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Roth S. Neofunctionalization of Toll Signaling in Insects: From Immunity to Dorsoventral Patterning. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2023; 39:1-22. [PMID: 37843930 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-120223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Toll signaling plays a crucial role in pathogen defense throughout the animal kingdom. It was discovered, however, for its function in dorsoventral (DV) axis formation in Drosophila. In all other insects studied so far, but not outside the insects, Toll is also required for DV patterning. However, in insects more distantly related to Drosophila, Toll's patterning role is frequently reduced and substituted by an expanded influence of BMP signaling, the pathway implicated in DV axis formation in all major metazoan lineages. This suggests that Toll was integrated into an ancestral BMP-based patterning system at the base of the insects or during insect evolution. The observation that Toll signaling has an immune function in the extraembryonic serosa, an early differentiating tissue of most insect embryos, suggests a scenario of how Toll was co-opted from an ancestral immune function for its new role in axis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Roth
- Institute of Zoology-Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany;
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2
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Li Z, Zhou C, Chen Y, Ma W, Cheng Y, Chen J, Bai Y, Luo W, Li N, Du E, Li S. Egfr signaling promotes juvenile hormone biosynthesis in the German cockroach. BMC Biol 2022; 20:278. [PMID: 36514097 PMCID: PMC9749228 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In insects, an interplay between the activities of distinct hormones, such as juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), regulates the progression through numerous life history hallmarks. As a crucial endocrine factor, JH is mainly synthesized in the corpora allata (CA) to regulate multiple physiological and developmental processes, including molting, metamorphosis, and reproduction. During the last century, significant progress has been achieved in elucidating the JH signal transduction pathway, while less progress has been made in dissecting the regulatory mechanism of JH biosynthesis. Previous work has shown that receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling regulates hormone biosynthesis in both insects and mammals. Here, we performed a systematic RNA interference (RNAi) screening to identify RTKs involved in regulating JH biosynthesis in the CA of adult Blattella germanica females. RESULTS We found that the epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) is required for promoting JH biosynthesis in the CA of adult females. The Egf ligands Vein and Spitz activate Egfr, followed by Ras/Raf/ERK signaling, and finally activation of the downstream transcription factor Pointed (Pnt). Importantly, Pnt induces the transcriptional expression of two key enzyme-encoding genes in the JH biosynthesis pathway: juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase (JHAMT) and methyl farnesoate epoxidase (CYP15A1). Dual-luciferase reporter assay shows that Pnt is able to activate a promoter region of Jhamt. In addition, electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirms that Pnt directly binds to the - 941~ - 886 nt region of the Jhamt promoter. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the detailed molecular mechanism of Egfr signaling in promoting JH biosynthesis in the German cockroach, shedding light on the intricate regulation of JH biosynthesis during insect development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxin Li
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China ,grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, China
| | - Caisheng Zhou
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Ma
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunlong Cheng
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxin Chen
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Bai
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Luo
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, China
| | - Erxia Du
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Li
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China ,grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, China
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3
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Iwasaki-Yokozawa S, Nanjo R, Akiyama-Oda Y, Oda H. Lineage-specific, fast-evolving GATA-like gene regulates zygotic gene activation to promote endoderm specification and pattern formation in the Theridiidae spider. BMC Biol 2022; 20:223. [PMID: 36203191 PMCID: PMC9535882 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The process of early development varies across the species-rich phylum Arthropoda. Owing to the limited research strategies for dissecting lineage-specific processes of development in arthropods, little is known about the variations in early arthropod development at molecular resolution. The Theridiidae spider, Parasteatoda tepidariorum, has its genome sequenced and could potentially contribute to dissecting early embryonic processes. Results We present genome-wide identification of candidate genes that exhibit locally restricted expression in germ disc forming stage embryos of P. tepidariorum, based on comparative transcriptomes of isolated cells from different regions of the embryo. A subsequent pilot screen by parental RNA interference identifies three genes required for body axis formation. One of them is a GATA-like gene that has been fast evolving after duplication and divergence from a canonical GATA family gene. This gene is designated fuchi nashi (fuchi) after its knockdown phenotypes, where the cell movement toward the formation of a germ disc was reversed. fuchi expression occurs in cells outside a forming germ disc and persists in the endoderm. Transcriptome and chromatin accessibility analyses of fuchi pRNAi embryos suggest that early fuchi activity regulates chromatin state and zygotic gene activation to promote endoderm specification and pattern formation. We also show that there are many uncharacterized genes regulated by fuchi. Conclusions Our genome-based research using an arthropod phylogenetically distant from Drosophila identifies a lineage-specific, fast-evolving gene with key developmental roles in one of the earliest, genome-wide regulatory events, and allows for molecular exploration of the developmental variations in early arthropod embryos. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01421-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawa Iwasaki-Yokozawa
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Cell and Developmental Biology, JT Biohistory Research Hall, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan
| | - Ryota Nanjo
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Cell and Developmental Biology, JT Biohistory Research Hall, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yasuko Akiyama-Oda
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Cell and Developmental Biology, JT Biohistory Research Hall, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oda
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Cell and Developmental Biology, JT Biohistory Research Hall, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan.
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4
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Lusk JB, Chua EHZ, Kaur P, Sung ICH, Lim WK, Lam VYM, Harmston N, Tolwinski NS. A non-canonical Raf function is required for dorsal-ventral patterning during Drosophila embryogenesis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7684. [PMID: 35538124 PMCID: PMC9090920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11699-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper embryonic development requires directional axes to pattern cells into embryonic structures. In Drosophila, spatially discrete expression of transcription factors determines the anterior to posterior organization of the early embryo, while the Toll and TGFβ signalling pathways determine the early dorsal to ventral pattern. Embryonic MAPK/ERK signaling contributes to both anterior to posterior patterning in the terminal regions and to dorsal to ventral patterning during oogenesis and embryonic stages. Here we describe a novel loss of function mutation in the Raf kinase gene, which leads to loss of ventral cell fates as seen through the loss of the ventral furrow, the absence of Dorsal/NFκB nuclear localization, the absence of mesoderm determinants Twist and Snail, and the expansion of TGFβ. Gene expression analysis showed cells adopting ectodermal fates much like loss of Toll signaling. Our results combine novel mutants, live imaging, optogenetics and transcriptomics to establish a novel role for Raf, that appears to be independent of the MAPK cascade, in embryonic patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay B Lusk
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, 138527, Singapore
| | | | - Prameet Kaur
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, 138527, Singapore
| | | | - Wen Kin Lim
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, 138527, Singapore
| | | | - Nathan Harmston
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, 138527, Singapore
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Nicholas S Tolwinski
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, 138527, Singapore.
- Yale-NUS College Research Labs @ E6, E6, 5 Engineering Drive 1, #04-02, Singapore, 117608, Singapore.
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5
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Expression and Function of Toll Pathway Components in the Early Development of the Wasp Nasonia vitripennis. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10010007. [PMID: 35225961 PMCID: PMC8883978 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll signaling pathway is the main source of embryonic DV polarity in the fly Drosophila melanogaster. This pathway appears to have been co-opted from an ancestral innate immunity system within the insects and has been deployed in different ways among insect taxa. Here we report the expression and function of homologs of the important components of the D. melanogaster Toll pathway in the wasp Nasonia vitripennis. We found homologs for all the components; many components had one or more additional paralogs in the wasp relative the fly. We also found significant deviations in expression patterns of N. vitripennis homologs. Finally, we provide some preliminary functional analyses of the N. vitripennis homologs, where we find a mixture of conservation and divergence of function.
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6
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Chafino S, Martín D, Franch-Marro X. Activation of EGFR signaling by Tc-Vein and Tc-Spitz regulates the metamorphic transition in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18807. [PMID: 34552169 PMCID: PMC8458297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal development relies on a sequence of specific stages that allow the formation of adult structures with a determined size. In general, juvenile stages are dedicated mainly to growth, whereas last stages are devoted predominantly to the maturation of adult structures. In holometabolous insects, metamorphosis marks the end of the growth period as the animals stops feeding and initiate the final differentiation of the tissues. This transition is controlled by the steroid hormone ecdysone produced in the prothoracic gland. In Drosophila melanogaster different signals have been shown to regulate the production of ecdysone, such as PTTH/Torso, TGFß and Egfr signaling. However, to which extent the roles of these signals are conserved remains unknown. Here, we study the role of Egfr signaling in post-embryonic development of the basal holometabolous beetle Tribolium castaneum. We show that Tc-Egfr and Tc-pointed are required to induced a proper larval-pupal transition through the control of the expression of ecdysone biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, we identified an additional Tc-Egfr ligand in the Tribolium genome, the neuregulin-like protein Tc-Vein (Tc-Vn), which contributes to induce larval-pupal transition together with Tc-Spitz (Tc-Spi). Interestingly, we found that in addition to the redundant role in the control of pupa formation, each ligand possesses different functions in organ morphogenesis. Whereas Tc-Spi acts as the main ligand in urogomphi and gin traps, Tc-Vn is required in wings and elytra. Altogether, our findings show that in Tribolium, post-embryonic Tc-Egfr signaling activation depends on the presence of two ligands and that its role in metamorphic transition is conserved in holometabolous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Chafino
- grid.507636.10000 0004 0424 5398Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - David Martín
- grid.507636.10000 0004 0424 5398Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Xavier Franch-Marro
- grid.507636.10000 0004 0424 5398Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
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7
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Tarikere S, Ylla G, Extavour CG. Distinct gene expression dynamics in germ line and somatic tissue during ovariole morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 12:6364899. [PMID: 34849771 PMCID: PMC9210308 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The survival and evolution of a species is a function of the number of offspring it can produce. In insects, the number of eggs that an ovary can produce is a major determinant of reproductive capacity. Insect ovaries are made up of tubular egg-producing subunits called ovarioles, whose number largely determines the number of eggs that can be potentially laid. Ovariole number in Drosophila is directly determined by the number of cellular structures called terminal filaments, which are stacks of cells that assemble in the larval ovary. Elucidating the developmental and regulatory mechanisms of terminal filament formation is thus key to understanding the regulation of insect reproduction through ovariole number regulation. We systematically measured mRNA expression of all cells in the larval ovary at the beginning, middle, and end of terminal filament formation. We also separated somatic and germ line cells during these stages and assessed their tissue-specific gene expression during larval ovary development. We found that the number of differentially expressed somatic genes is highest during the late stages of terminal filament formation and includes many signaling pathways that govern ovary development. We also show that germ line tissue, in contrast, shows greater differential expression during early stages of terminal filament formation, and highly expressed germ line genes at these stages largely control cell division and DNA repair. We provide a tissue-specific and temporal transcriptomic dataset of gene expression in the developing larval ovary as a resource to study insect reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeharsha Tarikere
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Guillem Ylla
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Cassandra G Extavour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA,Corresponding author:
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8
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Pechmann M, Kenny NJ, Pott L, Heger P, Chen YT, Buchta T, Özüak O, Lynch J, Roth S. Striking parallels between dorsoventral patterning in Drosophila and Gryllus reveal a complex evolutionary history behind a model gene regulatory network. eLife 2021; 10:e68287. [PMID: 33783353 PMCID: PMC8051952 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dorsoventral pattering relies on Toll and BMP signalling in all insects studied so far, with variations in the relative contributions of both pathways. Drosophila and the beetle Tribolium share extensive dependence on Toll, while representatives of more distantly related lineages like the wasp Nasonia and bug Oncopeltus rely more strongly on BMP signalling. Here, we show that in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, an evolutionarily distant outgroup, Toll has, like in Drosophila, a direct patterning role for the ventral half of the embryo. In addition, Toll polarises BMP signalling, although this does not involve the conserved BMP inhibitor Sog/Chordin. Finally, Toll activation relies on ovarian patterning mechanisms with striking similarity to Drosophila. Our data suggest two surprising hypotheses: (1) that Toll's patterning function in Gryllus and Drosophila is the result of convergent evolution or (2) a Drosophila-like system arose early in insect evolution and was extensively altered in multiple independent lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pechmann
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of CologneKölnGermany
| | | | - Laura Pott
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of CologneKölnGermany
| | - Peter Heger
- Regional Computing Centre (RRZK), University of CologneKölnGermany
| | - Yen-Ta Chen
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of CologneKölnGermany
| | - Thomas Buchta
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of CologneKölnGermany
| | - Orhan Özüak
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of CologneKölnGermany
| | - Jeremy Lynch
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of CologneKölnGermany
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Siegfried Roth
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of CologneKölnGermany
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9
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Coelho VL, de Brito TF, de Abreu Brito IA, Cardoso MA, Berni MA, Araujo HMM, Sammeth M, Pane A. Analysis of ovarian transcriptomes reveals thousands of novel genes in the insect vector Rhodnius prolixus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1918. [PMID: 33479356 PMCID: PMC7820597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus is a Triatominae insect species and a primary vector of Chagas disease. The genome of R. prolixus has been recently sequenced and partially assembled, but few transcriptome analyses have been performed to date. In this study, we describe the stage-specific transcriptomes obtained from previtellogenic stages of oogenesis and from mature eggs. By analyzing ~ 228 million paired-end RNA-Seq reads, we significantly improved the current genome annotations for 9206 genes. We provide extended 5' and 3' UTRs, complete Open Reading Frames, and alternative transcript variants. Strikingly, using a combination of genome-guided and de novo transcriptome assembly we found more than two thousand novel genes, thus increasing the number of genes in R. prolixus from 15,738 to 17,864. We used the improved transcriptome to investigate stage-specific gene expression profiles during R. prolixus oogenesis. Our data reveal that 11,127 genes are expressed in the early previtellogenic stage of oogenesis and their transcripts are deposited in the developing egg including key factors regulating germline development, genome integrity, and the maternal-zygotic transition. In addition, GO term analyses show that transcripts encoding components of the steroid hormone receptor pathway, cytoskeleton, and intracellular signaling are abundant in the mature eggs, where they likely control early embryonic development upon fertilization. Our results significantly improve the R. prolixus genome and transcriptome and provide novel insight into oogenesis and early embryogenesis in this medically relevant insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Lima Coelho
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maira Arruda Cardoso
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mateus Antonio Berni
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helena Maria Marcolla Araujo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michael Sammeth
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Applied Sciences, Institute of Bioanalysis, Coburg University, Coburg, Germany
| | - Attilio Pane
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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10
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Lynch JA. Evolution of maternal control of axial patterning in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 31:37-42. [PMID: 31109671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Positional and cell fate cues provided maternally to eggs are important factors in the development of many animals. The insects are a model clade where maternal establishment of embryonic axes is widespread and has been a topic of intense classical and molecular embryological analysis. Recently, significant progress has been made in revealing the molecular basis of some classical embryological experiments. In addition, observations of novel forms of maternal positional cues have been made. Finally, it has become increasingly clear that no maternal source of positional information acts alone without input and feedback from zygotic target genes to ensure precise and repeatable pattern formation in the early embryo. These advances will be discussed in the context of historical experiments, our current understanding of how positional cues can be generated, stored, and transmitted in insect ovaries and eggs, and how the nature of the cues can change in evolution.
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11
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Palacios-Gimenez OM, Bardella VB, Lemos B, Cabral-de-Mello DC. Satellite DNAs are conserved and differentially transcribed among Gryllus cricket species. DNA Res 2018; 25:137-147. [PMID: 29096008 PMCID: PMC5909420 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite DNA (satDNA) is an abundant class of non-coding repetitive DNA that is preferentially found as tandemly repeated arrays in gene-poor heterochromatin but is also present in gene-rich euchromatin. Here, we used DNA- and RNA-seq from Gryllus assimilis to address the content and transcriptional patterns of satDNAs. We also mapped RNA-seq libraries for other Gryllus species against the satDNAs found in G. assimilis and G. bimaculatus genomes to investigate their evolutionary conservation and transcriptional profiles in Gryllus. Through DNA-seq read clustering analysis using RepeatExplorer, dotplots analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping, we found that ∼4% of the G. assimilis genome is represented by 11 well-defined A + T-rich satDNA families. These are mainly located in heterochromatic areas, with some repeats able to form high-order repeat structures. By in silico transcriptional analysis we identified satDNAs that are conserved in Gryllus but differentially transcribed. The data regarding satDNA presence in G. assimilis genome were discussed in an evolutionary context, with transcriptional data enabling comparisons between sexes and across tissues when possible. We discuss hypotheses for the conservation and transcription of satDNAs in Gryllus, which might result from their role in sexual differentiation at the chromatin level, heterochromatin formation and centromeric function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Manuel Palacios-Gimenez
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências/IB, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.,Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vanessa Bellini Bardella
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências/IB, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Lemos
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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de Abreu da Silva IC, Vicentino ARR, Dos Santos RC, da Fonseca RN, de Mendonça Amarante A, Carneiro VC, de Amorim Pinto M, Aguilera EA, Mohana-Borges R, Bisch PM, da Silva-Neto MAC, Fantappié MR. Molecular and functional characterization of single-box high-mobility group B (HMGB) chromosomal protein from Aedes aegypti. Gene 2018; 671:152-160. [PMID: 29859286 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group B (HMGB) proteins have highly conserved, unique DNA-binding domains, HMG boxes, that can bind non-B-type DNA structures, such as bent, kinked and unwound structures, with high affinity. HMGB proteins also promote DNA bending, looping and unwinding. In this study, we determined the role of the Aedes aegypti single HMG-box domain protein AaHMGB; characterized its structure, spatiotemporal expression levels, subcellular localization, and nucleic acid binding activities; and compared these properties with those of its double-HMG-box counterpart protein, AaHMGB1. Via qRT-PCR, we showed that AaHMGB is expressed at much higher levels than AaHMGB1 throughout mosquito development. In situ hybridization results suggested a role for AaHMGB and AaHMGB1 during embryogenesis. Immunolocalization in the midgut revealed that AaHMGB is exclusively nuclear. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy analyses showed that AaHMGB exhibits common features of α-helical structures and is more stably folded than AaHMGB1, likely due to the presence of one or two HMG boxes. Using several DNA substrates or single-stranded RNAs as probes, we observed significant differences between AaHMGB and AaHMGB1 in terms of their binding patterns, activity and/or specificity. Importantly, we showed that the phosphorylation of AaHMGB plays a critical role in its DNA-binding activity. Our study provides additional insight into the roles of single- versus double-HMG-box-containing proteins in nucleic acid interactions for better understanding of mosquito development, physiology and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Caetano de Abreu da Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Brazil
| | - Amanda Roberta Revoredo Vicentino
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Brazil
| | | | | | - Anderson de Mendonça Amarante
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Brazil
| | - Vitor Coutinho Carneiro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Brazil
| | - Marcia de Amorim Pinto
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mascarello Bisch
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Rosado Fantappié
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Brazil.
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13
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One-pot synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and DFT study of novel 8-azacoumarin derivatives as eco-friendly insecticidal agents. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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14
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Peng L, Wang L, Yang YF, Zou MM, He WY, Wang Y, Wang Q, Vasseur L, You MS. Transcriptome profiling of the Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) ovary reveals genes involved in oogenesis. Gene 2017; 637:90-99. [PMID: 28916376 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a specialized organ, the insect ovary performs valuable functions by ensuring fecundity and population survival. Oogenesis is the complex physiological process resulting in the production of mature eggs, which are involved in epigenetic programming, germ cell behavior, cell cycle regulation, etc. Identification of the genes involved in ovary development and oogenesis is critical to better understand the reproductive biology and screening for the potential molecular targets in Plutella xylostella, a worldwide destructive pest of economically major crops. RESULTS Based on transcriptome sequencing, a total of 7.88Gb clean nucleotides was obtained, with 19,934 genes and 1861 new transcripts being identified. Expression profiling indicated that 61.7% of the genes were expressed (FPKM≥1) in the P. xylostella ovary. GO annotation showed that the pathways of multicellular organism reproduction and multicellular organism reproduction process, as well as gamete generation and chorion were significantly enriched. Processes that were most likely relevant to reproduction included the spliceosome, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, endocytosis, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, and focal adhesion were identified in the top 20 'highly represented' KEGG pathways. Functional genes involved in oogenesis were further analyzed and validated by qRT-PCR to show their potential predominant roles in P. xylostella reproduction. CONCLUSIONS Our newly developed P. xylostella ovary transcriptome provides an overview of the gene expression profiling in this specialized tissue and the functional gene network closely related to the ovary development and oogenesis. This is the first genome-wide transcriptome dataset of P. xylostella ovary that includes a subset of functionally activated genes. This global approach will be the basis for further studies on molecular mechanisms of P. xylostella reproduction aimed at screening potential molecular targets for integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian-Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian-Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi-Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian-Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ming-Min Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian-Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wei-Yi He
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian-Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian-Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian-Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Liette Vasseur
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian-Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Min-Sheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian-Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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15
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Ribeiro L, Tobias-Santos V, Santos D, Antunes F, Feltran G, de Souza Menezes J, Aravind L, Venancio TM, Nunes da Fonseca R. Evolution and multiple roles of the Pancrustacea specific transcription factor zelda in insects. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006868. [PMID: 28671979 PMCID: PMC5515446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) evolve as a result of the coevolutionary processes acting on transcription factors (TFs) and the cis-regulatory modules they bind. The zinc-finger TF zelda (zld) is essential for the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) in Drosophila melanogaster, where it directly binds over thousand cis-regulatory modules to regulate chromatin accessibility. D. melanogaster displays a long germ type of embryonic development, where all segments are simultaneously generated along the whole egg. However, it remains unclear if zld is also involved in the MZT of short-germ insects (including those from basal lineages) or in other biological processes. Here we show that zld is an innovation of the Pancrustacea lineage, being absent in more distant arthropods (e.g. chelicerates) and other organisms. To better understand zld´s ancestral function, we thoroughly investigated its roles in a short-germ beetle, Tribolium castaneum, using molecular biology and computational approaches. Our results demonstrate roles for zld not only during the MZT, but also in posterior segmentation and patterning of imaginal disc derived structures. Further, we also demonstrate that zld is critical for posterior segmentation in the hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus, indicating this function predates the origin of holometabolous insects and was subsequently lost in long-germ insects. Our results unveil new roles of zld in different biological contexts and suggest that changes in expression of zld (and probably other major TFs) are critical in the evolution of insect GRNs. Pioneer transcription factors (TFs) are considered the first regulators of chromatin accessibility in fruit flies and vertebrates, modulating the expression of a large number of target genes. In fruit flies, zelda resembles a pioneer TF, being essential during early embryogenesis. However, the evolutionary origins and ancestral functions of zelda remain largely unknown. Through a number of gene silencing, microscopy and evolutionary analysis, the present work shows that zelda is an innovation of the Pancrustacea lineage, governing not only the MZT in the short-germ insect Tribolium castaneum, but also posterior segmentation and post-embryonic patterning of imaginal disc derived structures such as wings, legs and antennae. Further, zelda regulation of posterior segmentation predates the origin of insects with complete metamorphosis (holometabolous), as supported by gene silencing experiments in the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus. We hypothesize that the emergence of zelda contributed to the evolution of gene regulatory networks and new morphological structures of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupis Ribeiro
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus UFRJ Macaé, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Macaé, Brazil
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitória Tobias-Santos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus UFRJ Macaé, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Daniele Santos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus UFRJ Macaé, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Felipe Antunes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus UFRJ Macaé, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Geórgia Feltran
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus UFRJ Macaé, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Jackson de Souza Menezes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus UFRJ Macaé, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Macaé, Brazil
| | - L. Aravind
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thiago M. Venancio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (TMV); (RNdF)
| | - Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus UFRJ Macaé, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Macaé, Brazil
- * E-mail: (TMV); (RNdF)
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16
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Nunes-da-Fonseca R, Berni M, Tobias-Santos V, Pane A, Araujo HM. Rhodnius prolixus: From classical physiology to modern developmental biology. Genesis 2017; 55. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Nunes-da-Fonseca
- Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais; Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socio-Ambiental de Macaé, Campus Macaé, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Desenvolvimento Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Mateus Berni
- Institute of Molecular Entomology; INCT-EM
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Desenvolvimento Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Vitória Tobias-Santos
- Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais; Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socio-Ambiental de Macaé, Campus Macaé, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Institute of Molecular Entomology; INCT-EM
| | - Attilio Pane
- Institute of Molecular Entomology; INCT-EM
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Desenvolvimento Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Helena Marcolla Araujo
- Institute of Molecular Entomology; INCT-EM
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Desenvolvimento Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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17
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Pridöhl F, Weißkopf M, Koniszewski N, Sulzmaier A, Uebe S, Ekici AB, Schoppmeier M. Transcriptome sequencing reveals maelstrom as a novel target gene of the terminal-system in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Development 2017; 144:1339-1349. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.136853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Terminal regions of the Drosophila embryo are patterned by the localized activation of the Torso-RTK pathway, which promotes the down-regulation of Capicua. In the short-germ beetle Tribolium, the function of the terminal system appears to be rather different, as the pathway promotes axis elongation and in addition, is required for patterning the extraembryonic serosa at the anterior. Here we show that Torso signalling induces gene expression by relieving CAPICUA-mediated repression also in Tribolium. Given that the majority of Torso target genes remain to be identified, we established a differential gene-expression screen. A subset of 50 putative terminal target genes was screened for functions in early embryonic patterning. Of those, 13 genes show early terminal expression domains and also phenotypes were related to terminal patterning. Among others, we found the PIWI-interacting RNA factor Maelstrom to be crucial for early embryonic polarization. Tc-mael is required for proper serosal size regulation and head morphogenesis. Moreover, Tc-mael promotes growth-zone formation and axis elongation. Our results suggest that posterior patterning by Torso may be realized through Maelstrom depended activation of posterior wnt-domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Pridöhl
- Department Biology, Developmental Biology Unit, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany, phone: ++49-9131-8528097, fax: ++49-9131-8528040
| | - Matthias Weißkopf
- Department Biology, Developmental Biology Unit, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany, phone: ++49-9131-8528097, fax: ++49-9131-8528040
| | - Nikolaus Koniszewski
- Department Biology, Developmental Biology Unit, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany, phone: ++49-9131-8528097, fax: ++49-9131-8528040
- present address: Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany, phone: ++49-391-6721834, fax: ++49-391-6713384
| | - Andreas Sulzmaier
- Department Biology, Developmental Biology Unit, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany, phone: ++49-9131-8528097, fax: ++49-9131-8528040
| | - Steffen Uebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, phone: ++49-9131 8522318, fax: ++49-9131 85-23232
| | - Arif B. Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, phone: ++49-9131 8522318, fax: ++49-9131 85-23232
| | - Michael Schoppmeier
- Department Biology, Developmental Biology Unit, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany, phone: ++49-9131-8528097, fax: ++49-9131-8528040
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18
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Xiang J, Reding K, Pick L. Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060304 DOI: 10.3791/54976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative without tools to study gene function. The development and sharing of detailed protocols for the establishment of new model systems in laboratories, and for tools to carry out functional studies, is thus crucial for leveraging the power of genomics. Coleoptera (beetles) are the largest clade of insects and occupy virtually all types of habitats on the planet. In addition to providing ideal models for fundamental research, studies of beetles can have impacts on pest control as they are often pests of households, agriculture, and food industries. Detailed protocols for rearing and maintenance of D. maculatus laboratory colonies and for carrying out dsRNA-mediated interference in D. maculatus are presented. Both embryonic and parental RNAi procedures-including apparatus set up, preparation, injection, and post-injection recovery-are described. Methods are also presented for analyzing embryonic phenotypes, including viability, patterning defects in hatched larvae, and cuticle preparations for unhatched larvae. These assays, together with in situ hybridization and immunostaining for molecular markers, make D. maculatus an accessible model system for basic and applied research. They further provide useful information for establishing procedures in other emerging insect model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiang
- Entomology Department, University of Maryland; Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland
| | | | - Leslie Pick
- Entomology Department, University of Maryland; Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland;
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19
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Garbiec A, Kubrakiewicz J, Mazurkiewicz-Kania M, Simiczyjew B, Jędrzejowska I. Asymmetry in structure of the eggshell in Osmylus fulvicephalus (Neuroptera: Osmylidae): an exceptional case of breaking symmetry during neuropteran oogenesis. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1033-1042. [PMID: 26224214 PMCID: PMC4947476 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovaries of neuropterans are of meroistic-polytrophic type. The ovarian tubes, the ovarioles, are divided into two major parts: a germarium, comprised of newly formed germ cell clusters; and a vitellarium, housing linearly arranged ovarian follicles. Each ovarian follicle consists of the germ cell cluster diversified into different number of nurse cells, and the oocyte enclosed by follicular epithelium. In Osmylus fulvicephalus, a representative of Neuroptera, during consecutive stages of oogenesis, the follicular cells undergo a multistep process of diversification which leads to the appearance of several follicular cell subpopulations i.e., the main-body follicular cells, the stretched cells, the anterior centripetal cells, and posterior centripetal cells. The anterior centripetal cells occupy the anterior pole of the oocyte and in advanced oogenesis due to hypertrophy that transform into anterior fold cells. Initially, the anterior fold cells form a symmetric fold, but in advanced oogenesis, quite different from other neuropterans studied so far, they undergo uneven hypertrophic growth which results in breaking symmetry of the anterior fold that becomes shifted to the ventral side of the oocyte. Since the anterior fold cells participate in the production of the specialized chorion structure, the micropyle, asymmetric structure of the anterior fold, is reflected both in its asymmetric position and in the asymmetric construction of the micropyle. As a consequence of breaking symmetry of the anterior fold, Osmylus eggshell gains dorso-ventral polarity, which is unusual for neuropterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Garbiec
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Janusz Kubrakiewicz
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Mazurkiewicz-Kania
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bożena Simiczyjew
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Izabela Jędrzejowska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland
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20
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Miyashita A, Kizaki H, Sekimizu K, Kaito C. Body-enlarging effect of royal jelly in a non-holometabolous insect species, Gryllus bimaculatus. Biol Open 2016; 5:770-6. [PMID: 27185266 PMCID: PMC4920200 DOI: 10.1242/bio.019190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybee royal jelly is reported to have body-enlarging effects in holometabolous insects such as the honeybee, fly and silkmoth, but its effect in non-holometabolous insect species has not yet been examined. The present study confirmed the body-enlarging effect in silkmoths fed an artificial diet instead of mulberry leaves used in the previous literature. Administration of honeybee royal jelly to silkmoth from early larval stage increased the size of female pupae and adult moths, but not larvae (at the late larval stage) or male pupae. We further examined the body-enlarging effect of royal jelly in a non-holometabolous species, the two-spotted cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, which belongs to the evolutionarily primitive group Polyneoptera. Administration of royal jelly to G. bimaculatus from its early nymph stage enlarged both males and females at the mid-nymph and adult stages. In the cricket, the body parts were uniformly enlarged in both males and females; whereas the enlarged female silkmoths had swollen abdomens. Administration of royal jelly increased the number, but not the size, of eggs loaded in the abdomen of silkmoth females. In addition, fat body cells were enlarged by royal jelly in the silkmoth, but not in the cricket. These findings suggest that the body-enlarging effect of royal jelly is common in non-holometabolous species, G. bimaculatus, but it acts in a different manner than in holometabolous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miyashita
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hayato Kizaki
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chikara Kaito
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Moczek AP, Sears KE, Stollewerk A, Wittkopp PJ, Diggle P, Dworkin I, Ledon-Rettig C, Matus DQ, Roth S, Abouheif E, Brown FD, Chiu CH, Cohen CS, Tomaso AWD, Gilbert SF, Hall B, Love AC, Lyons DC, Sanger TJ, Smith J, Specht C, Vallejo-Marin M, Extavour CG. The significance and scope of evolutionary developmental biology: a vision for the 21st century. Evol Dev 2015; 17:198-219. [PMID: 25963198 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) has undergone dramatic transformations since its emergence as a distinct discipline. This paper aims to highlight the scope, power, and future promise of evo-devo to transform and unify diverse aspects of biology. We articulate key questions at the core of eleven biological disciplines-from Evolution, Development, Paleontology, and Neurobiology to Cellular and Molecular Biology, Quantitative Genetics, Human Diseases, Ecology, Agriculture and Science Education, and lastly, Evolutionary Developmental Biology itself-and discuss why evo-devo is uniquely situated to substantially improve our ability to find meaningful answers to these fundamental questions. We posit that the tools, concepts, and ways of thinking developed by evo-devo have profound potential to advance, integrate, and unify biological sciences as well as inform policy decisions and illuminate science education. We look to the next generation of evolutionary developmental biologists to help shape this process as we confront the scientific challenges of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Karen E Sears
- School of Integrative Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Angelika Stollewerk
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Patricia J Wittkopp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pamela Diggle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Ian Dworkin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Cristina Ledon-Rettig
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - David Q Matus
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, 412 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5215, USA
| | - Siegfried Roth
- University of Cologne, Institute of Developmental Biology, Biocenter, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ehab Abouheif
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montréal Québec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Federico D Brown
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, no. 101, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chi-Hua Chiu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, OH, USA
| | - C Sarah Cohen
- Biology Department, Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA, 94920, USA
| | | | - Scott F Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081, USA and Biotechnology Institute, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brian Hall
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, CA, B3H 4R2, USA
| | - Alan C Love
- Department of Philosophy, Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Deirdre C Lyons
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Thomas J Sanger
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 103610, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Joel Smith
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Chelsea Specht
- Plant and Microbial Biology, Department of Integrative Biology, University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mario Vallejo-Marin
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Cassandra G Extavour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, BioLabs 4103, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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Elshaer N, Piulachs MD. Crosstalk of EGFR signalling with Notch and Hippo pathways to regulate cell specification, migration and proliferation in cockroach panoistic ovaries. Biol Cell 2015; 107:273-85. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa Elshaer
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva; CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Barcelona 08003 Spain
- Permanent address: Department of Pest Control; Faculty of Agriculture; Zagazig University; Egypt
| | - Maria-Dolors Piulachs
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva; CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Barcelona 08003 Spain
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A soluble pyrophosphatase is essential to oogenesis and is required for polyphosphate metabolism in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:6631-44. [PMID: 25811926 PMCID: PMC4424980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16046631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphates have been found in all cell types examined to date and play diverse roles depending on the cell type. In eukaryotic organisms, polyphosphates have been mainly investigated in mammalian cells with few studies on insects. Some studies have demonstrated that a pyrophosphatase regulates polyphosphate metabolism, and most of them were performed on trypanosomatids. Here, we investigated the effects of sPPase gene knocked down in oogenesis and polyphosphate metabolism in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) A single sPPase gene was identified in insect genome and is maternally provided at the mRNA level and not restricted to any embryonic or extraembryonic region during embryogenesis. After injection of Tc-sPPase dsRNA, female survival was reduced to 15% of the control (dsNeo RNA), and egg laying was completely impaired. The morphological analysis by nuclear DAPI staining of the ovarioles in Tc-sPPase dsRNA-injected females showed that the ovariole number is diminished, degenerated oocytes can be observed, and germarium is reduced. The polyphosphate level was increased in cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions in Tc-sPPase RNAi; Concomitantly, the exopolyphosphatase activity decreased in both fractions. Altogether, these data suggest a role for sPPase in the regulation on polyphosphate metabolism in insects and provide evidence that Tc-sPPase is essential to oogenesis.
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Niepielko MG, Yakoby N. Evolutionary changes in TGFα distribution underlie morphological diversity in eggshells from Drosophila species. Development 2015; 141:4710-5. [PMID: 25468939 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila eggshells display remarkable morphological diversity among species; however, the molecular origin of this structural diversification is mostly unknown. Here, we analyzed the dorsal ridge (DR), a lumen-like structure along the dorsal side of eggshells, from numerous Drosophila species. This structure varies in length and width across species, and is absent from D. melanogaster eggshells. We associated DR formation with distinct spatiotemporal changes in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, which acts as a key receptor in eggshell patterning. We show that changes in the distribution of the TGFα-like ligand Gurken (GRK), a crucial ligand for axis formation, underlies EGFR activation and DR formation in D. willistoni. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GRK from D. willistoni rescues a grk-null D. melanogaster fly and, remarkably, it is also sufficient to generate a DR-like structure on its eggshell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Niepielko
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Nir Yakoby
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
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Toll signals regulate dorsal-ventral patterning and anterior-posterior placement of the embryo in the hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus. EvoDevo 2014; 5:38. [PMID: 25908955 PMCID: PMC4407881 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect embryonic dorso-ventral patterning depends greatly on two pathways: the Toll pathway and the Bone Morphogenetic Protein pathway. While the relative contribution of each pathway has been investigated in holometabolous insects, their role has not been explored in insects with a hemimetabolous type of development. The hemimetabolous insect Rhodnius prolixus, an important vector of Chagas disease in the Americas, develops from an intermediate germ band and displays complex movements during katatrepsis that are not observed in other orders. However, little is known about the molecular events that regulate its embryogenesis. Here we investigate the expression and function of genes potentially involved in the initial patterning events that establish the embryonic dorso-ventral axis in this hemipteran. RESULTS We establish a staging system for early embryogenesis that allows us to correlate embryo morphology with gene expression profiles. Using this system, we investigate the role of Toll pathway genes during embryogenesis. Detailed analyses of gene expression throughout development, coupled with functional analyses using parental RNA interference, revealed that maternal Toll is required to establish germ layers along the dorso-ventral axis and for embryo placement along the anterior-posterior axis. Interestingly, knockdown of the Toll pathway effector Rp-dorsal appears to regulate the expression of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein antagonist Rp-short-gastrulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Toll signals are the initiating event in dorso-ventral patterning during Rhodnius embryogenesis, and this is the first report of a conserved role for Toll in a hemipteran. Furthermore, as Rp-dorsal RNA interference generates anteriorly misplaced embryos, our results indicate a novel role for Toll signals in establishment of the anterior-posterior axis in Rhodnius.
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Ancient and diverged TGF-β signaling components in Nasonia vitripennis. Dev Genes Evol 2014; 224:223-33. [PMID: 25304164 PMCID: PMC4218986 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-014-0481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF)-β signaling pathway and its modulators are involved in many aspects of cellular growth and differentiation in all metazoa. Although most of the core components of the pathway are highly conserved, many lineage-specific adaptations have been observed including changes regarding paralog number, presence and absence of modulators, and functional relevance for particular processes. In the parasitic jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis, the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), one of the major subgroups of the TGF-β superfamily, play a more fundamental role in dorsoventral (DV) patterning than in all other insects studied so far. However, Nasonia lacks the BMP antagonist Short gastrulation (Sog)/chordin, which is essential for polarizing the BMP gradient along the DV axis in most bilaterian animals. Here, we present a broad survey of TGF-β signaling in Nasonia with the aim to detect other lineage-specific peculiarities and to identify potential mechanisms, which explain how BMP-dependent DV pattering occurs in the early Nasonia embryo in the absence of Sog.
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Özüak O, Buchta T, Roth S, Lynch J. Dorsoventral Polarity of the Nasonia Embryo Primarily Relies on a BMP Gradient Formed without Input from Toll. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2393-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wilson MJ, Kenny NJ, Dearden PK. Components of the dorsal-ventral pathway also contribute to anterior-posterior patterning in honeybee embryos (Apis mellifera). EvoDevo 2014; 5:11. [PMID: 24620747 PMCID: PMC3995682 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A key early step in embryogenesis is the establishment of the major body axes; the dorsal-ventral (DV) and anterior-posterior (AP) axes. Determination of these axes in some insects requires the function of different sets of signalling pathways for each axis. Patterning across the DV axis requires interaction between the Toll and Dpp/TGF-β pathways, whereas patterning across the AP axis requires gradients of bicoid/orthodenticle proteins and the actions of a hierarchy of gene transcription factors. We examined the expression and function of Toll and Dpp signalling during honeybee embryogenesis to assess to the role of these genes in DV patterning. Results Pathway components that are required for dorsal specification in Drosophila are expressed in an AP-restricted pattern in the honeybee embryo, including Dpp and its receptor Tkv. Components of the Toll pathway are expressed in a more conserved pattern along the ventral axis of the embryo. Late-stage embryos from RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of Toll and Dpp pathways had both DV and AP patterning defects, confirmed by staining with Am-sna, Am-zen, Am-eve, and Am-twi at earlier stages. We also identified two orthologues of dorsal in the honeybee genome, with one being expressed during embryogenesis and having a minor role in axis patterning, as determined by RNAi and the other expressed during oogenesis. Conclusions We found that early acting pathways (Toll and Dpp) are involved not only in DV patterning but also AP patterning in honeybee embryogenesis. Changes to the expression patterns and function of these genes may reflect evolutionary changes in the placement of the extra-embryonic membranes during embryogenesis with respect to the AP and DV axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Wilson
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, P,O, Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Sharma PP, Gupta T, Schwager EE, Wheeler WC, Extavour CG. Subdivision of arthropod cap-n-collar expression domains is restricted to Mandibulata. EvoDevo 2014; 5:3. [PMID: 24405788 PMCID: PMC3897911 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The monophyly of Mandibulata - the division of arthropods uniting pancrustaceans and myriapods - is consistent with several morphological characters, such as the presence of sensory appendages called antennae and the eponymous biting appendage, the mandible. Functional studies have demonstrated that the patterning of the mandible requires the activity of the Hox gene Deformed and the transcription factor cap-n-collar (cnc) in at least two holometabolous insects: the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the beetle Tribolium castaneum. Expression patterns of cnc from two non-holometabolous insects and a millipede have suggested conservation of the labral and mandibular domains within Mandibulata. However, the activity of cnc is unknown in crustaceans and chelicerates, precluding understanding of a complete scenario for the evolution of patterning of this appendage within arthropods. To redress these lacunae, here we investigate the gene expression of the ortholog of cnc in Parhyale hawaiensis, a malacostracan crustacean, and two chelicerates: the harvestman Phalangium opilio, and the scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus. RESULTS In the crustacean P. hawaiensis, the segmental expression of Ph-cnc is the same as that reported previously in hexapods and myriapods, with two distinct head domains in the labrum and the mandibular segment. In contrast, Po-cnc and Cs-cnc expression is not enriched in the labrum of either chelicerate, but instead is expressed at comparable levels in all appendages. In further contrast to mandibulate orthologs, the expression domain of Po-cnc posterior to the labrum is not confined within the expression domain of Po-Dfd. CONCLUSIONS Expression data from two chelicerate outgroup taxa suggest that the signature two-domain head expression pattern of cnc evolved at the base of Mandibulata. The observation of the archetypal labral and mandibular segment domains in a crustacean exemplar supports the synapomorphic nature of mandibulate cnc expression. The broader expression of Po-cnc with respect to Po-Dfd in chelicerates further suggests that the regulation of cnc by Dfd was also acquired at the base of Mandibulata. To test this hypothesis, future studies examining panarthropod cnc evolution should investigate expression of the cnc ortholog in arthropod outgroups, such as Onychophora and Tardigrada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant P Sharma
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA.
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Santos VT, Ribeiro L, Fraga A, de Barros CM, Campos E, Moraes J, Fontenele MR, Araújo HM, Feitosa NM, Logullo C, da Fonseca RN. The embryogenesis of the TickRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: The establishment of a new chelicerate model system. Genesis 2013; 51:803-18. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Tobias Santos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), 1 - Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental de Macaé NUPEM; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ-Campus Macaé); Brazil
| | - Lupis Ribeiro
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), 1 - Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental de Macaé NUPEM; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ-Campus Macaé); Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO); UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Amanda Fraga
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), 1 - Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental de Macaé NUPEM; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ-Campus Macaé); Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO); UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Cíntia Monteiro de Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO); UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Laboratório Integrado de Morfologia; Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio-Ambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Eldo Campos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), 1 - Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental de Macaé NUPEM; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ-Campus Macaé); Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO); UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge Moraes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), 1 - Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental de Macaé NUPEM; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ-Campus Macaé); Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO); UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcio Ribeiro Fontenele
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Desenvolvimento; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Helena Marcolla Araújo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Desenvolvimento; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Natalia Martins Feitosa
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), 1 - Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental de Macaé NUPEM; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ-Campus Macaé); Brazil
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO); UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos; Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense; Campos dos Goytacazes RJ, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), 1 - Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental de Macaé NUPEM; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ-Campus Macaé); Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO); UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Buchta T, Özüak O, Stappert D, Roth S, Lynch JA. Patterning the dorsal–ventral axis of the wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Dev Biol 2013; 381:189-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fraga A, Ribeiro L, Lobato M, Santos V, Silva JR, Gomes H, da Cunha Moraes JL, de Souza Menezes J, de Oliveira CJL, Campos E, da Fonseca RN. Glycogen and glucose metabolism are essential for early embryonic development of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65125. [PMID: 23750237 PMCID: PMC3672164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of energy metabolism is an essential process for life. In insects, egg formation (oogenesis) and embryogenesis is dependent on stored molecules deposited by the mother or transcribed later by the zygote. In oviparous insects the egg becomes an isolated system after egg laying with all energy conversion taking place during embryogenesis. Previous studies in a few vector species showed a strong correlation of key morphogenetic events and changes in glucose metabolism. Here, we investigate glycogen and glucose metabolism in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, an insect amenable to functional genomic studies. To examine the role of the key enzymes on glycogen and glucose regulation we cloned and analyzed the function of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) and hexokinase (HexA) genes during T. castaneum embryogenesis. Expression analysis via in situ hybridization shows that both genes are expressed only in the embryonic tissue, suggesting that embryonic and extra-embryonic cells display different metabolic activities. dsRNA adult female injection (parental RNAi) of both genes lead a reduction in egg laying and to embryonic lethality. Morphological analysis via DAPI stainings indicates that early development is impaired in Tc-GSK-3 and Tc-HexA1 RNAi embryos. Importantly, glycogen levels are upregulated after Tc-GSK-3 RNAi and glucose levels are upregulated after Tc-HexA1 RNAi, indicating that both genes control metabolism during embryogenesis and oogenesis, respectively. Altogether our results show that T. castaneum embryogenesis depends on the proper control of glucose and glycogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Fraga
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lupis Ribeiro
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lobato
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitória Santos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Silva
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helga Gomes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge Luiz da Cunha Moraes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jackson de Souza Menezes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Jorge Logullo de Oliveira
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos and Unidade de Experimentação Animal, Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eldo Campos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Zeng V, Ewen-Campen B, Horch HW, Roth S, Mito T, Extavour CG. Developmental gene discovery in a hemimetabolous insect: de novo assembly and annotation of a transcriptome for the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61479. [PMID: 23671567 PMCID: PMC3646015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most genomic resources available for insects represent the Holometabola, which are insects that undergo complete metamorphosis like beetles and flies. In contrast, the Hemimetabola (direct developing insects), representing the basal branches of the insect tree, have very few genomic resources. We have therefore created a large and publicly available transcriptome for the hemimetabolous insect Gryllus bimaculatus (cricket), a well-developed laboratory model organism whose potential for functional genetic experiments is currently limited by the absence of genomic resources. cDNA was prepared using mRNA obtained from adult ovaries containing all stages of oogenesis, and from embryo samples on each day of embryogenesis. Using 454 Titanium pyrosequencing, we sequenced over four million raw reads, and assembled them into 21,512 isotigs (predicted transcripts) and 120,805 singletons with an average coverage per base pair of 51.3. We annotated the transcriptome manually for over 400 conserved genes involved in embryonic patterning, gametogenesis, and signaling pathways. BLAST comparison of the transcriptome against the NCBI non-redundant protein database (nr) identified significant similarity to nr sequences for 55.5% of transcriptome sequences, and suggested that the transcriptome may contain 19,874 unique transcripts. For predicted transcripts without significant similarity to known sequences, we assessed their similarity to other orthopteran sequences, and determined that these transcripts contain recognizable protein domains, largely of unknown function. We created a searchable, web-based database to allow public access to all raw, assembled and annotated data. This database is to our knowledge the largest de novo assembled and annotated transcriptome resource available for any hemimetabolous insect. We therefore anticipate that these data will contribute significantly to more effective and higher-throughput deployment of molecular analysis tools in Gryllus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Zeng
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ben Ewen-Campen
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hadley W. Horch
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
| | - Siegfried Roth
- Institute for Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Cologne, Germany
| | - Taro Mito
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima City, Japan
| | - Cassandra G. Extavour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Duncan EJ, Leask MP, Dearden PK. The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) genome encodes two divergent early developmental programs. Dev Biol 2013; 377:262-74. [PMID: 23416037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) can reproduce either sexually or asexually (parthenogenetically), giving rise, in each case, to almost identical adults. These two modes of reproduction are accompanied by differences in ovarian morphology and the developmental environment of the offspring, with sexual forms producing eggs that are laid, whereas asexual development occurs within the mother. Here we examine the effect each mode of reproduction has on the expression of key maternal and axis patterning genes; orthodenticle (otd), hunchback (hb), caudal (cad) and nanos (nos). We show that three of these genes (Ap-hb, Ap-otd and Ap-cad) are expressed differently between the sexually and asexually produced oocytes and embryos of the pea aphid. We also show, using immunohistochemistry and cytoskeletal inhibitors, that Ap-hb RNA is localized differently between sexually and asexually produced oocytes, and that this is likely due to differences in the 3' untranslated regions of the RNA. Furthermore, Ap-hb and Ap-otd have extensive expression domains in early sexually produced embryos, but are not expressed at equivalent stages in asexually produced embryos. These differences in expression likely correspond with substantial changes in the gene regulatory networks controlling early development in the pea aphid. These data imply that in the evolution of parthenogenesis a new program has evolved to control the development of asexually produced embryos, whilst retaining the existing, sexual, developmental program. The patterns of modification of these developmental processes mirror the changes that we see in developmental processes between species, in that early acting pathways in development are less constrained, and evolve faster, than later ones. We suggest that the evolution of the novel asexual development pathway in aphids is not a simple modification of an ancestral system, but the evolution of two very different developmental mechanisms occurring within a single species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Duncan
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Genetics Otago & Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, 56, Dunedin 9054, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
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Orr Gandy KA, Adada M, Canals D, Carroll B, Roddy P, Hannun YA, Obeid LM. Epidermal growth factor-induced cellular invasion requires sphingosine-1-phosphate/sphingosine-1-phosphate 2 receptor-mediated ezrin activation. FASEB J 2013; 27:3155-66. [PMID: 23629860 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-228460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) proteins link cortical actin to the plasma membrane and coordinate cellular events that require cytoskeletal rearrangement, including cell division, migration, and invasion. While ERM proteins are involved in many important cellular events, the mechanisms regulating their function are not completely understood. Our laboratory previously identified reciprocal roles for the sphingolipids ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in the regulation of ERM proteins. We recently showed that ceramide-induced activation of PP1α leads to dephosphorylation and inactivation of ERM proteins, while S1P results in phosphorylation and activation of ERM proteins. Following these findings, we aimed to examine known inducers of the SK/S1P pathway and evaluate their ability to regulate ERM proteins. We examined EGF, a known inducer of the SK/S1P pathway, for its ability to regulate the ERM family of proteins. We found that EGF induces ERM c-terminal threonine phosphorylation via activation of the SK/S1P pathway, as this was prevented by siRNA knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of SK. Using pharmacological, as well as genetic, knockdown approaches, we determined that EGF induces ERM phosphorylation via activation of S1PR2. In addition, EGF led to cell polarization in the form of lamellipodia, and this occurred through a mechanism involving S1PR2-mediated phosphorylation of ezrin T567. EGF-induced cellular invasion was also found to be dependent on S1PR2-induced T567 ezrin phosphorylation, such that S1PR2 antagonist, JTE-013, and expression of a dominant-negative ezrin mutant prevented cellular invasion toward EGF. In this work, a novel mechanism of EGF-stimulated invasion is unveiled, whereby S1P-mediated activation of S1PR2 and phosphorylation of ezrin T567 is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Alexa Orr Gandy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Pathobiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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36
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Carter JM, Baker SC, Pink R, Carter DRF, Collins A, Tomlin J, Gibbs M, Breuker CJ. Unscrambling butterfly oogenesis. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:283. [PMID: 23622113 PMCID: PMC3654919 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Butterflies are popular model organisms to study physiological mechanisms
underlying variability in oogenesis and egg provisioning in response to
environmental conditions. Nothing is known, however, about; the
developmental mechanisms governing butterfly oogenesis, how polarity in the
oocyte is established, or which particular maternal effect genes regulate
early embryogenesis. To gain insights into these developmental mechanisms
and to identify the conserved and divergent aspects of butterfly oogenesis,
we analysed a de novo ovarian transcriptome of the Speckled Wood
butterfly Pararge aegeria (L.), and compared the results with known
model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx
mori. Results A total of 17306 contigs were annotated, with 30% possibly novel or highly
divergent sequences observed. Pararge aegeria females expressed
74.5% of the genes that are known to be essential for D.
melanogaster oogenesis. We discuss the genes involved in all
aspects of oogenesis, including vitellogenesis and choriogenesis, plus those
implicated in hormonal control of oogenesis and transgenerational hormonal
effects in great detail. Compared to other insects, a number of significant
differences were observed in; the genes involved in stem cell maintenance
and differentiation in the germarium, establishment of oocyte polarity, and
in several aspects of maternal regulation of zygotic development. Conclusions This study provides valuable resources to investigate a number of divergent
aspects of butterfly oogenesis requiring further research. In order to fully
unscramble butterfly oogenesis, we also now also have the resources to
investigate expression patterns of oogenesis genes under a range of
environmental conditions, and to establish their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Carter
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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Bickel RD, Cleveland HC, Barkas J, Jeschke CC, Raz AA, Stern DL, Davis GK. The pea aphid uses a version of the terminal system during oviparous, but not viviparous, development. EvoDevo 2013; 4:10. [PMID: 23552511 PMCID: PMC3639227 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In most species of aphid, female nymphs develop into either sexual or asexual adults depending on the length of the photoperiod to which their mothers were exposed. The progeny of these sexual and asexual females, in turn, develop in dramatically different ways. The fertilized oocytes of sexual females begin embryogenesis after being deposited on leaves (oviparous development) while the oocytes of asexual females complete embryogenesis within the mother (viviparous development). Compared with oviparous development, viviparous development involves a smaller transient oocyte surrounded by fewer somatic epithelial cells and a smaller early embryo that comprises fewer cells. To investigate whether patterning mechanisms differ between the earliest stages of the oviparous and viviparous modes of pea aphid development, we examined the expression of pea aphid orthologs of genes known to specify embryonic termini in other insects. Results Here we show that pea aphid oviparous ovaries express torso-like in somatic posterior follicle cells and activate ERK MAP kinase at the posterior of the oocyte. In addition to suggesting that some posterior features of the terminal system are evolutionarily conserved, our detection of activated ERK in the oocyte, rather than in the embryo, suggests that pea aphids may transduce the terminal signal using a mechanism distinct from the one used in Drosophila. In contrast with oviparous development, the pea aphid version of the terminal system does not appear to be used during viviparous development, since we did not detect expression of torso-like in the somatic epithelial cells that surround either the oocyte or the blastoderm embryo and we did not observe restricted activated ERK in the oocyte. Conclusions We suggest that while oviparous oocytes and embryos may specify posterior fate through an aphid terminal system, viviparous oocytes and embryos employ a different mechanism, perhaps one that does not rely on an interaction between the oocyte and surrounding somatic cells. Together, these observations provide a striking example of a difference in the fundamental events of early development that is both environmentally induced and encoded by the same genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Bickel
- Department of Biology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, USA.
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38
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Vreede BM, Lynch JA, Roth S, Sucena E. Co-option of a coordinate system defined by the EGFr and Dpp pathways in the evolution of a morphological novelty. EvoDevo 2013; 4:7. [PMID: 23448685 PMCID: PMC3621409 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Morphological innovation is an elusive and fascinating concept in evolutionary biology. A novel structure may open up an array of possibilities for adaptation, and thus is fundamental to the evolution of complex multicellular life. We use the respiratory appendages on the dorsal-anterior side of the Drosophila eggshell as a model system for morphological novelty. To study the co-option of genetic pathways in the evolution of this novelty we have compared oogenesis and eggshell patterning in Drosophila melanogaster with Ceratitis capitata, a dipteran whose eggs do not bear dorsal appendages. Results During the final stages of oogenesis, the appendages are formed by specific groups of cells in the follicular epithelium of the egg chamber. These cells are defined via signaling activity of the Dpp and EGFr pathways, and we find that both pathways are active in C. capitata oogenesis. The transcription factor gene mirror is expressed downstream of EGFr activation in a dorsolateral domain in the D. melanogaster egg chamber, but could not be detected during C. capitata oogenesis. In D. melanogaster, mirror regulates the expression of two important genes: broad, which defines the appendage primordia, and pipe, involved in embryonic dorsoventral polarity. In C. capitata, broad remains expressed ubiquitously throughout the follicular epithelium, and is not restricted to the appendage primordia. Interestingly pipe expression did not differ between the two species. Conclusions Our analysis identifies both broad and mirror as important nodes that have been redeployed in the Drosophila egg chamber patterning network in the evolution of a morphologically novel feature. Further, our results show how pre-existing signals can provide an epithelium with a spatial coordinate system, which can be co-opted for novel patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mi Vreede
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras, Portugal.
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39
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Duncan EJ, Benton MA, Dearden PK. Canonical terminal patterning is an evolutionary novelty. Dev Biol 2013; 377:245-61. [PMID: 23438815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Patterning of the terminal regions of the Drosophila embryo is achieved by an exquisitely regulated signal that passes between the follicle cells of the ovary, and the developing embryo. This pathway, however, is missing or modified in other insects. Here we trace the evolution of this pathway by examining the origins and expression of its components. The three core components of this pathway: trunk, torso and torso-like have different evolutionary histories and have been assembled step-wise to form the canonical terminal patterning pathway of Drosophila and Tribolium. Trunk, torso and a gene unrelated to terminal patterning, prothoraciotrophic hormone (PTTH), show an intimately linked evolutionary history, with every holometabolous insect, except the honeybee, possessing both PTTH and torso genes. Trunk is more restricted in its phylogenetic distribution, present only in the Diptera and Tribolium and, surprisingly, in the chelicerate Ixodes scapularis, raising the possibility that trunk and torso evolved earlier than previously thought. In Drosophila torso-like restricts the activation of the terminal patterning pathway to the poles of the embryo. Torso-like evolved in the pan-crustacean lineage, but based on expression of components of the canonical terminal patterning system in the hemimetabolous insect Acyrthosiphon pisum and the holometabolous insect Apis mellifera, we find that the canonical terminal-patterning system is not active in these insects. We therefore propose that the ancestral function of torso-like is unrelated to terminal patterning and that torso-like has become co-opted into terminal patterning in the lineage leading to Coleoptera and Diptera. We also show that this co-option has not resulted in changes to the molecular function of this protein. Torso-like from the pea aphid, honeybee and Drosophila, despite being expressed in different patterns, are functionally equivalent. We propose that co-option of torso-like into restricting the activity of trunk and torso facilitated the final step in the evolution of this pathway; the capture of transcriptional control of target genes such as tailless and huckebein by this complex and novel patterning pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Duncan
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Genetics Otago, Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
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40
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Sharma PP, Schwager EE, Extavour CG, Giribet G. Evolution of the chelicera: adachshunddomain is retained in the deutocerebral appendage of Opiliones (Arthropoda, Chelicerata). Evol Dev 2012; 14:522-33. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyn E. Schwager
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford Street; Cambridge; MA 02138; USA
| | - Cassandra G. Extavour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford Street; Cambridge; MA 02138; USA
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41
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Grossmann D, Prpic NM. Egfr signaling regulates distal as well as medial fate in the embryonic leg of Tribolium castaneum. Dev Biol 2012; 370:264-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Sharma PP, Schwager EE, Extavour CG, Giribet G. Hox gene expression in the harvestman Phalangium opilio reveals divergent patterning of the chelicerate opisthosoma. Evol Dev 2012; 14:450-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2012.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyn E. Schwager
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford Street; Cambridge; MA; 02138; USA
| | - Cassandra G. Extavour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford Street; Cambridge; MA; 02138; USA
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43
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Bäumer D, Ströhlein NM, Schoppmeier M. Opposing effects of Notch-signaling in maintaining the proliferative state of follicle cells in the telotrophic ovary of the beetle Tribolium. Front Zool 2012; 9:15. [PMID: 22866820 PMCID: PMC3502128 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-9-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Establishment of distinct follicle cell fates at the early stages of Drosophila oogenesis is crucial for achieving proper morphology of individual egg chambers. In Drosophila oogenesis, Notch-signaling controls proliferation and differentiation of follicular cells, which eventually results in the polarization of the anterior-posterior axis of the oocyte. Here we analyzed the functions of Tribolium Notch-signaling factors during telotrophic oogenesis, which differs fundamentally from the polytrophic ovary of Drosophila. Results We found Notch-signaling to be required for maintaining the mitotic cycle of somatic follicle cells. Upon Delta RNAi, follicle cells enter endocycle prematurely, which affects egg-chamber formation and patterning. Interestingly, our results indicate that Delta RNAi phenotypes are not solely due to the premature termination of cell proliferation. Therefore, we monitored the terminal/stalk cell precursor lineage by molecular markers. We observed that upon Delta RNAi terminal and stalk cell populations were absent, suggesting that Notch-signaling is also required for the specification of follicle cell populations, including terminal and stalk precursor cells. Conclusions We demonstrate that with respect to mitotic cycle/endocycle switch Notch-signaling in Tribolium and Drosophila has opposing effects. While in Drosophila a Delta-signal brings about the follicle cells to leave mitosis, Notch-signaling in Triboliumis necessary to retain telotrophic egg-chambers in an “immature” state. In most instances, Notch-signaling is involved in maintaining undifferentiated (or preventing specialized) cell fates. Hence, the role of Notch in Tribolium may reflectthe ancestral function of Notch-signaling in insect oogenesis. The functions of Notch-signaling in patterning the follicle cell epithelium suggest that Tribolium oogenesis may - analogous to Drosophila - involve the stepwise determination of different follicle cell populations. Moreover, our results imply that Notch-signaling may contribute at least to some aspects of oocyte polarization and AP axis also in telotrophic oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bäumer
- Department Biology, Developmental Biology Unit, Erlangen, University, Staudstr, 5, Erlangen, 91058, Germany.
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44
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Abstract
Live imaging reveals that the Drosophila oocyte nucleus is pushed by growing microtubules to break the radial symmetry of the oocyte and establish dorsoventral polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Roth
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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45
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Transcriptional interpretation of the EGF receptor signaling gradient. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:1572-7. [PMID: 22307613 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115190109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) controls a wide range of developmental events, from body axes specification in insects to cardiac development in humans. During Drosophila oogenesis, a gradient of EGFR activation patterns the follicular epithelium. Multiple transcriptional targets of EGFR in this tissue have been identified, but their regulatory elements are essentially unknown. We report the regulatory elements of broad (br) and pipe (pip), two important targets of EGFR signaling in Drosophila oogenesis. br is expressed in a complex pattern that prefigures the formation of respiratory eggshell appendages. We found that this pattern is generated by dynamic activities of two regulatory elements, which display different responses to Pointed, Capicua, and Mirror, transcription factors involved in the EGFR-mediated gene expression. One of these elements is active in a pattern similar to pip, a gene repressed by EGFR and essential for establishing the dorsoventral polarity of the embryo. We demonstrate that this similarity of expression depends on a common sequence motif that binds Mirror in vitro and is essential for transcriptional repression in vivo.
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46
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El-Sherif E, Lynch JA, Brown SJ. Comparisons of the embryonic development of Drosophila, Nasonia, and Tribolium. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 1:16-39. [PMID: 23801665 PMCID: PMC5323069 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Studying the embryogenesis of diverse insect species is crucial to understanding insect evolution. Here, we review current advances in understanding the development of two emerging model organisms: the wasp Nasonia vitripennis and the beetle Tribolium castaneum in comparison with the well-studied fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Although Nasonia represents the most basally branching order of holometabolous insects, it employs a derived long germband mode of embryogenesis, more like that of Drosophila, whereas Tribolium undergoes an intermediate germband mode of embryogenesis, which is more similar to the ancestral mechanism. Comparing the embryonic development and genetic regulation of early patterning events in these three insects has given invaluable insights into insect evolution. The similar mode of embryogenesis of Drosophila and Nasonia is reflected in their reliance on maternal morphogenetic gradients. However, they employ different genes as maternal factors, reflecting the evolutionary distance separating them. Tribolium, on the other hand, relies heavily on self-regulatory mechanisms other than maternal cues, reflecting its sequential nature of segmentation and the need for reiterated patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezzat El-Sherif
- Program of Genetics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jeremy A Lynch
- Institute for Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susan J Brown
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Kimelman D, Martin BL. Anterior-posterior patterning in early development: three strategies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 1:253-66. [PMID: 23801439 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The anterior-posterior (AP) axis is the most ancient of the embryonic axes and exists in most metazoans. Different animals use a wide variety of mechanisms to create this axis in the early embryo. In this study, we focus on three animals, including two insects (Drosophila and Tribolium) and a vertebrate (zebrafish) to examine different strategies used to form the AP axis. While Drosophila forms the entire axis within a syncytial blastoderm using transcription factors as morphogens, zebrafish uses signaling factors in a cellularized embryo, progressively forming the AP axis over the course of a day. Tribolium uses an intermediate strategy that has commonalities with both Drosophila and zebrafish. We discuss the specific molecular mechanisms used to create the AP axis and identify conserved features.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kimelman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Qian GH, Wang YQ. [Wnt signaling pathway and the Evo-Devo of deuterostome axis]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:684-94. [PMID: 22049680 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of signal transduction pathways have been found to regulate the polarity establishment and formation of animal primary body axis. Among them, Wnt signaling pathway is extremely conserved and several key components in the pathway have been identified in the demosponge lineage. This implies that it is one of the earliest pathways involved in the ancestral metazoan axis development and might play an important role in specification and development of posterior and ventral fate of animal axis. Recently, with the establishment of functional experiments in vitro, the body plan formation has been found to be affected, in varying degrees, by many genes in the Wnt signaling pathway, such as members of wnt gene family, maternal gene beta-catenin and some transcription factor encoding genes. In this review, we analyzed the evolutionary origin of the wnt gene family involved in development of metazoan body plans, and then made a brief review on the roles of canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in the polarity establishment and formation of primary body axis in diverse deuterostomes including sea urchin, amphioxus, zebrafish, frog, and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Qian
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Lynch JA, Ozüak O, Khila A, Abouheif E, Desplan C, Roth S. The phylogenetic origin of oskar coincided with the origin of maternally provisioned germ plasm and pole cells at the base of the Holometabola. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002029. [PMID: 21552321 PMCID: PMC3084197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of the germline is a critical, yet surprisingly evolutionarily labile, event in the development of sexually reproducing animals. In the fly Drosophila, germ cells acquire their fate early during development through the inheritance of the germ plasm, a specialized maternal cytoplasm localized at the posterior pole of the oocyte. The gene oskar (osk) is both necessary and sufficient for assembling this substance. Both maternal germ plasm and oskar are evolutionary novelties within the insects, as the germline is specified by zygotic induction in basally branching insects, and osk has until now only been detected in dipterans. In order to understand the origin of these evolutionary novelties, we used comparative genomics, parental RNAi, and gene expression analyses in multiple insect species. We have found that the origin of osk and its role in specifying the germline coincided with the innovation of maternal germ plasm and pole cells at the base of the holometabolous insects and that losses of osk are correlated with changes in germline determination strategies within the Holometabola. Our results indicate that the invention of the novel gene osk was a key innovation that allowed the transition from the ancestral late zygotic mode of germline induction to a maternally controlled establishment of the germline found in many holometabolous insect species. We propose that the ancestral role of osk was to connect an upstream network ancestrally involved in mRNA localization and translational control to a downstream regulatory network ancestrally involved in executing the germ cell program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Lynch
- Institute for Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Wilson MJ, Abbott H, Dearden PK. The evolution of oocyte patterning in insects: multiple cell-signaling pathways are active during honeybee oogenesis and are likely to play a role in axis patterning. Evol Dev 2011; 13:127-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2011.00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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