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Nair B, Kamath AJ, Pradeep G, Devan AR, Sethi G, Nath LR. Unveiling the role of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in chronic liver disease: Therapeutic insights and strategies. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104064. [PMID: 38901671 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays a crucial role in adult liver repair by promoting the expansion and differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells into mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Elevated Hh signaling is associated with severe chronic liver diseases, making Hh inhibitors a promising therapeutic option. Sonidegib and vismodegib, both FDA-approved Smoothened (Smo) inhibitors for basal cell carcinoma (BCC), have shown potential for application in chronic liver disorders based on clinical evidence. We highlight the vital role of the Hh pathway in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Moreover, therapeutic strategies targeting the Hh pathway in chronic liver diseases have been discussed, providing a basis for improving disease management and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara, P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India; Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara, P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Adithya Jayaprakash Kamath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara, P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara, P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Govind Pradeep
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara, P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Aswathy R Devan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara, P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India; Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara, P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara, P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India.
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Sun J, Zhu W, Luan M, Xing Y, Feng Z, Zhu J, Ma X, Wang Y, Jia Y. Positive GLI1/INHBA feedback loop drives tumor progression in gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:2301-2317. [PMID: 38676428 PMCID: PMC11247559 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
GLI1, a key transcription factor of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, plays an important role in the development of cancer. However, the function and mechanisms by which GLI1 regulates gene transcription are not fully understood in gastric cancer (GC). Here, we found that GLI1 induced the proliferation and metastasis of GC cells, accompanied by transcriptional upregulation of INHBA. This increased INHBA expression exerted a promoting activity on Smads signaling and then transcriptionally activated GLI1 expression. Notably, our results demonstrate that disrupting the interaction between GLI1 and INHBA could inhibit GC tumorigenesis in vivo. More intriguingly, we confirmed the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) activation mechanism of the Helicobacter pylori/FTO/YTHDF2/GLI1 pathway in GC cells. In conclusion, our study confirmed that the GLI1/INHBA positive feedback loop influences GC progression and revealed the mechanism by which H. pylori upregulates GLI1 expression through m6A modification. This positive GLI1/INHBA feedback loop suggests a novel noncanonical mechanism of GLI1 activity in GC and provides potential therapeutic targets for GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Sun
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenshuai Zhu
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Muhua Luan
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanxin Xing
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaotian Feng
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingyu Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanfei Jia
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Orzechowska-Licari EJ, Bialkowska AB, Yang VW. Sonic Hedgehog and WNT Signaling Regulate a Positive Feedback Loop Between Intestinal Epithelial and Stromal Cells to Promote Epithelial Regeneration. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:607-642. [PMID: 37481204 PMCID: PMC10470419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Active intestinal stem cells are prone to injury by ionizing radiation. We previously showed that upon radiation-induced injury, normally quiescent reserve intestinal stem cells (rISCs) (marked by BMI1) are activated by Musashi-1 (MSI1) and exit from the quiescent state to regenerate the intestinal epithelium. This study aims to further establish the mechanism that regulates activation of Bmi1-CreER;Rosa26eYFP (Bmi1-CreER) rISCs following γ radiation-induced injury. METHODS Bmi1-CreER mice were treated with tamoxifen to initiate lineage tracing of BMI1 (eYFP+) cells and exposed to 12 Gy of total body γ irradiation or sham. Intestinal tissues were collected and analyzed by immunofluorescence, Western blot, reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS After irradiation, increased expression of Msi1 in eYFP+ cells was accompanied by increased expression of Axin2, a WNT marker. Promoter studies of the Msi1 gene indicated that Msi1 is a WNT target gene. Coculture of stromal cells isolated from irradiated mice stimulated Bmi1-CreER-derived organoid regeneration more effectively than those from sham mice. Expression of WNT ligands, including Wnt2b, Wnt4, Wnt5a, and Rspo3, was increased in irradiated stromal cells compared with sham-treated stromal cells. Moreover, expression of the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) effector Gli1 was increased in stromal cells from irradiated mice. This was correlated with an increased expression of SHH in epithelial cells postirradiation, indicating epithelial-stromal interaction. Finally, preinjury treatment with SHH inhibitor cyclopamine significantly reduced intestinal epithelial regeneration and Msi1 expression postirradiation. CONCLUSIONS Upon ionizing radiation-induced injury, intestinal epithelial cells increase SHH secretion, stimulating stromal cells to secrete WNT ligands. WNT activators induce Msi1 expression in the Bmi1-CreER cells. This stromal-epithelial interaction leads to Bmi1-CreER rISCs induction and epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka B Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.
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Waseem A, Rashid S, Rashid K, Khan MA, Khan R, Haque R, Seth P, Raza SS. Insight into the transcription factors regulating Ischemic Stroke and Glioma in Response to Shared Stimuli. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 92:102-127. [PMID: 37054904 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke and glioma are the two leading causes of patient mortality globally. Despite physiological variations, 1 in 10 people who have an ischemic stroke go on to develop brain cancer, most notably gliomas. In addition, glioma treatments have also been shown to increase the risk of ischemic strokes. Stroke occurs more frequently in cancer patients than in the general population, according to traditional literature. Unbelievably, these events share multiple pathways, but the precise mechanism underlying their co-occurrence remains unknown. Transcription factors (TFs), the main components of gene expression programmes, finally determine the fate of cells and homeostasis. Both ischemic stroke and glioma exhibit aberrant expression of a large number of TFs, which are strongly linked to the pathophysiology and progression of both diseases. The precise genomic binding locations of TFs and how TF binding ultimately relates to transcriptional regulation remain elusive despite a strong interest in understanding how TFs regulate gene expression in both stroke and glioma. As a result, the importance of continuing efforts to understand TF-mediated gene regulation is highlighted in this review, along with some of the primary shared events in stroke and glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshi Waseem
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
| | - Sumaiya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Rashid
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521
| | | | - Rehan Khan
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City,Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya -824236, India
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana-122052, India
| | - Syed Shadab Raza
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
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Zhang G, Xia G, Luo J, Ye P, Wang H, Li S, Zheng D. Hedgehog signaling-related genomics signature for the accurate progress and prognosis prediction in gastric cancer. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:69. [PMID: 36853390 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-00996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog pathway is thought to be closely associated with the progression of GC; however, a specific link between the Hedgehog pathway on the prognosis and immune infiltration of gastric cancer is still lacking. This study collected Hedgehog pathway-related genes. The Hedgehog pathway-related pattern were identified by consensus cluster analysis. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to identify the biological functions which were significantly altered between predefined Cluster1 and Cluster2 in consensus clustering. The risk model of gastric cancer based on Hedgehog signaling pathway was constructed by univariate and multivariate COX regression, and the nomogram was constructed. The results showed that there were significant differences in the expression of Hedgehog pathway-related genes between the two groups. In addition, the constructed risk model was significantly correlated with the clinical prognosis and immune cell infiltration level of patients with gastric cancer. The model effectively predicted the efficacy of chemotherapy in GC patients and the sensitivity of drug treatment between groups. We systematically revealed the mechanism of Hedgehog pathway in gastric cancer and selected biomarkers with biological significance from a new perspective, providing potential direction for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Guojun Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Jungang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Ping Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Huangen Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Shaodong Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Difeng Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing, China.
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Garg C, khan H, Kaur A, Singh TG, Sharma VK, Singh SK. Therapeutic Implications of Sonic Hedgehog Pathway in Metabolic Disorders: Novel Target for Effective Treatment. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hadjittofi C, Feretis M, Martin J, Harper S, Huguet E. Liver regeneration biology: Implications for liver tumour therapies. World J Clin Oncol 2021; 12:1101-1156. [PMID: 35070734 PMCID: PMC8716989 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v12.i12.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has remarkable regenerative potential, with the capacity to regenerate after 75% hepatectomy in humans and up to 90% hepatectomy in some rodent models, enabling it to meet the challenge of diverse injury types, including physical trauma, infection, inflammatory processes, direct toxicity, and immunological insults. Current understanding of liver regeneration is based largely on animal research, historically in large animals, and more recently in rodents and zebrafish, which provide powerful genetic manipulation experimental tools. Whilst immensely valuable, these models have limitations in extrapolation to the human situation. In vitro models have evolved from 2-dimensional culture to complex 3 dimensional organoids, but also have shortcomings in replicating the complex hepatic micro-anatomical and physiological milieu. The process of liver regeneration is only partially understood and characterized by layers of complexity. Liver regeneration is triggered and controlled by a multitude of mitogens acting in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine ways, with much redundancy and cross-talk between biochemical pathways. The regenerative response is variable, involving both hypertrophy and true proliferative hyperplasia, which is itself variable, including both cellular phenotypic fidelity and cellular trans-differentiation, according to the type of injury. Complex interactions occur between parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, and regeneration is affected by the status of the liver parenchyma, with differences between healthy and diseased liver. Finally, the process of termination of liver regeneration is even less well understood than its triggers. The complexity of liver regeneration biology combined with limited understanding has restricted specific clinical interventions to enhance liver regeneration. Moreover, manipulating the fundamental biochemical pathways involved would require cautious assessment, for fear of unintended consequences. Nevertheless, current knowledge provides guiding principles for strategies to optimise liver regeneration potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hadjittofi
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Feretis
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Martin
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Harper
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Huguet
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Kumar S, Duan Q, Wu R, Harris EN, Su Q. Pathophysiological communication between hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells in liver injury from NAFLD to liver fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113869. [PMID: 34280515 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial disease that encompasses a spectrum of pathological conditions, ranging from simple steatosis (NAFL), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis/cirrhosis which can further progress to hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. The progression of NAFL to NASH and liver fibrosis is closely associated with a series of liver injury resulting from lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, redox imbalance (excessive nitric oxide), ER stress, inflammation and apoptosis that occur sequentially in different liver cells which ultimately leads to the activation of liver regeneration and fibrogenesis, augmenting collagen and extracellular matrix deposition and promoting liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Type 2 diabetes is a significant risk factor in NAFLD development by accelerating liver damage. Here, we overview recent findings from human study and animal models on the pathophysiological communication among hepatocytes (HCs), Kupffer cells (KCs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) during the disease development. The mechanisms of crucial signaling pathways, including Toll-like receptor, TGFβ and hedgehog mediated hepatic injury are also discussed. We further highlight the potentials of precisely targeting hepatic individual cell-type using nanotechnology as therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NASH and liver fibrosis.
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Zhang J, Fan J, Zeng X, Nie M, Luan J, Wang Y, Ju D, Yin K. Hedgehog signaling in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis and the gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:609-620. [PMID: 33777671 PMCID: PMC7982428 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway plays important roles in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis and the gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment (TME). Aberrant HH signaling activation may accelerate the growth of gastrointestinal tumors and lead to tumor immune tolerance and drug resistance. The interaction between HH signaling and the TME is intimately involved in these processes, for example, tumor growth, tumor immune tolerance, inflammation, and drug resistance. Evidence indicates that inflammatory factors in the TME, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), macrophages, and T cell-dependent immune responses, play a vital role in tumor growth by affecting the HH signaling pathway. Moreover, inhibition of proliferating cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and inflammatory factors can normalize the TME by suppressing HH signaling. Furthermore, aberrant HH signaling activation is favorable to both the proliferation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the drug resistance of gastrointestinal tumors. This review discusses the current understanding of the role and mechanism of aberrant HH signaling activation in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis, the gastrointestinal TME, tumor immune tolerance and drug resistance and highlights the underlying therapeutic opportunities.
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Key Words
- 5-Fu, 5-fluorouracil
- ALK5, TGF-β receptor I kinase
- ATO, arsenic trioxide
- BCC, basal cell carcinoma
- BCL-2, B cell lymphoma 2
- BMI-1, B cell-specific moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region-1
- CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CSCs, cancer stem cells
- Cancer stem cells
- Carcinogenesis
- DHH, Desert Hedgehog
- Drug resistance
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- FOLFOX, oxaliplatin
- G protein coupled receptor kinase 2, HH
- Gastrointestinal cancer
- Hedgehog
- Hedgehog, HIF-1α
- IHH, Indian Hedgehog
- IL-10/6, interleukin 10/6
- ITCH, itchy E3 ubiquitin ligase
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- NK, natural killer
- NOX4, NADPH Oxidase 4
- PD-1, programmed cell death-1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand-1
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PTCH, Patched
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SHH, Sonic Hedgehog
- SMAD3, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3
- SMO, Smoothened
- SNF5, sucrose non-fermenting 5
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- SUFU, Suppressor of Fused
- TAMs, tumor-related macrophages
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- Tumor microenvironment
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- WNT, Wingless/Integrated
- and leucovorin, GLI
- ch5E1, chimeric monoclonal antibody 5E1
- glioma-associated oncogene homologue, GRK2
- hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, IFN-γ: interferon-γ
- βArr2, β-arrestin2
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xian Zeng
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingming Nie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingyun Luan
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 65349106 (Kai Yin); Tel.: +86 21 5198 0037; Fax +86 21 5198 0036 (Dianwen Ju).
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 65349106 (Kai Yin); Tel.: +86 21 5198 0037; Fax +86 21 5198 0036 (Dianwen Ju).
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Freitas RD, Dias RB, Vidal MTA, Valverde LDF, Gomes Alves Costa R, Damasceno AKA, Sales CBS, Siquara da Rocha LDO, Dos Reis MG, Soares MBP, Coletta RD, Pereira TA, Bezerra DP, Gurgel Rocha CA. Inhibition of CAL27 Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cell by Targeting Hedgehog Pathway With Vismodegib or Itraconazole. Front Oncol 2020; 10:563838. [PMID: 33312948 PMCID: PMC7703359 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.563838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) presents an important challenge for the health systems worldwide. Thus, unraveling the biological mechanisms involved in OSCC pathogenesis is essential to the discovery of new drugs with anticancer potential. The Hedgehog (HH) pathway has shown promising results as a therapeutic target both in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed to investigate the effects of vismodegib and itraconazole on the expression of Hedgehog (HH) genes (PTCH1, SMO, and GLI1), cell cycle and cell death in OSCC cells. Alamar Blue assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of vismodegib and itraconazole in a panel of oral cancer cell lines, including CAL27. The expression of HH signaling components after treatment with vismodegib and itraconazole, at concentrations of 25 or 50 μg/ml was evaluated by qPCR. Cell cycle and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry after 72 h treatment with 50 μg/ml of vismodegib or itraconazole. HH signaling was activated in OSCC cell lines CAL27, SCC4, SCC9, and HSC3. Vismodegib and itraconazole significantly reduced CAL27 cell viability after 48 h of treatment. Gene expression of PTCH1, SMO, and GLI1 decreased in response to 24 h of treatment with vismodegib or itraconazole. Furthermore, CAL27 cells exhibited alterations in morphology, cell size, and cellular granularity. An increase in the DNA fragmentation was observed after treatment and both inhibitors induced apoptosis after 72 h. In conclusion, SMO inhibitors vismodegib and itraconazole demonstrably reduced the expression of HH genes in CAL27 OSCC cell line. In addition, treatment with vismodegib and itraconazole reduced cellular viability and altered the morphology of CAL27 cells, and also induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíza Dias Freitas
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rosane Borges Dias
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Propaedeutics, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Manuela Torres Andion Vidal
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ludmila de Faro Valverde
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Mitermayer Galvão Dos Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Della Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnostics, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Thiago Almeida Pereira
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Clarissa Araújo Gurgel Rocha
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Propaedeutics, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
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Chidamide Inhibits Glioma Cells by Increasing Oxidative Stress via the miRNA-338-5p Regulation of Hedgehog Signaling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7126976. [PMID: 32256960 PMCID: PMC7086450 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7126976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective Chidamide has a broad spectrum of antitumor activity but its function on glioma remains unknown. The increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) may control glioma risk by promoting its apoptosis and necrosis. Hedgehog pathway is crucial to glioma cell proliferation and controls ROS production. We aimed to explore the effects of chidamide on the levels of miR-338-5p (glioma cell inhibitor), which may regulate Hedgehog signaling, resulting in the changes of RNS. Materials and Methods. Migration and invasion activities of glioma cells were measured by using the Transwell chamber assay. The expression levels of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Indian Hedgehog (Ihh), Desert Hedgehog (Dhh), miR-338-5p, and related molecules were detected by using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and or Western Blot in U87 and HS683 glioma cells. The effects of chidamide on these molecules were measured by using the miR-338-5p inhibitor or mimics in U87 and HS683 glioma cell lines. ROS and RNS were measured by DCF DA and DAF-FM DA fluorescence. Biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured by using a corresponding kit. Apoptosis and necrosis rates were measured by using flow cytometry. Results Chidamide inhibited the growth rate, migration, and invasion of human malignant glioma cells and increased the level of miR-338-5p. miR-338-5p inhibitor or mimics increased or inhibited the growth rate of U87 and HS683 glioma cells. Chidamide inhibited the levels of Shh, Ihh, migration protein E-cadherin, and invading protein MMP-2. The increase in the level of Shh and Ihh led to the reduction in the ROS and RNS levels. miR-338-5p inhibitor or mimics also showed a promoting or inhibitory function for the levels of Shh and Ihh. Furthermore, miR-338-5p mimics and inhibitor inhibited or promoted the migration and invasion of the glioma cells (P < 0.05). Evaluated levels of miR-338-5p increased oxidative stress level and apoptosis and necrosis rate by regulating the levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress (P < 0.05). Evaluated levels of miR-338-5p increased oxidative stress level and apoptosis and necrosis rate by regulating the levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress ( Conclusion Chidamide inhibits glioma cells by increasing oxidative stress via the miRNA-338-5p regulation of Hedgehog signaling. Chidamide may be a potential drug in the prevention of glioma development.
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12
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Wu Z, Zou B, Zhang X, Peng X. Eupatilin regulates proliferation and cell cycle of cervical cancer by regulating hedgehog signalling pathway. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 38:428-435. [PMID: 31926121 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eupatilin (5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',6-trimethoxyflavone) is a natural active substance found in génépi group plants, and its pharmacological activities has been proven to be useful in the treatment of various cancers. However, whether eupatilin demonstrates anti-cancer activity in cervical cancer is still under evaluation. To clarify this, cancer cell lines and nude mouse model were used in this study. The results indicated that eupatilin could inhibit the occurrence of cervical cancer both in vivo and in vitro. Cervical cancer cell lines (C4-1, HeLa, Caski, and Siha) and Ect1/E6E7 cells were incubated with eupatilin (40μM) for 48 hours. Compared with the control group, the viability of cervical cancer cells decreased significantly, while the apoptotic cells increased significantly. Cell cycle analysis showed that eupatilin treatment of HeLa and Caski cells reduced the proliferation index. Eupatilin at 40 mg/kg also inhibited tumour growth in tumour-bearing mice. Interestingly, weakened hedgehog signalling was observed in cervical cancer cells and tumours from tumour-bearing mice after eupatilin treatment. Our results reveal the inhibitory effect of eupatilin on cervical cancer and shed new light on the molecular mechanism of its therapeutic effect. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Eupatilin inhibited proliferation via promoting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HeLa and Caski cervical cancer cell lines. In addition, nude mouse tumourigenicity assay proved that eupatilin can suppress tumour growth in vivo. Dramatically, these activities might be involved in hedgehog signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingyu Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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13
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Xiao WF, Li YS, Deng A, Yang YT, He M. Functional role of hedgehog pathway in osteoarthritis. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 38:122-129. [PMID: 31833076 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog signalling pathway is one of the key regulators of metazoan development, and it plays an important role in the regulation of a variety of developmental and physiological processes. But it is aberrantly activated in many human diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). In this study, we have reviewed the association of hedgehog signalling pathway in the development and progression of OA and evaluated the efforts to target this pathway for the prevention of OA. Usually in OA, activation of hedgehog induces up-regulation of the expression of hypertrophic markers, including type X collagen, increases production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, several matrix-degrading enzymes including matrix metalloproteinase and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs in human knee joint cartilage leading to cartilage degeneration, and thus contributes in OA. Targeting hedgehog signalling might be a viable strategy to prevent or treat OA. Chemical inhibitors of hedgehog signalling is promising, but they cause severe side effects. Knockdown of HH gene is not an option for OA treatment in humans because it is not possible to delete HH in larger animals. Efficient knockdown of HH achieved by local delivery of small interfering RNA in future studies utilizing large animal OA models might be a more efficient approach for the prevention of OA. However, it remains a major problem to develop one single scaffold due to the different physiological functions of cartilage and subchondral bones possess. More studies are necessary to identify selective inhibitors for efficiently targeting the hedgehog pathway in clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ang Deng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun-Tao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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14
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Xu Y, Song S, Wang Z, Ajani JA. The role of hedgehog signaling in gastric cancer: molecular mechanisms, clinical potential, and perspective. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:157. [PMID: 31775795 PMCID: PMC6882007 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced gastric cancer usually have a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Overcoming this challenge requires novel targets and effective drugs. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the development of the gastrointestinal tract and maintenance of the physiologic function of the stomach. Aberrantly activated Hh signaling is implicated in carcinogenesis as well as maintenance of cancer stem cells. Somatic mutations in the components of Hh signaling (PTCH1 and SMO) have been shown to be a major cause of basal cell carcinoma, and dozens of Hh inhibitors have been developed. To date, two inhibitors (GDC-0449 and LDE225) have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. Here, we review the role of the Hh signaling in the carcinogenesis and progression of gastric cancer and summarize recent findings on Hh inhibitors in gastric cancer. Hedgehog signaling is often aberrantly activated and plays an important role during inflammation and carcinogenesis of gastric epithelial cells. Further study of the precise mechanisms of Hh signaling in this disease is needed for the validation of therapeutic targets and evaluation of the clinical utility of Hh inhibitors for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.
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15
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Melo Muniz VRV, Nunes FD, Xavier FCDA, Cangussu MCT, Almeida Freitas R, Cury PR, Gurgel CA, Santos JN. Potential role of Hedgehog signaling pathway and myofibroblastic differentiation in central giant cell granuloma—A preliminary study. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:855-860. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fábio Daumas Nunes
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology School of Dentistry University of São Paulo São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Flávia Caló de Aquino Xavier
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program School of Dentistry Federal University of Bahia Salvador BA Brazil
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology School of Dentistry Federal University of Bahia Salvador BA Brazil
| | | | - Roseana Almeida Freitas
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology School of Dentistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal RN Brazil
| | - Patrícia Ramos Cury
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program School of Dentistry Federal University of Bahia Salvador BA Brazil
| | - Clarissa Araújo Gurgel
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program School of Dentistry Federal University of Bahia Salvador BA Brazil
| | - Jean Nunes Santos
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program School of Dentistry Federal University of Bahia Salvador BA Brazil
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology School of Dentistry Federal University of Bahia Salvador BA Brazil
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16
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Peer E, Tesanovic S, Aberger F. Next-Generation Hedgehog/GLI Pathway Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040538. [PMID: 30991683 PMCID: PMC6520835 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog/Glioma-associated oncogene homolog (HH/GLI) signaling pathway regulates self-renewal of rare and highly malignant cancer stem cells (CSC), which have been shown to account for the initiation and maintenance of tumor growth as well as for drug resistance, metastatic spread and relapse. Efficacious therapeutic approaches targeting CSC pathways, such as HH/GLI signaling in combination with chemo, radiation or immunotherapy are, therefore, of high medical need. Pharmacological inhibition of HH/GLI pathway activity represents a promising approach to eliminate malignant CSC. Clinically approved HH/GLI pathway inhibitors target the essential pathway effector Smoothened (SMO) with striking therapeutic efficacy in skin and brain cancer patients. However, multiple genetic and molecular mechanisms resulting in de novo and acquired resistance to SMO inhibitors pose major limitations to anti-HH/GLI therapies and, thus, the eradication of CSC. In this review, we summarize reasons for clinical failure of SMO inhibitors, including mechanisms caused by genetic alterations in HH pathway effectors or triggered by additional oncogenic signals activating GLI transcription factors in a noncanonical manner. We then discuss emerging novel and rationale-based approaches to overcome SMO-inhibitor resistance, focusing on pharmacological perturbations of enzymatic modifiers of GLI activity and on compounds either directly targeting oncogenic GLI factors or interfering with synergistic crosstalk signals known to boost the oncogenicity of HH/GLI signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Peer
- Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Suzana Tesanovic
- Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Fritz Aberger
- Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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17
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Bhat A, Sharma A, Bharti AC. Upstream Hedgehog signaling components are exported in exosomes of cervical cancer cell lines. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2127-2138. [PMID: 30265222 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate export of Hedgehog pathway (Hh) proteins Patched1, Smoothened, Sonic hedgehog and Indian hedgehog in cervical cancer cell line (CaCx) exosomes. METHODS Exosomes were isolated and characterized by Western blotting, scanning electron microscopy and in a colorimetric assay. Nucleic acids (RNA, DNA) and protein content of exosomes were analyzed. Hh pathway proteins in exosomes were detected using Western blotting. RESULTS CaCx secrete bio-macromolecule (DNA, RNA and proteins) enriched exosomes. CaCx exosomes contained higher amount of RNA with respect to DNA. CaCx preferentially exported Hh proteins (Patched1, Smoothened, Sonic hedgehog, Indian hedgehog) in their exosomes. Cellular uptake assay revealed rapid internalization of CaCx exosomes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. CONCLUSION Our study showed that Hh proteins are exported in CaCx exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Bhat
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North Campus, University Of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- ExoCan Healthcare Technologies Pvt Ltd, Lab 4, 400 NCL Innovation Park, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Alok Chandra Bharti
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North Campus, University Of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
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18
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Verdelho Machado M, Diehl AM. The hedgehog pathway in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:264-278. [PMID: 29557675 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1448752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of obesity-associated liver diseases and it has become the major cause of cirrhosis in the Western world. The high prevalence of NAFLD-associated advanced liver disease reflects both the high prevalence of obesity-related fatty liver (hepatic steatosis) and the lack of specific treatments to prevent hepatic steatosis from progressing to more serious forms of liver damage, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and primary liver cancer. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex, and not fully understood. However, compelling evidence demonstrates that dysregulation of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway is involved in both the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and the progression from hepatic steatosis to more serious forms of liver damage. Inhibiting hedgehog signaling enhances hepatic steatosis, a condition which seldom results in liver-related morbidity or mortality. In contrast, excessive Hh pathway activation promotes development of NASH, cirrhosis, and primary liver cancer, the major causes of liver-related deaths. Thus, suppressing excessive Hh pathway activity is a potential approach to prevent progressive liver damage in NAFLD. Various pharmacologic agents that inhibit Hh signaling are available and approved for cancer therapeutics; more are being developed to optimize the benefits and minimize the risks of inhibiting this pathway. In this review we will describe the Hh pathway, summarize the evidence for its role in NAFLD evolution, and discuss the potential role for Hh pathway inhibitors as therapies to prevent NASH, cirrhosis and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Verdelho Machado
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.,b Department of Gastroenterology , Hospital de Santa Maria, CHLN , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
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19
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Machado MV, Diehl AM. Hedgehog signalling in liver pathophysiology. J Hepatol 2018; 68:550-562. [PMID: 29107151 PMCID: PMC5957514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide despite recent successes in the field of viral hepatitis, because increases in alcohol consumption and obesity are fuelling an epidemic of chronic fatty liver disease for which there are currently no effective medical therapies. About 20% of individuals with chronic liver injury ultimately develop end-stage liver disease due to cirrhosis. Hence, treatments to prevent and reverse cirrhosis in individuals with ongoing liver injury are desperately needed. The development of successful treatments requires an improved understanding of the mechanisms controlling liver disease progression. The liver responds to diverse insults with a conserved wound healing response, suggesting that it might be generally beneficial to optimise pathways that are crucial for effective liver repair. The Hedgehog pathway has emerged as a potential target based on compelling preclinical and clinical data, which demonstrate that it critically regulates the liver's response to injury. Herein, we will summarise evidence of the Hedgehog pathway's role in liver disease and discuss how modulating pathway activity might be applied to improve liver disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Verdelho Machado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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20
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Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of thymosin beta-4 (TB4) involved in regulating hepatic stellate cell (HSC) functions remain unclear. Therefore, we hypothesize that TB4 influences HSC activation through hedgehog (Hh) pathway. HSC functions declined in a TB4 siRNA-treated LX-2. TB4 suppression down-regulated both integrin linked kinase (ILK), an activator of smoothened, and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (pGSK-3B), an inactive form of GSK-3B degrading glioblastoma 2 (GLI2), followed by the decreased expression of both smoothened and GLI2. A TB4 CRISPR also blocked the activation of primary HSCs, with decreased expression of smoothened, GLI2 and ILK compared with cells transfected with nontargeting control CRISPR. Double immunostaining and an immunoprecipitation assay revealed that TB4 interacted with either smoothened at the cytoplasm or GLI2 at the nucleus in LX-2. Smoothened suppression in primary HSCs using a Hh antagonist or adenovirus transduction decreased TB4 expression with the reduced activation of HSCs. Tb4-overexpressing transgenic mice treated with CCl4 were susceptible to the development hepatic fibrosis with higher levels of ILK, pGSK3b, and Hh activity, as compared with wild-type mice. These findings demonstrate that TB4 regulates HSC activation by influencing the activity of Smoothened and GLI2, suggesting TB4 as a novel therapeutic target in liver disease.
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21
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Fernández-Iglesias A, Gracia-Sancho J. How to Face Chronic Liver Disease: The Sinusoidal Perspective. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:7. [PMID: 28239607 PMCID: PMC5300981 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver microcirculation plays an essential role in the progression and aggravation of chronic liver disease. Hepatic sinusoid environment, mainly composed by hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells, intimately cooperate to maintain global liver function and specific phenotype of each cell type. However, continuous liver injury significantly deregulates liver cells protective phenotype, leading to parenchymal and non-parenchymal dysfunction. Recent data have enlightened the molecular processes that mediate hepatic microcirculatory injury, and consequently, opened the possibility to develop new therapeutic strategies to ameliorate liver circulation and viability. The present review summarizes the main cellular components of the hepatic sinusoid, to afterward focus on non-parenchymal cells phenotype deregulation due to chronic injury, in the specific clinical context of liver cirrhosis and derived portal hypertension. Finally, we herein detail new therapies developed at the bench-side with high potential to be translated to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Fernández-Iglesias
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute – CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute – CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Chen S, Wang Y, Zhang WL, Dong MS, Zhang JH. Sclareolide enhances gemcitabine‑induced cell death through mediating the NICD and Gli1 pathways in gemcitabine‑resistant human pancreatic cancer. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1461-1470. [PMID: 28259943 PMCID: PMC5365005 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer, which rapidly develops resistance to chemotherapy. Gemcitabine is the treatment used clinically, however, gemcitabine resistance leads to limited efficacy and patient survival rates of only a few months following diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer and to select targeted agents combined with gemcitabine to promote the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Panc-1 and ASPC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells (HPCCs) were used to establish the experimental model, and HPCCs were exposed to gemcitabine of serially increased concentrations to generate gemcitabine-resistant cells (GR-HPCCs). The anticancer effect of gemcitabine combined with sclareolide was then assessed. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) and ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 (RRM1) were detected in the HPCCs and GR-HPCCs, and the mechanisms were investigated. Sclareolide resensitized the GR-HPCCs to gemcitabine. The expression levels of hENT1 and RRM1 were lower and higher, respectively, in GR-HPCCs, compared with HPCCs. Sclareolide upregulated hENT1, downregulated RRM1 and inhibited gemcitabine-induced EMT through the TWIST1/Slug pathway in the GR-HPCCs. In addition, sclareolide mediated the NOTCH 1 intracellular cytoplasmic domain (NICD)/glioma-associated oncogene 1 (Gli1) pathway, which triggered TWIST1/Slug-hENT1/RRM1 signaling and resensitized GR-HPCCs to gemcitabine. Finally, sclareolide resensitized GR-HPCCs to gemcitabine through inducing apoptosis; in vivo, the co-administraion of sclareolide and gemcitabine effectively suppressed tumor growth. Sclareolide may be a novel agent in combination with gemcitabine for the treatment of gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer, which resensitizes GR-HPCCs to gemcitabine through mediating NICD and Gli1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Pathology, China‑Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Long Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
| | - Mao-Sheng Dong
- Department of General Surgery, The General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
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23
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Shi E, Chmielecki J, Tang CM, Wang K, Heinrich MC, Kang G, Corless CL, Hong D, Fero KE, Murphy JD, Fanta PT, Ali SM, De Siena M, Burgoyne AM, Movva S, Madlensky L, Heestand GM, Trent JC, Kurzrock R, Morosini D, Ross JS, Harismendy O, Sicklick JK. FGFR1 and NTRK3 actionable alterations in "Wild-Type" gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Transl Med 2016; 14:339. [PMID: 27974047 PMCID: PMC5157084 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background About 10–15% of adult, and most pediatric, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) lack mutations in KIT, PDGFRA, SDHx, or RAS pathway components (KRAS, BRAF, NF1). The identification of additional mutated genes in this rare subset of tumors can have important clinical benefit to identify altered biological pathways and select targeted therapies. Methods We performed comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) for coding regions in more than 300 cancer-related genes of 186 GISTs to assess for their somatic alterations. Results We identified 24 GIST lacking alterations in the canonical KIT/PDGFRA/RAS pathways, including 12 without SDHx alterations. These 24 patients were mostly adults (96%). The tumors had a 46% rate of nodal metastases. These 24 GIST were more commonly mutated at 7 genes: ARID1B, ATR, FGFR1, LTK, SUFU, PARK2 and ZNF217. Two tumors harbored FGFR1 gene fusions (FGFR1–HOOK3, FGFR1–TACC1) and one harbored an ETV6–NTRK3 fusion that responded to TRK inhibition. In an independent sample set, we identified 5 GIST cases lacking alterations in the KIT/PDGFRA/SDHx/RAS pathways, including two additional cases with FGFR1–TACC1 and ETV6–NTRK3 fusions. Conclusions Using patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and CGP, we show that GIST lacking alterations in canonical genes occur in younger patients, frequently metastasize to lymph nodes, and most contain deleterious genomic alterations, including gene fusions involving FGFR1 and NTRK3. If confirmed in larger series, routine testing for these translocations may be indicated for this subset of GIST. Moreover, these findings can be used to guide personalized treatments for patients with GIST. Trial registration NCT 02576431. Registered October 12, 2015 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-1075-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Shi
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Chih-Min Tang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health Sciences, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Heinrich
- Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Guhyun Kang
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Pathology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - David Hong
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine E Fero
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,UCSD Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James D Murphy
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,UCSD Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul T Fanta
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Siraj M Ali
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martina De Siena
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health Sciences, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA
| | - Adam M Burgoyne
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sujana Movva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Madlensky
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,UCSD Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gregory M Heestand
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan C Trent
- Sarcoma Medical Oncology Program, University of Miami Sylvester Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Olivier Harismendy
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Oncogenomics Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health Sciences, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 4335, Mail Code 0820, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0820, USA.
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health Sciences, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA.
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24
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Verdelho Machado M, Diehl AM. Role of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in NASH. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E857. [PMID: 27258259 PMCID: PMC4926391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the number one cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world. Although only a minority of patients will ultimately develop end-stage liver disease, it is not yet possible to efficiently predict who will progress and, most importantly, effective treatments are still unavailable. Better understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease is necessary to improve the clinical management of NAFLD patients. Epidemiological data indicate that NAFLD prognosis is determined by an individual's response to lipotoxic injury, rather than either the severity of exposure to lipotoxins, or the intensity of liver injury. The liver responds to injury with a synchronized wound-healing response. When this response is abnormal, it leads to pathological scarring, resulting in progressive fibrosis and cirrhosis, rather than repair. The hedgehog pathway is a crucial player in the wound-healing response. In this review, we summarize the pre-clinical and clinical evidence, which demonstrate the role of hedgehog pathway dysregulation in NAFLD pathogenesis, and the preliminary data that place the hedgehog pathway as a potential target for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Verdelho Machado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte (CHLN), Lisboa 1649-035, Portugal.
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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25
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Tan P, Yeoh KG. Genetics and Molecular Pathogenesis of Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1153-1162.e3. [PMID: 26073375 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is globally the fifth most common cancer and third leading cause of cancer death. A complex disease arising from the interaction of environmental and host-associated factors, key contributors to GC's high mortality include its silent nature, late clinical presentation, and underlying biological and genetic heterogeneity. Achieving a detailed molecular understanding of the various genomic aberrations associated with GC will be critical to improving patient outcomes. The recent years has seen considerable progress in deciphering the genomic landscape of GC, identifying new molecular components such as ARID1A and RHOA, cellular pathways, and tissue populations associated with gastric malignancy and progression. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project is a landmark in the molecular characterization of GC. Key challenges for the future will involve the translation of these molecular findings to clinical utility, by enabling novel strategies for early GC detection, and precision therapies for individual GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore.
| | - Khay-Guan Yeoh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore; Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore.
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26
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Athar M, Li C, Kim AL, Spiegelman VS, Bickers DR. Sonic hedgehog signaling in Basal cell nevus syndrome. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4967-75. [PMID: 25172843 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is considered to be a major signal transduction pathway during embryonic development, but it usually shuts down after birth. Aberrant Sonic hedgehog (Shh) activation during adulthood leads to neoplastic growth. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is driven by this pathway. Here, we summarize information related to the pathogenesis of this neoplasm, discuss pathways that crosstalk with Shh signaling, and the importance of the primary cilium in this neoplastic process. The identification of the basic/translational components of Shh signaling has led to the discovery of potential mechanism-driven druggable targets and subsequent clinical trials have confirmed their remarkable efficacy in treating BCCs, particularly in patients with nevoid BCC syndrome (NBCCS), an autosomal dominant disorder in which patients inherit a germline mutation in the tumor-suppressor gene Patched (Ptch). Patients with NBCCS develop dozens to hundreds of BCCs due to derepression of the downstream G-protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (SMO). Ptch mutations permit transposition of SMO to the primary cilium followed by enhanced expression of transcription factors Glis that drive cell proliferation and tumor growth. Clinical trials with the SMO inhibitor, vismodegib, showed remarkable efficacy in patients with NBCCS, which finally led to its FDA approval in 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Arianna L Kim
- Columbia University Medical Center, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, New York
| | | | - David R Bickers
- Columbia University Medical Center, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, New York
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27
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Influence of different hypoxia models on metastatic potential of SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6801-8. [PMID: 24729089 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancers are one of the most common gastrointestinal tumors with proclivity to metastasis. Hypoxia is an important feature in solid tumor microenvironment; accumulating evidence suggests that chronic and repetitive exposure to hypoxia and reoxygenation seems to provide an advantage to tumor growth. However, mechanisms of intermittent hypoxia regulating gastric cancer metastatic potential remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we established the continuous and intermittent gastric cancer hypoxia models, and we compared the effects of these models on gastric cancer cell metastatic potential. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and hypoxia target protein/genes expression in response to different hypoxia models were analyzed by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and real-time PCR assays. Gastric cancer cell migration and invasion ability were analyzed by wound healing and Boyden chamber assay. Colony formation and tumor spheroid formation assays were used to assess the ability of self-renewal. Stem-related protein OCT4 and HIF-1α expression were also analyzed by confocal immunofluorescence in single tertiary generation spheroid. We demonstrated that the intermittent hypoxia model upregulated expression of both HIF-1α and hypoxia target protein/genes in a time-dependent manner compared with that of SGC-7901 cells cultured under normoxia. Remarkably, HIF-1α protein was more prone to being located in the nucleus of SGC-7901 cells under conditions of intermittent hypoxia. Gastric cancer cells' migration and invasion ability were significantly enhanced after hypoxic culture; moreover, intermittent hypoxia-conditioned SGC-7901 cells exhibited higher invasiveness than the continuous hypoxia-conditioned SGC-7901 cells. Gastric cancer stem/progenitor cell subpopulation was also enlarged which indicated an enhanced self-renewal ability in hypoxic cultured SGC-7901 cells. Our study emphasizes the significance of hypoxia in regulating gastric cancer cell metastasis potential. Compared with continuous hypoxia, intermittent hypoxia is a more effective and potent hypoxic stimulus. These results provide a new insight to investigate the hypoxic microenvironment within solid tumors.
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