1
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Nasrin SR, Yamashita T, Ikeguchi M, Torisawa T, Oiwa K, Sada K, Kakugo A. Tensile Stress on Microtubules Facilitates Dynein-Driven Cargo Transport. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38916205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical stress significantly affects the physiological functions of cells, including tissue homeostasis, cytoskeletal alterations, and intracellular transport. As a major cytoskeletal component, microtubules respond to mechanical stimulation by altering their alignment and polymerization dynamics. Previously, we reported that microtubules may modulate cargo transport by one of the microtubule-associated motor proteins, dynein, under compressive mechanical stress. Despite the critical role of tensile stress in many biological functions, how tensile stress on microtubules regulates cargo transport is yet to be unveiled. The present study demonstrates that the low-level tensile stress-induced microtubule deformation facilitates dynein-driven transport. We validate our experimental findings using all-atom molecular dynamics simulation. Our study may provide important implications for developing new therapies for diseases that involve impaired intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Rubaiya Nasrin
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8152, Japan
| | - Takefumi Yamashita
- Department of Physical University, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Ikeguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takayuki Torisawa
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Sokendai, Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Oiwa
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sada
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Akira Kakugo
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8152, Japan
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2
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Kumar P, Chaudhury D, Sanghavi P, Meghna A, Mallik R. Phosphatidic acid-dependent recruitment of microtubule motors to spherical supported lipid bilayers for in vitro motility assays. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114252. [PMID: 38771696 PMCID: PMC11220796 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Motor proteins transport diverse membrane-bound vesicles along microtubules inside cells. How specific lipids, particularly rare lipids, on the membrane recruit and activate motors is poorly understood. To address this, we prepare spherical supported lipid bilayers (SSLBs) consisting of a latex bead enclosed within a membrane of desired lipid composition. SSLBs containing phosphatidic acid recruit dynein when incubated with Dictyostelium fractions but kinesin-1 when incubated with rat brain fractions. These SSLBs allow controlled biophysical investigation of membrane-bound motors along with their regulators at the single-cargo level in vitro. Optical trapping of single SSLBs reveals that motor-specific inhibitors can "lock" a motor to a microtubule, explaining the paradoxical arrest of overall cargo transport by such inhibitors. Increasing their size causes SSLBs to reverse direction more frequently, relevant to how large cargoes may navigate inside cells. These studies are relevant to understand how unidirectional or bidirectional motion of vesicles might be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Dwiteeya Chaudhury
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Paulomi Sanghavi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Apurwa Meghna
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Roop Mallik
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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3
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Anjur-Dietrich MI, Gomez Hererra V, Farhadifar R, Wu H, Merta H, Bahmanyar S, Shelley MJ, Needleman DJ. Mechanics of spindle orientation in human mitotic cells is determined by pulling forces on astral microtubules and clustering of cortical dynein. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00340-X. [PMID: 38866013 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The forces that orient the spindle in human cells remain poorly understood due to a lack of direct mechanical measurements in mammalian systems. We use magnetic tweezers to measure the force on human mitotic spindles. Combining the spindle's measured resistance to rotation, the speed at which it rotates after laser ablating astral microtubules, and estimates of the number of ablated microtubules reveals that each microtubule contacting the cell cortex is subject to ∼5 pN of pulling force, suggesting that each is pulled on by an individual dynein motor. We find that the concentration of dynein at the cell cortex and extent of dynein clustering are key determinants of the spindle's resistance to rotation, with little contribution from cytoplasmic viscosity, which we explain using a biophysically based mathematical model. This work reveals how pulling forces on astral microtubules determine the mechanics of spindle orientation and demonstrates the central role of cortical dynein clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya I Anjur-Dietrich
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Vicente Gomez Hererra
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Reza Farhadifar
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Haiyin Wu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Holly Merta
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shirin Bahmanyar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Michael J Shelley
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA; Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Daniel J Needleman
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
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4
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Sundararajan N, Guha S, Muhuri S, Mitra MK. Theoretical analysis of cargo transport by catch bonded motors in optical trapping assays. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:566-577. [PMID: 38126708 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01122d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Dynein motors exhibit catch bonding, where the unbinding rate of the motors from microtubule filaments decreases with increasing opposing load. The implications of this catch bond on the transport properties of dynein-driven cargo are yet to be fully understood. In this context, optical trapping assays constitute an important means of accurately measuring the forces generated by molecular motor proteins. We investigate, using theory and stochastic simulations, the transport properties of cargo transported by catch bonded dynein molecular motors - both singly and in teams - in a harmonic potential, which mimics the variable force experienced by cargo in an optical trap. We estimate the biologically relevant measures of first passage time - the time during which the cargo remains bound to the microtubule and detachment force - the force at which the cargo unbinds from the microtubule, using both two-dimensional and one-dimensional force balance frameworks. Our results suggest that even for cargo transported by a single motor, catch bonding may play a role depending on the force scale which marks the onset of the catch bond. By comparing with experimental measurements on single dynein-driven transport, we estimate realistic bounds of this catch bond force scale. Generically, catch bonding results in increased persistent motion, and can also generate non-monotonic behaviour of first passage times. For cargo transported by multiple motors, emergent collective effects due to catch bonding can result in non-trivial re-entrant phenomena wherein average first passage times and detachment forces exhibit non-monotonic behaviour as a function of the stall force and the motor velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naren Sundararajan
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Sougata Guha
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
- INFN Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sudipto Muhuri
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Mithun K Mitra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
- INFN Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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5
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Chang C, Zheng T, Nettesheim G, Song H, Cho C, Crespi S, Shubeita G. On the use of thermal forces to probe kinesin's response to force. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1260914. [PMID: 38028555 PMCID: PMC10644364 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1260914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The stepping dynamics of cytoskeletal motor proteins determines the dynamics of cargo transport. In its native cellular environment, a molecular motor is subject to forces from several sources including thermal forces and forces ensuing from the interaction with other motors bound to the same cargo. Understanding how the individual motors respond to these forces can allow us to predict how they move their cargo when part of a team. Here, using simulation, we show that details of how the kinesin motor responds to small assisting forces-which, at the moment, are not experimentally constrained-can lead to significant changes in cargo dynamics. Using different models of the force-dependent detachment probability of the kinesin motor leads to different predictions on the run-length of the cargo they carry. These differences emerge from the thermal forces acting on the cargo and transmitted to the motor through the motor tail that tethers the motor head to the microtubule. We show that these differences appear for cargo carried by individual motors or motor teams, and use our findings to propose the use of thermal forces as a probe of kinesin's response to force in this otherwise inaccessible force regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chang
- Physics Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tiantian Zheng
- Physics Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Guilherme Nettesheim
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hayoung Song
- Physics Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Changhyun Cho
- Physics Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samuele Crespi
- Physics Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - George Shubeita
- Physics Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Lu D, Feng Y, Liu G, Yang Y, Ren Y, Chen Z, Sun X, Guan Y, Wang Z. Mitochondrial transport in neurons and evidence for its involvement in acute neurological disorders. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1268883. [PMID: 37901436 PMCID: PMC10600463 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1268883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring mitochondrial quality is essential for maintaining neuronal homeostasis, and mitochondrial transport plays a vital role in mitochondrial quality control. In this review, we first provide an overview of neuronal mitochondrial transport, followed by a detailed description of the various motors and adaptors associated with the anterograde and retrograde transport of mitochondria. Subsequently, we review the modest evidence involving mitochondrial transport mechanisms that has surfaced in acute neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke. An in-depth study of this area will help deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of various acute neurological disorders and ultimately improve therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangjie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yayi Yang
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yubo Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhouqing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yixiang Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hai'an People's Hospital Affiliated of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Anjur-Dietrich MI, Hererra VG, Farhadifar R, Wu H, Merta H, Bahmanyar S, Shelley MJ, Needleman DJ. Clustering of cortical dynein regulates the mechanics of spindle orientation in human mitotic cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.11.557210. [PMID: 37745442 PMCID: PMC10515834 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.11.557210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The forces which orient the spindle in human cells remain poorly understood due to a lack of direct mechanical measurements in mammalian systems. We use magnetic tweezers to measure the force on human mitotic spindles. Combining the spindle's measured resistance to rotation, the speed it rotates after laser ablating astral microtubules, and estimates of the number of ablated microtubules reveals that each microtubule contacting the cell cortex is subject to ~1 pN of pulling force, suggesting that each is pulled on by an individual dynein motor. We find that the concentration of dynein at the cell cortex and extent of dynein clustering are key determinants of the spindle's resistance to rotation, with little contribution from cytoplasmic viscosity, which we explain using a biophysically based mathematical model. This work reveals how pulling forces on astral microtubules determine the mechanics of spindle orientation and demonstrates the central role of cortical dynein clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya I. Anjur-Dietrich
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Vicente Gomez Hererra
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Reza Farhadifar
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Haiyin Wu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Holly Merta
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shirin Bahmanyar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Michael J. Shelley
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Daniel J. Needleman
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
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8
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Sanghavi P, Rai A, Mallik R. In Vivo Trapping of Latex Bead Phagosomes for Quantitative Force Measurements. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2623:187-200. [PMID: 36602687 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2958-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical trapping of organelles inside cells is a powerful technique for directly measuring the forces generated by motor proteins when they are transporting the organelle in the form of a "cargo". Such experiments provide an understanding of how multiple motors (similar or dissimilar) function in their endogenous environment. Here we describe the use of latex bead phagosomes ingested by macrophage cells as a model cargo for optical trap-based force measurements. A protocol for quantitative force measurements of microtubule-based motors (dynein and kinesins) inside macrophage cells is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulomi Sanghavi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Arpan Rai
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roop Mallik
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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9
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Microtubule Dumbbells to Assess the Effect of Force Geometry on Single Kinesin Motors. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2478:559-583. [PMID: 36063334 PMCID: PMC9987583 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2229-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeletal motors myosin, kinesin, and dynein and their corresponding tracks, actin and microtubules, are force generating ATPases responsible for motility and morphological changes at the intracellular, cellular, and tissue levels. The pioneering application of optical tweezers to measure the force-producing properties of cytoskeletal motors has provided an unparalleled understanding of their mechanochemistry. The mechanosensitivity of processive, microtubule-based motors has largely been studied in the optical trap using the "single-bead" assay, where a bead-attached motor is held adjacent to a cytoskeletal filament as it processively steps along it. However, because of the geometrical constraints in the conventional single-bead assay, the motor-filament bond is not only loaded parallel to the long axis of the filament, but also perpendicular to the long axis of the filament. This perpendicular force, which is inherent in the conventional single-bead assay, accelerates the motor-filament detachment and has not been carefully considered in prior experiments. An alternative approach is the "three-bead" assay, which was developed for the study of non-processive myosin motors. The vertical force component is minimized in this assay, and the total opposing force is mainly parallel to the microtubule. Experiments with kinesin show that microtubule attachment durations can be highly variable and last for up to tenfold longer times in the three-bead assay, compared to the single-bead assay. Thus, the ability of kinesin to bear mechanical load and remain attached to microtubules depends on the forces in more than one dimension. In this chapter, we provide detailed methods for preparing the proteins, buffers, flow chambers, and bead-filament assemblies for performing the three-bead assay with microtubules and their motors.
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10
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Guha S, Mitra MK, Pagonabarraga I, Muhuri S. Novel mechanism for oscillations in catchbonded motor-filament complexes. Biophys J 2021; 120:4129-4136. [PMID: 34329628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of mechanical oscillations is ubiquitous to a wide variety of intracellular processes ranging from activity of muscle fibres to oscillations of the mitotic spindle. The activity of motors plays a vital role in maintaining the integrity of the mitotic spindle structure and in generating spontaneous oscillations. While the structural features and properties of the individual motors are well characterized, their implications on the functional behaviour of motor-filament complexes is more involved. We show that force-induced allosteric deformations in dynein, which results in catchbonding behaviour, provide a generic mechanism to generate spontaneous oscillations in motor-cytoskeletal filament complexes. The resultant phase diagram of such motor-filament systems - characterized by force-induced allosteric deformations - exhibits bistability and sustained limit cycle oscillations in biologically relevant regimes, such as for catchbonded dynein. The results reported here elucidate the central role of this mechanism in fashioning a distinctive stability behaviour and oscillations in motor-filament complexes, such as mitotic spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougata Guha
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India; Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Mithun K Mitra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- CECAM, Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lasuanne (EPFL), Batochime, Avenue Forel 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain; UBICS University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Martí i Franquès 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sudipto Muhuri
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.
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11
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Tracking single particles for hours via continuous DNA-mediated fluorophore exchange. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4432. [PMID: 34290254 PMCID: PMC8295357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring biomolecules in single-particle tracking experiments is typically achieved by employing fixed organic dyes or fluorescent fusion proteins linked to a target of interest. However, photobleaching typically limits observation times to merely a few seconds, restricting downstream statistical analysis and observation of rare biological events. Here, we overcome this inherent limitation via continuous fluorophore exchange using DNA-PAINT, where fluorescently-labeled oligonucleotides reversibly bind to a single-stranded DNA handle attached to the target molecule. Such versatile and facile labeling allows uninterrupted monitoring of single molecules for extended durations. We demonstrate the power of our approach by observing DNA origami on membranes for tens of minutes, providing perspectives for investigating cellular processes on physiologically relevant timescales. The length of single-particle tracking experiments are limited due to photobleaching. Here the authors achieve long-term single-particle tracking with continuous fluorophore exchange in DNA-PAINT and use this to observe DNA origami on lipid bilayers for tens of minutes.
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12
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Abstract
The dynein-dynactin nanomachine transports cargoes along microtubules in cells. Why dynactin interacts separately with the dynein motor and also with microtubules is hotly debated. Here we disrupted these interactions in a targeted manner on phagosomes extracted from cells, followed by optical trapping to interrogate native dynein-dynactin teams on single phagosomes. Perturbing the dynactin-dynein interaction reduced dynein's on rate to microtubules. In contrast, perturbing the dynactin-microtubule interaction increased dynein's off rate markedly when dynein was generating force against the optical trap. The dynactin-microtubule link is therefore required for persistence against load, a finding of importance because disease-relevant mutations in dynein-dynactin are known to interfere with "high-load" functions of dynein in cells. Our findings call attention to a less studied property of dynein-dynactin, namely, its detachment against load, in understanding dynein dysfunction.
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13
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Twelvetrees AE. The lifecycle of the neuronal microtubule transport machinery. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 107:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Ohashi KG, Han L, Mentley B, Wang J, Fricks J, Hancock WO. Load-dependent detachment kinetics plays a key role in bidirectional cargo transport by kinesin and dynein. Traffic 2020; 20:284-294. [PMID: 30809891 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bidirectional cargo transport along microtubules is carried out by opposing teams of kinesin and dynein motors. Despite considerable study, the factors that determine whether these competing teams achieve net anterograde or retrograde transport in cells remain unclear. The goal of this work is to use stochastic simulations of bidirectional transport to determine the motor properties that most strongly determine overall cargo velocity and directionality. Simulations were carried out based on published optical tweezer characterization of kinesin-1 and kinesin-2, and for available data for cytoplasmic dynein and the dynein-dynactin-BicD2 (DDB) complex. By varying dynein parameters and analyzing cargo trajectories, we find that net cargo transport is predicted to depend minimally on the dynein stall force, but strongly on dynein load-dependent detachment kinetics. In simulations, dynein is dominated by kinesin-1, but DDB and kinesin-1 are evenly matched, recapitulating recent experimental work. Kinesin-2 competes less well against dynein and DDB, and overall, load-dependent motor detachment is the property that most determines a motor's ability to compete in bidirectional transport. It follows that the most effective intracellular regulators of bidirectional transport are predicted to be those that alter motor detachment kinetics rather than motor velocity or stall force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuka G Ohashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Lifeng Han
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Brandon Mentley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Jiaxuan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - John Fricks
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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15
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Wang T, Li W, Martin S, Papadopulos A, Joensuu M, Liu C, Jiang A, Shamsollahi G, Amor R, Lanoue V, Padmanabhan P, Meunier FA. Radial contractility of actomyosin rings facilitates axonal trafficking and structural stability. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201902001. [PMID: 32182623 PMCID: PMC7199852 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most mammalian neurons have a narrow axon, which constrains the passage of large cargoes such as autophagosomes that can be larger than the axon diameter. Radial axonal expansion must therefore occur to ensure efficient axonal trafficking. In this study, we reveal that the speed of various large cargoes undergoing axonal transport is significantly slower than that of small ones and that the transit of diverse-sized cargoes causes an acute, albeit transient, axonal radial expansion, which is immediately restored by constitutive axonal contractility. Using live super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrate that actomyosin-II controls axonal radial contractility and local expansion, and that NM-II filaments associate with periodic F-actin rings via their head domains. Pharmacological inhibition of NM-II activity significantly increases axon diameter by detaching the NM-II from F-actin and impacts the trafficking speed, directionality, and overall efficiency of long-range retrograde trafficking. Consequently, prolonged NM-II inactivation leads to disruption of periodic actin rings and formation of focal axonal swellings, a hallmark of axonal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wei Li
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sally Martin
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andreas Papadopulos
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Merja Joensuu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chunxia Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anmin Jiang
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Golnoosh Shamsollahi
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rumelo Amor
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vanessa Lanoue
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Pranesh Padmanabhan
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Frédéric A. Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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16
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Canty JT, Yildiz A. Activation and Regulation of Cytoplasmic Dynein. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:440-453. [PMID: 32311337 PMCID: PMC7179903 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is an AAA+ motor that drives the transport of many intracellular cargoes towards the minus end of microtubules (MTs). Previous in vitro studies characterized isolated dynein as an exceptionally weak motor that moves slowly and diffuses on an MT. Recent studies altered this view by demonstrating that dynein remains in an autoinhibited conformation on its own, and processive motility is activated when it forms a ternary complex with dynactin and a cargo adaptor. This complex assembles more efficiently in the presence of Lis1, providing an explanation for why Lis1 is a required cofactor for most cytoplasmic dynein-driven processes in cells. This review describes how dynein motility is activated and regulated by cargo adaptors and accessory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Canty
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physics Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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17
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Brenner S, Berger F, Rao L, Nicholas MP, Gennerich A. Force production of human cytoplasmic dynein is limited by its processivity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz4295. [PMID: 32285003 PMCID: PMC7141836 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz4295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is a highly complex motor protein that generates forces toward the minus end of microtubules. Using optical tweezers, we demonstrate that the low processivity (ability to take multiple steps before dissociating) of human dynein limits its force generation due to premature microtubule dissociation. Using a high trap stiffness whereby the motor achieves greater force per step, we reveal that the motor's true maximal force ("stall force") is ~2 pN. Furthermore, an average force versus trap stiffness plot yields a hyperbolic curve that plateaus at the stall force. We derive an analytical equation that accurately describes this curve, predicting both stall force and zero-load processivity. This theoretical model describes the behavior of a kinesin motor under low-processivity conditions. Our work clarifies the true stall force and processivity of human dynein and provides a new paradigm for understanding and analyzing molecular motor force generation for weakly processive motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Brenner
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Florian Berger
- Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lu Rao
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Matthew P. Nicholas
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Arne Gennerich
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Corresponding author.
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18
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Kubo S, Shima T, Takada S. How Cytoplasmic Dynein Couples ATP Hydrolysis Cycle to Diverse Stepping Motions: Kinetic Modeling. Biophys J 2020; 118:1930-1945. [PMID: 32272056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is a two-headed molecular motor that moves to the minus end of a microtubule by ATP hydrolysis free energy. By employing its two heads (motor domains), cytoplasmic dynein exhibits various bipedal stepping motions: inchworm and hand-over-hand motions, as well as nonalternating steps of one head. However, the molecular basis to achieve such diverse stepping manners remains unclear because of the lack of an experimental method to observe stepping and the ATPase reaction of dynein simultaneously. Here, we propose a kinetic model for bipedal motions of cytoplasmic dynein and perform Gillespie Monte Carlo simulations that qualitatively reproduce most experimental data obtained to date. The model represents the status of each motor domain as five states according to conformation and nucleotide- and microtubule-binding conditions of the domain. In addition, the relative positions of the two domains were approximated by three discrete states. Accompanied by ATP hydrolysis cycles, the model dynein stochastically and processively moved forward in multiple steps via diverse pathways, including inchworm and hand-over-hand motions, similarly to experimental data. The model reproduced key experimental motility-related properties, including velocity and run length, as functions of the ATP concentration and external force, therefore providing a plausible explanation of how dynein achieves various stepping manners with explicit characterization of nucleotide states. Our model highlights the uniqueness of dynein in the coupling of ATPase with its movement during both inchworm and hand-over-hand stepping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaroh Kubo
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Takada
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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19
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Nasrin SR, Afrin T, Kabir AMR, Inoue D, Torisawa T, Oiwa K, Sada K, Kakugo A. Regulation of Biomolecular-Motor-Driven Cargo Transport by Microtubules under Mechanical Stress. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1875-1883. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Rubaiya Nasrin
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tanjina Afrin
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Inoue
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takayuki Torisawa
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Oiwa
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sada
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akira Kakugo
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
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20
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Hornak I, Rieger H. Stochastic Model of T Cell Repolarization during Target Elimination I. Biophys J 2020; 118:1733-1748. [PMID: 32130873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (T) and natural killer cells are the main cytotoxic killer cells of the human body to eliminate pathogen-infected or tumorigenic cells (i.e., target cells). Once a natural killer or T cell has identified a target cell, they form a tight contact zone, the immunological synapse (IS). One then observes a repolarization of the cell involving the rotation of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton and a movement of the MT organizing center (MTOC) to a position that is just underneath the plasma membrane at the center of the IS. Concomitantly, a massive relocation of organelles attached to MTs is observed, including the Golgi apparatus, lytic granules, and mitochondria. Because the mechanism of this relocation is still elusive, we devise a theoretical model for the molecular-motor-driven motion of the MT cytoskeleton confined between plasma membrane and nucleus during T cell polarization. We analyze different scenarios currently discussed in the literature, the cortical sliding and capture-shrinkage mechanisms, and compare quantitative predictions about the spatiotemporal evolution of MTOC position and MT cytoskeleton morphology with experimental observations. The model predicts the experimentally observed biphasic nature of the repositioning due to an interplay between MT cytoskeleton geometry and motor forces and confirms the dominance of the capture-shrinkage over the cortical sliding mechanism when the MTOC and IS are initially diametrically opposed. We also find that the two mechanisms act synergistically, thereby reducing the resources necessary for repositioning. Moreover, it turns out that the localization of dyneins in the peripheral supramolecular activation cluster facilitates their interaction with the MTs. Our model also opens a way to infer details of the dynein distribution from the experimentally observed features of the MT cytoskeleton dynamics. In a subsequent publication, we will address the issue of general initial configurations and situations in which the T cell established two ISs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Hornak
- Center for Biophysics (ZBP) and Department of Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Heiko Rieger
- Center for Biophysics (ZBP) and Department of Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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21
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Uçar MC, Lipowsky R. Collective Force Generation by Molecular Motors Is Determined by Strain-Induced Unbinding. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:669-676. [PMID: 31797672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the living cell, we encounter a large variety of motile processes such as organelle transport and cytoskeleton remodeling. These processes are driven by motor proteins that generate force by transducing chemical free energy into mechanical work. In many cases, the molecular motors work in teams to collectively generate larger forces. Recent optical trapping experiments on small teams of cytoskeletal motors indicated that the collectively generated force increases with the size of the motor team but that this increase depends on the motor type and on whether the motors are studied in vitro or in vivo. Here, we use the theory of stochastic processes to describe the motion of N motors in a stationary optical trap and to compute the N-dependence of the collectively generated forces. We consider six distinct motor types, two kinesins, two dyneins, and two myosins. We show that the force increases always linearly with N but with a prefactor that depends on the performance of the single motor. Surprisingly, this prefactor increases for weaker motors with a lower stall force. This counter-intuitive behavior reflects the increased probability with which stronger motors detach from the filament during strain generation. Our theoretical results are in quantitative agreement with experimental data on small teams of kinesin-1 motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Can Uçar
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria , Am Campus 1 , 3400 Klosterneuburg , Austria
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Reinhard Lipowsky
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
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22
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Elshenawy MM, Canty JT, Oster L, Ferro LS, Zhou Z, Blanchard SC, Yildiz A. Cargo adaptors regulate stepping and force generation of mammalian dynein-dynactin. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:1093-1101. [PMID: 31501589 PMCID: PMC6810841 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is an ATP-driven motor that transports intracellular cargos along microtubules. Dynein adopts an inactive conformation when not attached to a cargo, and motility is activated when dynein assembles with dynactin and a cargo adaptor. It was unclear how active dynein-dynactin complexes step along microtubules and transport cargos under tension. Using single-molecule imaging, we showed that dynein-dynactin advances by taking 8 to 32-nm steps toward the microtubule minus end with frequent sideways and backward steps. Multiple dyneins collectively bear a large amount of tension because the backward stepping rate of dynein is insensitive to load. Recruitment of two dyneins to dynactin increases the force generation and the likelihood of winning against kinesin in a tug-of-war but does not directly affect velocity. Instead, velocity is determined by cargo adaptors and tail-tail interactions between two closely packed dyneins. Our results show that cargo adaptors modulate dynein motility and force generation for a wide range of cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Elshenawy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John T Canty
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Liya Oster
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Luke S Ferro
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott C Blanchard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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23
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Doll F, Keckeis P, Scheel P, Cölfen H. Visualizing Cholesterol Uptake by Self-Assembling Rhodamine B-Labeled Polymer Inside Living Cells via FLIM-FRET Microscopy. Macromol Biosci 2019; 20:e1900081. [PMID: 31222918 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a widespread and hazardous disease characterized by the formation of arterial plaques mostly composed of fat, cholesterol, and calcium ions. The direct solubilization of cholesterol represents a promising, atheroprotective strategy to subside lipid blood levels and reverse atherosclerosis. This study deals with the in-depth analysis of polymer-mediated cholesterol dissolution inside living human cells. To this end, a recently described multifunctional block-polymer is labeled with Rhodamine B (RhoB) to investigate its interaction with cells via fluorescence microscopy. This gives insight into the cellular internalization process of the polymer, which appears to be clathrin- and caveolae/raft-dependent endocytosis. In cell single particle tracking reveals an active transport of RhoB polymer including structures. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements of cells treated with a fluorophore-tagged cholesterol derivative and the RhoB polymer indicates the uptake of cholesterol by the polymeric particles. Hence, these results present a first step toward possible applications of cholesterol-absorbing polymers for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Doll
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Philipp Keckeis
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Patricia Scheel
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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24
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Kaneko T, Ando S, Furuta K, Oiwa K, Shintaku H, Kotera H, Yokokawa R. Transport of microtubules according to the number and spacing of kinesin motors on gold nano-pillars. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9879-9887. [PMID: 30888373 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01324e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Motor proteins function in in vivo ensembles to achieve cargo transport, flagellum motion, and mitotic cell division. Although the cooperativity of multiple motors is indispensable for physiological function, reconstituting the arrangement of motors in vitro is challenging, so detailed analysis of the functions of motor ensembles has not yet been achieved. Here, we developed an assay platform to study the motility of microtubules driven by a defined number of kinesin motors spaced in a definite manner. Gold (Au) nano-pillar arrays were fabricated on a silicon/silicon dioxide (Si/SiO2) substrate with spacings of 100 nm to 500 nm. The thiol-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-biotin self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and silane-PEG-CH3 SAM were then selectively formed on the pillars and SiO2 surface, respectively. This allowed for both immobilization of kinesin molecules on Au nano-pillars in a precise manner and repulsion of kinesins from the SiO2 surface. Using arrayed kinesin motors, we report that motor number and spacing do not influence the motility of microtubules driven by kinesin-1 motors. This assay platform is applicable to all kinds of biotinylated motors, allows the study of the effects of motor number and spacing, and is expected to reveal novel behaviors of motor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taikopaul Kaneko
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Suguru Ando
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Ken'ya Furuta
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2, Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2492, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Oiwa
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2, Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2492, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Shintaku
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Hidetoshi Kotera
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
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25
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Kinoshita Y, Kambara T, Nishikawa K, Kaya M, Higuchi H. Step Sizes and Rate Constants of Single-headed Cytoplasmic Dynein Measured with Optical Tweezers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16333. [PMID: 30397249 PMCID: PMC6218510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A power stroke of dynein is thought to be responsible for the stepping of dimeric dynein. However, the actual size of the displacement driven by a power stroke has not been directly measured. Here, the displacements of single-headed cytoplasmic dynein were measured by optical tweezers. The mean displacement of dynein interacting with microtubule was ~8 nm at 100 µM ATP, and decreased sigmoidally with a decrease in the ATP concentration. The ATP dependence of the mean displacement was explained by a model that some dynein molecules bind to microtubule in pre-stroke conformation and generate 8-nm displacement, while others bind in the post-stroke one and detach without producing a power stroke. Biochemical assays showed that the binding affinity of the post-stroke dynein to a microtubule was ~5 times higher than that of pre-stroke dynein, and the dissociation rate was ~4 times lower. Taking account of these rates, we conclude that the displacement driven by a power stroke is 8.3 nm. A working model of dimeric dynein driven by the 8-nm power stroke was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Kinoshita
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Kambara
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Kaori Nishikawa
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Motoshi Kaya
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideo Higuchi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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26
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Abstract
Myosin motors power movements on actin filaments, whereas dynein and kinesin motors power movements on microtubules. The mechanisms of these motor proteins differ, but, in all cases, ATP hydrolysis and subsequent release of the hydrolysis products drives a cycle of interactions with the track (either an actin filament or a microtubule), resulting in force generation and directed movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lee Sweeney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and the Myology Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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27
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Sanghavi P, D'Souza A, Rai A, Rai A, Padinhatheeri R, Mallik R. Coin Tossing Explains the Activity of Opposing Microtubule Motors on Phagosomes. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1460-1466.e4. [PMID: 29706510 PMCID: PMC5954897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
How the opposing activity of kinesin and dynein motors generates polarized distribution of organelles inside cells is poorly understood and hotly debated [1, 2]. Possible explanations include stochastic mechanical competition [3, 4], coordinated regulation by motor-associated proteins [5-7], mechanical activation of motors [8], and lipid-induced organization [9]. Here, we address this question by using phagocytosed latex beads to generate early phagosomes (EPs) that move bidirectionally along microtubules (MTs) in an in vitro assay [9]. Dynein/kinesin activity on individual EPs is recorded as real-time force generation of the motors against an optical trap. Activity of one class of motors frequently coincides with, or is rapidly followed by opposite motors. This leads to frequent and rapid reversals of EPs in the trap. Remarkably, the choice between dynein and kinesin can be explained by the tossing of a coin. Opposing motors therefore appear to function stochastically and independently of each other, as also confirmed by observing no effect on kinesin function when dynein is inhibited on the EPs. A simple binomial probability calculation based on the geometry of EP-microtubule contact explains the observed activity of dynein and kinesin on phagosomes. This understanding of intracellular transport in terms of a hypothetical coin, if it holds true for other cargoes, provides a conceptual framework to explain the polarized localization of organelles inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulomi Sanghavi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Ashwin D'Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Ashim Rai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Arpan Rai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Ranjith Padinhatheeri
- Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Roop Mallik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India.
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28
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A posttranslational modification of the mitotic kinesin Eg5 that enhances its mechanochemical coupling and alters its mitotic function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1779-E1788. [PMID: 29432173 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718290115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous posttranslational modifications have been described in kinesins, but their consequences on motor mechanics are largely unknown. We investigated one of these-acetylation of lysine 146 in Eg5-by creating an acetylation mimetic lysine to glutamine substitution (K146Q). Lysine 146 is located in the α2 helix of the motor domain, where it makes an ionic bond with aspartate 91 on the neighboring α1 helix. Molecular dynamics simulations predict that disrupting this bond enhances catalytic site-neck linker coupling. We tested this using structural kinetics and single-molecule mechanics and found that the K146Q mutation increases motor performance under load and coupling of the neck linker to catalytic site. These changes convert Eg5 from a motor that dissociates from the microtubule at low load into one that is more tightly coupled and dissociation resistant-features shared by kinesin 1. These features combined with the increased propensity to stall predict that the K146Q Eg5 acetylation mimetic should act in the cell as a "brake" that slows spindle pole separation, and we have confirmed this by expressing this modified motor in mitotically active cells. Thus, our results illustrate how a posttranslational modification of a kinesin can be used to fine tune motor behavior to meet specific physiological needs.
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29
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Monzon GA, Scharrel L, Santen L, Diez S. Activation of mammalian cytoplasmic dynein in multi-motor motility assays. J Cell Sci 2018; 132:jcs.220079. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.220079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-range intracellular transport is facilitated by motor proteins like kinesin-1 and cyto-plasmic dynein walking along microtubules (MTs). These motors often work in teams for the transport of various intracellular cargos. While transport by multiple kinesin-1 motors has been studied extensively in the past, collective effects of cytoplasmic dynein are less well understood. On the level of single molecules, mammalian cytoplasmic dynein is not active in the absence of dynactin and adaptor proteins. However, when assembled into a team bound to the same cargo, processive motility has been observed. The underlying mechanism of this activation is not known. Here, we found that in MT gliding motility assays the gliding velocity increased with dynein surface density and MT length. Developing a mathematical model based on single-molecule parameters, we were able to simulate the observed behavior. Integral to our model is the usage of an activation term, which describes a mechanical activation of individual dynein motors when being stretched by the other motors. We hypothesize this activation to be similar to the activation of single dynein motors by dynactin and adaptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina A. Monzon
- Fachrichtung Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lara Scharrel
- B CUBE Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ludger Santen
- Fachrichtung Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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30
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Keller S, Berghoff K, Kress H. Phagosomal transport depends strongly on phagosome size. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17068. [PMID: 29213131 PMCID: PMC5719076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages internalize pathogens for intracellular degradation. An important part of this process is the phagosomal transport from the cell periphery to the perinuclear region. Biochemical factors are known to influence the fate of phagosomes. Here, we show that the size of phagosomes also has a strong influence on their transport. We found that large phagosomes are transported persistently to the nucleus, whereas small phagosomes show strong bidirectional transport. We show that dynein motors play a larger role in the transport of large phagosomes, whereas actin filament-based motility plays a larger role in the transport of small phagosomes. Furthermore, we investigated the spatial distribution of dyneins and microtubules around phagosomes and hypothesize that dynein and microtubule density differences between the nucleus-facing side of phagosomes and the opposite side could explain part of the observed transport characteristics. Our findings suggest that a size-dependent cellular sorting mechanism might exist that supports macrophages in their immunological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Keller
- Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - K Berghoff
- Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - H Kress
- Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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31
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De Rossi MC, Wetzler DE, Benseñor L, De Rossi ME, Sued M, Rodríguez D, Gelfand V, Bruno L, Levi V. Mechanical coupling of microtubule-dependent motor teams during peroxisome transport in Drosophila S2 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:3178-3189. [PMID: 28935608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular transport requires molecular motors that step along cytoskeletal filaments actively dragging cargoes through the crowded cytoplasm. Here, we explore the interplay of the opposed polarity motors kinesin-1 and cytoplasmic dynein during peroxisome transport along microtubules in Drosophila S2 cells. METHODS We used single particle tracking with nanometer accuracy and millisecond time resolution to extract quantitative information on the bidirectional motion of organelles. The transport performance was studied in cells expressing a slow chimeric plus-end directed motor or the kinesin heavy chain. We also analyzed the influence of peroxisomes membrane fluidity in methyl-β-ciclodextrin treated cells. The experimental data was also confronted with numerical simulations of two well-established tug of war scenarios. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The velocity distributions of retrograde and anterograde peroxisomes showed a multimodal pattern suggesting that multiple motor teams drive transport in either direction. The chimeric motors interfered with the performance of anterograde transport and also reduced the speed of the slowest retrograde team. In addition, increasing the fluidity of peroxisomes membrane decreased the speed of the slowest anterograde and retrograde teams. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results support the existence of a crosstalk between opposed-polarity motor teams. Moreover, the slowest teams seem to mechanically communicate with each other through the membrane to trigger transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cecilia De Rossi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Dinámica Intracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diana E Wetzler
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Dinámica Intracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Benseñor
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Emilia De Rossi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Ciclo Básico Común, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Sued
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Cálculo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Rodríguez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Cálculo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vladimir Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Luciana Bruno
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Valeria Levi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Dinámica Intracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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32
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Aubertin K, Tailleur J, Wilhelm C, Gallet F. Impact of a mechanical shear stress on intracellular trafficking. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:5298-5306. [PMID: 28682417 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00732a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking mainly takes place along the microtubules, and its efficiency depends on the local architecture and organization of the cytoskeletal network. In this work, the cytoplasm of stem cells is subjected to mechanical vortexing at a frequency of up to 1 Hz, by using magnetic chains of endosomes embedded in the cell body, in order to locally perturb the network structure. The consequences are evaluated on the directionality and processivity of the spontaneous motion of endosomes. When the same chains are used both to shear the cell medium and to probe the intracellular traffic, a substantial decrease in transport efficiency is detected after applying the mechanical shear. Interestingly, when using different objects to apply the shear and to probe the spontaneous motion, no alteration of the transport efficiency can be detected. We conclude that shaking the vesicles mainly causes their unbinding from the cytoskeletal tracks, but has little influence on the integrity of the network itself. This is corroborated by active microrheology measurements, performed with chains actuated by a magnetic field, and showing that the mechanical compliance of the cytoplasm is similar before and after slow vortexing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Aubertin
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
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33
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Zhang K, Foster HE, Rondelet A, Lacey SE, Bahi-Buisson N, Bird AW, Carter AP. Cryo-EM Reveals How Human Cytoplasmic Dynein Is Auto-inhibited and Activated. Cell 2017; 169:1303-1314.e18. [PMID: 28602352 PMCID: PMC5473941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 binds dynactin and cargo adaptor proteins to form a transport machine capable of long-distance processive movement along microtubules. However, it is unclear why dynein-1 moves poorly on its own or how it is activated by dynactin. Here, we present a cryoelectron microscopy structure of the complete 1.4-megadalton human dynein-1 complex in an inhibited state known as the phi-particle. We reveal the 3D structure of the cargo binding dynein tail and show how self-dimerization of the motor domains locks them in a conformation with low microtubule affinity. Disrupting motor dimerization with structure-based mutagenesis drives dynein-1 into an open form with higher affinity for both microtubules and dynactin. We find the open form is also inhibited for movement and that dynactin relieves this by reorienting the motor domains to interact correctly with microtubules. Our model explains how dynactin binding to the dynein-1 tail directly stimulates its motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Helen E Foster
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Arnaud Rondelet
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Samuel E Lacey
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Université Paris Descartes, Imaging Institute, INSERM U781, Paris, France
| | - Alexander W Bird
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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34
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Verdeny-Vilanova I, Wehnekamp F, Mohan N, Sandoval Álvarez Á, Borbely JS, Otterstrom JJ, Lamb DC, Lakadamyali M. 3D motion of vesicles along microtubules helps them to circumvent obstacles in cells. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1904-1916. [PMID: 28420672 PMCID: PMC5482975 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.201178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicle transport is regulated at multiple levels, including regulation by scaffolding proteins and the cytoskeleton. This tight regulation is essential, since slowing or stoppage of transport can cause accumulation of obstacles and has been linked to diseases. Understanding the mechanisms by which transport is regulated as well as how motor proteins overcome obstacles can give important clues as to how these mechanisms break down in disease states. Here, we describe that the cytoskeleton architecture impacts transport in a vesicle-size-dependent manner, leading to pausing of vesicles larger than the separation of the microtubules. We further develop methods capable of following 3D transport processes in living cells. Using these methods, we show that vesicles move using two different modes along the microtubule. Off-axis motion, which leads to repositioning of the vesicle in 3D along the microtubule, correlates with the presence of steric obstacles and may help in circumventing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ione Verdeny-Vilanova
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Fabian Wehnekamp
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, and Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, München 81377, Germany
| | - Nitin Mohan
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Ángel Sandoval Álvarez
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Joseph Steven Borbely
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Jason John Otterstrom
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Don C Lamb
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, and Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, München 81377, Germany
| | - Melike Lakadamyali
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
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35
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Mijalkovic J, Prevo B, Oswald F, Mangeol P, Peterman EJG. Ensemble and single-molecule dynamics of IFT dynein in Caenorhabditis elegans cilia. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14591. [PMID: 28230057 PMCID: PMC5331336 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dyneins drive microtubule-based, minus-end directed transport in eukaryotic cells. Whereas cytoplasmic dynein 1 has been widely studied, IFT dynein has received far less attention. Here, we use fluorescence microscopy of labelled motors in living Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate IFT-dynein motility at the ensemble and single-molecule level. We find that while the kinesin composition of motor ensembles varies along the track, the amount of dynein remains relatively constant. Remarkably, this does not result in directionality changes of cargo along the track, as has been reported for other opposite-polarity, tug-of-war motility systems. At the single-molecule level, IFT-dynein trajectories reveal unexpected dynamics, including diffusion at the base, and pausing and directional switches along the cilium. Stochastic simulations show that the ensemble IFT-dynein distribution depends upon the probability of single-motor directional switches. Our results provide quantitative insight into IFT-dynein dynamics in vivo, shedding light on the complex functioning of dynein motors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jona Mijalkovic
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Prevo
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Oswald
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Mangeol
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J. G. Peterman
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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36
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Bameta T, Das D, Das D, Padinhateeri R, Inamdar MM. Sufficient conditions for the additivity of stall forces generated by multiple filaments or motors. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:022406. [PMID: 28297971 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.022406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors and cytoskeletal filaments work collectively most of the time under opposing forces. This opposing force may be due to cargo carried by motors or resistance coming from the cell membrane pressing against the cytoskeletal filaments. Some recent studies have shown that the collective maximum force (stall force) generated by multiple cytoskeletal filaments or molecular motors may not always be just a simple sum of the stall forces of the individual filaments or motors. To understand this excess or deficit in the collective force, we study a broad class of models of both cytoskeletal filaments and molecular motors. We argue that the stall force generated by a group of filaments or motors is additive, that is, the stall force of N number of filaments (motors) is N times the stall force of one filament (motor), when the system is reversible at stall. Conversely, we show that this additive property typically does not hold true when the system is irreversible at stall. We thus present a novel and unified understanding of the existing models exhibiting such non-addivity, and generalise our arguments by developing new models that demonstrate this phenomena. We also propose a quantity similar to thermodynamic efficiency to easily predict this deviation from stall-force additivity for filament and motor collectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Bameta
- UM-DAE Center for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Vidhyanagari Campus, Mumbai-400098, India
| | - Dipjyoti Das
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India
| | - Dibyendu Das
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India
| | - Ranjith Padinhateeri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India
| | - Mandar M Inamdar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India
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37
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Abstract
Long-distance intracellular axonal transport is predominantly microtubule-based, and its impairment is linked to neurodegeneration. Here we review recent theoretical and experimental evidence that suggest that near the axon boundaries (walls), the effective viscosity can become large enough to impede cargo transport in small (but not large) caliber axons. Theoretical work suggests that this opposition to motion increases rapidly as the cargo approaches the wall. However, having parallel microtubules close enough together to enable a cargo to simultaneously engage motors on more than one microtubule dramatically enhances motor activity, and thus decreases the effects due to such opposition. Experimental evidence supports this hypothesis: in small caliber axons, microtubule density is higher, increasing the probability of having parallel microtubules close enough that they can be used simultaneously by motors on a cargo. For transport toward the minus-end of microtubules, e.g., toward the cell body in an axon, a recently discovered force adaptation system can also contribute to overcoming such opposition to motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare C Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Babu J N Reddy
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Juliana C Wortman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Steven P Gross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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38
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Carter AP, Diamant AG, Urnavicius L. How dynein and dynactin transport cargos: a structural perspective. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 37:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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39
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Chowdary PD, Che DL, Zhang K, Cui B. Retrograde NGF axonal transport--motor coordination in the unidirectional motility regime. Biophys J 2016; 108:2691-703. [PMID: 26039170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a detailed motion analysis of retrograde nerve growth factor (NGF) endosomes in axons to show that mechanical tugs-of-war and intracellular motor regulation are complimentary features of the near-unidirectional endosome directionality. We used quantum dots to fluorescently label NGF and acquired trajectories of retrograde quantum-dot-NGF-endosomes with <20-nm accuracy at 32 Hz in microfluidic neuron cultures. Using a combination of transient motion analysis and Bayesian parsing, we partitioned the trajectories into sustained periods of retrograde (dynein-driven) motion, constrained pauses, and brief anterograde (kinesin-driven) reversals. The data shows many aspects of mechanical tugs-of-war and multiple-motor mechanics in NGF-endosome transport. However, we found that stochastic mechanical models based on in vitro parameters cannot simulate the experimental data, unless the microtubule-binding affinity of kinesins on the endosome is tuned down by 10 times. Specifically, the simulations suggest that the NGF-endosomes are driven on average by 5-6 active dyneins and 1-2 downregulated kinesins. This is also supported by the dynamics of endosomes detaching under load in axons, showcasing the cooperativity of multiple dyneins and the subdued activity of kinesins. We discuss the possible motor coordination mechanism consistent with motor regulation and tugs-of-war for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daphne L Che
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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40
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Rai A, Pathak D, Thakur S, Singh S, Dubey AK, Mallik R. Dynein Clusters into Lipid Microdomains on Phagosomes to Drive Rapid Transport toward Lysosomes. Cell 2016; 164:722-34. [PMID: 26853472 PMCID: PMC4752818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diverse cellular processes are driven by motor proteins that are recruited to and generate force on lipid membranes. Surprisingly little is known about how membranes control the force from motors and how this may impact specific cellular functions. Here, we show that dynein motors physically cluster into microdomains on the membrane of a phagosome as it matures inside cells. Such geometrical reorganization allows many dyneins within a cluster to generate cooperative force on a single microtubule. This results in rapid directed transport of the phagosome toward microtubule minus ends, likely promoting phagolysosome fusion and pathogen degradation. We show that lipophosphoglycan, the major molecule implicated in immune evasion of Leishmania donovani, inhibits phagosome motion by disrupting the clustering and therefore the cooperative force generation of dynein. These findings appear relevant to several pathogens that prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion by targeting lipid microdomains on phagosomes. Dynein clusters into lipid microdomains on the phagosome as it matures Clustering allows many dyneins to simultaneously contact a single microtubule Large cooperative forces can now be generated to transport phagosomes to lysosomes Leishmania lipophosphoglycans disrupt microdomains and inhibit this transport
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Rai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Divya Pathak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Shreyasi Thakur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Shampa Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Alok Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Roop Mallik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India.
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41
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McLaughlin RT, Diehl MR, Kolomeisky AB. Collective dynamics of processive cytoskeletal motors. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:14-21. [PMID: 26444155 PMCID: PMC4684438 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01609f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Major cellular processes are supported by various biomolecular motors that usually operate together as teams. We present an overview of the collective dynamics of processive cytokeletal motor proteins based on recent experimental and theoretical investigations. Experimental studies show that multiple motors function with different degrees of cooperativity, ranging from negative to positive. This effect depends on the mechanical properties of individual motors, the geometry of their connections, and the surrounding cellular environment. Theoretical models based on stochastic approaches underline the importance of intermolecular interactions, the properties of single motors, and couplings with cellular medium in predicting the collective dynamics. We discuss several features that specify the cooperativity in motor proteins. Based on this approach a general picture of collective dynamics of motor proteins is formulated, and the future directions and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tyler McLaughlin
- Rice University, Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Houston, TX 77005, USA and Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Michael R Diehl
- Rice University, Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Houston, TX 77005, USA and Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Anatoly B Kolomeisky
- Rice University, Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Houston, TX 77005, USA and Rice University, Department of Chemistry, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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42
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Chowdary PD, Che DL, Kaplan L, Chen O, Pu K, Bawendi M, Cui B. Nanoparticle-assisted optical tethering of endosomes reveals the cooperative function of dyneins in retrograde axonal transport. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18059. [PMID: 26656461 PMCID: PMC4674899 DOI: 10.1038/srep18059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynein-dependent transport of organelles from the axon terminals to the cell bodies is essential to the survival and function of neurons. However, quantitative knowledge of dyneins on axonal organelles and their collective function during this long-distance transport is lacking because current technologies to do such measurements are not applicable to neurons. Here, we report a new method termed nanoparticle-assisted optical tethering of endosomes (NOTE) that made it possible to study the cooperative mechanics of dyneins on retrograde axonal endosomes in live neurons. In this method, the opposing force from an elastic tether causes the endosomes to gradually stall under load and detach with a recoil velocity proportional to the dynein forces. These recoil velocities reveal that the axonal endosomes, despite their small size, can recruit up to 7 dyneins that function as independent mechanical units stochastically sharing load, which is vital for robust retrograde axonal transport. This study shows that NOTE, which relies on controlled generation of reactive oxygen species, is a viable method to manipulate small cellular cargos that are beyond the reach of current technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen D. Chowdary
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daphne L. Che
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Luke Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachussets Institute of Technology, 77 Massachussets Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, N1.3, B2-05, Singapore 637459
| | - Moungi Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachussets Institute of Technology, 77 Massachussets Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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43
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Shingyoji C, Nakano I, Inoue Y, Higuchi H. Dynein arms are strain-dependent direction-switching force generators. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:388-401. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Shingyoji
- Department of Biological Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Hongo Tokyo Japan
| | - Izumi Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Hongo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Department of Biological Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Hongo Tokyo Japan
| | - Hideo Higuchi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Hongo Tokyo Japan
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44
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Shojania Feizabadi M, Janakaloti Narayanareddy BR, Vadpey O, Jun Y, Chapman D, Rosenfeld S, Gross SP. Microtubule C-Terminal Tails Can Change Characteristics of Motor Force Production. Traffic 2015; 16:1075-87. [PMID: 26094820 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Control of intracellular transport is poorly understood, and functional ramifications of tubulin isoform differences between cell types are mostly unexplored. Motors' force production and detachment kinetics are critical for their group function, but how microtubule (MT) details affect these properties--if at all--is unknown. We investigated these questions using both a vesicular transport human kinesin, kinesin-1, and also a mitotic kinesin likely optimized for group function, kinesin-5, moving along either bovine brain or MCF7(breast cancer) MTs. We found that kinesin-1 functioned similarly on the two sets of MTs--in particular, its mean force production was approximately the same, though due to its previously reported decreased processivity, the mean duration of kinesin-1 force production was slightly decreased on MCF7 MTs. In contrast, kinesin-5's function changed dramatically on MCF7 MTs: its average detachment force was reduced and its force-velocity curve was different. In spite of the reduced detachment force, the force-velocity alteration surprisingly improved high-load group function for kinesin-5 on the cancer-cell MTs, potentially contributing to functions such as spindle-mediated chromosome separation. Significant differences were previously reported for C-terminal tubulin tails in MCF7 versus bovine brain tubulin. Consistent with this difference being functionally important, elimination of the tails made transport along the two sets of MTs similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Shojania Feizabadi
- Department of Physics, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA.,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Omid Vadpey
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yonggun Jun
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dail Chapman
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Steven Rosenfeld
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Steven P Gross
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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45
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Intracellular dynamics and fate of polystyrene nanoparticles in A549 Lung epithelial cells monitored by image (cross-) correlation spectroscopy and single particle tracking. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2411-9. [PMID: 26164626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel insights in nanoparticle (NP) uptake routes of cells, their intracellular trafficking and subcellular targeting can be obtained through the investigation of their temporal and spatial behavior. In this work, we present the application of image (cross-) correlation spectroscopy (IC(C)S) and single particle tracking (SPT) to monitor the intracellular dynamics of polystyrene (PS) NPs in the human lung carcinoma A549 cell line. The ensemble kinetic behavior of NPs inside the cell was characterized by temporal and spatiotemporal image correlation spectroscopy (TICS and STICS). Moreover, a more direct interpretation of the diffusion and flow detected in the NP motion was obtained by SPT by monitoring individual NPs. Both techniques demonstrate that the PS NP transport in A549 cells is mainly dependent on microtubule-assisted transport. By applying spatiotemporal image cross-correlation spectroscopy (STICCS), the correlated motions of NPs with the early endosomes, late endosomes and lysosomes are identified. PS NPs were equally distributed among the endolysosomal compartment during the time interval of the experiments. The cotransport of the NPs with the lysosomes is significantly larger compared to the other cell organelles. In the present study we show that the complementarity of ICS-based techniques and SPT enables a consistent elaborate model of the complex behavior of NPs inside biological systems.
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46
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The trials and tubule-ations of Rab6 involvement in Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1453-9. [PMID: 25233431 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the early secretory pathway, membrane flow in the anterograde direction from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex needs to be tightly co-ordinated with retrograde flow to maintain the size, composition and functionality of these two organelles. At least two mechanisms of transport move material in the retrograde direction: one regulated by the cytoplasmic coatomer protein I complex (COPI), and a second COPI-independent pathway utilizing the small GTP-binding protein Rab6. Although the COPI-independent pathway was discovered 15 years ago, it remains relatively poorly characterized, with only a handful of machinery molecules associated with its operation. One feature that makes this pathway somewhat unusual, and potentially difficult to study, is that the transport carriers predominantly seem to be tubular rather than vesicular in nature. This suggests that the regulatory machinery is likely to be different from that associated with vesicular transport pathways controlled by conventional coat complexes. In the present mini-review, we have highlighted the key experiments that have characterized this transport pathway so far and also have discussed the challenges that lie ahead with respect to its further characterization.
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47
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Abstract
Long-range intracellular transport of organelles driven by kinesin and dynein motor proteins depends on additional cellular factors including adaptors and scaffolding proteins. While single-molecule studies of the motility of purified motor proteins have been a powerful approach, these assays are not fully representative of the complex interactions that occur in a cellular environment. To gain insights into the functioning of adaptor proteins that work in concert with motors proteins, motility assays in cell extracts have been developed. These assays are an attractive means to begin to dissect the roles of additional factors in motor-driven transport. Further, this system can be easily manipulated to study this process in different physiological environments. Here we describe in vitro reconstitution of motor-driven motility along microtubules in cell extracts, followed by considerations for data analysis and how these assays can be powerful in informing our understanding of basic cellular processes.
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48
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Nicholas MP, Höök P, Brenner S, Wynne CL, Vallee RB, Gennerich A. Control of cytoplasmic dynein force production and processivity by its C-terminal domain. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6206. [PMID: 25670086 PMCID: PMC4339881 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is a microtubule motor involved in cargo transport, nuclear migration and cell division. Despite structural conservation of the dynein motor domain from yeast to higher eukaryotes, the extensively studied S. cerevisiae dynein behaves distinctly from mammalian dyneins, which produce far less force and travel over shorter distances. However, isolated reports of yeast-like force production by mammalian dynein have called interspecies differences into question. We report that functional differences between yeast and mammalian dynein are real and attributable to a C-terminal motor element absent in yeast, which resembles a ‘cap’ over the central pore of the mammalian dynein motor domain. Removal of this cap increases the force generation of rat dynein from 1 pN to a yeast-like 6 pN and greatly increases its travel distance. Our findings identify the CT-cap as a novel regulator of dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein from the yeast S. cerevisiae behaves distinctly from mammalian dyneins, despite structural conservation. Here, Nicholas et al. identify a C-terminal domain in mammalian dynein that restricts force generation and travel distance, which, when removed, allows mammalian dynein to behave like its yeast counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Nicholas
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Peter Höök
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Sibylle Brenner
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Caitlin L Wynne
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Richard B Vallee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Arne Gennerich
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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49
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Jha R, Surrey T. Regulation of processive motion and microtubule localization of cytoplasmic dynein. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:48-57. [PMID: 25619245 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein complex is the major minus-end-directed microtubule motor. Although its directionality is evolutionary well conserved, differences exist among cytoplasmic dyneins from different species in their stepping behaviour, maximum velocity and force production. Recent experiments also suggest differences in processivity regulation. In the present article, we give an overview of dynein's motile properties, with a special emphasis on processivity and its regulation. Furthermore, we summarize recent findings of different pathways for microtubule plus-end loading of dynein. The present review highlights how distinct functions in different cell types or organisms appear to require different mechanochemical dynein properties and localization pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Jha
- *London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
| | - Thomas Surrey
- *London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
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50
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Berger F, Keller C, Klumpp S, Lipowsky R. External forces influence the elastic coupling effects during cargo transport by molecular motors. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:022701. [PMID: 25768525 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.022701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellular transport is achieved by the cooperative action of molecular motors which are elastically linked to a common cargo. When the motors pull on the cargo at the same time, they experience fluctuating elastic strain forces induced by the stepping of the other motors. These elastic coupling forces can influence the motors' stepping and unbinding behavior and thereby the ability to transport cargos. Based on a generic single motor description, we introduce a framework that explains the response of two identical molecular motors to a constant external force. In particular, we relate the single motor parameters, the coupling strength and the external load force to the dynamics of the motor pair. We derive four distinct transport regimes and determine how the crossover lines between the regimes depend on the load force. Our description of the overall cargo dynamics takes into account relaxational displacements of the cargo caused by the unbinding of one motor. For large forces and weak elastic coupling these back-shifts dominate the displacements. To develop an intuitive understanding about motor cooperativity during cargo transport, we introduce a time scale for load sharing. This time scale allows us to predict how the regulation of single motor parameters influences the cooperativity. As an example, we show that up-regulating the single motor processivity enhances load sharing of the motor pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Berger
- Theory & Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Corina Keller
- Theory & Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Klumpp
- Theory & Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Reinhard Lipowsky
- Theory & Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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