) is a key energy transducer in eukaryotic cells. Four respiratory chain complexes cooperate in the transfer of electrons derived from various metabolic pathways to molecular oxygen, thereby establishing an electrochemical gradient over the inner mitochondrial membrane that powers ATP synthesis. This electron transport relies on mobile electron carries that functionally connect the complexes. While the individual complexes can operate independently, they are in situ organized into large assemblies termed respiratory supercomplexes. Recent structural and functional studies have provided some answers to the question of whether the supercomplex organization confers an advantage for cellular energy conversion. However, the jury is still out, regarding the universality of these claims. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the functional significance of MRC supercomplexes, highlight experimental limitations, and suggest potential new strategies to overcome these obstacles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Martin Ott
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell BiologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sławski J, Szewczyk S, Burdziński G, Gibasiewicz K, Grzyb J. Time-resolved absorption measurements quantify the competition of energy and electron transfer between quantum dots and cytochrome c. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 295:122627. [PMID: 36963219 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We applied transient absorption spectroscopy to study the early photodynamics in a system composed of CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and cytochrome c (Cyt c) protein. In the QDs and Cyt c mixtures, about 25 % of the excited QD electrons quickly relax (∼23 ps) to the ground state and roughly 75 % decay on slower time scale - mostly due to quenching by Cyt c. On the basis of the assumed model, we estimated the contribution of electron transfer and other mechanisms to this quenching. The primary quenching mechanism is probably energy transfer but electron transfer makes a significant contribution (∼8 %), resulting in photoreduction of Cyt c. The lifetime of one fraction of reduced Cyt c (35-90 %) is ∼ 1 ms and the lifetime of the remaining fraction was longer than the ∼ 50-ms time window of the experiment. We speculate that, in the former fraction, the back electron transfer from the reduced Cyt c to QDs occurs and the latter fraction of Cyt c is stably reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sławski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Szewczyk
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Gotard Burdziński
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gibasiewicz
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Grzyb
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cytochrome c in cancer therapy and prognosis. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:232225. [PMID: 36479932 PMCID: PMC9780037 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c (cyt c) is an electron transporter of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Upon permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane, cyt c is released into the cytoplasm, where it triggers the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Cytoplasmic cyt c can further reach the bloodstream. Apoptosis inhibition is one of the hallmarks of cancer and its induction in tumors is a widely used therapeutic approach. Apoptosis inhibition and induction correlate with decreased and increased serum levels of cyt c, respectively. The quantification of cyt c in the serum is useful in the monitoring of patient response to chemotherapy, with potential prognosis value. Several highly sensitive biosensors have been developed for the quantification of cyt c levels in human serum. Moreover, the delivery of exogenous cyt c to the cytoplasm of cancer cells is an effective approach for inducing their apoptosis. Similarly, several protein-based and nanoparticle-based systems have been developed for the therapeutic delivery of cyt c to cancer cells. As such, cyt c is a human protein with promising value in cancer prognosis and therapy. In addition, its thermal stability can be extended through PEGylation and ionic liquid storage. These processes could contribute to enhancing its therapeutic exploitation in clinical facilities with limited refrigeration conditions. Here, I discuss these research lines and how their timely conjunction can advance cancer therapy and prognosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Koenig A, Buskiewicz-Koenig IA. Redox Activation of Mitochondrial DAMPs and the Metabolic Consequences for Development of Autoimmunity. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:441-461. [PMID: 35352943 PMCID: PMC8982130 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well known to promote innate immune responses during and in the absence of microbial infections. However, excessive or prolonged exposure to ROS provokes innate immune signaling dysfunction and contributes to the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. The relatively high basal expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immune cells renders them prone to activation in response to minor intrinsic or extrinsic ROS misbalances in the absence of pathogens. Critical Issues: A prominent source of ROS are mitochondria, which are also major inter-organelle hubs for innate immunity activation, since most PRRs and downstream receptor molecules are directly located either at mitochondria or at mitochondria-associated membranes. Due to their ancestral bacterial origin, mitochondria can also act as quasi-intrinsic self-microbes that mimic a pathogen invasion and become a source of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that triggers innate immunity from within. Recent Advances: The release of mitochondrial DAMPs correlates with mitochondrial metabolism changes and increased generation of ROS, which can lead to the oxidative modification of DAMPs. Recent studies suggest that ROS-modified mitochondrial DAMPs possess increased, persistent immunogenicity. Future Directions: Herein, we discuss how mitochondrial DAMP release and oxidation activates PRRs, changes cellular metabolism, and causes innate immune response dysfunction by promoting systemic inflammation, thereby contributing to the onset or progression of autoimmune diseases. The future goal is to understand what the tipping point for DAMPs is to become oxidized, and whether this is a road without return. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 441-461.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koenig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Anionic Lipids Confine Cytochrome c2 to the Surface of Bioenergetic Membranes without Compromising Its Interaction with Redox Partners. Biochemistry 2022; 61:385-397. [PMID: 35025510 PMCID: PMC8909606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c2 (cyt. c2) is a major element in electron transfer between redox proteins in bioenergetic membranes. While the interaction between cyt. c2 and anionic lipids abundant in bioenergetic membranes has been reported, their effect on the shuttling activity of cyt. c2 remains elusive. Here, the effect of anionic lipids on the interaction and binding of cyt. c2 to the cytochrome bc1 complex (bc1) is investigated using a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) and Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations. MD is used to generate thermally accessible conformations of cyt. c2 and membrane-embedded bc1, which were subsequently used in multireplica BD simulations of diffusion of cyt. c2 from solution to bc1, in the presence of various lipids. We show that, counterintuitively, anionic lipids facilitate association of cyt. c2 with bc1 by localizing its diffusion to the membrane surface. The observed lipid-mediated bc1 association is further enhanced by the oxidized state of cyt. c2, in line with its physiological function. This lipid-mediated enhancement is salinity-dependent, and anionic lipids can disrupt cyt. c2-bc1 interaction at nonphysiological salt levels. Our data highlight the importance of the redox state of cyt. c2, the lipid composition of the chromatophore membrane, and the salinity of the chromatophore in regulating the efficiency of the electron shuttling process mediated by cyt. c2. The conclusions can be extrapolated to mitochondrial systems and processes, or any bioenergetic membrane, given the structural similarity between cyt. c2 and bc1 and their mitochondrial counterparts.
Collapse
|
9
|
Márquez I, Pérez‐Mejías G, Guerra‐Castellano A, Olloqui‐Sariego JL, Andreu R, Calvente JJ, De la Rosa MA, Díaz‐Moreno I. Structural and functional insights into lysine acetylation of cytochrome c using mimetic point mutants. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:3304-3323. [PMID: 34455704 PMCID: PMC8634867 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications frequently modulate protein functions. Lysine acetylation in particular plays a key role in interactions between respiratory cytochrome c and its metabolic partners. To date, in vivo acetylation of lysines at positions 8 and 53 has specifically been identified in mammalian cytochrome c, but little is known about the structural basis of acetylation-induced functional changes. Here, we independently replaced these two residues in recombinant human cytochrome c with glutamine to mimic lysine acetylation and then characterized the structure and function of the resulting K8Q and K53Q mutants. We found that the physicochemical features were mostly unchanged in the two acetyl-mimetic mutants, but their thermal stability was significantly altered. NMR chemical shift perturbations of the backbone amide resonances revealed local structural changes, and the thermodynamics and kinetics of electron transfer in mutants immobilized on gold electrodes showed an increase in both protein dynamics and solvent involvement in the redox process. We also observed that the K8Q (but not the K53Q) mutation slightly increased the binding affinity of cytochrome c to its physiological electron donor, cytochrome c1 -which is a component of mitochondrial complex III, or cytochrome bc1 -thus suggesting that Lys8 (but not Lys53) is located in the interaction area. Finally, the K8Q and K53Q mutants exhibited reduced efficiency as electron donors to complex IV, or cytochrome c oxidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Márquez
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Gonzalo Pérez‐Mejías
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Alejandra Guerra‐Castellano
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | | | - Rafael Andreu
- Departament of Physical ChemistryUniversity of SevilleSpain
| | | | - Miguel A. De la Rosa
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Irene Díaz‐Moreno
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Live-cell visualization of cytochrome c: a tool to explore apoptosis. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2903-2915. [PMID: 34747968 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis dysfunction is associated with several malignancies, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. Apoptosis restoration could be an attractive therapeutic approach to those diseases. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization is regarded as the point of no return in the 'classical' apoptosis triggering pathway. Cytoplasmic release of cytochrome c (cyt c), a mitochondrial electron transporter, is a prominent indicator of such critical step. Therefore, visualizing cyt c efflux in living cells is a convenient approach to address apoptosis triggering and monitor performance of apoptosis restoration strategies. Recent years have been prolific in the development of biosensors to visualize cyt c mitochondrial efflux in living cells, by fluorescence microscopy. These biosensors specifically detect endogenous, untagged cyt c, while showing efficient cellular uptake and reduced cell toxicity. A common aspect is their fluorescence quenching in the absence or presence of bound cyt c, resulting in two main biosensor types: 'turn ON' and 'turn OFF'. In some of these systems, fluorescence intensity of fluorophore-bound aptamers is enhanced upon cyt c binding. In others, cyt c binding to quantum dots quenches their fluorescence. In the present minireview, I describe these biosensors and briefly introduce some hypotheses that could be addressed using these novel tools.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cryo-EM structure and kinetics reveal electron transfer by 2D diffusion of cytochrome c in the yeast III-IV respiratory supercomplex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021157118. [PMID: 33836592 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021157118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy conversion in aerobic organisms involves an electron current from low-potential donors, such as NADH and succinate, to dioxygen through the membrane-bound respiratory chain. Electron transfer is coupled to transmembrane proton transport, which maintains the electrochemical proton gradient used to produce ATP and drive other cellular processes. Electrons are transferred from respiratory complexes III to IV (CIII and CIV) by water-soluble cytochrome (cyt.) c In Saccharomyces cerevisiae and some other organisms, these complexes assemble into larger CIII2CIV1/2 supercomplexes, the functional significance of which has remained enigmatic. In this work, we measured the kinetics of the S. cerevisiae supercomplex cyt. c-mediated QH2:O2 oxidoreductase activity under various conditions. The data indicate that the electronic link between CIII and CIV is confined to the surface of the supercomplex. Single-particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the supercomplex with cyt. c show the positively charged cyt. c bound to either CIII or CIV or along a continuum of intermediate positions. Collectively, the structural and kinetic data indicate that cyt. c travels along a negatively charged patch on the supercomplex surface. Thus, rather than enhancing electron transfer rates by decreasing the distance that cyt. c must diffuse in three dimensions, formation of the CIII2CIV1/2 supercomplex facilitates electron transfer by two-dimensional (2D) diffusion of cyt. c This mechanism enables the CIII2CIV1/2 supercomplex to increase QH2:O2 oxidoreductase activity and suggests a possible regulatory role for supercomplex formation in the respiratory chain.
Collapse
|
12
|
González‐Arzola K, Guerra‐Castellano A, Rivero‐Rodríguez F, Casado‐Combreras MÁ, Pérez‐Mejías G, Díaz‐Quintana A, Díaz‐Moreno I, De la Rosa MA. Mitochondrial cytochrome c shot towards histone chaperone condensates in the nucleus. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:2418-2440. [PMID: 33938164 PMCID: PMC8409293 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite mitochondria being key for the control of cell homeostasis and fate, their role in DNA damage response is usually just regarded as an apoptotic trigger. However, growing evidence points to mitochondrial factors modulating nuclear functions. Remarkably, after DNA damage, cytochrome c (Cc) interacts in the cell nucleus with a variety of well-known histone chaperones, whose activity is competitively inhibited by the haem protein. As nuclear Cc inhibits the nucleosome assembly/disassembly activity of histone chaperones, it might indeed affect chromatin dynamics and histone deposition on DNA. Several histone chaperones actually interact with Cc Lys residues through their acidic regions, which are also involved in heterotypic interactions leading to liquid-liquid phase transitions responsible for the assembly of nuclear condensates, including heterochromatin. This relies on dynamic histone-DNA interactions that can be modulated by acetylation of specific histone Lys residues. Thus, Cc may have a major regulatory role in DNA repair by fine-tuning nucleosome assembly activity and likely nuclear condensate formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska González‐Arzola
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Alejandra Guerra‐Castellano
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Francisco Rivero‐Rodríguez
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Miguel Á. Casado‐Combreras
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Gonzalo Pérez‐Mejías
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Antonio Díaz‐Quintana
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Irene Díaz‐Moreno
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Miguel A. De la Rosa
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brzezinski P, Moe A, Ädelroth P. Structure and Mechanism of Respiratory III-IV Supercomplexes in Bioenergetic Membranes. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9644-9673. [PMID: 34184881 PMCID: PMC8361435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the final steps of energy conservation in aerobic organisms, free energy from electron transfer through the respiratory chain is transduced into a proton electrochemical gradient across a membrane. In mitochondria and many bacteria, reduction of the dioxygen electron acceptor is catalyzed by cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), which receives electrons from cytochrome bc1 (complex III), via membrane-bound or water-soluble cytochrome c. These complexes function independently, but in many organisms they associate to form supercomplexes. Here, we review the structural features and the functional significance of the nonobligate III2IV1/2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial supercomplex as well as the obligate III2IV2 supercomplex from actinobacteria. The analysis is centered around the Q-cycle of complex III, proton uptake by CytcO, as well as mechanistic and structural solutions to the electronic link between complexes III and IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brzezinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agnes Moe
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pia Ädelroth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pessoa J. Prospective antibacterial inhibition of c-type cytochrome synthesis. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:928-930. [PMID: 34303616 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sutherland et al. recently reported the in vitro inhibition of Helicobacter hepaticus cytochrome c (cyt c) synthase, which may inactivate c-type cytochromes in this and in other pathogenic bacteria. Here, I discuss the impact of this work, which identifies this conserved synthase as a potential antibacterial target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Pessoa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Frantsiyants E, Neskubina I, Shikhlyarova A, Yengibaryan M, Vashchenko L, Surikova E, Nemashkalova L, Kaplieva I, Trepitaki L, Bandovkina V, Pogorelova Y. Content of apoptosis factors and self-organization processes in the mitochondria of heart cells in female mice C57BL/6 under growth of melanoma B16 / F10 linked with comorbid pathology. CARDIOMETRY 2021. [DOI: 10.18137/cardiometry.2021.18.121130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim is to study some mechanisms of regulation of apoptosis and self-organization in the mitochondria in the heart cells in female mice during the growth of experimental melanoma B16/ F10 linked with chronic neurogenic pain as comorbid pathology.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kee TR, Espinoza Gonzalez P, Wehinger JL, Bukhari MZ, Ermekbaeva A, Sista A, Kotsiviras P, Liu T, Kang DE, Woo JAA. Mitochondrial CHCHD2: Disease-Associated Mutations, Physiological Functions, and Current Animal Models. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:660843. [PMID: 33967741 PMCID: PMC8100248 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.660843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare mutations in the mitochondrial protein coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2 (CHCHD2) are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and other Lewy body disorders. CHCHD2 is a bi-organellar mediator of oxidative phosphorylation, playing crucial roles in regulating electron flow in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and acting as a nuclear transcription factor for a cytochrome c oxidase subunit (COX4I2) and itself in response to hypoxic stress. CHCHD2 also regulates cell migration and differentiation, mitochondrial cristae structure, and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the known disease-associated mutations of CHCHD2 in Asian and Caucasian populations, the physiological functions of CHCHD2, how CHCHD2 mutations contribute to α-synuclein pathology, and current animal models of CHCHD2. Further, we discuss the necessity of continued investigation into the divergent functions of CHCHD2 and CHCHD10 to determine how mutations in these similar mitochondrial proteins contribute to different neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Kee
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | | | - Jessica L Wehinger
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Mohammed Zaheen Bukhari
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Aizara Ermekbaeva
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Apoorva Sista
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Peter Kotsiviras
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Tian Liu
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - David E Kang
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jung-A A Woo
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nesci S, Lenaz G. The mitochondrial energy conversion involves cytochrome c diffusion into the respiratory supercomplexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148394. [PMID: 33631178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Lenaz
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Raven JA. Determinants, and implications, of the shape and size of thylakoids and cristae. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 257:153342. [PMID: 33385618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoids are flattened sacs isolated from other membranes; cristae are attached to the rest of the inner mitochondrial membrane by the crista junction, but the crista lumen is separated from the intermembrane space. The shape of thylakoids and cristae involves membranes with small (5-30 nm) radii of curvature. While the mechanism of curvature is not entirely clear, it seems to be largely a function of Curt proteins in thylakoids and Mitochondrial Organising Site and Crista Organising Centre proteins and oligomeric FOF1 ATP synthase in cristae. A subordinate, or minimal, role is attributable to lipids with areas of their head group area greater (convex leaflet) or smaller (concave leaflet) than the area of the lipid tail; examples of the latter group are monogalactosyldiglyceride in thylakoids and cardiolipin in cristae. The volume per unit area on the lumen side of the membrane is less than that of the chloroplast stroma or cyanobacterial cytosol for thylakoids, and mitochondrial matrix for cristae. A low volume per unit area of thylakoids and cristae means a small lumen width that is the average of wider spaces between lipid parts of the membranes and the narrower gaps dominated by extra-membrane components of transmembrane proteins. These structural constraints have important implications for the movement of the electron carriers plastocyanin and cytochrome c6 (thylakoids) and cytochrome c (cristae) and hence the separation of the membrane-associated electron donors to, and electron acceptors from, these water-soluble electron carriers. The donor/acceptor pairs, are the cytochrome fb6Fenh complex and P700+ in thylakoids, and Complex III and Complex IV of cristae. The other energy flux parallel to the membranes is that of the proton motive force generated by redox-powered H+ pumps into the lumen to the proton motive force use in ATP synthesis by H+ flux from the lumen through the ATP synthase. For both the electron transport and proton motive force movement, concentration differences of reduced and oxidised electron carriers and protonated and deprotonated pH buffers are involved. The need for diffusion along a congested route of these energy transfer agents may limit the separation of sources and sinks parallel to the membranes of thylakoids and cristae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK; University of Technology, Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kalpage HA, Wan J, Morse PT, Lee I, Hüttemann M. Brain-Specific Serine-47 Modification of Cytochrome c Regulates Cytochrome c Oxidase Activity Attenuating ROS Production and Cell Death: Implications for Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Akt Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:E1843. [PMID: 32781572 PMCID: PMC7465522 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that serine-47 (S47) phosphorylation of cytochrome c (Cytc) in the brain results in lower cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity and caspase-3 activity in vitro. We here analyze the effect of S47 modification in fibroblast cell lines stably expressing S47E phosphomimetic Cytc, unphosphorylated WT, or S47A Cytc. Our results show that S47E Cytc results in partial inhibition of mitochondrial respiration corresponding with lower mitochondrial membrane potentials (ΔΨm) and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. When exposed to an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model simulating ischemia/reperfusion injury, the Cytc S47E phosphomimetic cell line showed minimal ROS generation compared to the unphosphorylated WT Cytc cell line that generated high levels of ROS upon reoxygenation. Consequently, the S47E Cytc cell line also resulted in significantly lower cell death upon exposure to OGD/R, confirming the cytoprotective role of S47 phosphorylation of Cytc. S47E Cytc also resulted in lower cell death upon H2O2 treatment. Finally, we propose that pro-survival kinase Akt (protein kinase B) is a likely mediator of the S47 phosphorylation of Cytc in the brain. Akt inhibitor wortmannin abolished S47 phosphorylation of Cytc, while the Akt activator SC79 maintained S47 phosphorylation of Cytc. Overall, our results suggest that loss of S47 phosphorylation of Cytc during brain ischemia drives reperfusion injury through maximal electron transport chain flux, ΔΨm hyperpolarization, and ROS-triggered cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasini A. Kalpage
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (H.A.K.); (J.W.); (P.T.M.)
| | - Junmei Wan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (H.A.K.); (J.W.); (P.T.M.)
| | - Paul T. Morse
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (H.A.K.); (J.W.); (P.T.M.)
| | - Icksoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Korea;
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (H.A.K.); (J.W.); (P.T.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kinetic advantage of forming respiratory supercomplexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148193. [PMID: 32201307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Components of respiratory chains in mitochondria and some aerobic bacteria assemble into larger, multiprotein membrane-bound supercomplexes. Here, we address the functional significance of supercomplexes composed of respiratory-chain complexes III and IV. Complex III catalyzes oxidation of quinol and reduction of water-soluble cytochrome c (cyt c), while complex IV catalyzes oxidation of the reduced cyt c and reduction of dioxygen to water. We focus on two questions: (i) under which conditions does diffusion of cyt c become rate limiting for electron transfer between these two complexes? (ii) is there a kinetic advantage of forming a supercomplex composed of complexes III and IV? To answer these questions, we use a theoretical approach and assume that cyt c diffuses in the water phase while complexes III and IV either diffuse independently in the two dimensions of the membrane or form supercomplexes. The analysis shows that the electron flux between complexes III and IV is determined by the equilibration time of cyt c within the volume of the intermembrane space, rather than the cyt c diffusion time constant. Assuming realistic relative concentrations of membrane-bound components and cyt c and that all components diffuse independently, the data indicate that electron transfer between complexes III and IV can become rate limiting. Hence, there is a kinetic advantage of bringing complexes III and IV together in the membrane to form supercomplexes.
Collapse
|
21
|
González‐Arzola K, Velázquez‐Cruz A, Guerra‐Castellano A, Casado‐Combreras MÁ, Pérez‐Mejías G, Díaz‐Quintana A, Díaz‐Moreno I, De la Rosa MÁ. New moonlighting functions of mitochondrial cytochromecin the cytoplasm and nucleus. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3101-3119. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska González‐Arzola
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Alejandro Velázquez‐Cruz
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Alejandra Guerra‐Castellano
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Miguel Á. Casado‐Combreras
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Gonzalo Pérez‐Mejías
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz‐Quintana
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Irene Díaz‐Moreno
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Miguel Á. De la Rosa
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| |
Collapse
|