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Bjerrum LB, Nordhus IH, Sørensen L, Wulff K, Bjorvatn B, Flo-Groeneboom E, Visted E. Acute effects of light during daytime on central aspects of attention and affect: A systematic review. Biol Psychol 2024; 192:108845. [PMID: 38981576 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Light regulates both image- and various non-image forming responses in humans, including acute effects on attention and affect. To advance the understanding of light's immediate effects, this systematic review describes the acute effects of monochromatic/narrow bandwidth and polychromatic white light during daytime on distinct aspects of attention (alertness, sustained attention, working memory, attentional control and flexibility), and measures of affect (self-report measures, performance-based tests, psychophysiological measures) in healthy, adult human subjects. Original, peer-reviewed (quasi-) experimental studies published between 2000 and May 2024 were included according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study quality was assessed, and results were synthesized across aspects of attention and affect and grouped according to light interventions; monochromatic/narrowband-width or polychromatic white light (regular white, bright white, and white with high correlated color temperature (CCT)). Results from included studies (n = 62) showed that alertness and working memory were most affected by light. Electroencephalographic markers of alertness improved the most with exposure to narrow bandwidth long-wavelength light, regular white, and white light with high CCT. Self-reported alertness and measures of working memory improved the most with bright white light. Results from studies testing the acute effects on sustained attention and attentional control and flexibility were inconclusive. Performance-based and psychophysiological measures of affect were only influenced by narrow bandwidth long-wavelength light. Polychromatic white light exerted mixed effects on self-reported affect. Studies were strongly heterogeneous in terms of light stimuli characteristics and reporting of light stimuli and control of variables influencing light's acute effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lin Sørensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Katharina Wulff
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Bjørn Bjorvatn
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway; Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | | | - Endre Visted
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
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2
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Zangen E, Hadar S, Lawrence C, Obeid M, Rasras H, Hanzin E, Aslan O, Zur E, Schulcz N, Cohen-Hatab D, Samama Y, Nir S, Li Y, Dobrotvorskia I, Sabbah S. Prefrontal cortex neurons encode ambient light intensity differentially across regions and layers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5501. [PMID: 38951486 PMCID: PMC11217280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49794-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
While light can affect emotional and cognitive processes of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), no light-encoding was hitherto identified in this region. Here, extracellular recordings in awake mice revealed that over half of studied mPFC neurons showed photosensitivity, that was diminished by inhibition of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), or of the upstream thalamic perihabenular nucleus (PHb). In 15% of mPFC photosensitive neurons, firing rate changed monotonically along light-intensity steps and gradients. These light-intensity-encoding neurons comprised four types, two enhancing and two suppressing their firing rate with increased light intensity. Similar types were identified in the PHb, where they exhibited shorter latency and increased sensitivity. Light suppressed prelimbic activity but boosted infralimbic activity, mirroring the regions' contrasting roles in fear-conditioning, drug-seeking, and anxiety. We posit that prefrontal photosensitivity represents a substrate of light-susceptible, mPFC-mediated functions, which could be ultimately studied as a therapeutical target in psychiatric and addiction disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyashiv Zangen
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Shira Hadar
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Christopher Lawrence
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Mustafa Obeid
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Hala Rasras
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Ella Hanzin
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Ori Aslan
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Eyal Zur
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Nadav Schulcz
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Daniel Cohen-Hatab
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Yona Samama
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Sarah Nir
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Irina Dobrotvorskia
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Shai Sabbah
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel.
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3
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Wang K, Chen K, Wei Z, Wang T, Wei A, Gao X, Qin Y, Zhu Y, Ge Y, Cui B, Zhu M. Visual light flicker stimulation: enhancing alertness in sleep-deprived rats. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1415614. [PMID: 38903600 PMCID: PMC11188382 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1415614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the evolving field of neurophysiological research, visual light flicker stimulation is recognized as a promising non-invasive intervention for cognitive enhancement, particularly in sleep-deprived conditions. Methods This study explored the effects of specific flicker frequencies (40 Hz and 20-30 Hz random flicker) on alertness recovery in sleep-deprived rats. We employed a multidisciplinary approach that included behavioral assessments with the Y-maze, in vivo electrophysiological recordings, and molecular analyses such as c-FOS immunohistochemistry and hormone level measurements. Results Both 40 Hz and 20-30 Hz flicker significantly enhanced behavioral performance in the Y-maze test, suggesting an improvement in alertness. Neurophysiological data indicated activation of neural circuits in key brain areas like the thalamus and hippocampus. Additionally, flicker exposure normalized cortisol and serotonin levels, essential for stress response and mood regulation. Notably, increased c-FOS expression in brain regions related to alertness and cognitive functions suggested heightened neural activity. Discussion These findings underscore the potential of light flicker stimulation not only to mitigate the effects of sleep deprivation but also to enhance cognitive functions. The results pave the way for future translational research into light-based therapies in human subjects, with possible implications for occupational health and cognitive ergonomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin, China
- Medical Support Technology Research Department, Systems Engineering Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Zilin Wei
- Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianhui Wang
- Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin, China
| | - Aili Wei
- Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiujie Gao
- Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingkai Qin
- Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingwen Zhu
- Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Ge
- Logistic Support Department of Central Military Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengfu Zhu
- Medical Support Technology Research Department, Systems Engineering Institute, Tianjin, China
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Zhang R, Tomasi D, Shokri-Kojori E, Manza P, Demiral SB, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. Seasonality in regional brain glucose metabolism. Psychol Med 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38634486 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291724000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daylength and the rates of changes in daylength have been associated with seasonal fluctuations in psychiatric symptoms and in cognition and mood in healthy adults. However, variations in human brain glucose metabolism in concordance with seasonal changes remain under explored. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we examined seasonal effects on brain glucose metabolism, which we measured using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET in 97 healthy participants. To maximize the sensitivity of regional effects, we computed relative metabolic measures by normalizing the regional measures to white matter metabolism. Additionally, we explored the role of rest-activity rhythms/sleep-wake activity measured with actigraphy in the seasonal variations of regional brain metabolic activity. RESULTS We found that seasonal variations of cerebral glucose metabolism differed across brain regions. Glucose metabolism in prefrontal regions increased with longer daylength and with greater day-to-day increases in daylength. The cuneus and olfactory bulb had the maximum and minimum metabolic values around the summer and winter solstice respectively (positively associated with daylength), whereas the temporal lobe, brainstem, and postcentral cortex showed maximum and minimum metabolic values around the spring and autumn equinoxes, respectively (positively associated with faster daylength gain). Longer daylength was associated with greater amplitude and robustness of diurnal activity rhythms suggesting circadian involvement. CONCLUSIONS The current findings advance our knowledge of seasonal patterns in a key indicator of brain function relevant for mood and cognition. These data could inform treatment interventions for psychiatric symptoms that peak at specific times of the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ehsan Shokri-Kojori
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sukru Baris Demiral
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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5
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Mahoney HL, Schmidt TM. The cognitive impact of light: illuminating ipRGC circuit mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:159-175. [PMID: 38279030 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Ever-present in our environments, light entrains circadian rhythms over long timescales, influencing daily activity patterns, health and performance. Increasing evidence indicates that light also acts independently of the circadian system to directly impact physiology and behaviour, including cognition. Exposure to light stimulates brain areas involved in cognition and appears to improve a broad range of cognitive functions. However, the extent of these effects and their mechanisms are unknown. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) have emerged as the primary conduit through which light impacts non-image-forming behaviours and are a prime candidate for mediating the direct effects of light on cognition. Here, we review the current state of understanding of these effects in humans and mice, and the tools available to uncover circuit-level and photoreceptor-specific mechanisms. We also address current barriers to progress in this area. Current and future efforts to unravel the circuits through which light influences cognitive functions may inform the tailoring of lighting landscapes to optimize health and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Mahoney
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Tiffany M Schmidt
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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6
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Huang X, Tao Q, Ren C. A Comprehensive Overview of the Neural Mechanisms of Light Therapy. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:350-362. [PMID: 37555919 PMCID: PMC10912407 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is a powerful environmental factor influencing diverse brain functions. Clinical evidence supports the beneficial effect of light therapy on several diseases, including depression, cognitive dysfunction, chronic pain, and sleep disorders. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the effects of light therapy are still not well understood. In this review, we critically evaluate current clinical evidence showing the beneficial effects of light therapy on diseases. In addition, we introduce the research progress regarding the neural circuit mechanisms underlying the modulatory effects of light on brain functions, including mood, memory, pain perception, sleep, circadian rhythm, brain development, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Huang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Psychology Department, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Chaoran Ren
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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7
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Kulkarni P, Pradeep B, Yusuf R, Alexander H, ElSayed H. Enhancing Occupant Comfort and Building Sustainability: Lessons from an Internet of Things-Based Study on Centrally Controlled Indoor Shared Spaces in Hot Climatic Conditions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1406. [PMID: 38474942 DOI: 10.3390/s24051406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
It is well known that buildings have a sizeable energy and environmental footprint. In particular, in environments like university campuses, the occupants as well as occupancy in shared spaces varies over time. Systems for cooling in such environments that are centrally controlled are typically threshold driven and do not account for occupant feedback and thus are often relying on a reactive approach (fix after identifying problems). Therefore, having a fixed thermal operating set point may not be optimal in such cases-both from an occupant comfort and well-being as well as an energy efficiency perspective. To address this issue, a study was conducted which involved development and deployment of an experimental Internet of Things (IoT) prototype system and an Android application that facilitated people engagement on a university campus located in the UAE which typically exhibits hot climatic conditions. This paper showcases data driven insights obtained from this study, and in particular, how to achieve a balance between the conflicting goals of improving occupant comfort and energy efficiency. Findings from this study underscore the need for regular reassessments and adaptation. The proposed solution is low cost and easy to deploy and has the potential to reap significant savings through a reduction in energy consumption with estimates indicating around 50-100 kWh/day of savings per building and the resulting environmental impact. These findings would appeal to stakeholders who are keen to improve energy efficiency and reduce their operating expenses and environmental footprint in such climatic conditions. Furthermore, collective action from a large number of entities could result in significant impact through this cumulative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Kulkarni
- College of Information Technology (CIT), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- National Water and Energy Centre (NWEC), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bivin Pradeep
- College of Information Technology (CIT), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rahemeen Yusuf
- Emirates Centre for Happiness Research, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Henry Alexander
- College of Information Technology (CIT), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hesham ElSayed
- College of Information Technology (CIT), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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8
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Fuchs F, Robin-Choteau L, Schneider A, Hugueny L, Ciocca D, Serchov T, Bourgin P. Delaying circadian sleep phase under ultradian light cycle causes time-of-day-dependent alteration of cognition and mood. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20313. [PMID: 37985784 PMCID: PMC10662432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44931-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Light exerts powerful and pervasive effects on physiology and behaviour. These effects can be indirect, through clock synchronization and phase adjustment of circadian rhythms, or direct, independent of the circadian process. Exposure to light at inappropriate times, as commonly experienced in today's society, leads to increased prevalence of circadian, sleep and mood disorders as well as cognitive impairments. In mice, exposure to an ultradian 3.5 h light/3.5 h dark cycle (T7) for several days has been shown to impair behaviour through direct, non-circadian, photic effects, a claim we challenge here. We first confirmed that T7 cycle induces a lengthening of the circadian period resulting in a day by day phase-delay of both activity and sleep rhythms. Spatial novelty preference test performed at different circadian time points in mice housed under T7 cycle demonstrated that cognitive deficit was restrained to the subjective night. Mice under the same condition also showed a modification of stress-induced despair-like behaviour in the forced swim test. Therefore, our data demonstrate that ultradian light cycles cause time-of-day-dependent alteration of cognition and mood through clock period lengthening delaying circadian sleep phase, and not through a direct photic influence. These results are of critical importance for the clinical applications of light therapy in the medical field and for today's society to establish lighting recommendations for shift work, schools, hospitals and homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Fuchs
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI)-UPR 3212-CNRS/University of Strasbourg, 8 allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Sleep Disorders Center and CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology), Strasbourg University Hospital, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ludivine Robin-Choteau
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI)-UPR 3212-CNRS/University of Strasbourg, 8 allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- European Center for Diabetes Studies (CEED), Strasbourg, France
| | - Aline Schneider
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI)-UPR 3212-CNRS/University of Strasbourg, 8 allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Hugueny
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI)-UPR 3212-CNRS/University of Strasbourg, 8 allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Sleep Disorders Center and CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology), Strasbourg University Hospital, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Ciocca
- Chronobiotron-UMS3415-CNRS/University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tsvetan Serchov
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI)-UPR 3212-CNRS/University of Strasbourg, 8 allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrice Bourgin
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI)-UPR 3212-CNRS/University of Strasbourg, 8 allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
- Sleep Disorders Center and CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology), Strasbourg University Hospital, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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Didikoglu A, Mohammadian N, Johnson S, van Tongeren M, Wright P, Casson AJ, Brown TM, Lucas RJ. Associations between light exposure and sleep timing and sleepiness while awake in a sample of UK adults in everyday life. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301608120. [PMID: 37812713 PMCID: PMC10589638 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301608120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental and interventional studies show that light can regulate sleep timing and sleepiness while awake by setting the phase of circadian rhythms and supporting alertness. The extent to which differences in light exposure explain variations in sleep and sleepiness within and between individuals in everyday life remains less clear. Here, we establish a method to address this deficit, incorporating an open-source wearable wrist-worn light logger (SpectraWear) and smartphone-based online data collection. We use it to simultaneously record longitudinal light exposure (in melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance), sleep timing, and subjective alertness over seven days in a convenience sample of 59 UK adults without externally imposed circadian challenge (e.g., shift work or jetlag). Participants reliably had strong daily rhythms in light exposure but frequently were exposed to less light during the daytime and more light in pre-bedtime and sleep episodes than recommended [T. M. Brown et al., PLoS Biol. 20, e3001571 (2022)]. Prior light exposure over several hours was associated with lower subjective sleepiness with, in particular, brighter light in the late sleep episode and after wake linked to reduced early morning sleepiness (sleep inertia). Higher pre-bedtime light exposure was associated with longer sleep onset latency. Early sleep timing was correlated with more reproducible and robust daily patterns of light exposure and higher daytime/lower night-time light exposure. Our study establishes a method for collecting longitudinal sleep and health/performance data in everyday life and provides evidence of associations between light exposure and important determinants of sleep health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altug Didikoglu
- Centre for Biological Timing, Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroscience, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce, Izmir35430, Turkey
| | - Navid Mohammadian
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Sheena Johnson
- Thomas Ashton Institute, People, Management and Organisation Division, Alliance Manchester Business School, Faculty of Humanities, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Martie van Tongeren
- Thomas Ashton Institute, Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wright
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Casson
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M. Brown
- Centre for Biological Timing, Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Lucas
- Centre for Biological Timing, Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
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10
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Paparella I, Campbell I, Sharifpour R, Beckers E, Berger A, Aizpurua JFB, Koshmanova E, Mortazavi N, Talwar P, Degueldre C, Lamalle L, Sherif S, Phillips C, Maquet P, Vandewalle G. Light modulates task-dependent thalamo-cortical connectivity during an auditory attentional task. Commun Biol 2023; 6:945. [PMID: 37714936 PMCID: PMC10504287 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to blue wavelength light stimulates alertness and performance by modulating a widespread set of task-dependent cortical and subcortical areas. How light affects the crosstalk between brain areas to trigger this stimulating effect is not established. Here we record the brain activity of 19 healthy young participants (24.05±2.63; 12 women) while they complete an auditory attentional task in darkness or under an active (blue-enriched) or a control (orange) light, in an ultra-high-field 7 Tesla MRI scanner. We test if light modulates the effective connectivity between an area of the posterior associative thalamus, encompassing the pulvinar, and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), key areas in the regulation of attention. We find that only the blue-enriched light strengthens the connection from the posterior thalamus to the IPS. To the best of our knowledge, our results provide the first empirical data supporting that blue wavelength light affects ongoing non-visual cognitive activity by modulating task-dependent information flow from subcortical to cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Paparella
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Islay Campbell
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Roya Sharifpour
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Elise Beckers
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ET, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Berger
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Synergia Medical SA, 1435, Mont-Saint-Guibert, Belgium
| | | | - Ekaterina Koshmanova
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nasrin Mortazavi
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Puneet Talwar
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian Degueldre
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Lamalle
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Siya Sherif
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Phillips
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maquet
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Neurology Department, CHU de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gilles Vandewalle
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Schöllhorn I, Deuring G, Stefani O, Strumberger MA, Rosburg T, Lemoine P, Pross A, Wingert B, Mager R, Cajochen C. Effects of nature-adapted lighting solutions ("Virtual Sky") on subjective and objective correlates of sleepiness, well-being, visual and cognitive performance at the workplace. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288690. [PMID: 37535612 PMCID: PMC10399894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to natural daylight benefits human well-being, alertness, circadian rhythms and sleep. Many workplaces have limited or no access to daylight. Thus, we implemented a light-panel ("Virtual Sky"), which reproduced nature-adapted light scenarios. In a laboratory office environment, three lighting scenarios were presented during the day: two lighting conditions with nature-adapted spectral light distributions, one with static and one with dynamic clouds, and a standard office lighting condition. We compared the impact of the three lighting scenarios on subjective and objective measures of alertness, cognitive performance, wellbeing, visual comfort, contrast sensitivity, and cortisol levels in 18 healthy young male volunteers in a within-participant cross-over study design. We found no evidence that an 8-h lighting scenario with static or dynamic clouds during the waking day (9am-5pm) was associated with any significant effect on objective and/or subjective alertness, cognitive performance and morning cortisol concentrations compared to standard workplace lighting. However, the dynamic light scenario was accompanied with lower levels of perceived tensionafter completing cognitive tasks and less effort to concentrate compared to the static lighting scenarios. Our findings suggest that apart from smaller effects on tension and concentration effort, nature-adapted lighting conditions did not improve daytime alertness and cognitive performance in healthy well-rested young participants, as compared to standard office lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Schöllhorn
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Deuring
- Forensic Department, Basel University, University Psychiatric Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Stefani
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Strumberger
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timm Rosburg
- Department of Clinical Research, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, EbIM Research & Education, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Lemoine
- Forensic Department, Basel University, University Psychiatric Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Achim Pross
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Wingert
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Industrial Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralph Mager
- Forensic Department, Basel University, University Psychiatric Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Cao P, Zhang M, Ni Z, Song XJ, Yang CL, Mao Y, Zhou W, Dong WY, Peng X, Zheng C, Zhang Z, Jin Y, Tao W. Green light induces antinociception via visual-somatosensory circuits. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112290. [PMID: 36947545 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Light has been shown to relieve pain, but the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that low-intensity (200 lux) green light treatment exerts antinociceptive effects through a neural circuit from the visual cortex projecting to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in mice. Specifically, viral tracing, in vivo two-photon calcium imaging, and fiber photometry recordings show that green light activated glutamatergic projections from the medial part of the secondary visual cortex (V2MGlu) to GABAergic neurons in the ACC, which drives inhibition of local glutamatergic neurons (V2MGlu→ACCGABA→Glu). Optogenetic or chemogenetic activation of the V2MGlu→ACCGABA→Glu circuit mimics green-light-induced antinociception in both neuropathic and inflammatory pain model mice. Artificial inhibition of ACC-projecting V2MGlu neurons abolishes the antinociception induced by green light. Taken together, our study shows the V2M-ACC circuit as a potential candidate mediating green-light-induced antinociceptive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Department of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Ziyun Ni
- Department of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xiang-Jie Song
- Department of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Chen-Ling Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yu Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Pain Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Wenjie Zhou
- Department of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Wan-Ying Dong
- Department of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xiaoqi Peng
- Department of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Changjian Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Department of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Wenjuan Tao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; College & Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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13
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Shang M, Shen M, Xu R, Du J, Zhang J, OuYang D, Du J, Hu J, Sun Z, Wang B, Han Q, Hu Y, Liu Y, Guan Y, Li J, Guo G, Xing J. Moderate white light exposure enhanced spatial memory retrieval by activating a central amygdala-involved circuit in mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:414. [PMID: 37059729 PMCID: PMC10104844 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Light exposure can profoundly affect neurological functions and behaviors. Here, we show that short-term exposure to moderate (400 lux) white light during Y-maze test promoted spatial memory retrieval and induced only mild anxiety in mice. This beneficial effect involves the activation of a circuit including neurons in the central amygdala (CeA), locus coeruleus (LC), and dentate gyrus (DG). Specifically, moderate light activated corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) positive (+) CeA neurons and induced the release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) from their axon terminals ending in the LC. CRF then activated tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing LC neurons, which send projections to DG and release norepinephrine (NE). NE activated β-adrenergic receptors on CaMKIIα-expressing DG neurons, ultimately promoting spatial memory retrieval. Our study thus demonstrated a specific light scheme that can promote spatial memory without excessive stress, and unraveled the underlying CeA-LC-DG circuit and associated neurochemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJuan Shang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China
| | - MeiLun Shen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China
| | - RuoTong Xu
- The Third Regiment, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China
| | - JingYu Du
- The Third Regiment, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China
| | - JiMeng Zhang
- The Second Regiment, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China
| | - Ding OuYang
- The Third Regiment, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China
| | - JunZe Du
- The Third Regiment, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China
| | - JunFeng Hu
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China
| | - ZhiChuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daxing Hospital, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China
| | - BingXia Wang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China
| | - Qian Han
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China
| | - Yang Hu
- The Third Regiment, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China
| | - YiHong Liu
- The Third Regiment, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China
| | - GuoZhen Guo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China.
| | - JunLing Xing
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710032, China.
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14
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Campbell I, Sharifpour R, Vandewalle G. Light as a Modulator of Non-Image-Forming Brain Functions—Positive and Negative Impacts of Increasing Light Availability. Clocks Sleep 2023; 5:116-140. [PMID: 36975552 PMCID: PMC10047820 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Light use is rising steeply, mainly because of the advent of light-emitting diode (LED) devices. LEDs are frequently blue-enriched light sources and may have different impacts on the non-image forming (NIF) system, which is maximally sensitive to blue-wavelength light. Most importantly, the timing of LED device use is widespread, leading to novel light exposure patterns on the NIF system. The goal of this narrative review is to discuss the multiple aspects that we think should be accounted for when attempting to predict how this situation will affect the NIF impact of light on brain functions. We first cover both the image-forming and NIF pathways of the brain. We then detail our current understanding of the impact of light on human cognition, sleep, alertness, and mood. Finally, we discuss questions concerning the adoption of LED lighting and screens, which offer new opportunities to improve well-being, but also raise concerns about increasing light exposure, which may be detrimental to health, particularly in the evening.
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15
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Blume C, Niedernhuber M, Spitschan M, Slawik HC, Meyer MP, Bekinschtein TA, Cajochen C. Melatonin suppression does not automatically alter sleepiness, vigilance, sensory processing, or sleep. Sleep 2022; 45:zsac199. [PMID: 35998110 PMCID: PMC9644120 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Presleep exposure to short-wavelength light suppresses melatonin and decreases sleepiness with activating effects extending to sleep. This has mainly been attributed to melanopic effects, but mechanistic insights are missing. Thus, we investigated whether two light conditions only differing in the melanopic effects (123 vs. 59 lx melanopic EDI) differentially affect sleep besides melatonin. Additionally, we studied whether the light differentially modulates sensory processing during wakefulness and sleep. Twenty-nine healthy volunteers (18-30 years, 15 women) were exposed to two metameric light conditions (high- vs. low-melanopic, ≈60 photopic lx) for 1 h ending 50 min prior to habitual bed time. This was followed by an 8-h sleep opportunity with polysomnography. Objective sleep measurements were complemented by self-report. Salivary melatonin, subjective sleepiness, and behavioral vigilance were sampled at regular intervals. Sensory processing was evaluated during light exposure and sleep on the basis of neural responses related to violations of expectations in an oddball paradigm. We observed suppression of melatonin by ≈14% in the high- compared to the low-melanopic condition. However, conditions did not differentially affect sleep, sleep quality, sleepiness, or vigilance. A neural mismatch response was evident during all sleep stages, but not differentially modulated by light. Suppression of melatonin by light targeting the melanopic system does not automatically translate to acutely altered levels of vigilance or sleepiness or to changes in sleep, sleep quality, or basic sensory processing. Given contradicting earlier findings and the retinal anatomy, this may suggest that an interaction between melanopsin and cone-rod signals needs to be considered. Clinical Trial Registry: German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00023602, https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00023602.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Blume
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (institution, where the work was performed)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Niedernhuber
- Consciousness and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manuel Spitschan
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (institution, where the work was performed)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Translational Sensory and Circadian Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- TUM Department of Sport and Health Sciences (TUM SG), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helen C Slawik
- Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin P Meyer
- Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tristan A Bekinschtein
- Consciousness and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (institution, where the work was performed)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Butler M, D'Angelo S, Lewis C, Miller D, Perrin A, Suls J, Chandereng T, Cheung YK, Davidson KW. Series of virtual light therapy interventions for fatigue: a feasibility pilot study protocol for a series of personalised (N-of-1) trials. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e055518. [PMID: 36283748 PMCID: PMC9608534 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatigue is one of the most commonly recorded patient symptoms that can result in deficits in aspects of psychomotor functioning, cognition, work performance and mood. Research shows that bright light and dim light therapy may be an efficacious way to reduce symptoms of fatigue. Still, the feasibility, scalability, individual treatment effects and adverse event heterogeneity of these treatments are unknown. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The current study evaluates the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of a series of personalised (N-of-1) interventions for virtual delivery of bright light therapy and dim light therapy versus usual care treatment for fatigue in 60 participants. We hypothesise that this study will provide valuable information about implementing virtual, N-of-1 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) for fatigue. It will also offer results about determining participants' ratings of usability and satisfaction with the virtual, personalised intervention delivery system; evaluating participants' improvement of fatigue symptoms; and, in the long term, identify ways to integrate N-of-1 light therapy trials into patient care. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This trial was approved by the Northwell Health Institutional Review Board. The trial results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. All publications resulting from this series of personalised trials will follow the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials extension for N-of-1 trials CENT 2015 reporting guidelines. REGISTRATION DETAILS This trial is registered in www. CLINICALTRIALS gov (number NCT04707846). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04707846.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Butler
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Stefani D'Angelo
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Courtney Lewis
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Danielle Miller
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Alexandra Perrin
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Jerry Suls
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Thevaa Chandereng
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ying Kuen Cheung
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karina W Davidson
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead, New York, USA
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17
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Brighter Time: A Smartphone App Recording Cognitive Task Performance and Illuminance in Everyday Life. Clocks Sleep 2022; 4:577-594. [PMID: 36278538 PMCID: PMC9589962 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep4040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is an influential regulator of behavioural and physiological state in mammals. Features of cognitive performance such as memory, vigilance and alertness can be altered by bright light exposure under laboratory and field conditions. However, the importance of light as a regulator of performance in everyday life is hard to assess and has so far remained largely unclear. We set out to address this uncertainty by developing a tool to capture measures of cognitive performance and light exposure, at scale, and during everyday life. To this end, we generated an app (Brighter Time) which incorporated a psychomotor vigilance (PVT), an N-back and a visual search task with questionnaire-based assessments of demographic characteristics, general health, chronotype and sleep. The app also measured illuminance during task completion using the smartphone's intrinsic light meter. We undertook a pilot feasibility study of Brighter Time based on 91-week-long acquisition phases within a convenience sample (recruited by local advertisements and word of mouth) running Brighter Time on their own smartphones over two study phases in winter and summer. Study compliance was suitable (median = 20/21 requested task completions per subject). Statistically significant associations were observed between subjective sleepiness and performance in all tasks. Significant daily variations in PVT and visual search performance were also observed. Higher illuminance was associated with reduced reaction time and lower inverse efficiency score in the visual search. Brighter Time thus represents a viable option for large-scale collection of cognitive task data in everyday life, and is able to reveal associations between task performance and sleepiness, time of day and current illuminance. Brighter Time's utility could be extended to exploring associations with longer-term patterns of light exposure and/or other light metrics by integrating with wearable light meters.
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18
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Mu YM, Huang XD, Zhu S, Hu ZF, So KF, Ren CR, Tao Q. Alerting effects of light in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1929-1936. [PMID: 35142669 PMCID: PMC8848614 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Light plays an essential role in psychobiological and psychophysiological processes, such as alertness. The alerting effect is influenced by light characteristics and the timing of interventions. This meta-analysis is the first to systematically review the effect of light intervention on alertness and to discuss the optimal protocol for light intervention. In this meta-analysis, registered at PROSPERO (Registration ID: CRD42020181485), we conducted a systematic search of the Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases for studies published in English prior to August 2021. The outcomes included both subjective and objective alertness. Subgroup analyses considered a variety of factors, such as wavelength, correlated color temperature (CCT), light illuminance, and timing of interventions (daytime, night-time, or all day). Twenty-seven crossover studies and two parallel-group studies were included in this meta-analysis, with a total of 1210 healthy participants (636 (52%) male, mean age 25.62 years). The results revealed that light intervention had a positive effect on both subjective alertness (standardized mean difference (SMD) = –0.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): –0.49 to –0.06, P = 0.01) and objective alertness in healthy subjects (SMD = –0.34, 95% CI: –0.68 to –0.01, P = 0.04). The subgroup analysis revealed that cold light was better than warm light in improving subjective alertness (SMD = –0.37, 95% CI: –0.65 to –0.10, P = 0.007, I2 = 26%) and objective alertness (SMD = –0.36, 95% CI: –0.66 to –0.07, P = 0.02, I2 = 0). Both daytime (SMD = –0.22, 95% CI: –0.37 to –0.07, P = 0.005, I2 = 74%) and night-time (SMD = –0.32, 95% CI: –0.61 to –0.02, P = 0.04, I2 = 0) light exposure improved subjective alertness. The results of this meta-analysis and systematic review indicate that light exposure is associated with significant improvement in subjective and objective alertness. In addition, light exposure with a higher CCT was more effective in improving alertness than light exposure with a lower CCT. Our results also suggest that both daytime and night-time light exposure can improve subjective alertness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Man Mu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine; Division of Medical Psychology and Behavior Science, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Huang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sui Zhu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine; Division of Medical Psychology and Behavior Science, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zheng-Fang Hu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Qingdao, Shandong Province; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao-Ran Ren
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Qingdao, Shandong Province; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine; Division of Medical Psychology and Behavior Science, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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19
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Luxotonic signals in human prefrontal cortex as a possible substrate for effects of light on mood and cognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118192119. [PMID: 35867740 PMCID: PMC9282370 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118192119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies with experimental animals have revealed a mood-regulating neural pathway linking intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Since humans also have light-intensity-encoding ipRGCs, we asked whether a similar pathway exists in humans. Here, functional MRI was used to identify PFC regions and other areas exhibiting light-intensity-dependent signals. We report 26 human brain regions having activation that either monotonically decreases or monotonically increases with light intensity. Luxotonic-related activation occurred across the cerebral cortex, in diverse subcortical structures, and in the cerebellum, encompassing regions with functions related to visual image formation, motor control, cognition, and emotion. Light suppressed PFC activation, which monotonically decreased with increasing light intensity. The sustained time course of light-evoked PFC responses and their susceptibility to prior light exposure resembled those of ipRGCs. These findings offer a functional link between light exposure and PFC-mediated cognitive and affective phenomena.
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20
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Brown TM, Brainard GC, Cajochen C, Czeisler CA, Hanifin JP, Lockley SW, Lucas RJ, Münch M, O’Hagan JB, Peirson SN, Price LLA, Roenneberg T, Schlangen LJM, Skene DJ, Spitschan M, Vetter C, Zee PC, Wright KP. Recommendations for daytime, evening, and nighttime indoor light exposure to best support physiology, sleep, and wakefulness in healthy adults. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001571. [PMID: 35298459 PMCID: PMC8929548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular light exposure has important influences on human health and well-being through modulation of circadian rhythms and sleep, as well as neuroendocrine and cognitive functions. Prevailing patterns of light exposure do not optimally engage these actions for many individuals, but advances in our understanding of the underpinning mechanisms and emerging lighting technologies now present opportunities to adjust lighting to promote optimal physical and mental health and performance. A newly developed, international standard provides a SI-compliant way of quantifying the influence of light on the intrinsically photosensitive, melanopsin-expressing, retinal neurons that mediate these effects. The present report provides recommendations for lighting, based on an expert scientific consensus and expressed in an easily measured quantity (melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (melaponic EDI)) defined within this standard. The recommendations are supported by detailed analysis of the sensitivity of human circadian, neuroendocrine, and alerting responses to ocular light and provide a straightforward framework to inform lighting design and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Brown
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (TMB); (KPW)
| | - George C. Brainard
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles A. Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John P. Hanifin
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven W. Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Lucas
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mirjam Münch
- Centre for Chronobiology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - John B. O’Hagan
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N. Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luke L. A. Price
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Till Roenneberg
- Institutes for Medical Psychology and Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Luc J. M. Schlangen
- Human Technology Interaction Group, Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Intelligent Lighting Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Debra J. Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Spitschan
- Translational Sensory & Circadian Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- TUM Department of Sport and Health Sciences (TUM SG), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Céline Vetter
- Circadian and Sleep Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Phyllis C. Zee
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TMB); (KPW)
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21
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Maruani J, Geoffroy PA. Multi-Level Processes and Retina-Brain Pathways of Photic Regulation of Mood. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020448. [PMID: 35054142 PMCID: PMC8781294 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Light exerts powerful biological effects on mood regulation. Whereas the source of photic information affecting mood is well established at least via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) secreting the melanopsin photopigment, the precise circuits that mediate the impact of light on depressive behaviors are not well understood. This review proposes two distinct retina–brain pathways of light effects on mood: (i) a suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)-dependent pathway with light effect on mood via the synchronization of biological rhythms, and (ii) a SCN-independent pathway with light effects on mood through modulation of the homeostatic process of sleep, alertness and emotion regulation: (1) light directly inhibits brain areas promoting sleep such as the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), and activates numerous brain areas involved in alertness such as, monoaminergic areas, thalamic regions and hypothalamic regions including orexin areas; (2) moreover, light seems to modulate mood through orexin-, serotonin- and dopamine-dependent pathways; (3) in addition, light activates brain emotional processing areas including the amygdala, the nucleus accumbens, the perihabenular nucleus, the left hippocampus and pathways such as the retina–ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and intergeniculate leaflet–lateral habenula pathway. This work synthetizes new insights into the neural basis required for light influence mood
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Maruani
- Département de Psychiatrie et d’Addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hôpital Bichat—Claude Bernard, F-75018 Paris, France
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM U1141, Université de Paris, F-75019 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (P.A.G.); Tel.: +33-(0)1-40-25-82-62 (J.M. & P.A.G.)
| | - Pierre A. Geoffroy
- Département de Psychiatrie et d’Addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hôpital Bichat—Claude Bernard, F-75018 Paris, France
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM U1141, Université de Paris, F-75019 Paris, France
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- GHU Paris—Psychiatry & Neurosciences, 1 Rue Cabanis, F-75014 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (P.A.G.); Tel.: +33-(0)1-40-25-82-62 (J.M. & P.A.G.)
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22
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Lin Z, Hou G, Yao Y, Zhou Z, Zhu F, Liu L, Zeng L, Yang Y, Ma J. 40-Hz Blue Light Changes Hippocampal Activation and Functional Connectivity Underlying Recognition Memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:739333. [PMID: 34975431 PMCID: PMC8716555 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.739333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on light modulation has typically examined the wavelength, intensity, and exposure time of light, and measured rhythm, sleep, and cognitive ability to evaluate the regulatory effects of light variables on physiological and cognitive functions. Although the frequency of light is one of the main dimensions of light, few studies have attempted to manipulate it to test the effect on brain activation and performance. Recently, 40-Hz light stimulation has been proven to significantly alleviate deficits in gamma oscillation of the hippocampus caused by Alzheimer’s disease. Although this oscillation is one of the key functional characteristics of performing memory tasks in healthy people, there is no evidence that 40-Hz blue light exposure can effectively regulate brain activities related to complex cognitive tasks. In the current study, we examined the difference in the effects of 40-Hz light or 0-Hz light exposure on brain activation and functional connectivity during a recognition memory task. Through joint augmentation of visual area activation, 40-Hz light enhanced brain areas mostly in the limbic system that are related to memory, such as the hippocampus and thalamus. Conversely, 0-Hz light enhanced brain areas mostly in the prefrontal cortex. Additionally, functional connection analysis, with the hippocampus as the seed point, showed that 40-Hz light enhanced connection with the superior parietal lobe and reduced the connection with the default network. These results indicate that light at a frequency of 40 Hz can change the activity and functional connection of memory-related core brain areas. They also indicate that in the use of light to regulate cognitive functions, its frequency characteristics merit attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglong Lin
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gangqiang Hou
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Youli Yao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feiqi Zhu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linjing Liu
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingwu Zeng
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yatao Yang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junxian Ma
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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23
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Luo X, Ru T, Chen Q, Hsiao FC, Hung CS, Yang CM, Zhou G. Temporal Dynamics of Subjective and Objective Alertness During Exposure to Bright Light in the Afternoon for 5 h. Front Physiol 2021; 12:771605. [PMID: 34950050 PMCID: PMC8691749 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.771605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Light can induce an alertness response in humans. The effects of exposure to bright light vs. dim light on the levels of alertness during the day, especially in the afternoon, as reported in the literature, are inconsistent. This study employed a multiple measurement strategy to explore the temporal variations in the effects of exposure to bright light vs. regular office light (1,200 lx vs. 200 lx at eye level, 6,500 K) on the alertness of participants for 5 h in the afternoon. In this study, 20 healthy adults (11 female; mean age 23.25 ± 2.3 years) underwent the Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS), the auditory psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), and the waking electroencephalogram (EEG) test for two levels of light intervention. The results yielded a relatively lower relative delta power and a relatively higher beta power for the 1,200 lx condition in comparison with the 200 lx condition. However, the light conditions elicited no statistically significant differences in the KSS scores and performance with respect to the PVT. The results suggested that exposure to bright light for 5 h in the afternoon could enhance physiological arousal while exerting insignificant effects on subjective feelings and performance abilities relating to the alertness of the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Luo
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taotao Ru
- Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Normal University, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingwei Chen
- Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Normal University, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan-Chi Hsiao
- Department of Counseling and Industrial/Organizational Psychology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Sui Hung
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.,The Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Normal University, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Elovainio M, Komulainen K, Lipsanen J, Partonen T, Pesonen AK, Pulkki-Råback L, Paunio T, Kähönen M, Vahtera J, Virtanen M, Ruuhela R, Hakulinen C, Raitakari O. Long-term cumulative light exposure from the natural environment and sleep: A cohort study. J Sleep Res 2021; 31:e13511. [PMID: 34729842 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We analysed (A) the association of short-term as well as long-term cumulative exposure to natural light, and (B) the association of detailed temporal patterns of natural light exposure history with three indicators of sleep: sleep duration, sleep problems, and diurnal preference. Data (N = 1,962; 55% women; mean age 41.4 years) were from the prospective Young Finns Study, which we linked to daily meteorological data on each participant's neighbourhood natural light exposure using residential postal codes. Sleep outcomes were self-reported in 2011. We first examined associations of the sleep outcomes with cumulative light exposure of 5-year, 2-year, 1-year, and 2-month periods prior to the sleep assessment using linear and Poisson regression models adjusting for potential confounders. We then used a data-driven time series approach to detect clusters of participants with different light exposure histories and assessed the associations of these clusters with the sleep outcomes using linear and Poisson regression analyses. A greater cumulative light exposure over ≥1 year was associated with a shorter sleep duration (β = -0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.15 to -0.04), more sleep problems (incident rate ratio [IRR] 1.04, 95% CI 1.0-1.07) and diurnal preference towards eveningness (β = -0.09, 95% CI -0.14 to -0.03). The data-driven exposure pattern of "slowly increasing" light exposure was associated with fewer overall sleep problems (IRR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88-0.98) compared to a "recently declining" light exposure group representing the "average-exposure" group. These findings suggest that living in an area with relatively more intense light exposure for a longer period of time influences sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Elovainio
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisla Komulainen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Lipsanen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Partonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu-Katriina Pesonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,SleepWell-Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikä Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi Vahtera
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marianna Virtanen
- School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.,Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reija Ruuhela
- Weather and Climate Change Impact Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Hakulinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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25
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Golmohammadi R, Yousefi H, Safarpour Khotbesara N, Nasrolahi A, Kurd N. Effects of Light on Attention and Reaction Time: A Systematic Review. J Res Health Sci 2021; 21:e00529. [PMID: 36511225 PMCID: PMC8957666 DOI: 10.34172/jrhs.2021.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accuracy, speed, efficiency, and applicability of activities in the workplace are among the most important effective factors on people's productivity, which is in turn affected by environmental factors, such as light. Therefore, the present research aimed to review the studies performed about the effects of light on attention and reaction time. METHODS This review study systematically searched articles from 2000-2019 in databases of Google Scholar, ISC, SID, Magiran, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus using keywords of light, lighting, attention, and reaction time. The titles and abstracts of articles containing relevant results over the past 20 years were extracted. Thereafter, they were categorized and analyzed according to the title, author name, publication year, study method, study type, and evaluation results. RESULTS Based on the results, the light with shorter wavelengths, higher intensity, and higher color temperature led to suppressed melatonin, higher consciousness, less somnolence, increased attention, and faster reaction time. Simultaneous exposure to harmful levels of environmental factors affects cognitive and physiological parameters, acting independently with a separate mechanism or synergistically with a similar mechanism. The best light in the regulation of psychological, biological, and cognitive processes is bright daylight in the morning with a short wavelength, high intensity, and more lasting effects. CONCLUSION As evidenced by the obtained results, light is a powerful modulator of non-visual performance in cognitive tasks. The wavelength, color temperature, and light intensity modulate brain responses to cognitive tasks, including attention and reaction time. Therefore, these parameters, along with personal and environmental factors, should be considered in designing and using light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostam Golmohammadi
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hanieh Yousefi
- Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Negar Safarpour Khotbesara
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Nasrolahi
- Research Center for Prevention of Psychosocial Injuries, Ilam University of medical science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Nematullah Kurd
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
,Correspondence: Nematullah Kurd (MSc) Tel: +98 918 3354890 E-mail:
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26
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Nobukawa S, Wagatsuma N, Nishimura H, Doho H, Takahashi T. An Approach for Stabilizing Abnormal Neural Activity in ADHD Using Chaotic Resonance. Front Comput Neurosci 2021; 15:726641. [PMID: 34539367 PMCID: PMC8442914 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2021.726641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced integrity of neural pathways from frontal to sensory cortices has been suggested as a potential neurobiological basis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurofeedback has been widely applied to enhance reduced neural pathways in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder by repeated training on a daily temporal scale. Clinical and model-based studies have demonstrated that fluctuations in neural activity underpin sustained attention deficits in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. These aberrant neural fluctuations may be caused by the chaos–chaos intermittency state in frontal-sensory neural systems. Therefore, shifting the neural state from an aberrant chaos–chaos intermittency state to a normal stable state with an optimal external sensory stimulus, termed chaotic resonance, may be applied in neurofeedback for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In this study, we applied a neurofeedback method based on chaotic resonance induced by “reduced region of orbit” feedback signals in the Baghdadi model for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. We evaluated the stabilizing effect of reduced region of orbit feedback and its robustness against noise from errors in estimation of neural activity. The effect of chaotic resonance successfully shifted the abnormal chaos-chaos intermittency of neural activity to the intended stable activity. Additionally, evaluation of the influence of noise due to measurement errors revealed that the efficiency of chaotic resonance induced by reduced region of orbit feedback signals was maintained over a range of certain noise strengths. In conclusion, applying chaotic resonance induced by reduced region of orbit feedback signals to neurofeedback methods may provide a promising treatment option for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sou Nobukawa
- Department of Computer Science, Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Wagatsuma
- Department of Information Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Nishimura
- Graduate School of Applied Informatics, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Doho
- Graduate School of Applied Informatics, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Japan.,Faculty of Education, Teacher Training Division, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takahashi
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Uozu Shinkei Sanatorium, Uozu, Japan
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27
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Blue-Enriched White Light Therapy Reduces Fatigue in Survivors of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2021; 35:E78-E85. [PMID: 31246878 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fatigue is one of the disabling sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with repercussions on quality of life, rehabilitation, and professional reintegration. Research is needed on effective interventions. We evaluated efficacy of blue-enriched white light (BWL) therapy on fatigue of patients with severe TBI. SETTING Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Physiology departments of University hospitals. PARTICIPANTS Adult patients with fatigue symptoms following severe TBI, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) score 4 or more, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score 10 or more, and/or Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI]) more than 5 were randomly assigned to one of 2 parallel groups: a BWL therapy group, with 30-minute exposure to waking white light enriched with blue for 4 weeks, and a group without light therapy (N-BWL), no light. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT02420275. MAIN MEASURES The primary outcome measure was the response of the FSS to 4 weeks of treatment. In addition, we assessed latency change of the P300 component of event-related potentials before and after therapy. RESULTS Significant improvement in the FSS score (P = .026) was found in the BWL group compared with the N-BWL group. CONCLUSION BWL phototherapy reduces fatigue in patients with severe TBI.
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28
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Kolberg E, Hjetland GJ, Thun E, Pallesen S, Nordhus IH, Husebo BS, Flo-Groeneboom E. The effects of bright light treatment on affective symptoms in people with dementia: a 24-week cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:377. [PMID: 34320937 PMCID: PMC8317398 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of people with dementia have behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), including depression, anxiety and agitation. These may be elicited or aggravated by disrupted circadian rhythms. Bright light treatment (BLT) is a promising non-pharmacological approach to the management of BPSD, but previous research has yielded mixed results. METHODS Eight nursing home dementia units (1 unit = 1 cluster) with 78 patients were invited to participate in a cluster randomized controlled trial from September 2017 to April 2018 investigating the effects of BLT on sleep and circadian rhythms (primary outcome) and BPSD (secondary outcome). Ceiling mounted LED-panels were installed in the intervention group (four units), providing light at 1000 lx and 6000 K (vertically at 1.2 m) between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m., with lower values in the mornings and evenings. Standard indoor light was used in the control group (four units). BPSD were assessed with The Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH). Data collection took place at baseline and after 8, 16 and 24 weeks. Multilevel regression models with and without false discovery rate correction were used for the analysis, with baseline values and dementia stage entered as covariates. RESULTS Sixty-nine patients were included in the study at baseline. Compared to the control group, the intervention group had a larger reduction on the composite scores of both the CSDD (95% CI = - 6.0 - - 0.3) and the NPI-NH (95% CI = - 2.2 - - 0.1), as well as on the NPI-NH Affect sub-syndrome, and the CSDD Mood related signs sub-scale at follow-up after 16 weeks. With FDR correction, the group difference was significant on the CSDD Mood related signs sub-scale (95% CI = - 2.7 - - 0.8) and the NPI-NH Affect sub-syndrome (95% CI = - 1.6 - - 0.2). No differences were found between conditions at weeks 8 or 24. CONCLUSION Compared to the control condition, affective symptoms were reduced after 16 weeks in the group receiving BLT, suggesting BLT may be beneficial for nursing home patients with dementia. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03357328 . Retrospectively registered on November 29, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirin Kolberg
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen (UiB), Aarstadveien 17, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Gunnhild Johnsen Hjetland
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen (UiB), Aarstadveien 17, 5009 Bergen, Norway ,City Department of Health and Care, City of Bergen, Norway
| | - Eirunn Thun
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen (UiB), Aarstadveien 17, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen (UiB) Christies gate 12, 5015 Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,grid.412008.f0000 0000 9753 1393Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway ,Optentia, the Vaal Triangle Campus of the North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Inger Hilde Nordhus
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen (UiB), Aarstadveien 17, 5009 Bergen, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Behavioral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Bettina S. Husebo
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine (SEFAS), Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen (UiB), Aarstadveien 17, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Flo-Groeneboom
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen (UiB), Aarstadveien 17, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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Li Y, Ru T, Chen Q, Qian L, Luo X, Zhou G. Effects of illuminance and correlated color temperature of indoor light on emotion perception. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14351. [PMID: 34253773 PMCID: PMC8275593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute non-image forming (NIF) effects of daytime light on momentary mood had been-although not always-established in the current literature. It still remains largely unknown whether short-time light exposure would modulate emotion perception in healthy adults. The current study (N = 48) was conducted to explore the effects of illuminance (100 lx vs. 1000 lx at eye level) and correlated color temperature (CCT, 2700 K vs. 6500 K) on explicit and implicit emotion perception that was assessed with emotional face judgment task and emotional oddball task respectively. Results showed that lower CCT significantly decreased negative response bias in the face judgment task, with labeling ambiguous faces less fearful under 2700 K vs. 6500 K condition. Moreover, participants responded slightly faster for emotional pictures under 6500 K vs. 2700 K condition, but no significant effect of illuminance or CCT on negativity bias was revealed in the emotional oddball task. These findings highlighted the differential role of illuminance and CCT in regulating instant emotion perception and suggested a task-dependent moderation of light spectrum on negativity bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Lab of Light and Physio-psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Taotao Ru
- Lab of Light and Physio-psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Qingwei Chen
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Lab of Light and Physio-psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Liu Qian
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Lab of Light and Physio-psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xianghang Luo
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Lab of Light and Physio-psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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30
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Stefani O, Freyburger M, Veitz S, Basishvili T, Meyer M, Weibel J, Kobayashi K, Shirakawa Y, Cajochen C. Changing color and intensity of LED lighting across the day impacts on circadian melatonin rhythms and sleep in healthy men. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12714. [PMID: 33378563 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether dynamically changing light across a scheduled 16-h waking day influences sleepiness, cognitive performance, visual comfort, melatonin secretion, and sleep under controlled laboratory conditions in healthy men. Fourteen participants underwent a 49-h laboratory protocol in a repeated-measures study design. They spent the first 5 hours in the evening under standard lighting, followed by an 8-h nocturnal sleep episode at habitual bedtimes. Thereafter, volunteers either woke up to static light or to a dynamic light that changed spectrum and intensity across the scheduled 16-h waking day. Following an 8-h nocturnal sleep episode, the volunteers spent another 11 hours either under static or dynamic light. Static light attenuated the evening rise in melatonin levels more compared to dynamic light as indexed by a significant reduction in the melatonin AUC prior to bedtime during static light only. Participants felt less vigilant in the evening during dynamic light. After dynamic light, sleep latency was significantly shorter in both the baseline and treatment night while sleep structure, sleep quality, cognitive performance, and visual comfort did not significantly differ. The study shows that dynamic changes in spectrum and intensity of light promote melatonin secretion and sleep initiation in healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stefani
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marlène Freyburger
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Veitz
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Basishvili
- School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Tengiz Oniani Laboratory of Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle Study, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Martin Meyer
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janine Weibel
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kumpei Kobayashi
- Development and Engineering Department, Toshiba Materials Co. Ltd, Yokohama-City, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shirakawa
- Development and Engineering Department, Toshiba Materials Co. Ltd, Yokohama-City, Japan
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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31
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Tabuchi M, Coates KE, Bautista OB, Zukowski LH. Light/Clock Influences Membrane Potential Dynamics to Regulate Sleep States. Front Neurol 2021; 12:625369. [PMID: 33854471 PMCID: PMC8039321 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.625369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm is a fundamental process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. This rhythm is regulated by core clock genes that oscillate to create a physiological rhythm of circadian neuronal activity. However, we do not know much about the mechanism by which circadian inputs influence neurons involved in sleep-wake architecture. One possible mechanism involves the photoreceptor cryptochrome (CRY). In Drosophila, CRY is receptive to blue light and resets the circadian rhythm. CRY also influences membrane potential dynamics that regulate neural activity of circadian clock neurons in Drosophila, including the temporal structure in sequences of spikes, by interacting with subunits of the voltage-dependent potassium channel. Moreover, several core clock molecules interact with voltage-dependent/independent channels, channel-binding protein, and subunits of the electrogenic ion pump. These components cooperatively regulate mechanisms that translate circadian photoreception and the timing of clock genes into changes in membrane excitability, such as neural firing activity and polarization sensitivity. In clock neurons expressing CRY, these mechanisms also influence synaptic plasticity. In this review, we propose that membrane potential dynamics created by circadian photoreception and core clock molecules are critical for generating the set point of synaptic plasticity that depend on neural coding. In this way, membrane potential dynamics drive formation of baseline sleep architecture, light-driven arousal, and memory processing. We also discuss the machinery that coordinates membrane excitability in circadian networks found in Drosophila, and we compare this machinery to that found in mammalian systems. Based on this body of work, we propose future studies that can better delineate how neural codes impact molecular/cellular signaling and contribute to sleep, memory processing, and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tabuchi
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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32
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Blue-light effects on saccadic eye movements and attentional disengagement. Atten Percept Psychophys 2021; 83:1713-1728. [PMID: 33751450 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
People are constantly exposed to high-energy blue light as they spend considerable amounts of time reading and browsing materials on electronic products like computers and cellphones. Recent studies suggest that the stimulation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)-a newly discovered type of photoreceptor shown to be particularly sensitive to blue light-activates brain regions related to eye movements and attentional orienting (e.g., frontal eye fields). It remains unclear, however, whether and how blue light affects eye movements and attention behaviorally. We examined this by adopting the gap paradigm in which participants made saccades to a peripheral target as quickly and accurately as possible while the fixation sign vanished (i.e., the gap condition) or remained visible. Participants were exposed to blue and orange light on two separate days. Faster saccade latency under blue light was found across two experiments, and the results indicate that blue light shortened saccade latency when attention and eye movements operate simultaneously. Our findings provide evidence for the blue-light facilitatory effect on eye movements and attentional disengagement, and suggest that blue light can enhance the speed of saccadic eye movements.
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33
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Modulation of recognition memory performance by light and its relationship with cortical EEG theta and gamma activities. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 191:114404. [PMID: 33412102 PMCID: PMC8363935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure to light exerts widespread effects on physiology, in addition to its key role in photoentrainment. Although the modulatory effect of light on physiological arousal is well demonstrated in mice, its effect on memory performance is inconclusive, as the direction of the effect depends on the nature of the behavioural task employed and/or the type of stimulus utilised. Moreover, in all rodent studies that reported significant effects of light on performance, brain activity was not assessed during the task and thus it is unclear how brain activity was modulated by light or the exact relationship between light-modulated brain activity and performance. Here we examine the modulatory effects of light of varying intensities on recognition memory performance and frontoparietal waking electroencephalography (EEG) in mice using the spontaneous recognition memory task. We report a light-intensity-dependent disruptive effect on recognition memory performance at the group level, but inspection of individual-level data indicates that light-intensity-dependent facilitation is observed in some cases. Using linear mixed-effects models, we then demonstrate that EEG fast theta (θ) activity at the time of encoding negatively predicts recognition memory performance, whereas slow gamma (γ) activity at the time of retrieval positively predicts performance. These relationships between θ/γ activity and performance are strengthened by increasing light intensity. Thus, light modulates θ and γ band activities involved in attentional and mnemonic processes, thereby affecting recognition memory performance. However, extraneous factors including the phase of the internal clock at which light is presented and homeostatic sleep pressure may determine how photic input is translated into behavioural performance.
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34
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Sletten TL, Raman B, Magee M, Ferguson SA, Kennaway DJ, Grunstein RR, Lockley SW, Rajaratnam SMW. A Blue-Enriched, Increased Intensity Light Intervention to Improve Alertness and Performance in Rotating Night Shift Workers in an Operational Setting. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:647-657. [PMID: 34079409 PMCID: PMC8163632 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s287097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the efficacy of a lighting intervention that increased both light intensity and short-wavelength (blue) light content to improve alertness, performance and mood in night shift workers in a chemical plant. PATIENTS AND METHODS During rostered night shifts, 28 workers (46.0±10.8 years; 27 male) were exposed to two light conditions each for two consecutive nights (~19:00-07:00 h) in a counterbalanced repeated measures design: traditional-spectrum lighting set at pre-study levels (43 lux, 4000 K) versus higher intensity, blue-enriched lighting (106 lux, 17,000 K), equating to a 4.5-fold increase in melanopic illuminance (24 to 108 melanopic illuminance). Participants completed the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, subjective mood ratings, and the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) every 2-4 hours during the night shift. RESULTS A significant main effect of time indicated KSS, PVT mean reaction time, number of PVT lapses (reaction times > 500 ms) and subjective tension, misery and depression worsened over the course of the night shift (p<0.05). Percentage changes in KSS (p<0.05, partial η2=0.14) and PVT mean reaction time (p<0.05, partial η2=0.19) and lapses (p<0.05, partial η2=0.17) in the middle and end of night shift, expressed relative to start of shift, were significantly improved during the lighting intervention compared to the traditional lighting condition. Self-reported mood did not significantly differ between conditions (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings, showing improvements in alertness and performance with exposure to blue-enriched, increased intensity light, provide support for light to be used as a countermeasure for impaired alertness in night shift work settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey L Sletten
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bhairavi Raman
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Magee
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally A Ferguson
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Goodwood, SA, Australia
| | - David J Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ronald R Grunstein
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven W Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shantha M W Rajaratnam
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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35
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Kinoshita T, Tanigawa T, Maruyama K, Morimoto K. The effects of bright light treatment via ear canals on quality of sleep and depressive mood among overworked employees: A randomized-controlled clinical trial. Work 2020; 67:323-329. [PMID: 33044213 DOI: 10.3233/wor-203282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many overworked employees need tools to improve their depressive mood or sleep disorder. In Finland, a new device of bright light therapy was developed. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate the effect of bright light treatment via ear canals on improving the depressive mood and sleep disorder. METHODS We conducted a randomized, controlled, crossover designed, open-label trial. We examined 27 participants aged 23-52 years, assigned to either Early treatment or Later treatment groups. The Early treatment group used the device on weekdays for the first 4 weeks, followed by a 4-week observation period. The Later treatment group had an observation period for the first 4 weeks, followed by device treatment for the subsequent 4 weeks. Every Friday, the participants were asked to answer questionnaires: A Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), an Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), and a Profile of Mood States (POMS) Brief Form. RESULTS While no significant effect was found on the SDS following treatment (p = 0.16), the AIS showed a significant improvement (p = 0.004), and the scores for the Depression (D) and Vigor (V) of POMs decreased significantly (p = 0.045, p = 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Bright light treatment via ear canals may improve sleep quality and depressive mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Kinoshita
- Department of Basic Nursing and Health Science, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tanigawa
- Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koutatsu Maruyama
- Special Course of Food and Health Science, Department of Bioscience Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kanehisa Morimoto
- Human Factors Research Institute, Japan Foundation for Environmental Health Sciences, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Figueiro MG, Pedler D. Red light: A novel, non-pharmacological intervention to promote alertness in shift workers. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2020; 74:169-177. [PMID: 32951780 PMCID: PMC8059068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Night work requires inversion of the natural, diurnal human activity-rest cycle and is associated with decreased alertness and some measures of performance, reduced safety, adverse health effects, and chronic disruption of the melatonin cycle that has been associated with increased risk for several major diseases. Previous studies show that red light exposures at night can promote alertness and improve performance while not negatively affecting melatonin secretion. METHOD This ongoing crossover, mixed (within- and between-subjects) design field study is testing the efficacy and acceptance of red light delivered to day-shift and night-shift workers using personal light glasses while they are at work. Each participant experienced three lighting interventions at the eyes: red light (50 lx, 630 nm, the treatment intervention), blue light (50 lx, 460 nm, the positive control intervention), and dim white light (10 lx, 3,000 K, the placebo control). During the interventions, participants underwent visual performance testing, submitted salivary melatonin and cortisol samples, and provided subjective reports of sleepiness, sleep disturbance, and general health over the 20-week protocol. Due to the ongoing nature of the study, only the performance and subjective reports are presented here. RESULTS Preliminary results indicate that response times were improved by the red and blue interventions, but not accuracy and hit rates. Blue light was associated with improvements to self-reported sleep disturbances compared to dim light. CONCLUSIONS These field results partially support our laboratory results that showed a positive effect of red light for promoting alertness and certain performance outcomes during the day and at night. Practical Applications: Red light may be used to improve response times in shift workers. Continued research will elucidate the lighting interventions' effects on melatonin and objective sleep measures (actigraphy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Figueiro
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 21 Union Street, Troy, NY 12280, United States.
| | - David Pedler
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 21 Union Street, Troy, NY 12280, United States
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37
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Killgore WDS. Lightening the mood: evidence for blue light exposure in the treatment of post-concussion depression. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:1081-1083. [PMID: 32865054 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1814147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William D S Killgore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, AZ, USA
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38
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Ma J, Kim M, Kim J, Hong G, Namgung E, Park S, Lim SM, Lyoo IK, Yoon S. Decreased functional connectivity within the salience network after two-week morning bright light exposure in individuals with sleep disturbances: a preliminary randomized controlled trial. Sleep Med 2020; 74:66-72. [PMID: 32841846 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bright light (BL) exposure is a safe non-pharmacological intervention for sleep disturbances. However, the functional brain correlates underlying the effects of bright light exposure need to be further clarified. As alterations in the salience network were reported in individuals with sleep disturbances, we have investigated whether bright light exposure may improve sleep quality by altering functional connectivity in this network. METHODS In the current study, 30 individuals with sleep disturbances were randomly assigned to one of the two interventions for two weeks: (1) 1 h of bright light (10,000 lux) exposure (BL-exposed group) and (2) 1 h of dim light (<300 lux) exposure (DL-exposed group). Sleep characteristics and functional connectivity in the salience network were assessed by sleep diary and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, respectively, as outcome measures at before and after the intervention. RESULTS After two weeks of the intervention, the BL-exposed group showed greater improvement with respect to sleep efficiency (t = 2.27, p = 0.03) and sleep latency (t = -2.40, p = 0.03) as compared to the DL-exposed group. In addition, functional connectivity decreased in the cluster that encompasses the right anterior insular and the frontal opercular regions in the salience network (uncorrected p < 0.001, cluster size>100 mm3) in the BL-exposed group. Decreased functional connectivity in the cluster was associated with decreased sleep latency in the BL-exposed group (β = 0.54, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that bright light exposure may improve sleep quality in individuals with sleep disturbances by modulating functional connectivity in the salience network. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris; KCT0002607.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Ma
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myeongju Kim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jungyoon Kim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gahae Hong
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Namgung
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shinwon Park
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Mee Lim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Radiology, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Kyoon Lyoo
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sujung Yoon
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Chen Y, Chen T, Cai X. Light-sensitive circuits related to emotional processing underlie the antidepressant neural targets of light therapy. Behav Brain Res 2020; 396:112862. [PMID: 32827569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since Aaron Beck proposed his cognitive model of depression, biased attention, biased processing, and biased rumination (different phases of biased cognition) have been considered as the key elements consistently linked with depression. Increasing evidence suggests that the functional failures in the "emotional processing system (EPS)" underlie the neurological foundation of the biased cognition of depression. Light therapy, a non-intrusive approach, exerts powerful effects on emotion and cognition and affects the activity, functional connectivity, and plasticity of multiple brain structures. Although numerous studies have reported its effectiveness in treating depression, the findings have not been integrated with Beck's cognitive model and EPS, and the neurobiological mechanisms of antidepressant light therapy remain largely unknown. In this review, integrated with the classical theories of Beck's cognitive model of depression and EPS, we identified the key neural circuits and abnormalities involved in the cognitive bias of depression and, accordingly, identified and depicted several light-sensitive circuits (LSCs, neural circuits in the EPS that are responsive to light stimulation) that may underlie the antidepressant neural targets of light therapy, as listed below: In summary, the LSCs above narrow down the research scope of identifying the neural targets of antidepressant light therapy and help elucidate the neuropsychological mechanism of antidepressant light therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodong Chen
- School of Architecture and Design, Southwest JiaoTong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Taolin Chen
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueli Cai
- School of Architecture and Design, Southwest JiaoTong University, Chengdu, China
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40
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Šmotek M, Vlček P, Saifutdinova E, Kopřivová J. Objective and Subjective Characteristics of Vigilance under Different Narrow-Bandwidth Light Conditions: Do Shorter Wavelengths Have an Alertness-Enhancing Effect? Neuropsychobiology 2020; 78:238-248. [PMID: 31587007 DOI: 10.1159/000502962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of 20 min of narrow-bandwidth light exposure of different wavelengths (455, 508, and 629 nm, with irradiance of 14 µW/cm2) on various neuropsychological and neurophysiological parameters of vigilance in healthy volunteers and to provide further evidence of the behavioral (subjective sleepiness, reaction time) and electrophysiological (P300 and spectral characteristics) responses to light. The results show that the short-wavelength light condition (455 nm) was found to be most effective in terms of its alerting effect for the following variables: subjective sleepiness, latency of P300 response, and absolute EEG power in higher beta (24-34 Hz) and gamma (35-50 Hz) range at each of the 19 recording electrodes. However, no differences in current power density were observed at the level of cortical EEG sources estimated by exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography. Our results are in line with other research that shows significant alerting effects of blue (short-wavelength) light in comparison to lights of longer wavelengths. Our results confirm earlier findings that exposure to short-wavelength light during the day may enhance cognitive performance in task-specific scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Šmotek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia, .,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia,
| | - Přemysl Vlček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Elizaveta Saifutdinova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Kopřivová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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41
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Law R, Clow A. Stress, the cortisol awakening response and cognitive function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 150:187-217. [PMID: 32204832 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that stress-induced disruption of the circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion, has negative consequences for brain health. The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is the most prominent and dynamic aspect of this rhythm. It has complex regulatory mechanisms making it distinct from the rest of the cortisol circadian rhythm, and is frequently investigated as a biomarker of stress and potential intermediary between stress and impaired brain function. Despite this, the precise function of the CAR within the healthy cortisol circadian rhythm remains poorly understood. Cortisol is a powerful hormone known to influence cognition in multiple and complex ways. Studies of the CAR and cognitive function have used varied methodological approaches which have produced similarly varied findings. The present review considers the accumulating evidence linking stress, attenuation of the CAR and reduced cognitive function, and seeks to contextualize the many findings to study populations, cognitive measures, and CAR methodologies employed. Associations between the CAR and both memory and executive functions are discussed in relation to its potential role as a neuroendocrine time of day signal that synchronizes peripheral clocks throughout the brain to enable optimum function, and recommendations for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Law
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, England.
| | - Angela Clow
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, England
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Jasinska M, Jasek-Gajda E, Woznicka O, Lis GJ, Pyza E, Litwin JA. Circadian clock regulates the shape and content of dendritic spines in mouse barrel cortex. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225394. [PMID: 31730670 PMCID: PMC6857954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythmicity affects neuronal activity induced changes in the density of synaptic contacts and dendritic spines, the most common location of synapses, in mouse somatosensory cortex. In the present study we analyzed morphology of single- and double-synapse spines under light/dark (12:12) and constant darkness conditions. Using serial electron micrographs we examined the shape of spines (stubby, thin, mushroom) and their content (smooth endoplasmic reticulum, spine apparatus), because these features are related to the maturation and stabilization of spines. We observed significant diurnal and circadian changes in the shape of spines that are differentially regulated: single-synapse spines remain under circadian clock regulation, while changes of double-synapse spines are driven by light. The thin and mushroom single-synapse spines, regardless of their content, are more stable comparing with the stubby single-synapse spines that show the greatest diversity. All types of double-synapse spines demonstrate a similar level of stability. In light/dark regime, formation of new mushroom single-synapse spines occurs, while under constant darkness new stubby single-synapse spines are formed. There are no shape preferences for new double-synapse spines. Diurnal and circadian alterations also concern spine content: both light exposure and the clock influence translocation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum from dendritic shaft to the spine. The increasing number of mushroom single-synapse spines and the presence of only those mushroom double-synapse spines that contain spine apparatus in the light phase indicates that the exposure to light, a stress factor for nocturnal animals, promotes enlargement and maturation of spines to increase synaptic strength and to enhance the effectiveness of neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Jasinska
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Ewa Jasek-Gajda
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Olga Woznicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz J. Lis
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan A. Litwin
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Lok R, van Koningsveld MJ, Gordijn MCM, Beersma DGM, Hut RA. Daytime melatonin and light independently affect human alertness and body temperature. J Pineal Res 2019; 67:e12583. [PMID: 31033013 PMCID: PMC6767594 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Light significantly improves alertness during the night (Cajochen, Sleep Med Rev, 11, 2007 and 453; Ruger et al., AJP Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 290, 2005 and R1413), but results are less conclusive at daytime (Lok et al., J Biol Rhythms, 33, 2018 and 589). Melatonin and core body temperature levels at those times of day may contribute to differences in alerting effects of light. In this experiment, the combined effect of daytime exogenous melatonin administration and light intensity on alertness, body temperature, and skin temperature was studied. The goal was to assess whether (a) alerting effects of light are melatonin dependent, (b) soporific effects of melatonin are mediated via the thermoregulatory system, and (c) light can improve alertness after melatonin-induced sleepiness during daytime. 10 subjects (5 females, 5 males) received melatonin (5 mg) in dim (10 lux) and, on a separate occasion, in bright polychromatic white light (2000 lux). In addition, they received placebo both under dim and bright light conditions. Subjects participated in all four conditions in a balanced order, yielding a balanced within-subject design, lasting from noon to 04:00 pm. Alertness and performance were assessed half hourly, while body temperature and skin temperature were measured continuously. Saliva samples to detect melatonin concentrations were collected half hourly. Melatonin administration increased melatonin concentrations in all subjects. Subjective sleepiness and distal skin temperature increased after melatonin ingestion. Bright light exposure after melatonin administration did not change subjective alertness scores, but body temperature and proximal skin temperature increased, while distal skin temperature decreased. Light exposure did not significantly affect these parameters in the placebo condition. These results indicate that (a) exogenous melatonin administration during daytime increases subjective sleepiness, confirming a role for melatonin in sleepiness regulation, (b) bright light exposure after melatonin ingestion significantly affected thermoregulatory parameters without altering subjective sleepiness, therefore temperature changes seem nonessential for melatonin-induced sleepiness, (c) subjective sleepiness was increased by melatonin ingestion, but bright light administration was not able to improve melatonin-induced sleepiness feelings nor performance. Other (physiological) factors may therefore contribute to differences in alerting effects of light during daytime and nighttime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske Lok
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Minke J. van Koningsveld
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marijke C. M. Gordijn
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Chrono@WorkGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Domien G. M. Beersma
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Roelof A. Hut
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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Milosavljevic N. How Does Light Regulate Mood and Behavioral State? Clocks Sleep 2019; 1:319-331. [PMID: 33089172 PMCID: PMC7445808 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep1030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The idea that light affects mood and behavioral state is not new. However, not much is known about the particular mechanisms and circuits involved. To fully understand these, we need to know what properties of light are important for mediating changes in mood as well as what photoreceptors and pathways are responsible. Increasing evidence from both human and animal studies imply that a specialized class of retinal ganglion cells, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), plays an important role in the light-regulated effects on mood and behavioral state, which is in line with their well-established roles in other non-visual responses (pupillary light reflex and circadian photoentrainment). This paper reviews our current understanding on the mechanisms and paths by which the light information modulates behavioral state and mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Milosavljevic
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
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45
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The current status of the magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 2019; 130:66-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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de Zeeuw J, Papakonstantinou A, Nowozin C, Stotz S, Zaleska M, Hädel S, Bes F, Münch M, Kunz D. Living in Biological Darkness: Objective Sleepiness and the Pupillary Light Responses Are Affected by Different Metameric Lighting Conditions during Daytime. J Biol Rhythms 2019; 34:410-431. [PMID: 31156018 PMCID: PMC6637815 DOI: 10.1177/0748730419847845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nighttime melatonin suppression is the most commonly used method to indirectly quantify acute nonvisual light effects. Since light is the principal zeitgeber in humans, there is a need to assess its strength during daytime as well. This is especially important since humans evolved under natural daylight but now often spend their time indoors under artificial light, resulting in a different quality and quantity of light. We tested whether the pupillary light response (PLR) could be used as a marker for nonvisual light effects during daytime. We also recorded the wake electroencephalogram to objectively determine changes in daytime sleepiness between different illuminance levels and/or spectral compositions of light. In total, 72 participants visited the laboratory 4 times for 3-h light exposures. All participants underwent a dim-light condition and either 3 metameric daytime light exposures with different spectral compositions of polychromatic white light (100 photopic lux, peak wavelengths at 435 nm or 480 nm, enriched with longer wavelengths of light) or 3 different illuminances (200, 600, and 1200 photopic lux) with 1 metameric lighting condition (peak wavelength at 435 nm or 480 nm; 24 participants each). The results show that the PLR was sensitive to both spectral differences between metameric lighting conditions and different illuminances in a dose-responsive manner, depending on melanopic irradiance. Objective sleepiness was significantly reduced, depending on melanopic irradiance, at low illuminance (100 lux) and showed fewer differences at higher illuminance. Since many people are exposed to such low illuminance for most of their day—living in biological darkness—our results imply that optimizing the light spectrum could be important to improve daytime alertness. Our results suggest the PLR as a noninvasive physiological marker for ambient light exposure effects during daytime. These findings may be applied to assess light-dependent zeitgeber strength and evaluate lighting improvements at workplaces, schools, hospitals, and homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan de Zeeuw
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology.,Intellux GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Papakonstantinou
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology.,St. Hedwig-Hospital, Clinic for Sleep & Chronomedicine, Berlin
| | - Claudia Nowozin
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology.,St. Hedwig-Hospital, Clinic for Sleep & Chronomedicine, Berlin
| | - Sophia Stotz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology.,St. Hedwig-Hospital, Clinic for Sleep & Chronomedicine, Berlin
| | | | - Sven Hädel
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology
| | - Frederik Bes
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology.,St. Hedwig-Hospital, Clinic for Sleep & Chronomedicine, Berlin
| | - Mirjam Münch
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology.,St. Hedwig-Hospital, Clinic for Sleep & Chronomedicine, Berlin.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Immunology, Laboratory of Chronobiology.,Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Dieter Kunz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology.,Intellux GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,St. Hedwig-Hospital, Clinic for Sleep & Chronomedicine, Berlin
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47
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Łaszewska K, Goroncy A, Weber P, Pracki T, Tafil-Klawe M. Influence of the Spectral Quality of Light on Daytime Alertness Levels in Humans. Adv Cogn Psychol 2018; 14:192-208. [PMID: 32509040 PMCID: PMC7263078 DOI: 10.5709/acp-0250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to light is very important for human health. However, the characteristics of the light stimulus and the appropriate timing of such exposure are essential. Studies that have used monochromatic light exposure have shown no systematic patterns for the effects of blue light compared to longer wavelengths. Previous studies have shown that red light exposure increases objective and subjective measures of alertness at night without suppressing nocturnal melatonin or inducing circadian disruption. The present study investigated whether noon time exposure to red light would increase both objective and subjective measures of alertness such as those measured by EEG, cognitive-behavioral performance, and subjective sleepiness. The three lighting conditions were as follows: dim light (< 0.01 lux at cornea), blue light (465 nm, 72 μW/cm2), and red light (625 nm, 18 μW/cm2), both at 40 lux. The results of the EEG data showed an increase in theta power over time in dim light only. In red light, alpha power showed a decrease over time. The impact of red light was observed in the performance measures: The only significant effect was a deterioration in the continuous performance test after red light exposure. Subjective measures of alertness were not affected by light in either condition, in contrast to darkness, when subjects reported greater sleepiness than before. None of the changes in objective measures of alertness induced by red light exposure translated into subjective sleepiness at noon. Thus, we concluded that behavioral effects of light at noon are very limited at best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Łaszewska
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Fosa Staromiejska 1a, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Goroncy
- Department of Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Nicolaus CopernicusUniversity, Chopina 12/18, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Piotr Weber
- Atomic and Optical Physics Division, Department of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, Faculty of Applied Physics andMathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80- 233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Pracki
- Department of Human Physiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz,Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tafil-Klawe
- Department of Human Physiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz,Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Sithravel R, Ibrahim R, Lye MS, Perimal EK, Ibrahim N, Dahlan ND. Morning boost on individuals' psychophysiological wellbeing indicators with supportive, dynamic lighting in windowless open-plan workplace in Malaysia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207488. [PMID: 30496193 PMCID: PMC6264480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Workplace architectural lighting conditions that are biologically dim during the day are causing healthy individuals to experience light-induced health and performance-related problems. Dynamic lighting was reported beneficial in supporting individuals’ psychological behavior and physiological responses during work period in Europe. It has yet to be investigated in workplaces with minimal/no natural daylight contribution in tropical Malaysia. Hence, an exploratory experimental study was initiated in an experimental windowless open-plan workplace in Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang. The aim was to identify dynamic lighting configurations that were more supportive of a morning boosting effect than the control constant lighting, to support dayshift individuals’ psychophysiological wellbeing indicators during the peak morning work period. The immediate impact of a 2-hour morning exposure to overhead white LED (6500 K) with different horizontal illuminance levels and oscillations (lighting patterns) were investigated on physiological indicator limited to urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, and psychological indicators for alertness, mood, visual comfort, cognitive and visual task performance. Not all of the investigated dynamic lighting configurations were supportive of a morning boost. Only configurations 500increased to750 and 500increased to1000 lx therapeutically supported most of the indicators. Both these configurations suppressed urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, and improved alertness, cognitive performance, positive affect, and visual comfort better than ‘visit 1: 500constant500’ lx (control). The increasing oscillation was observed more beneficial for the morning boost in tropical Malaysia, which is in reverse to that specified in the human rhythmic dynamic lighting protocol developed by researchers from the Netherlands for application during winter. The findings from this study present the feasibility of dynamic architectural lighting acting as an environmental therapeutic solution in supporting the individuals’ psychophysiological wellbeing indicators in windowless open-plan workplace in tropical Malaysia. Further investigations on the two prospective configurations are recommended to determine the better supportive one for the morning boosting effect in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- RatnaKala Sithravel
- Department of Architecture, Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rahinah Ibrahim
- Department of Architecture, Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Munn Sann Lye
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Enoch Kumar Perimal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Normala Ibrahim
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Dalilah Dahlan
- Department of Architecture, Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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49
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McGlashan EM, Poudel GR, Vidafar P, Drummond SPA, Cain SW. Imaging Individual Differences in the Response of the Human Suprachiasmatic Area to Light. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1022. [PMID: 30555405 PMCID: PMC6281828 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian disruption is associated with poor health outcomes, including sleep and mood disorders. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus acts as the master biological clock in mammals, regulating circadian rhythms throughout the body. The clock is synchronized to the day/night cycle via retinal light exposure. The BOLD-fMRI response of the human suprachiasmatic area to light has been shown to be greater in the night than in the day, consistent with the known sensitivity of the clock to light at night. Whether the BOLD-fMRI response of the human suprachiasmatic area to light is related to a functional outcome has not been demonstrated. In a pilot study (n = 10), we investigated suprachiasmatic area activation in response to light in a 30 s block-paradigm of lights on (100 lux) and lights off (< 1 lux) using the BOLD-fMRI response, compared to each participant's melatonin suppression response to moderate indoor light (100 lux). We found a significant correlation between activation in the suprachiasmatic area in response to light in the scanner and melatonin suppression, with increased melatonin suppression being associated with increased suprachiasmatic area activation in response to the same light level. These preliminary findings are a first step toward using imaging techniques to measure individual differences in circadian light sensitivity, a measure that may have clinical relevance in understanding vulnerability in disorders that are influenced by circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M McGlashan
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Govinda R Poudel
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sydney Imaging, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Mary Mackillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Parisa Vidafar
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean P A Drummond
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean W Cain
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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50
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Raikes AC, Killgore WDS. Potential for the development of light therapies in mild traumatic brain injury. Concussion 2018; 3:CNC57. [PMID: 30370058 PMCID: PMC6199671 DOI: 10.2217/cnc-2018-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Light affects almost all aspects of human physiological functioning, including circadian rhythms, sleep-wake regulation, alertness, cognition and mood. We review the existing relevant literature on the effects of various wavelengths of light on these major domains, particularly as they pertain to recovery from mild traumatic brain injuries. Evidence suggests that light, particularly in the blue wavelengths, has powerful alerting, cognitive and circadian phase shifting properties that could be useful for treatment. Other wavelengths, such as red and green may also have important effects that, if targeted appropriately, might also be useful for facilitating recovery. Despite the known effects of light, more research is needed. We recommend a personalized medicine approach to the use of light therapy as an adjunctive treatment for patients recovering from mild traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Raikes
- Social, Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- ORCID: 0000-0002-1609-6727
| | - William DS Killgore
- Social, Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- ORCID: 0000-0002-5328-0208
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