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Napolitano C, Sacristán I, Acuña F, Aguilar E, García S, López-Jara MJ, Cabello J, Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Poulin E, Grueber CE. Assessing micro-macroparasite selective pressures and anthropogenic disturbance as drivers of immune gene diversity in a Neotropical wild cat. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:166289. [PMID: 37591403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic environmental change is reducing available habitat for wild species, providing novel selection pressures such as infectious diseases and causing species to interact in new ways. The potential for emerging infectious diseases and zoonoses at the interface between humans, domestic animals, and wild species is a key global concern. In vertebrates, diversity at the major histocompatibility complex MHC is critical to disease resilience, and its study in wild populations provides insights into eco-evolutionary dynamics that human activities alter. In natural populations, variation at MHC loci is partly maintained by balancing selection, driven by pathogenic selective pressures. We hypothesize that MHC genetic diversity differs between guigna populations inhabiting human-dominated landscapes (higher pathogen pressures) versus more natural habitats (lower pathogen pressures). We predict that MHC diversity in guignas would be highest in human-dominated landscapes compared with continuous forest habitats. We also expected to find higher MHC diversity in guignas infected with micro and macro parasites (higher parasite load) versus non infected guignas. We characterized for the first time the genetic diversity at three MHC class I and II exons in 128 wild guignas (Leopardus guigna) across their distribution range in Chile (32-46° S) and Argentina, representing landscapes with varying levels of human disturbance. We integrated MHC sequence diversity with multiple measures of anthropogenic disturbance and both micro and macro parasite infection data. We also assessed signatures of positive selection acting on MHC genes. We found significantly higher MHC class I diversity in guignas inhabiting landscapes where houses were present, and with lower percentage of vegetation cover, and also in animals with more severe cardiorespiratory helminth infection (richness and intensity) and micro-macroparasite co-infection. This comprehensive, landscape-level assessment further enhances our knowledge on the evolutionary dynamics and adaptive potential of vertebrates in the face of emerging infectious disease threats and increasing anthropogenic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Napolitano
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Concepción, Chile; Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Puerto Williams, Chile.
| | - Irene Sacristán
- Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Animal Health Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Acuña
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián García
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José López-Jara
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Cabello
- Chiloé Silvestre Center for the Conservation of Biodiversity, Ancud, Chile
| | | | - Elie Poulin
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Concepción, Chile; Millennium Institute of Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catherine E Grueber
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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2
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Parra-Bracamonte GM, Magaña-Monforte JG, Jahuey-Martínez FJ, Herrera-Ojeda JB, Vázquez-Armijo JF, Segura-Correa JC. Evidence of differentiation and population structure in Charolais cattle of Mexico. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:297. [PMID: 37723380 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Charolais is one of the most important beef cattle breeds in the world. In Mexico, it was introduced almost a century ago, and it has been suggested that particular breeding management and genetic material origin have caused a process of divergence among the current population. By a high-density SNP array genome-wide analysis, this study aimed to assess the proposed differentiation and population structure of local populations by genetic distances and structure approaches, and a European Charolais sample was included as a reference population. The differentiation statistics indicated that local populations exhibit moderate divergence, confirming a significant differentiation process between northeastern and northwestern Charolais populations (Fst≥ 0.043, D≥ 0.031). These results were strongly supported by PCA and structure analysis. Genetic isolation and low genetic flow between populations and divergent origins of introduced genetic material (i.e., semen) are likely the main drivers of the outcomes. Some implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan G Magaña-Monforte
- Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | | | - Jessica B Herrera-Ojeda
- Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Morelia, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | | | - José C Segura-Correa
- Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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3
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Nucci A, Janaszkiewicz J, Rocha EPC, Rendueles O. Emergence of novel non-aggregative variants under negative frequency-dependent selection in Klebsiella variicola. MICROLIFE 2023; 4:uqad038. [PMID: 37781688 PMCID: PMC10540941 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Klebsiella variicola is an emergent human pathogen causing diverse infections, some of which in the urinary tract. However, little is known about the evolution and maintenance of genetic diversity in this species, the molecular mechanisms and their population dynamics. Here, we characterized the emergence of a novel rdar-like (rough and dry) morphotype which is contingent both on the genetic background and the environment. We show that mutations in either the nitrogen assimilation control gene (nac) or the type III fimbriae regulator, mrkH, suffice to generate rdar-like colonies. These morphotypes are primarily selected for the reduced inter-cellular aggregation as a result of MrkH loss-of-function which reduces type 3 fimbriae expression. Additionally, these clones also display increased growth rate and reduced biofilm formation. Direct competitions between rdar and wild type clones show that mutations in mrkH provide large fitness advantages. In artificial urine, the morphotype is under strong negative frequency-dependent selection and can socially exploit wild type strains. An exhaustive search for mrkH mutants in public databases revealed that ca 8% of natural isolates analysed had a truncated mrkH gene many of which were due to insertions of IS elements, including a reported clinical isolate with rdar morphology. These strains were rarely hypermucoid and often isolated from human, mostly from urine and blood. The decreased aggregation of these mutants could have important clinical implications as we hypothesize that such clones could better disperse within the host allowing colonisation of other body sites and potentially leading to systemic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Nucci
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR3525, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Janaszkiewicz
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR3525, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo P C Rocha
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR3525, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Olaya Rendueles
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR3525, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, F-75015, Paris, France
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4
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Fluctuating selection and the determinants of genetic variation. Trends Genet 2023; 39:491-504. [PMID: 36890036 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of cosmopolitan Drosophila populations have found hundreds to thousands of genetic loci with seasonally fluctuating allele frequencies, bringing temporally fluctuating selection to the forefront of the historical debate surrounding the maintenance of genetic variation in natural populations. Numerous mechanisms have been explored in this longstanding area of research, but these exciting empirical findings have prompted several recent theoretical and experimental studies that seek to better understand the drivers, dynamics, and genome-wide influence of fluctuating selection. In this review, we evaluate the latest evidence for multilocus fluctuating selection in Drosophila and other taxa, highlighting the role of potential genetic and ecological mechanisms in maintaining these loci and their impacts on neutral genetic variation.
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5
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Nan J, Yang S, Zhang X, Leng T, Zhuoma J, Zhuoma R, Yuan J, Pi J, Sheng Z, Li S. Identification of candidate genes related to highland adaptation from multiple Chinese local chicken breeds by whole genome sequencing analysis. Anim Genet 2023; 54:55-67. [PMID: 36305422 DOI: 10.1111/age.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic mechanism of highland adaptation is of great importance for breeding improvement of Tibetan chickens (TBC). Some studies of TBC have identified some candidate genes and pathways from multiple subgroups, but the related genetic mechanisms remain largely unknown. Different genetic backgrounds and the independent genetic basis of highland adaptation make it difficult to identity the selective region of highland adaptation with all TBC samples. In this study, we conducted pre-analysis in a large-scale population to select a TBC subgroup with the purest and highest level of highland-specific lineage for the further analysis. Finally, the 37 samples from a TBC subgroup and 19 Lahsa White chickens were used to represent the highland group for further analysis with 80 samples from five Chinese local lowland breeds as controls. Population structure analysis revealed that highland adaptation significantly affected population stratification in Chinese local chicken breeds. Genome-wide selection signal analysis identified 201 candidate genes associated with highland adaptation of TBC, and these genes were significantly enriched in calcium signaling, vascular smooth muscle contraction and the cellular response to oxidative stress pathways. Additionally, we identified a narrow 1.76 kb region containing an overlapping region between HBZ and an active enhancer, and our identified region showed a highly significant signal. The highland group selected the haplotype with high activity to improve the oxygen-carrying capacity, thus being adapted to a hypoxic environment. We also found that STX2 was significantly selected in the highland group, thus potentially reducing the oxidative stress caused by hypoxia, and that STX2 exhibited the opposite effects on highland adaptation and reproductive traits. Our findings advance our understanding of extreme environment adaptation of highland chickens, and provide some variants and genes beneficial to TBC genetic breeding improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuhong Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sendong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianze Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Joan Zhuoma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Neighborhood Committee Office, Xigaze City, China
| | - Rensang Zhuoma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Luomai Township People's Government of Seni District, Naqu City, China
| | - Jingwei Yuan
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsong Pi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheya Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Smart Farming for Agricultural Animals, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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6
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Gutiérrez F, Valdesoiro F. The evolution of personality disorders: A review of proposals. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1110420. [PMID: 36793943 PMCID: PMC9922784 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1110420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Personality disorders (PDs) are currently considered dysfunctions. However, personality differences are older than humanity and are ubiquitous in nature, from insects to higher primates. This suggests that a number of evolutionary mechanisms-other than dysfunctions-may be able to maintain stable behavioral variation in the gene pool. First of all, apparently maladaptive traits may actually improve fitness by enabling better survival or successful mating or reproduction, as exemplified by neuroticism, psychopathy, and narcissism. Furthermore, some PDs may harm important biological goals while facilitating others, or may be globally beneficial or detrimental depending on environmental circumstances or body condition. Alternatively, certain traits may form part of life history strategies: Coordinated suites of morphological, physiological and behavioral characters that optimize fitness through alternative routes and respond to selection as a whole. Still others may be vestigial adaptations that are no longer beneficial in present times. Finally, variation may be adaptative in and by itself, as it reduces competition for finite resources. These and other evolutionary mechanisms are reviewed and illustrated through human and non-human examples. Evolutionary theory is the best-substantiated explanatory framework across the life sciences, and may shed light on the question of why harmful personalities exist at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gutiérrez
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Stuart KC, Sherwin WB, Edwards RJ, Rollins LA. Evolutionary genomics: Insights from the invasive European starlings. Front Genet 2023; 13:1010456. [PMID: 36685843 PMCID: PMC9845568 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1010456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two fundamental questions for evolutionary studies are the speed at which evolution occurs, and the way that this evolution may present itself within an organism's genome. Evolutionary studies on invasive populations are poised to tackle some of these pressing questions, including understanding the mechanisms behind rapid adaptation, and how it facilitates population persistence within a novel environment. Investigation of these questions are assisted through recent developments in experimental, sequencing, and analytical protocols; in particular, the growing accessibility of next generation sequencing has enabled a broader range of taxa to be characterised. In this perspective, we discuss recent genetic findings within the invasive European starlings in Australia, and outline some critical next steps within this research system. Further, we use discoveries within this study system to guide discussion of pressing future research directions more generally within the fields of population and evolutionary genetics, including the use of historic specimens, phenotypic data, non-SNP genetic variants (e.g., structural variants), and pan-genomes. In particular, we emphasise the need for exploratory genomics studies across a range of invasive taxa so we can begin understanding broad mechanisms that underpin rapid adaptation in these systems. Understanding how genetic diversity arises and is maintained in a population, and how this contributes to adaptability, requires a deep understanding of how evolution functions at the molecular level, and is of fundamental importance for the future studies and preservation of biodiversity across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina C. Stuart
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William B. Sherwin
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard J. Edwards
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lee A Rollins
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Gundling WE, Post S, Illsley NP, Echalar L, Zamudio S, Wildman DE. Ancestry dependent balancing selection of placental dysferlin at high-altitude. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1125972. [PMID: 37025168 PMCID: PMC10070852 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1125972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The placenta mediates fetal growth by regulating gas and nutrient exchange between the mother and the fetus. The cell type in the placenta where this nutrient exchange occurs is called the syncytiotrophoblast, which is the barrier between the fetal and maternal blood. Residence at high-altitude is strongly associated with reduced 3rd trimester fetal growth and increased rates of complications such as preeclampsia. We asked whether altitude and/or ancestry-related placental gene expression contributes to differential fetal growth under high-altitude conditions, as native populations have greater fetal growth than migrants to high-altitude. Methods: We have previously shown that methylation differences largely accounted for altitude-associated differences in placental gene expression that favor improved fetal growth among high-altitude natives. We tested for differences in DNA methylation between Andean and European placental samples from Bolivia [La Paz (∼3,600 m) and Santa Cruz, Bolivia (∼400 m)]. One group of genes showing significant altitude-related differences are those involved in cell fusion and membrane repair in the syncytiotrophoblast. Dysferlin (DYSF) shows greater expression levels in high- vs. low-altitude placentas, regardless of ancestry. DYSF has a single nucleotide variant (rs10166384;G/A) located at a methylation site that can potentially stimulate or repress DYSF expression. Following up with individual DNA genotyping in an expanded sample size, we observed three classes of DNA methylation that corresponded to individual genotypes of rs10166384 (A/A < A/G < G/G). We tested whether these genotypes are under Darwinian selection pressure by sequencing a ∼2.5 kb fragment including the DYSF variants from 96 Bolivian samples and compared them to data from the 1000 genomes project. Results: We found that balancing selection (Tajima's D = 2.37) was acting on this fragment among Andeans regardless of altitude, and in Europeans at high-altitude (Tajima's D = 1.85). Discussion: This supports that balancing selection acting on dysferlin is capable of altering DNA methylation patterns based on environmental exposure to high-altitude hypoxia. This finding is analogous to balancing selection seen frequency-dependent selection, implying both alleles are advantageous in different ways depending on environmental circumstances. Preservation of the adenine (A) and guanine (G) alleles may therefore aid both Andeans and Europeans in an altitude dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E. Gundling
- Department of Biology, Christian Brothers University, Memphis, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Derek E. Wildman, ; William E. Gundling,
| | - Sasha Post
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | | | - Lourdes Echalar
- Instituto Boliviano de Biología de Altura, Universidad de San Andreas Mayor, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Stacy Zamudio
- Placental Research Group LLC., Maplewood, NJ, United States
| | - Derek E. Wildman
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Derek E. Wildman, ; William E. Gundling,
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9
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Falk JJ, Rubenstein DR, Rico-Guevara A, Webster MS. Intersexual social dominance mimicry drives female hummingbird polymorphism. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220332. [PMID: 36069013 PMCID: PMC9449474 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Female-limited polymorphisms, where females have multiple forms but males have only one, have been described in a variety of animals, yet are difficult to explain because selection typically is expected to decrease rather than maintain diversity. In the white-necked jacobin (Florisuga mellivora), all males and approximately 20% of females express an ornamented plumage type (androchromic), while other females are non-ornamented (heterochromic). Androchrome females benefit from reduced social harassment, but it remains unclear why both morphs persist. Female morphs may represent balanced alternative behavioural strategies, but an alternative hypothesis is that androchrome females are mimicking males. Here, we test a critical prediction of these hypotheses by measuring morphological, physiological and behavioural traits that relate to resource-holding potential (RHP), or competitive ability. In all these traits, we find little difference between female types, but higher RHP in males. These results, together with previous findings in this species, indicate that androchrome females increase access to food resources through mimicry of more aggressive males. Importantly, the mimicry hypothesis provides a clear theoretical pathway for polymorphism maintenance through frequency-dependent selection. Social dominance mimicry, long suspected to operate between species, can therefore also operate within species, leading to polymorphism and perhaps similarities between sexes more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J. Falk
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 215 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Life Sciences Building, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Dustin R. Rubenstein
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology and Center for Integrative Animal Behavior, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Alejandro Rico-Guevara
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Life Sciences Building, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, Ornithology Division, 4300 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Michael S. Webster
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 215 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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10
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Wang S, Teng D, Li X, Yang P, Da W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu G, Zhang X, Wan W, Dong Z, Wang D, Huang S, Jiang Z, Wang Q, Lohman DJ, Wu Y, Zhang L, Jia F, Westerman E, Zhang L, Wang W, Zhang W. The evolution and diversification of oakleaf butterflies. Cell 2022; 185:3138-3152.e20. [PMID: 35926506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Oakleaf butterflies in the genus Kallima have a polymorphic wing phenotype, enabling these insects to masquerade as dead leaves. This iconic example of protective resemblance provides an interesting evolutionary paradigm that can be employed to study biodiversity. We integrated multi-omic data analyses and functional validation to infer the evolutionary history of Kallima species and investigate the genetic basis of their variable leaf wing patterns. We find that Kallima butterflies diversified in the eastern Himalayas and dispersed to East and Southeast Asia. Moreover, we find that leaf wing polymorphism is controlled by the wing patterning gene cortex, which has been maintained in Kallima by long-term balancing selection. Our results provide macroevolutionary and microevolutionary insights into a model species originating from a mountain ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dequn Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Peiwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wa Da
- Tibet Plateau Institute of Biology, Lhasa, Tibet 850001, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guichun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | | | - Wenting Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Zhiwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; National Teaching Center for Experimental Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhisheng Jiang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qingyi Wang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - David J Lohman
- Biology Department, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA; Ph.D. Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA; Entomology Section, National Museum of Natural History, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Yongjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fenghai Jia
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Erica Westerman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute for Tibetan Plateau Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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11
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Pratt EAL, Beheregaray LB, Bilgmann K, Zanardo N, Diaz-Aguirre F, Brauer C, Sandoval-Castillo J, Möller LM. Seascape genomics of coastal bottlenose dolphins along strong gradients of temperature and salinity. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2223-2241. [PMID: 35146819 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous seascapes and strong environmental gradients in coastal waters are expected to influence adaptive divergence, particularly in species with large population sizes where selection is expected to be highly efficient. However, these influences might also extend to species characterized by strong social structure, natal philopatry and small home ranges. We implemented a seascape genomic study to test this hypothesis in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) distributed along the environmentally heterogeneous coast of southern Australia. The datasets included oceanographic and environmental variables thought to be good predictors of local adaptation in dolphins and 8,081 filtered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped for individuals sampled from seven different bioregions. From a neutral perspective, population structure and connectivity of the dolphins were generally influenced by habitat type and social structuring. Genotype-environment association analysis identified 241 candidate adaptive loci and revealed that sea surface temperature and salinity gradients influenced adaptive divergence in these animals at both large- (1,000s km) and fine-scales (<100 km). Enrichment analysis and annotation of candidate genes revealed functions related to sodium-activated ion transport, kidney development, adipogenesis and thermogenesis. The findings of spatial adaptive divergence and inferences of putative physiological adaptations challenge previous suggestions that marine megafauna is most likely to be affected by environmental and climatic changes via indirect, trophic effects. Our work contributes to conservation management of coastal bottlenose dolphins subjected to anthropogenic disturbance and to efforts of clarifying how seascape heterogeneity influences adaptive diversity and evolution in small cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A L Pratt
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, South Australia, Australia.,Cetacean Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luciano B Beheregaray
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kerstin Bilgmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, 2109, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nikki Zanardo
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, South Australia, Australia.,Cetacean Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Environment and Water, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Fernando Diaz-Aguirre
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, South Australia, Australia.,Cetacean Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chris Brauer
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan Sandoval-Castillo
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luciana M Möller
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, South Australia, Australia.,Cetacean Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, South Australia, Australia
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12
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Balanced Polymorphism at the Pgm-1 Locus of the Pompeii Worm Alvinella pompejana and Its Variant Adaptability Is Only Governed by Two QE Mutations at Linked Sites. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020206. [PMID: 35205251 PMCID: PMC8872362 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The polychaete Alvinella pompejana lives exclusively on the walls of deep-sea hydrothermal chimneys along the East Pacific Rise (EPR), and displays specific adaptations to withstand the high temperatures and hypoxia associated with this highly variable habitat. Previous studies have revealed the existence of a balanced polymorphism on the enzyme phosphoglucomutase associated with thermal variations, where allozymes 90 and 100 exhibit different optimal activities and thermostabilities. Exploration of the mutational landscape of phosphoglucomutase 1 revealed the maintenance of four highly divergent allelic lineages encoding the three most frequent electromorphs over the geographic range of A. pompejana. This polymorphism is only governed by two linked amino acid replacements, located in exon 3 (E155Q and E190Q). A two-niche model of selection, including ‘cold’ and ‘hot’ conditions, represents the most likely scenario for the long-term persistence of these isoforms. Using directed mutagenesis and the expression of the three recombinant variants allowed us to test the additive effect of these two mutations on the biochemical properties of this enzyme. Our results are coherent with those previously obtained from native proteins, and reveal a thermodynamic trade-off between protein thermostability and catalysis, which is likely to have maintained these functional phenotypes prior to the geographic separation of populations across the Equator about 1.2 million years ago.
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13
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Heinze P, Dieker P, Rowland HM, Schielzeth H. Evidence for morph-specific substrate choice in a green-brown polymorphic grasshopper. Behav Ecol 2022; 33:17-26. [PMID: 35197804 PMCID: PMC8857936 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthopteran insects are characterized by high variability in body coloration, in particular featuring a widespread green-brown color polymorphism. The mechanisms that contribute to the maintenance of this apparently balanced polymorphism are not yet understood. To investigate whether morph-dependent microhabitat choice might contribute to the continued coexistence of multiple morphs, we studied substrate choice in the meadow grasshopper Pseudochorthippus parallelus. The meadow grasshopper occurs in multiple discrete, genetically determined color morphs that range from uniform brown to uniform green. We tested whether three common morphs preferentially choose differently colored backgrounds in an experimental arena. We found that a preference for green backgrounds was most pronounced in uniform green morphs. If differential choices improve morph-specific performance in natural habitats via crypsis and/or thermoregulatory benefits, they could help to equalize fitness differences among color morphs and potentially produce frequency-dependent microhabitat competition, though difference appear too small to serve as the only explanation. We also measured the reflectance of the grasshoppers and backgrounds and used visual modeling to quantify the detectability of the different morphs to a range of potential predators. Multiple potential predators, including birds and spiders, are predicted to distinguish between morphs chromatically, while other species, possibly including grasshoppers themselves, will perceive only differences in brightness. Our study provides the first evidence that morph-specific microhabitat choice might be relevant to the maintenance of the green-brown polymorphisms in grasshoppers and shows that visual distinctness of color morphs varies between perceivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Heinze
- Population Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße, Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Dieker
- Population Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße, Jena, Germany
| | - Hannah M Rowland
- Research Group Predators and Toxic Prey, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße, Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Schielzeth
- Population Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße, Jena, Germany
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14
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Assis BA, Avery JD, Earley RL, Langkilde T. Fitness Costs of Maternal Ornaments and Prenatal Corticosterone Manifest as Reduced Offspring Survival and Sexual Ornament Expression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:801834. [PMID: 35311233 PMCID: PMC8928773 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.801834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorful traits (i.e., ornaments) that signal quality have well-established relationships with individual condition and physiology. Furthermore, ornaments expressed in females may have indirect fitness effects in offspring via the prenatal physiology associated with, and social consequences of, these signaling traits. Here we examine the influence of prenatal maternal physiology and phenotype on condition-dependent signals of their offspring in adulthood. Specifically, we explore how prenatal maternal testosterone, corticosterone, and ornament color and size correlate with female and male offspring survival to adulthood and ornament quality in the lizard Sceloporus undulatus. Offspring of females with more saturated badges and high prenatal corticosterone were less likely to survive to maturity. Badge saturation and area were negatively correlated between mothers and their male offspring, and uncorrelated to those in female offspring. Maternal prenatal corticosterone was correlated negatively with badge saturation of male offspring in adulthood. Our results indicate that maternal ornamentation and prenatal concentrations of a stress-relevant hormone can lead to compounding fitness costs by reducing offspring survival to maturity and impairing expression of a signal of quality in surviving males. This mechanism may occur in concert with social costs of ornamentation in mothers. Intergenerational effects of female ornamentation and prenatal stress may be interdependent drivers of balancing selection and intralocus sexual conflict over signaling traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio A. Assis
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Braulio A. Assis,
| | - Julian D. Avery
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- The Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Ryan L. Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Tracy Langkilde
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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15
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League GP, Harrington LC, Pitcher SA, Geyer JK, Baxter LL, Montijo J, Rowland JG, Johnson LM, Murdock CC, Cator LJ. Sexual selection theory meets disease vector control: Testing harmonic convergence as a "good genes" signal in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009540. [PMID: 34214096 PMCID: PMC8282061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mosquito Aedes aegypti is a medically important, globally distributed vector of the viruses that cause dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. Although reproduction and mate choice are key components of vector population dynamics and control, our understanding of the mechanisms of sexual selection in mosquitoes remains poor. In “good genes” models of sexual selection, females use male cues as an indicator of both mate and offspring genetic quality. Recent studies in Ae. aegypti provide evidence that male wingbeats may signal aspects of offspring quality and performance during mate selection in a process known as harmonic convergence. However, the extent to which harmonic convergence may signal overall inherent quality of mates and their offspring remains unknown. Methodology/Principal findings To examine this, we measured the relationship between acoustic signaling and a broad panel of parent and offspring fitness traits in two generations of field-derived Ae. aegypti originating from dengue-endemic field sites in Thailand. Our data show that in this population of mosquitoes, harmonic convergence does not signal male fertility, female fecundity, or male flight performance traits, which despite displaying robust variability in both parents and their offspring were only weakly heritable. Conclusions/Significance Together, our findings suggest that vector reproductive control programs should treat harmonic convergence as an indicator of some, but not all aspects of inherent quality, and that sexual selection likely affects Ae. aegypti in a trait-, population-, and environment-dependent manner. Mosquitoes transmit numerous pathogens that disproportionately impact developing countries. The mosquito Aedes aegypti, studied here, transmits viruses that cause neglected tropical diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. Disease prevention programs rely heavily upon mosquito vector control. To successfully interrupt disease transmission, several control methods depend upon the ability of laboratory-modified male mosquitoes to successfully mate with wild females to suppress or replace natural populations. However, our understanding of what determines mating success in mosquitoes is far from complete. Our study addresses the question of whether female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes use male acoustic signals to select higher quality mates and improve their offspring’s fitness. We find that acoustic signals do not serve as universal indicators of fitness. Further, the fitness metrics we measured were only weakly heritable, suggesting that females that mate with high quality males do not necessarily produce fitter offspring. Our study provides a nuanced understanding of mate choice, mating acoustic signals, and parent and offspring reproductive fitness in a key disease-transmitting mosquito species. These discoveries improve our grasp of sexual selection in mosquitoes and can be leveraged by the vector control community to improve vitally important disease prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett P. League
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura C. Harrington
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Sylvie A. Pitcher
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Julie K. Geyer
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Lindsay L. Baxter
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Julian Montijo
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - John G. Rowland
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn M. Johnson
- Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Courtney C. Murdock
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lauren J. Cator
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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16
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Petit‐Marty N, Nagelkerken I, Connell SD, Schunter C. Natural CO 2 seeps reveal adaptive potential to ocean acidification in fish. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1794-1806. [PMID: 34295364 PMCID: PMC8288007 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Volcanic CO2 seeps are natural laboratories that can provide insights into the adaptation of species to ocean acidification. While many species are challenged by reduced-pH levels, some species benefit from the altered environment and thrive. Here, we explore the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to ocean acidification in a population of a temperate fish species that experiences increased population sizes under elevated CO2. Fish from CO2 seeps exhibited an overall increased gene expression in gonad tissue compared with those from ambient CO2 sites. Up-regulated genes at CO2 seeps are possible targets of adaptive selection as they can directly influence the physiological performance of fishes exposed to ocean acidification. Most of the up-regulated genes at seeps were functionally involved in the maintenance of pH homeostasis and increased metabolism, and presented a deviation from neutral evolution expectations in their patterns of DNA polymorphisms, providing evidence for adaptive selection to ocean acidification. The targets of this adaptive selection are likely regulatory sequences responsible for the increased expression of these genes, which would allow a fine-tuned physiological regulation to maintain homeostasis and thrive at CO2 seeps. Our findings reveal that standing genetic variation in DNA sequences regulating the expression of genes in response to a reduced-pH environment could provide for adaptive potential to near-future ocean acidification in fishes. Moreover, with this study we provide a forthright methodology combining transcriptomics and genomics, which can be applied to infer the adaptive potential to different environmental conditions in wild marine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Petit‐Marty
- Swire Institute of Marine ScienceSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong SAR
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology LaboratoriesSchool of Biological Sciences and the Environment InstituteDX 650 418The University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Sean D. Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology LaboratoriesSchool of Biological Sciences and the Environment InstituteDX 650 418The University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Celia Schunter
- Swire Institute of Marine ScienceSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong SAR
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17
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Zietsch BP, Walum H, Lichtenstein P, Verweij KJH, Kuja-Halkola R. When theory cannot explain data, the theory needs rethinking. Invited replies to: Orzack SH, Hardy ICW. 2021, and Lehtonen J. 2021. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210304. [PMID: 33757347 PMCID: PMC8160277 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan P. Zietsch
- Centre for Evolution and Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hasse Walum
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin J. H. Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf Kuja-Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Engen S, Sæther BE. Structure of the G-matrix in relation to phenotypic contributions to fitness. Theor Popul Biol 2021; 138:43-56. [PMID: 33610661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical theory in population genetics includes derivation of the stationary distribution of allele frequencies under balance between selection, genetic drift, and mutation. Here we investigate the simplest generalization of these single locus models to quantitative genetics with many loci, assuming simple additive effects on a set of phenotypes and a linear approximation to the fitness function. Genetic effects and pleiotropy are simulated by a prescribed stochastic model. Our goal is to analyze the structure of the G-matrix at stasis when the model is not very close to being neutral. The smallest eigenvalue of the G-matrix is practically zero by Fisher's fundamental theorem for natural selection and the fitness function is approximately a linear function of the corresponding eigenvector. Evolution of genetic trade-offs is closely linked to the fitness function. If a single locus never codes for more than two traits, then additive genetic covariance between two phenotype components always has the opposite sign of the product of their coefficients in the fitness function under no mutation, a pattern that is likely to occur frequently also in more complex models. In our major examples only 1-2 percent of the loci are over-dominant for fitness, but they still account for practically all dominance variance in fitness as well as all contributions to the G-matrix. These analyses show that the structure of the G-matrix reveals important information about the contribution of different traits to fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinar Engen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Bernt-Erik Sæther
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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19
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Zhang H, Fu Q, Shi X, Pan Z, Yang W, Huang Z, Tang T, He X, Zhang R. Human A-to-I RNA editing SNP loci are enriched in GWAS signals for autoimmune diseases and under balancing selection. Genome Biol 2020; 21:288. [PMID: 33256812 PMCID: PMC7702712 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing plays important roles in diversifying the transcriptome and preventing MDA5 sensing of endogenous dsRNA as nonself. To date, few studies have investigated the population genomic signatures of A-to-I editing due to the lack of editing sites overlapping with SNPs. RESULTS In this study, we applied a pipeline to robustly identify SNP editing sites from population transcriptomic data and combined functional genomics, GWAS, and population genomics approaches to study the function and evolution of A-to-I editing. We find that the G allele, which is equivalent to edited I, is overrepresented in editing SNPs. Functionally, A/G editing SNPs are highly enriched in GWAS signals of autoimmune and immune-related diseases. Evolutionarily, derived allele frequency distributions of A/G editing SNPs for both A and G alleles as the ancestral alleles are skewed toward intermediate frequency alleles relative to neutral SNPs, a hallmark of balancing selection, suggesting that both A and G alleles are functionally important. The signal of balancing selection is confirmed by a number of additional population genomic analyses. CONCLUSIONS We uncovered a hidden layer of A-to-I RNA editing SNP loci as a common target of balancing selection, and we propose that the maintenance of such editing SNP variations may be at least partially due to constraints on the resolution of the balance between immune activity and self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinrui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zichao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xionglei He
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Ramanan D, Sefik E, Galván-Peña S, Wu M, Yang L, Yang Z, Kostic A, Golovkina TV, Kasper DL, Mathis D, Benoist C. An Immunologic Mode of Multigenerational Transmission Governs a Gut Treg Setpoint. Cell 2020; 181:1276-1290.e13. [PMID: 32402238 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
At the species level, immunity depends on the selection and transmission of protective components of the immune system. A microbe-induced population of RORγ-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) is essential in controlling gut inflammation. We uncovered a non-genetic, non-epigenetic, non-microbial mode of transmission of their homeostatic setpoint. RORγ+ Treg proportions varied between inbred mouse strains, a trait transmitted by the mother during a tight age window after birth but stable for life, resistant to many microbial or cellular perturbations, then further transferred by females for multiple generations. RORγ+ Treg proportions negatively correlated with IgA production and coating of gut commensals, traits also subject to maternal transmission, in an immunoglobulin- and RORγ+ Treg-dependent manner. We propose a model based on a double-negative feedback loop, vertically transmitted via the entero-mammary axis. This immunologic mode of multi-generational transmission may provide adaptability and modulate the genetic tuning of gut immune responses and inflammatory disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshika Ramanan
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Esen Sefik
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Meng Wu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhen Yang
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aleksandar Kostic
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tatyana V Golovkina
- Department of Microbiology, Committee on Microbiology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dennis L Kasper
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Between the 1930s and 1950s, scientists developed key principles of population genetics to try and explain the aging process. Almost a century later, these aging theories, including antagonistic pleiotropy and mutation accumulation, have been experimentally validated in animals. Although the theories have been much harder to test in humans despite research dating back to the 1970s, recent research is closing this evidence gap. Here we examine the strength of evidence for antagonistic pleiotropy in humans, one of the leading evolutionary explanations for the retention of genetic risk variation for non-communicable diseases. We discuss the analytical tools and types of data that are used to test for patterns of antagonistic pleiotropy and provide a primer of evolutionary theory on types of selection as a guide for understanding this mechanism and how it may manifest in other diseases. We find an abundance of non-experimental evidence for antagonistic pleiotropy in many diseases. In some cases, several studies have independently found corroborating evidence for this mechanism in the same or related sets of diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies also suggest antagonistic pleiotropy may be involved in cardiovascular disease and diabetes. There are also compelling examples of disease risk variants that confer fitness benefits ranging from resistance to other diseases or survival in extreme environments. This provides increasingly strong support for the theory that antagonistic pleiotropic variants have enabled improved fitness but have been traded for higher burden of disease later in life. Future research in this field is required to better understand how this mechanism influences contemporary disease and possible consequences for their treatment.
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22
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Slade JWG, Watson MJ, MacDougall‐Shackleton EA. "Balancing" balancing selection? Assortative mating at the major histocompatibility complex despite molecular signatures of balancing selection. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5146-5157. [PMID: 31110668 PMCID: PMC6509439 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate animals, genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determine the set of pathogens to which an individual's adaptive immune system can respond. MHC genes are extraordinarily polymorphic, often showing elevated nonsynonymous relative to synonymous sequence variation and sharing presumably ancient polymorphisms between lineages. These patterns likely reflect pathogen-mediated balancing selection, for example, rare-allele or heterozygote advantage. Such selection is often reinforced by disassortative mating at MHC. We characterized exon 2 of MHC class II, corresponding to the hypervariable peptide-binding region, in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). We compared nonsynonymous to synonymous sequence variation in order to identify positively selected sites; assessed evidence for trans-species polymorphisms indicating ancient balancing selection; and compared MHC similarity of socially mated pairs to expectations under random mating. Six codons showed elevated ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous variation, consistent with balancing selection, and we characterized several alleles similar to those occurring in at least four other avian families. Despite this evidence for historical balancing selection, mated pairs were significantly more similar at MHC than were randomly generated pairings. Nonrandom mating at MHC thus appears to partially counteract, not reinforce, pathogen-mediated balancing selection in this system. We suggest that in systems where individual fitness does not increase monotonically with MHC diversity, assortative mating may help to avoid excessive offspring heterozygosity that could otherwise arise from long-standing balancing selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel W. G. Slade
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Matthew J. Watson
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
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Seasonally fluctuating selection can maintain polymorphism at many loci via segregation lift. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9932-E9941. [PMID: 29087300 PMCID: PMC5699028 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702994114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most natural populations are affected by seasonal changes in temperature, rainfall, or resource availability. Seasonally fluctuating selection could potentially make a large contribution to maintaining genetic polymorphism in populations. However, previous theory suggests that the conditions for multilocus polymorphism are restrictive. Here, we explore a more general class of models with multilocus seasonally fluctuating selection in diploids. In these models, the multilocus genotype is mapped to fitness in two steps. The first mapping is additive across loci and accounts for the relative contributions of heterozygous and homozygous loci-that is, dominance. The second step uses a nonlinear fitness function to account for the strength of selection and epistasis. Using mathematical analysis and individual-based simulations, we show that stable polymorphism at many loci is possible if currently favored alleles are sufficiently dominant. This general mechanism, which we call "segregation lift," requires seasonal changes in dominance, a phenomenon that may arise naturally in situations with antagonistic pleiotropy and seasonal changes in the relative importance of traits for fitness. Segregation lift works best under diminishing-returns epistasis, is not affected by problems of genetic load, and is robust to differences in parameters across loci and seasons. Under segregation lift, loci can exhibit conspicuous seasonal allele-frequency fluctuations, but often fluctuations may be small and hard to detect. An important direction for future work is to formally test for segregation lift in empirical data and to quantify its contribution to maintaining genetic variation in natural populations.
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Morgan-Richards M, Bulgarella M, Sivyer L, Dowle EJ, Hale M, McKean NE, Trewick SA. Explaining large mitochondrial sequence differences within a population sample. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170730. [PMID: 29291063 PMCID: PMC5717637 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA sequence is frequently used to infer species' boundaries, as divergence is relatively rapid when populations are reproductively isolated. However, the shared history of a non-recombining gene naturally leads to correlation of pairwise differences, resulting in mtDNA clusters that might be mistaken for evidence of multiple species. There are four distinct processes that can explain high levels of mtDNA sequence difference within a single sample. Here, we examine one case in detail as an exemplar to distinguish among competing hypotheses. Within our sample of tree wētā (Hemideina crassidens; Orthoptera), we found multiple mtDNA haplotypes for a protein-coding region (cytb/ND1) that differed by a maximum of 7.9%. From sequencing the whole mitochondrial genome of two representative individuals, we found evidence of constraining selection. Heterozygotes were as common as expected under random mating at five nuclear loci. Morphological traits and nuclear markers did not resolve the mtDNA groupings of individuals. We concluded that the large differences found among our sample of mtDNA sequences were simply owing to a large population size over an extended period of time allowing an equilibrium between mutation and drift to retain a great deal of genetic diversity within a single species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Bulgarella
- Ecology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Louisa Sivyer
- Ecology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Edwina J. Dowle
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, 1151 Arapahoe, SI 2071, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Marie Hale
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Natasha E. McKean
- Ecology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Steven A. Trewick
- Ecology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Moore GG, Olarte RA, Horn BW, Elliott JL, Singh R, O'Neal CJ, Carbone I. Global population structure and adaptive evolution of aflatoxin-producing fungi. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9179-9191. [PMID: 29152206 PMCID: PMC5677503 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins produced by several species in Aspergillus section Flavi are a significant problem in agriculture and a continuous threat to human health. To provide insights into the biology and global population structure of species in section Flavi, a total of 1,304 isolates were sampled across six species (A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, A. caelatus, A. tamarii, and A. alliaceus) from single fields in major peanut‐growing regions in Georgia (USA), Australia, Argentina, India, and Benin (Africa). We inferred maximum‐likelihood phylogenies for six loci, both combined and separately, including two aflatoxin cluster regions (aflM/alfN and aflW/aflX) and four noncluster regions (amdS, trpC, mfs and MAT), to examine population structure and history. We also employed principal component and STRUCTURE analysis to identify genetic clusters and their associations with six different categories (geography, species, precipitation, temperature, aflatoxin chemotype profile, and mating type). Overall, seven distinct genetic clusters were inferred, some of which were more strongly structured by G chemotype diversity than geography. Populations of A. flavus S in Benin were genetically distinct from all other section Flavi species for the loci examined, which suggests genetic isolation. Evidence of trans‐speciation within two noncluster regions, whereby A. flavus SBG strains from Australia share haplotypes with either A. flavus or A. parasiticus, was observed. Finally, while clay soil and precipitation may influence species richness in Aspergillus section Flavi, other region‐specific environmental and genetic parameters must also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geromy G Moore
- Southern Regional Research Center Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture New Orleans LA USA
| | - Rodrigo A Olarte
- Department of Plant Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Bruce W Horn
- Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Peanut Research Laboratory Dawson GA USA
| | - Jacalyn L Elliott
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Center for Integrated Fungal Research North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Rakhi Singh
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Center for Integrated Fungal Research North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Carolyn J O'Neal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Center for Integrated Fungal Research North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Ignazio Carbone
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Center for Integrated Fungal Research North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
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26
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Bélanger-Lépine F, Leung C, Glémet H, Angers B. Balancing selection on the number of repeats in the ribosomal intergenic spacer present in naturally occurring yellow perch (Perca flavescens) populations. Genome 2017; 61:1-6. [PMID: 28950069 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2017-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS), responsible for the rate of transcription of rRNA genes, is associated with the growth and fecundity of individuals. A previous study of IGS length variants in a yellow perch (Perca flavescens) population revealed the presence of two predominant alleles differing by 1 kb due to variation in the number of repeat units. This study aims to assess whether length variation of IGS is the result of selection in natural populations. Length variation of IGS and 11 neutral microsatellite loci were assessed in geographically distant yellow perch populations. Most populations displayed the very same IGS alleles; they did not differ in frequencies among populations and the FST was not significantly different from zero. In contrast, diversity at microsatellite loci was high and differed among populations (FST = 0.18). Selection test based on FST identified IGS as a significant outlier from neutral expectations for population differentiation. Heterozygote excess was also detected in one specific cohort, suggesting temporal variation in the selection regime. While the exact mechanism remains to be specified, together the results of this study support the contention that balancing selection is acting to maintain two distinct IGS alleles in natural fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Bélanger-Lépine
- a Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; GRIL - Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique
| | - Christelle Leung
- b Department of Biological Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; GRIL - Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique
| | - Hélène Glémet
- a Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; GRIL - Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique
| | - Bernard Angers
- b Department of Biological Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; GRIL - Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique
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Nydam ML, Stephenson EE, Waldman CE, De Tomaso AW. Balancing selection on allorecognition genes in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:60-74. [PMID: 28024871 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Allorecognition is the capability of an organism to recognize its own or related tissues. The colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, which comprises five genetically distinct and divergent species (Clades A-E), contains two adjacent genes that control allorecognition: fuhcsec and fuhctm. These genes have been characterized extensively in Clade A and are highly polymorphic. Using alleles from 10 populations across the range of Clade A, we investigated the type and strength of selection maintaining this variation. Both fuhc genes exhibit higher within-population variation and lower population differentiation measures (FST) than neutral loci. The fuhc genes contain a substantial number of codons with >95% posterior probability of dN/dS > 1. fuhcsec and fuhctm also have polymorphisms shared between Clade A and Clade E that were present prior to speciation (trans-species polymorphisms). These results provide robust evidence that the fuhc genes are evolving under balancing selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L Nydam
- Division of Science and Mathematics, Centre College, 600 W. Walnut Street, Danville, KY 40422, United States.
| | - Emily E Stephenson
- Division of Science and Mathematics, Centre College, 600 W. Walnut Street, Danville, KY 40422, United States; Centre for Infectious Disease Research, P.O. Box 34681, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia.
| | - Claire E Waldman
- Division of Science and Mathematics, Centre College, 600 W. Walnut Street, Danville, KY 40422, United States.
| | - Anthony W De Tomaso
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States.
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28
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Videlier M, Cornette R, Bonneaud C, Herrel A. Sexual differences in exploration behavior in Xenopus tropicalis? J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1733-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.120618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The two sexes of a species often differ in many ways. How sexes differ depends on the selective context, with females often investing more in reproductive output and males in territory defense and resource acquisition. This also implies that behavioral strategies may differ between the two sexes allowing them to optimize their fitness in a given ecological context. Here we investigate whether males and females differ in their exploration behavior in an aquatic frog (X. tropicalis). Moreover, we explore whether females show different behavioral strategies in the exploration of a novel environment as has been demonstrated previously for males of the same species. Our results show significant sex differences with males exploring their environment more than females. Yet, similarly to males, female exploratory behavior varied significantly among individuals and broadly fell into three categories: shy, intermediate and bold. Moreover, like in males, behavioral strategies are decoupled from morphology and performance. Our results suggest that females are more sedentary than males, with males engaging in greater risk taking by exploring novel environments more. Male and female behaviors could, however, be classified into similar groups, with some individuals being bolder than others and displaying more exploration behavior. The decoupling of morphology and performance from behavior appears to be a general feature in the species and may allow selection to act on both types of traits independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Videlier
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- Origine, Structure et Evolution de la Biodiversité, UMR 7205, CNRS/MNHN, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Camille Bonneaud
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France
- Ghent University, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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29
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Green KK, Svensson EI, Bergsten J, Härdling R, Hansson B. The interplay between local ecology, divergent selection, and genetic drift in population divergence of a sexually antagonistic female trait. Evolution 2014; 68:1934-46. [PMID: 24635214 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetically polymorphic species offer the possibility to study maintenance of genetic variation and the potential role for genetic drift in population divergence. Indirect inference of the selection regimes operating on polymorphic traits can be achieved by comparing population divergence in neutral genetic markers with population divergence in trait frequencies. Such an approach could further be combined with ecological data to better understand agents of selection. Here, we infer the selective regimes acting on a polymorphic mating trait in an insect group; the dorsal structures (either rough or smooth) of female diving beetles. Our recent work suggests that the rough structures have a sexually antagonistic function in reducing male mating attempts. For two species (Dytiscus lapponicus and Graphoderus zonatus), we could not reject genetic drift as an explanation for population divergence in morph frequencies, whereas for the third (Hygrotus impressopunctatus) we found that divergent selection pulls morph frequencies apart across populations. Furthermore, population morph frequencies in H. impressopunctatus were significantly related to local bioclimatic factors, providing an additional line of evidence for local adaptation in this species. These data, therefore, suggest that local ecological factors and sexual conflict interact over larger spatial scales to shape population divergence in the polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Karlsson Green
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden; Current Address: Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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MARTINEZ J, FLEURY F, VARALDI J. Heritable variation in an extended phenotype: the case of a parasitoid manipulated by a virus. J Evol Biol 2011; 25:54-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Kato S, Misawa K, Takahashi F, Sakayama H, Sano S, Kosuge K, Kasai F, Watanabe MM, Tanaka J, Nozaki H. AQUATIC PLANT SPECIATION AFFECTED BY DIVERSIFYING SELECTION OF ORGANELLE DNA REGIONS(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2011; 47:999-1008. [PMID: 27020181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many of the genes that control photosynthesis are carried in the chloroplast. These genes differ among species. However, evidence has yet to be reported revealing the involvement of organelle genes in the initial stages of plant speciation. To elucidate the molecular basis of aquatic plant speciation, we focused on the unique plant species Chara braunii C. C. Gmel. that inhabits both shallow and deep freshwater habitats and exhibits habitat-based dimorphism of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). Here, we examined the "shallow" and "deep" subpopulations of C. braunii using two nuclear DNA (nDNA) markers and cpDNA. Genetic differentiation between the two subpopulations was measured in both nDNA and cpDNA regions, although phylogenetic analyses suggested nuclear gene flow between subpopulations. Neutrality tests based on Tajima's D demonstrated diversifying selection acting on organelle DNA regions. Furthermore, both "shallow" and "deep" haplotypes of cpDNA detected in cultures originating from bottom soils of three deep environments suggested that migration of oospores (dormant zygotes) between the two habitats occurs irrespective of the complete habitat-based dimorphism of cpDNA from field-collected vegetative thalli. Therefore, the two subpopulations are highly selected by their different aquatic habitats and show prezygotic isolation, which represents an initial process of speciation affected by ecologically based divergent selection of organelle genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syou Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanResearch Program for Computational Science, Riken, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, JapanCenter for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanFunabashi Shibayama High School, 7-39-1 Shibayama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-0816, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanNational Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, JapanDepartment of Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanDepartment of Oceans Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, JapanDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Misawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanResearch Program for Computational Science, Riken, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, JapanCenter for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanFunabashi Shibayama High School, 7-39-1 Shibayama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-0816, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanNational Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, JapanDepartment of Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanDepartment of Oceans Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, JapanDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Fumio Takahashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanResearch Program for Computational Science, Riken, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, JapanCenter for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanFunabashi Shibayama High School, 7-39-1 Shibayama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-0816, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanNational Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, JapanDepartment of Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanDepartment of Oceans Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, JapanDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Sakayama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanResearch Program for Computational Science, Riken, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, JapanCenter for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanFunabashi Shibayama High School, 7-39-1 Shibayama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-0816, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanNational Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, JapanDepartment of Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanDepartment of Oceans Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, JapanDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satomi Sano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanResearch Program for Computational Science, Riken, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, JapanCenter for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanFunabashi Shibayama High School, 7-39-1 Shibayama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-0816, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanNational Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, JapanDepartment of Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanDepartment of Oceans Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, JapanDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keiko Kosuge
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanResearch Program for Computational Science, Riken, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, JapanCenter for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanFunabashi Shibayama High School, 7-39-1 Shibayama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-0816, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanNational Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, JapanDepartment of Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanDepartment of Oceans Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, JapanDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Fumie Kasai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanResearch Program for Computational Science, Riken, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, JapanCenter for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanFunabashi Shibayama High School, 7-39-1 Shibayama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-0816, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanNational Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, JapanDepartment of Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanDepartment of Oceans Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, JapanDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Makoto M Watanabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanResearch Program for Computational Science, Riken, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, JapanCenter for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanFunabashi Shibayama High School, 7-39-1 Shibayama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-0816, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanNational Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, JapanDepartment of Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanDepartment of Oceans Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, JapanDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jiro Tanaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanResearch Program for Computational Science, Riken, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, JapanCenter for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanFunabashi Shibayama High School, 7-39-1 Shibayama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-0816, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanNational Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, JapanDepartment of Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanDepartment of Oceans Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, JapanDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanResearch Program for Computational Science, Riken, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, JapanCenter for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanFunabashi Shibayama High School, 7-39-1 Shibayama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-0816, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, JapanNational Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, JapanDepartment of Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanDepartment of Oceans Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, JapanDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Lestari P, Lee G, Ham TH, Reflinur, Woo MO, Piao R, Jiang W, Chu SH, Lee J, Koh HJ. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotype diversity in rice sucrose synthase 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 102:735-46. [PMID: 21914668 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esr094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rice sucrose synthase 3 (RSUS3) is expressed predominantly in rice seed endosperm and is thought to play an important role in starch filling during the milky stage of rice seed ripening. Because the genetic diversity of this locus is not known yet, the full sequence of RSUS3 from 43 rice varieties was amplified to examine the distribution of DNA polymorphisms. A total of 254 sequence variants, including SNPs and insertion/deletions, were successfully identified in the 7733 bp sequence that comprises the promoter, exons and introns, and 3' downstream nontranscribed region (NTR). Eleven haplotypes were distinguished among the 43 rice varieties based on nucleotide variation in the 3 defined regions (5' NTR, transcript, and 3' NTR). The promoter region showed evidence of a base change on a cis-element that might influence the functional role of the motif in seed-specific expression. The genetic diversity of the RSUS3 gene sequences in the rice germplasm used in this study appears to be the result of nonrandom processes. Analysis of polymorphism sites indicated that at least 11 recombinations have occurred, primarily in the transcribed region. This finding provides insight into the development of a cladistic approach for establishing future genetic association studies of the RSUS3 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puji Lestari
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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Gong X, Padhi A. Evidence for positive selection in the extracellular domain of human cytomegalovirus encoded G protein-coupled receptor US28. J Med Virol 2011; 83:1255-61. [PMID: 21520142 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-encoded chemokine receptor US28 is also a seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor, whose signaling pathway is known for its involvement in host immune system evasion. HCMV infection can result in serious disease in immunocompromised individuals and is also linked to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Identifying amino acid residues that play a crucial role in successful viral adaptation in response to the host's immune defense is critical for effective drug design. In this study maximum likelihood-based codon substitution analyses were carried out to determine whether any codon of US28 has evolved adaptively. If the rate of nonsynonymous (dn) to the rate of synonymous (ds) nucleotide substitutions (ω = dn/ds) is greater than one, the codon is said to be under positive selection, indicating adaptive evolution. Although the overall ω for US28 gene was 0.154, indicating that most codon sites were subject to strong purifying selection, five codon sites are under strong positive selection. Three (E18D/L, D19A/E/G, and R267K/Q) of these positively selected sites are located in extracellular domains, the domains that play a crucial role for successful viral adaptation in response to the host's immune defense. The C-terminal (R329Q/W) and the fifth transmembrane domain (V190I), each have one positively selected site. These results suggest that relative to the extracellular domains, amino acid residues present in intracellular domains are more selectively constrained. A few amino acid residues in extracellular domains of US28 evolved more rapidly, presumably due to positive selection pressure resulting from ligand-binding and pathogen interactions of extracellular domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Hellgren O, Sheldon BC, Buckling A. In vitro tests of natural allelic variation of innate immune genes (avian β-defensins) reveal functional differences in microbial inhibition. J Evol Biol 2011; 23:2726-30. [PMID: 21121085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allelic variation in immune genes might result from, and contribute to, host-pathogen evolution. Functional allelic variation in the innate immune system has received little attention. Here, we investigate whether naturally occurring allelic variation within the avian innate immune system (β-defensins) is associated with variation in antimicrobial activity. We tested differences in in vitro antimicrobial properties of the synthesized products of two alleles of avian β-defensin 7, both of which occur at high frequency in natural populations of the great tit (Parus major). Only one allele strongly inhibited the growth of the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, but both alleles strongly inhibited growth of the gram-negative bacterium Escherechia coli. Our data demonstrate functional allelic variation in natural defensin genes, and we discuss how differences in efficacy against microbial species might contribute to maintaining this variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hellgren
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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35
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McKenzie GW, Abbott J, Zhou H, Fang Q, Merrick N, Forrest RH, Sedcole JR, Hickford JG. Genetic diversity of selected genes that are potentially economically important in feral sheep of New Zealand. Genet Sel Evol 2010; 42:43. [PMID: 21176141 PMCID: PMC3025881 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9686-42-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feral sheep are considered to be a source of genetic variation that has been lost from their domestic counterparts through selection. Methods This study investigates variation in the genes KRTAP1-1, KRT33, ADRB3 and DQA2 in Merino-like feral sheep populations from New Zealand and its offshore islands. These genes have previously been shown to influence wool, lamb survival and animal health. Results All the genes were polymorphic, but no new allele was identified in the feral populations. In some of these populations, allele frequencies differed from those observed in commercial Merino sheep and other breeds found in New Zealand. Heterozygosity levels were comparable to those observed in other studies on feral sheep. Our results suggest that some of the feral populations may have been either inbred or outbred over the duration of their apparent isolation. Conclusion The variation described here allows us to draw some conclusions about the likely genetic origin of the populations and selective pressures that may have acted upon them, but they do not appear to be a source of new genetic material, at least for these four genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant W McKenzie
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, PO Box 84, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
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Metzger KJ, Thomas MA. Evidence of positive selection at codon sites localized in extracellular domains of mammalian CC motif chemokine receptor proteins. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:139. [PMID: 20459756 PMCID: PMC2880985 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CC chemokine receptor proteins (CCR1 through CCR10) are seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors whose signaling pathways are known for their important roles coordinating immune system responses through targeted trafficking of white blood cells. In addition, some of these receptors have been identified as fusion proteins for viral pathogens: for example, HIV-1 strains utilize CCR5, CCR2 and CCR3 proteins to obtain cellular entry in humans. The extracellular domains of these receptor proteins are involved in ligand-binding specificity as well as pathogen recognition interactions. In mammals, the majority of chemokine receptor genes are clustered together; in humans, seven of the ten genes are clustered in the 3p21-24 chromosome region. Gene conversion events, or exchange of DNA sequence between genes, have been reported in chemokine receptor paralogs in various mammalian lineages, especially between the cytogenetically closely located pairs CCR2/5 and CCR1/3. Datasets of mammalian orthologs for each gene were analyzed separately to minimize the potential confounding impact of analyzing highly similar sequences resulting from gene conversion events. Molecular evolution approaches and the software package Phylogenetic Analyses by Maximum Likelihood (PAML) were utilized to investigate the signature of selection that has acted on the mammalian CC chemokine receptor (CCR) gene family. The results of neutral vs. adaptive evolution (positive selection) hypothesis testing using Site Models are reported. In general, positive selection is defined by a ratio of nonsynonymous/synonymous nucleotide changes (dN/dS, or ω) >1. Results Of the ten mammalian CC motif chemokine receptor sequence datasets analyzed, only CCR2 and CCR3 contain amino acid codon sites that exhibit evidence of positive selection using site based hypothesis testing in PAML. Nineteen of the twenty codon sites putatively indentified as likely to be under positive selection code for amino acid residues located in extracellular domains of the receptor protein products. Conclusions These results suggest that amino acid residues present in intracellular and membrane-bound domains are more selectively constrained for functional signal transduction and homo- or heterodimerization, whereas amino acid residues in extracellular domains of these receptor proteins evolve more quickly, perhaps due to heightened selective pressure resulting from ligand-binding and pathogen interactions of extracellular domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey J Metzger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, 83209, USA.
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Lineage pattern, trans-species polymorphism, and selection pressure among the major lineages of feline MHC-DRB peptide-binding region. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:307-17. [PMID: 20372886 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The long-term evolution of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) involves the birth-and-death process and independent divergence of loci during episodes punctuated by natural selection. Here, we investigated the molecular signatures of natural selection at exon-2 of MHC class II DRB gene which includes a part of the peptide-binding region (PBR) in seven of eight putative extant Felidae lineages. The DRB alleles in felids can be mainly divided into five lineages. Signatures of trans-species polymorphism among major allelic lineages indicate that balancing selection has maintained the MHC polymorphism for a long evolutionary time. Analysis based on maximum likelihood models of codon substitution revealed overall purifying selection acting on the feline DRB. Sites that have undergone positive selection and those that are under divergent selective pressure among lineages were detected and found to fall within the putative PBR. This study increased our understanding of the nature of selective forces acting on DRB during feline radiation.
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Lin GH, Cai ZY, Zhang TZ, Su JP, Thirgood SJ. Genetic diversity of the subterranean Gansu zokor in a semi‐natural landscape. J Zool (1987) 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. H. Lin
- Key Laboratory of Adaption and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Z. Y. Cai
- Key Laboratory of Adaption and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - T. Z. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaption and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - J. P. Su
- Key Laboratory of Adaption and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
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