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Karunaraj P, Washington C, Luf M, Martino-Cortez Y, Pfleger CM. Characterization of Ras Y4H mutants in Drosophila. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001068. [PMID: 38495589 PMCID: PMC10940897 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Ras signaling plays a highly conserved role from flies to mammals in establishing proper development, and its dysregulation can lead to cancer. In Drosophila , we demonstrated that Ras Tyrosine 4 (Y4) was required for inhibitory ubiquitination by Rabex-5. In humans, rare histidine substitution mutations at Y4 are found in HRas in cerebellar glioblastomas (cGBMs). We report here that analogous Y4H mutations in Drosophila Ras make it less sensitive to Rabex-5-mediated ubiquitination in cells and show increased frequency of vein phenotypes per wing compared to wild-type Ras, which would be consistent with Ras gain-of-function and with their appearance in human cGBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashath Karunaraj
- Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- The Tisch Cancer Institute
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | | | - Max Luf
- Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- The Tisch Cancer Institute
| | | | - Cathie M Pfleger
- Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- The Tisch Cancer Institute
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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2
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Singh J, Karunaraj P, Luf M, Pfleger CM. Lysines K117 and K147 play conserved roles in Ras activation from Drosophila to mammals. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad201. [PMID: 37665961 PMCID: PMC10627255 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Ras signaling plays an important role in growth, proliferation, and developmental patterning. Maintaining appropriate levels of Ras signaling is important to establish patterning in development and to prevent diseases such as cancer in mature organisms. The Ras protein is represented by Ras85D in Drosophila and by HRas, NRas, and KRas in mammals. In the past dozen years, multiple reports have characterized both inhibitory and activating ubiquitination events regulating Ras proteins. Inhibitory Ras ubiquitination mediated by Rabex-5 or Lztr1 is highly conserved between flies and mammals. Activating ubiquitination events at K117 and K147 have been reported in mammalian HRas, NRas, and KRas, but it is unclear if these activating roles of K117 and K147 are conserved in flies. Addressing a potential conserved role for these lysines in Drosophila Ras activation requires phenotypes strong enough to assess suppression. Therefore, we utilized oncogenic Ras, RasG12V, which biases Ras to the GTP-loaded active conformation. We created double mutants RasG12V,K117R and RasG12V,K147R and triple mutant RasG12V,K117R,K147R to prevent lysine-specific post-translational modification of K117, K147, or both, respectively. We compared their phenotypes to RasG12V in the wing to reveal the roles of these lysines. Although RasG12V,K147R did not show compelling or quantifiable differences from RasG12V, RasG12V,K117R showed visible and quantifiable suppression compared to RasG12V, and triple mutant RasG12V,K117R,K147R showed dramatic suppression compared to RasG12V and increased suppression compared to RasG12V,K117R. These data are consistent with highly conserved roles for K117 and K147 in Ras activation from flies to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiya Singh
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Prashath Karunaraj
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Max Luf
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Cathie M Pfleger
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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3
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Pieroni S, Castelli M, Piobbico D, Ferracchiato S, Scopetti D, Di-Iacovo N, Della-Fazia MA, Servillo G. The Four Homeostasis Knights: In Balance upon Post-Translational Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214480. [PMID: 36430960 PMCID: PMC9696182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A cancer outcome is a multifactorial event that comes from both exogenous injuries and an endogenous predisposing background. The healthy state is guaranteed by the fine-tuning of genes controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, and development, whose alteration induces cellular behavioral changes finally leading to cancer. The function of proteins in cells and tissues is controlled at both the transcriptional and translational level, and the mechanism allowing them to carry out their functions is not only a matter of level. A major challenge to the cell is to guarantee that proteins are made, folded, assembled and delivered to function properly, like and even more than other proteins when referring to oncogenes and onco-suppressors products. Over genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational control, protein synthesis depends on additional steps of regulation. Post-translational modifications are reversible and dynamic processes that allow the cell to rapidly modulate protein amounts and function. Among them, ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modifications modulate the stability and control the activity of most of the proteins that manage cell cycle, immune responses, apoptosis, and senescence. The crosstalk between ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modifications and post-translational modifications is a keystone to quickly update the activation state of many proteins responsible for the orchestration of cell metabolism. In this light, the correct activity of post-translational machinery is essential to prevent the development of cancer. Here we summarize the main post-translational modifications engaged in controlling the activity of the principal oncogenes and tumor suppressors genes involved in the development of most human cancers.
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AIMP2-DX2 provides therapeutic interface to control KRAS-driven tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2572. [PMID: 35546148 PMCID: PMC9095880 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent development of the chemical inhibitors specific to oncogenic KRAS (Kirsten Rat Sarcoma 2 Viral Oncogene Homolog) mutants revives much interest to control KRAS-driven cancers. Here, we report that AIMP2-DX2, a variant of the tumor suppressor AIMP2 (aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-interacting multi-functional protein 2), acts as a cancer-specific regulator of KRAS stability, augmenting KRAS-driven tumorigenesis. AIMP2-DX2 specifically binds to the hypervariable region and G-domain of KRAS in the cytosol prior to farnesylation. Then, AIMP2-DX2 competitively blocks the access of Smurf2 (SMAD Ubiquitination Regulatory Factor 2) to KRAS, thus preventing ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Moreover, AIMP2-DX2 levels are positively correlated with KRAS levels in colon and lung cancer cell lines and tissues. We also identified a small molecule that specifically bound to the KRAS-binding region of AIMP2-DX2 and inhibited the interaction between these two factors. Treatment with this compound reduces the cellular levels of KRAS, leading to the suppression of KRAS-dependent cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest the interface of AIMP2-DX2 and KRAS as a route to control KRAS-driven cancers. Direct targeting of oncogenic KRAS activity is a challenge. Here the authors report that a splice variant of AIMP2, AIMP2-DX2, enhances KRAS stability by blocking ubiquitin-mediated degradation of KRAS via the E3 ligase, Smurf2, and identify a chemical that can hinder AIMP2-DX2 from interacting with KRAS.
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5
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Qiu Y, Wang Y, Chai Z, Ni D, Li X, Pu J, Chen J, Zhang J, Lu S, Lv C, Ji M. Targeting RAS phosphorylation in cancer therapy: Mechanisms and modulators. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3433-3446. [PMID: 34900528 PMCID: PMC8642438 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS, a member of the small GTPase family, functions as a binary switch by shifting between inactive GDP-loaded and active GTP-loaded state. RAS gain-of-function mutations are one of the leading causes in human oncogenesis, accounting for ∼19% of the global cancer burden. As a well-recognized target in malignancy, RAS has been intensively studied in the past decades. Despite the sustained efforts, many failures occurred in the earlier exploration and resulted in an ‘undruggable’ feature of RAS proteins. Phosphorylation at several residues has been recently determined as regulators for wild-type and mutated RAS proteins. Therefore, the development of RAS inhibitors directly targeting the RAS mutants or towards upstream regulatory kinases supplies a novel direction for tackling the anti-RAS difficulties. A better understanding of RAS phosphorylation can contribute to future therapeutic strategies. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the current advances in RAS phosphorylation and provided mechanistic insights into the signaling transduction of associated pathways. Importantly, the preclinical and clinical success in developing anti-RAS drugs targeting the upstream kinases and potential directions of harnessing allostery to target RAS phosphorylation sites were also discussed.
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Key Words
- ABL, Abelson
- APC, adenomatous polyposis coli
- Allostery
- CK1, casein kinase 1
- CML, chronic myeloid leukemia
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GAPs, GTPase-activating proteins
- GEFs, guanine nucleotide exchange-factors
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3
- HVR, hypervariable region
- IP3R, inositol trisphosphate receptors
- LRP6, lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 6
- OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PPIs, protein−protein interactions
- Phosphorylation
- Protein kinases
- RAS
- RIN1, RAB-interacting protein 1
- SHP2, SRC homology 2 domain containing phosphatase 2
- SOS, Son of Sevenless
- STK19, serine/threonine-protein kinase 19
- TKIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors
- Undruggable
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Qiu
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuanhao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zongtao Chai
- Department of Hepatic Surgery VI, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Duan Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Chuan Lv
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Mingfei Ji
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Corresponding authors.
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6
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Campbell SL, Philips MR. Post-translational modification of RAS proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 71:180-192. [PMID: 34365229 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of RAS genes drive cancer more frequently than any other oncogene. RAS proteins integrate signals from a wide array of receptors and initiate downstream signaling through pathways that control cellular growth. RAS proteins are fundamentally binary molecular switches in which the off/on state is determined by the binding of GDP or GTP, respectively. As such, the intrinsic and regulated nucleotide-binding and hydrolytic properties of the RAS GTPase were historically believed to account for the entirety of the regulation of RAS signaling. However, it is increasingly clear that RAS proteins are also regulated by a vast array of post-translational modifications (PTMs). The current challenge is to understand what are the functional consequences of these modifications and which are physiologically relevant. Because PTMs are catalyzed by enzymes that may offer targets for drug discovery, the study of RAS PTMs has been a high priority for RAS biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R Philips
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
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Osaka N, Hirota Y, Ito D, Ikeda Y, Kamata R, Fujii Y, Chirasani VR, Campbell SL, Takeuchi K, Senda T, Sasaki AT. Divergent Mechanisms Activating RAS and Small GTPases Through Post-translational Modification. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:707439. [PMID: 34307463 PMCID: PMC8295990 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.707439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS is a founding member of the RAS superfamily of GTPases. These small 21 kDa proteins function as molecular switches to initialize signaling cascades involved in various cellular processes, including gene expression, cell growth, and differentiation. RAS is activated by GTP loading and deactivated upon GTP hydrolysis to GDP. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) accelerate GTP loading and hydrolysis, respectively. These accessory proteins play a fundamental role in regulating activities of RAS superfamily small GTPase via a conserved guanine binding (G)-domain, which consists of five G motifs. The Switch regions lie within or proximal to the G2 and G3 motifs, and undergo dynamic conformational changes between the GDP-bound "OFF" state and GTP-bound "ON" state. They play an important role in the recognition of regulatory factors (GEFs and GAPs) and effectors. The G4 and G5 motifs are the focus of the present work and lie outside Switch regions. These motifs are responsible for the recognition of the guanine moiety in GTP and GDP, and contain residues that undergo post-translational modifications that underlie new mechanisms of RAS regulation. Post-translational modification within the G4 and G5 motifs activates RAS by populating the GTP-bound "ON" state, either through enhancement of intrinsic guanine nucleotide exchange or impairing GAP-mediated down-regulation. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of post-translational modifications in the RAS G4 and G5 motifs, and describe the role of these modifications in RAS activation as well as potential applications for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Osaka
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hirota
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Doshun Ito
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Kamata
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Venkat R. Chirasani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sharon L. Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Koh Takeuchi
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Accelerator Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsuo T. Sasaki
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center at UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Shu L, Wang D, Saba NF, Chen ZG. A Historic Perspective and Overview of H-Ras Structure, Oncogenicity, and Targeting. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 19:999-1007. [PMID: 32241873 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
H-Ras is a unique isoform of the Ras GTPase family, one of the most prominently mutated oncogene families across the cancer landscape. Relative to other isoforms, though, mutations of H-Ras account for the smallest proportion of mutant Ras cancers. Yet, in recent years, there have been renewed efforts to study this isoform, especially as certain H-Ras-driven cancers, like those of the head and neck, have become more prominent. Important advances have therefore been made not only in the understanding of H-Ras structural biology but also in approaches designed to inhibit and impair its signaling activity. In this review, we outline historic and present initiatives to elucidate the mechanisms of H-Ras-dependent tumorigenesis as well as highlight ongoing developments in the quest to target this critical oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Shu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Zhuo G Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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9
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Dai W, Xie S, Chen C, Choi BH. Ras sumoylation in cell signaling and transformation. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:301-309. [PMID: 33812985 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ras proteins are small GTPases that participate in multiple signal cascades, regulating crucial cellular processes including cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Mutations or deregulated activities of Ras are frequently the driving force for oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis. Posttranslational modifications play a crucial role in mediating the stability, activity, or subcellular localization/trafficking of numerous cellular regulators including Ras proteins. A series of recent studies reveal that Ras proteins are also regulated by sumoylation. All three Ras protein isoforms (HRas, KRas, and NRas) are modified by SUMO3. The conserved lysine42 appears to be the primary site for mediating sumoylation. Expression of KRasV12/R42 mutants compromised the activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling axis, leading to a reduced rate of cell migration and invasion in vitro in multiple cell lines. Moreover, treatment of transformed pancreatic cells with a SUMO E2 inhibitor blocks cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner, which is associated with a reduced level of both KRas sumoylation and expression of mesenchymal cell markers. Furthermore, mouse xenograft experiments reveal that expression of a SUMO-resistant mutant appears to suppress tumor development in vivo. Combined, these studies indicate that sumoylation functions as an important mechanism in mediating the roles of Ras in cell proliferation, differentiation, and malignant transformation and that the SUMO-modification system of Ras oncoproteins can be explored as a new druggable target for various human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, USA
| | - Suqing Xie
- Institute of Pathology, Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Changyan Chen
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Byeong Hyeok Choi
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, USA.
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10
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Ingham VA, Elg S, Nagi SC, Dondelinger F. Capturing the transcription factor interactome in response to sub-lethal insecticide exposure. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 1:None. [PMID: 34977825 PMCID: PMC8702396 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2021.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The increasing levels of pesticide resistance in agricultural pests and disease vectors represents a threat to both food security and global health. As insecticide resistance intensity strengthens and spreads, the likelihood of a pest encountering a sub-lethal dose of pesticide dramatically increases. Here, we apply dynamic Bayesian networks to a transcriptome time-course generated using sub-lethal pyrethroid exposure on a highly resistant Anopheles coluzzii population. The model accounts for circadian rhythm and ageing effects allowing high confidence identification of transcription factors with key roles in pesticide response. The associations generated by this model show high concordance with lab-based validation and identifies 44 transcription factors putatively regulating insecticide-responsive transcripts. We identify six key regulators, with each displaying differing enrichment terms, demonstrating the complexity of pesticide response. The considerable overlap of resistance mechanisms in agricultural pests and disease vectors strongly suggests that these findings are relevant in a wide variety of pest species.
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11
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Lin CJ, Dang A, Hernandez E, Hsieh JT. DAB2IP modulates primary cilia formation associated with renal tumorigenesis. Neoplasia 2020; 23:169-180. [PMID: 33341566 PMCID: PMC7750127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that projects from the surfaces of most mammalian cell types and protrudes into the extracellular milieu as an antenna-like sensor to senses extracellular physical and biochemical signals, and then transmits signals into cytoplasm or nucleus to regulate numerous physical and developmental processes. Therefore, loss of primary cilia is associated to multiple cancer progression, including skin, breast, pancreas, ovarian, prostate, and kidney cancers. Our previous studies demonstrate that high prevalent loss of DAB2 Interacting Protein (DAB2IP) is associated with renal cell carcinoma, and we found a kinesin-like protein, kinesin family member 3A (KIF3a), was significantly increased in DAB2IP-interacting protein fraction. KIF3 is one of the most abundant kinesin-2 family proteins expressed in cells, and it is necessary for ciliogenesis. In this study, we observed that loss of DAB2IP in normal kidney epithelial cell significantly impair primary cilia formation. We unveiled a new mechanism of primary cilia stability via DAB2IP and KIF3a physical interaction at DAB2IP-PH domain. Furthermore, we found that KIF3a also act as a tumor suppressor in renal cell carcinoma, affect tumor development and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Lin
- UT Southwestern Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Dang
- UT Southwestern Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hernandez
- UT Southwestern Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- UT Southwestern Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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12
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Abstract
RAS was identified as a human oncogene in the early 1980s and subsequently found to be mutated in nearly 30% of all human cancers. More importantly, RAS plays a central role in driving tumor development and maintenance. Despite decades of effort, there remain no FDA approved drugs that directly inhibit RAS. The prevalence of RAS mutations in cancer and the lack of effective anti-RAS therapies stem from RAS' core role in growth factor signaling, unique structural features, and biochemistry. However, recent advances have brought promising new drugs to clinical trials and shone a ray of hope in the field. Here, we will exposit the details of RAS biology that illustrate its key role in cell signaling and shed light on the difficulties in therapeutically targeting RAS. Furthermore, past and current efforts to develop RAS inhibitors will be discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthew Rhett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - John P O'Bryan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
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13
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Washington C, Chernet R, Gokhale RH, Martino-Cortez Y, Liu HY, Rosenberg AM, Shahar S, Pfleger CM. A conserved, N-terminal tyrosine signal directs Ras for inhibition by Rabex-5. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008715. [PMID: 32559233 PMCID: PMC7329146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the Ras oncogene in development causes developmental disorders, "Rasopathies," whereas mutational activation or amplification of Ras in differentiated tissues causes cancer. Rabex-5 (also called RabGEF1) inhibits Ras by promoting Ras mono- and di-ubiquitination. We report here that Rabex-5-mediated Ras ubiquitination requires Ras Tyrosine 4 (Y4), a site of known phosphorylation. Ras substitution mutants insensitive to Y4 phosphorylation did not undergo Rabex-5-mediated ubiquitination in cells and exhibited Ras gain-of-function phenotypes in vivo. Ras Y4 phosphomimic substitution increased Rabex-5-mediated ubiquitination in cells. Y4 phosphomimic substitution in oncogenic Ras blocked the morphological phenotypes associated with oncogenic Ras in vivo dependent on the presence of Rabex-5. We developed polyclonal antibodies raised against an N-terminal Ras peptide phosphorylated at Y4. These anti-phospho-Y4 antibodies showed dramatic recognition of recombinant wild-type Ras and RasG12V proteins when incubated with JAK2 or SRC kinases but not of RasY4F or RasY4F,G12V recombinant proteins suggesting that JAK2 and SRC could promote phosphorylation of Ras proteins at Y4 in vitro. Anti-phospho-Y4 antibodies also showed recognition of RasG12V protein, but not wild-type Ras, when incubated with EGFR. A role for JAK2, SRC, and EGFR (kinases with well-known roles to activate signaling through Ras), to promote Ras Y4 phosphorylation could represent a feedback mechanism to limit Ras activation and thus establish Ras homeostasis. Notably, rare variants of Ras at Y4 have been found in cerebellar glioblastomas. Therefore, our work identifies a physiologically relevant Ras ubiquitination signal and highlights a requirement for Y4 for Ras inhibition by Rabex-5 to maintain Ras pathway homeostasis and to prevent tissue transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalita Washington
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rachel Chernet
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rewatee H. Gokhale
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yesenia Martino-Cortez
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hsiu-Yu Liu
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ashley M. Rosenberg
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sivan Shahar
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Cathie M. Pfleger
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
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14
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Motta M, Fidan M, Bellacchio E, Pantaleoni F, Schneider-Heieck K, Coppola S, Borck G, Salviati L, Zenker M, Cirstea IC, Tartaglia M. Dominant Noonan syndrome-causing LZTR1 mutations specifically affect the Kelch domain substrate-recognition surface and enhance RAS-MAPK signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1007-1022. [PMID: 30481304 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS), the most common RASopathy, is caused by mutations affecting signaling through RAS and the MAPK cascade. Recently, genome scanning has discovered novel genes implicated in NS, whose function in RAS-MAPK signaling remains obscure, suggesting the existence of unrecognized circuits contributing to signal modulation in this pathway. Among these genes, leucine zipper-like transcriptional regulator 1 (LZTR1) encodes a functionally poorly characterized member of the BTB/POZ protein superfamily. Two classes of germline LZTR1 mutations underlie dominant and recessive forms of NS, while constitutional monoallelic, mostly inactivating, mutations in the same gene cause schwannomatosis, a cancer-prone disorder clinically distinct from NS. Here we show that dominant NS-causing LZTR1 mutations do not affect significantly protein stability and subcellular localization. We provide the first evidence that these mutations, but not the missense changes occurring as biallelic mutations in recessive NS, enhance stimulus-dependent RAS-MAPK signaling, which is triggered, at least in part, by an increased RAS protein pool. Moreover, we document that dominant NS-causing mutations do not perturb binding of LZTR1 to CUL3, a scaffold coordinating the assembly of a multimeric complex catalyzing protein ubiquitination but are predicted to affect the surface of the Kelch domain mediating substrate binding to the complex. Collectively, our data suggest a model in which LZTR1 contributes to the ubiquitinationof protein(s) functioning as positive modulator(s) of the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway. In this model, LZTR1 mutations are predicted to variably impair binding of these substrates to the multi-component ligase complex and their efficient ubiquitination and degradation, resulting in MAPK signaling upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Motta
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Miray Fidan
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Emanuele Bellacchio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pantaleoni
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simona Coppola
- National Centre for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Guntram Borck
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ion C Cirstea
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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15
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Khan I, Rhett JM, O'Bryan JP. Therapeutic targeting of RAS: New hope for drugging the "undruggable". BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118570. [PMID: 31678118 PMCID: PMC6937383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer and a critical driver of oncogenesis. Therapeutic targeting of RAS has been a goal of cancer research for more than 30 years due to its essential role in tumor formation and maintenance. Yet the quest to inhibit this challenging foe has been elusive. Although once considered "undruggable", the struggle to directly inhibit RAS has seen recent success with the development of pharmacological agents that specifically target the KRAS(G12C) mutant protein, which include the first direct RAS inhibitor to gain entry to clinical trials. However, the limited applicability of these inhibitors to G12C-mutant tumors demands further efforts to identify more broadly efficacious RAS inhibitors. Understanding allosteric influences on RAS may open new avenues to inhibit RAS. Here, we provide a brief overview of RAS biology and biochemistry, discuss the allosteric regulation of RAS, and summarize the various approaches to develop RAS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, United States of America
| | - J Matthew Rhett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, United States of America
| | - John P O'Bryan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, United States of America.
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16
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Abstract
Many sensory and chemical signal inputs are transmitted by intracellular GTP-binding (G) proteins. G proteins make up two major subfamilies: "large" G proteins comprising three subunits and "small" G proteins, such as the proto-oncogene product RAS, which contains a single subunit. Members of both subfamilies are regulated by post-translational modifications, including lipidation, proteolysis, and carboxyl methylation. Emerging studies have shown that these proteins are also modified by ubiquitination. Much of our current understanding of this post-translational modification comes from investigations of the large G-protein α subunit from yeast (Gpa1) and the three RAS isotypes in humans, NRAS, KRAS, and HRAS. Gα undergoes both mono- and polyubiquitination, and these modifications have distinct consequences for determining the sites and mechanisms of its degradation. Genetic and biochemical reconstitution studies have revealed the enzymes and binding partners required for addition and removal of ubiquitin, as well as the delivery and destruction of both the mono- and polyubiquitinated forms of the G protein. Complementary studies of RAS have identified multiple ubiquitination sites, each having distinct consequences for binding to regulatory proteins, shuttling to and from the plasma membrane, and degradation. Here, we review what is currently known about these two well-studied examples, Gpa1 and the human RAS proteins, that have revealed additional mechanisms of signal regulation and dysregulation relevant to human physiology. We also compare and contrast the effects of G-protein ubiquitination with other post-translational modifications of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik G Dohlman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.
| | - Sharon L Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.
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17
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D'Agostino L, Nie Y, Goswami S, Tong K, Yu S, Bandyopadhyay S, Flores J, Zhang X, Balasubramanian I, Joseph I, Sakamori R, Farrell V, Li Q, Yang CS, Gao B, Ferraris RP, Yehia G, Bonder EM, Goldenring JR, Verzi MP, Zhang L, Ip YT, Gao N. Recycling Endosomes in Mature Epithelia Restrain Tumorigenic Signaling. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4099-4112. [PMID: 31239271 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-4075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of polarized membrane trafficking in mature epithelial tissue on cell growth and cancer progression have not been fully explored in vivo. A majority of colorectal cancers have reduced and mislocalized Rab11, a small GTPase dedicated to trafficking of recycling endosomes. Patients with low Rab11 protein expression have poor survival rates. Using genetic models across species, we show that intact recycling endosome function restrains aberrant epithelial growth elicited by APC or RAS mutations. Loss of Rab11 protein led to epithelial dysplasia in early animal development and synergized with oncogenic pathways to accelerate tumor progression initiated by carcinogen, genetic mutation, or aging. Transcriptomic analysis uncovered an immediate expansion of the intestinal stem cell pool along with cell-autonomous Yki/Yap activation following disruption of Rab11a-mediated recycling endosomes. Intestinal tumors lacking Rab11a traffic exhibited marked elevation of nuclear Yap, upd3/IL6-Stat3, and amphiregulin-MAPK signaling, whereas suppression of Yki/Yap or upd3/IL6 reduced gut epithelial dysplasia and hyperplasia. Examination of Rab11a function in enteroids or cultured cell lines suggested that this endosome unit is required for suppression of the Yap pathway by Hippo kinases. Thus, recycling endosomes in mature epithelia constitute key tumor suppressors, loss of which accelerates carcinogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE: Recycling endosome traffic in mature epithelia constitutes a novel tumor suppressing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D'Agostino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Yingchao Nie
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Sayantani Goswami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Kevin Tong
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | | | - Juan Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | | | - Ivor Joseph
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Ryotaro Sakamori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Victoria Farrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Qi Li
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taixing Chinese Medicine Hospital, Taixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ronaldo P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Ghassan Yehia
- Rutgers Genome Editing Core Facility, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - James R Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Epithelial Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey.,Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Department of Pathology, Princeton Medical Center, Plainsboro, New Jersey
| | - Y Tony Ip
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey. .,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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18
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Steklov M, Pandolfi S, Baietti MF, Batiuk A, Carai P, Najm P, Zhang M, Jang H, Renzi F, Cai Y, Abbasi Asbagh L, Pastor T, De Troyer M, Simicek M, Radaelli E, Brems H, Legius E, Tavernier J, Gevaert K, Impens F, Messiaen L, Nussinov R, Heymans S, Eyckerman S, Sablina AA. Mutations in LZTR1 drive human disease by dysregulating RAS ubiquitination. Science 2018; 362:1177-1182. [PMID: 30442762 PMCID: PMC8058620 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap7607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The leucine zipper-like transcriptional regulator 1 (LZTR1) protein, an adaptor for cullin 3 (CUL3) ubiquitin ligase complex, is implicated in human disease, yet its mechanism of action remains unknown. We found that Lztr1 haploinsufficiency in mice recapitulates Noonan syndrome phenotypes, whereas LZTR1 loss in Schwann cells drives dedifferentiation and proliferation. By trapping LZTR1 complexes from intact mammalian cells, we identified the guanosine triphosphatase RAS as a substrate for the LZTR1-CUL3 complex. Ubiquitome analysis showed that loss of Lztr1 abrogated Ras ubiquitination at lysine-170. LZTR1-mediated ubiquitination inhibited RAS signaling by attenuating its association with the membrane. Disease-associated LZTR1 mutations disrupted either LZTR1-CUL3 complex formation or its interaction with RAS proteins. RAS regulation by LZTR1-mediated ubiquitination provides an explanation for the role of LZTR1 in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steklov
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Pandolfi
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M F Baietti
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Batiuk
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Carai
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Najm
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Zhang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - H Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - F Renzi
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Y Cai
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Abbasi Asbagh
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Pastor
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M De Troyer
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Simicek
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Radaelli
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Brems
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Tavernier
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Gevaert
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Impens
- VIB Proteomics Core, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Messiaen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - R Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - S Heymans
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Netherlands
- The Netherlands Heart Institute, Nl-HI, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - S Eyckerman
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - A A Sablina
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Bigenzahn JW, Collu GM, Kartnig F, Pieraks M, Vladimer GI, Heinz LX, Sedlyarov V, Schischlik F, Fauster A, Rebsamen M, Parapatics K, Blomen VA, Müller AC, Winter GE, Kralovics R, Brummelkamp TR, Mlodzik M, Superti-Furga G. LZTR1 is a regulator of RAS ubiquitination and signaling. Science 2018; 362:1171-1177. [PMID: 30442766 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In genetic screens aimed at understanding drug resistance mechanisms in chronic myeloid leukemia cells, inactivation of the cullin 3 adapter protein-encoding leucine zipper-like transcription regulator 1 (LZTR1) gene led to enhanced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activity and reduced sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Knockdown of the Drosophila LZTR1 ortholog CG3711 resulted in a Ras-dependent gain-of-function phenotype. Endogenous human LZTR1 associates with the main RAS isoforms. Inactivation of LZTR1 led to decreased ubiquitination and enhanced plasma membrane localization of endogenous KRAS (V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog). We propose that LZTR1 acts as a conserved regulator of RAS ubiquitination and MAPK pathway activation. Because LZTR1 disease mutations failed to revert loss-of-function phenotypes, our findings provide a molecular rationale for LZTR1 involvement in a variety of inherited and acquired human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W Bigenzahn
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanna M Collu
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Felix Kartnig
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Pieraks
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregory I Vladimer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leonhard X Heinz
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vitaly Sedlyarov
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fiorella Schischlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Fauster
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manuele Rebsamen
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Parapatics
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincent A Blomen
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - André C Müller
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg E Winter
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Kralovics
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thijn R Brummelkamp
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Center (CGC.nl), Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria. .,Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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20
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Moore R, Pujol MG, Zhu Z, Smythe E. Interplay of Endocytosis and Growth Factor Receptor Signalling. ENDOCYTOSIS AND SIGNALING 2018; 57:181-202. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Tebar F, Enrich C, Rentero C, Grewal T. GTPases Rac1 and Ras Signaling from Endosomes. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 57:65-105. [PMID: 30097772 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endocytic compartment is not only the functional continuity of the plasma membrane but consists of a diverse collection of intracellular heterogeneous complex structures that transport, amplify, sustain, and/or sort signaling molecules. Over the years, it has become evident that early, late, and recycling endosomes represent an interconnected vesicular-tubular network able to form signaling platforms that dynamically and efficiently translate extracellular signals into biological outcome. Cell activation, differentiation, migration, death, and survival are some of the endpoints of endosomal signaling. Hence, to understand the role of the endosomal system in signal transduction in space and time, it is therefore necessary to dissect and identify the plethora of decoders that are operational in the different steps along the endocytic pathway. In this chapter, we focus on the regulation of spatiotemporal signaling in cells, considering endosomes as central platforms, in which several small GTPases proteins of the Ras superfamily, in particular Ras and Rac1, actively participate to control cellular processes like proliferation and cell mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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22
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Kumari N, Jaynes PW, Saei A, Iyengar PV, Richard JLC, Eichhorn PJA. The roles of ubiquitin modifying enzymes in neoplastic disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:456-483. [PMID: 28923280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The initial experiments performed by Rose, Hershko, and Ciechanover describing the identification of a specific degradation signal in short-lived proteins paved the way to the discovery of the ubiquitin mediated regulation of numerous physiological functions required for cellular homeostasis. Since their discovery of ubiquitin and ubiquitin function over 30years ago it has become wholly apparent that ubiquitin and their respective ubiquitin modifying enzymes are key players in tumorigenesis. The human genome encodes approximately 600 putative E3 ligases and 80 deubiquitinating enzymes and in the majority of cases these enzymes exhibit specificity in sustaining either pro-tumorigenic or tumour repressive responses. In this review, we highlight the known oncogenic and tumour suppressive effects of ubiquitin modifying enzymes in cancer relevant pathways with specific focus on PI3K, MAPK, TGFβ, WNT, and YAP pathways. Moreover, we discuss the capacity of targeting DUBs as a novel anticancer therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishi Kumari
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Patrick William Jaynes
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Azad Saei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | | | | - Pieter Johan Adam Eichhorn
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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23
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Kang L, Hao X, Tang Y, Wei X, Gong Y. RABEX-5 overexpression in gastric cancer is correlated with elevated MMP-9 level. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:2365-2374. [PMID: 27347344 PMCID: PMC4891449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate mRNA and protein expression levels of RABEX-5 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), their mutual correlation, and biological behavior in gastric cancer (GC) patients. METHODS The expression levels of RABEX-5 and MMP-9 were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting in cell lines, GC tissues, and adjacent normal tissues. In addition, RABEX-5 and MMP-9 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed tissues from 113 GC patients. RESULTS The mRNA and protein expression levels of RABEX-5 and MMP-9 in GC cell lines and GC tissues were higher than those in normal gastric mucosa cell line and adjacent normal tissues. RABEX-5 expression and MMP-9 expression in GC tissues were significantly and positively correlated. In addition, the size of tumor (p<0.001), Lauren's classification (p=0.009), and N stage (p<0.001) were identified as the relative factors of RABEX-5 expression, whereas the expression of MMP-9 was correlated with N stage (p=0.003). The results of the multivariate analysis revealed that the independent predictive factors of overall survival were T stage (hazard ratio (HR)=2.382; p=0.028), N stage (HR=1.755; p<0.001), RABEX-5 expression (HR=0.452; p=0.004), and MMP-9 expression (HR=0.561; p=0.032). CONCLUSIONS RABEX-5 and MMP-9 expression levels were elevated in GC tissues and were associated with tumor invasion, metastasis, and prognosis. Therefore, they may be promising prognostic indicators of survival in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM, Nankai Hospital Sanwei Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Xuwen Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM, Nankai Hospital Sanwei Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Yanping Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM, Nankai Hospital Sanwei Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Xiaodong Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM, Nankai Hospital Sanwei Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Yanxia Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM, Nankai Hospital Sanwei Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300100, China
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24
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Baldassarre G, Belletti B. Meet me in the cytoplasm: A role for p27(Kip1) in the control of H-Ras. Small GTPases 2016; 7:71-5. [PMID: 27057815 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1171279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPases of the Ras family play a pivotal role in the regulation of cell proliferation and motility, both in normal and transformed cells. In particular, the 3 genes encoding for the N-, H- and K-Ras are frequently mutated in human cancer and their inappropriate regulation, expression and subcellular localization can drive tumor onset and progression. Activation of the Ras-MAPK pathway directly signals on the cell cycle machinery by regulating the expression and/or localization of 2 key cell cycle player, Cyclin D1 and p27(Kip1). We recently reported that in normal fibroblasts, following mitogenic stimuli, p27(Kip1) translocates to the cytoplasm where it regulates H-Ras localization and activity. This regulatory mechanism ensures that cells pass beyond the restriction point of the cell cycle only when the proper level of stimulation is reached. Here, we comment on this new evidence that possibly represents one of the ways that cells have developed during evolution to ensure that the cell decision to divide is taken only when time and context are appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Baldassarre
- a Division of Experimental Oncology 2, Department of Translational Research, C.R.O. Aviano IRCCS, National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Barbara Belletti
- a Division of Experimental Oncology 2, Department of Translational Research, C.R.O. Aviano IRCCS, National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
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25
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Baietti MF, Simicek M, Abbasi Asbagh L, Radaelli E, Lievens S, Crowther J, Steklov M, Aushev VN, Martínez García D, Tavernier J, Sablina AA. OTUB1 triggers lung cancer development by inhibiting RAS monoubiquitination. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:288-303. [PMID: 26881969 PMCID: PMC4772950 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the RAS oncogenic pathway, frequently ensuing from mutations in RAS genes, is a common event in human cancer. Recent reports demonstrate that reversible ubiquitination of RAS GTPases dramatically affects their activity, suggesting that enzymes involved in regulating RAS ubiquitination may contribute to malignant transformation. Here, we identified the de-ubiquitinase OTUB1 as a negative regulator of RAS mono- and di-ubiquitination. OTUB1 inhibits RAS ubiquitination independently of its catalytic activity resulting in sequestration of RAS on the plasma membrane. OTUB1 promotes RAS activation and tumorigenesis in wild-type RAS cells. An increase of OTUB1 expression is commonly observed in non-small-cell lung carcinomas harboring wild-type KRAS and is associated with increased levels of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, high Ki67 score, and poorer patient survival. Our results strongly indicate that dysregulation of RAS ubiquitination represents an alternative mechanism of RAS activation during lung cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Baietti
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michal Simicek
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Layka Abbasi Asbagh
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Lievens
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Gent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Crowther
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mikhail Steklov
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vasily N Aushev
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - David Martínez García
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Gent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Anna A Sablina
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Tam SY, Lilla JN, Chen CC, Kalesnikoff J, Tsai M. RabGEF1/Rabex-5 Regulates TrkA-Mediated Neurite Outgrowth and NMDA-Induced Signaling Activation in NGF-Differentiated PC12 Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142935. [PMID: 26588713 PMCID: PMC4654474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) binds to its cognate receptor TrkA and induces neuronal differentiation by activating distinct downstream signal transduction events. RabGEF1 (also known as Rabex-5) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab5, which regulates early endosome fusion and vesicular trafficking in endocytic pathways. Here, we used the antisense (AS) expression approach to induce an NGF-dependent sustained knockdown of RabGEF1 protein expression in stable PC12 transfectants. We show that RabGEF1 is a negative regulator of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth and modulates other cellular and signaling processes that are activated by the interaction of NGF with TrkA receptors, such as cell cycle progression, cessation of proliferation, and activation of NGF-mediated downstream signaling responses. Moreover, RabGEF1 can bind to Rac1, and the activation of Rac1 upon NGF treatment is significantly enhanced in AS transfectants, suggesting that RabGEF1 is a negative regulator of NGF-induced Rac1 activation in PC12 cells. Furthermore, we show that RabGEF1 can also interact with NMDA receptors by binding to the NR2B subunit and its associated binding partner SynGAP, and negatively regulates activation of nitric oxide synthase activity induced by NMDA receptor stimulation in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. Our data suggest that RabGEF1 is a negative regulator of TrkA-dependent neuronal differentiation and of NMDA receptor-mediated signaling activation in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- See-Ying Tam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jennifer N. Lilla
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ching-Cheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Janet Kalesnikoff
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
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27
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Reimels TA, Pfleger CM. Drosophila Rabex-5 restricts Notch activity in hematopoietic cells and maintains hematopoietic homeostasis. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4512-25. [PMID: 26567216 PMCID: PMC4696494 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.174433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic homeostasis requires the maintenance of a reservoir of undifferentiated blood cell progenitors and the ability to replace or expand differentiated blood cell lineages when necessary. Multiple signaling pathways function in these processes, but how their spatiotemporal control is established and their activity is coordinated in the context of the entire hematopoietic network are still poorly understood. We report here that loss of the gene Rabex-5 in Drosophila causes several hematopoietic abnormalities, including blood cell (hemocyte) overproliferation, increased size of the hematopoietic organ (the lymph gland), lamellocyte differentiation and melanotic mass formation. Hemocyte-specific Rabex-5 knockdown was sufficient to increase hemocyte populations, increase lymph gland size and induce melanotic masses. Rabex-5 negatively regulates Ras, and we show that Ras activity is responsible for specific Rabex-5 hematopoietic phenotypes. Surprisingly, Ras-independent Notch protein accumulation and transcriptional activity in the lymph gland underlie multiple distinct hematopoietic phenotypes of Rabex-5 loss. Thus, Rabex-5 plays an important role in Drosophila hematopoiesis and might serve as an axis coordinating Ras and Notch signaling in the lymph gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Reimels
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Cathie M Pfleger
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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28
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p27kip1 controls H-Ras/MAPK activation and cell cycle entry via modulation of MT stability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13916-21. [PMID: 26512117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508514112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27(kip1) is a critical regulator of the G1/S-phase transition of the cell cycle and also regulates microtubule (MT) stability. This latter function is exerted by modulating the activity of stathmin, an MT-destabilizing protein, and by direct binding to MTs. We recently demonstrated that increased proliferation in p27(kip1)-null mice is reverted by concomitant deletion of stathmin in p27(kip1)/stathmin double-KO mice, suggesting that a CDK-independent function of p27(kip1) contributes to the control of cell proliferation. Whether the regulation of MT stability by p27(kip1) impinges on signaling pathway activation and contributes to the decision to enter the cell cycle is largely unknown. Here, we report that faster cell cycle entry of p27(kip1)-null cells was impaired by the concomitant deletion of stathmin. Using gene expression profiling coupled with bioinformatic analyses, we show that p27(kip1) and stathmin conjunctly control activation of the MAPK pathway. From a molecular point of view, we observed that p27(kip1), by controlling MT stability, impinges on H-Ras trafficking and ubiquitination levels, eventually restraining its full activation. Our study identifies a regulatory axis controlling the G1/S-phase transition, relying on the regulation of MT stability by p27(kip1) and finely controlling the spatiotemporal activation of the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway.
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29
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Erpapazoglou Z, Walker O, Haguenauer-Tsapis R. Versatile roles of k63-linked ubiquitin chains in trafficking. Cells 2014; 3:1027-88. [PMID: 25396681 PMCID: PMC4276913 DOI: 10.3390/cells3041027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification by Lys63-linked ubiquitin (UbK63) chains is the second most abundant form of ubiquitylation. In addition to their role in DNA repair or kinase activation, UbK63 chains interfere with multiple steps of intracellular trafficking. UbK63 chains decorate many plasma membrane proteins, providing a signal that is often, but not always, required for their internalization. In yeast, plants, worms and mammals, this same modification appears to be critical for efficient sorting to multivesicular bodies and subsequent lysosomal degradation. UbK63 chains are also one of the modifications involved in various forms of autophagy (mitophagy, xenophagy, or aggrephagy). Here, in the context of trafficking, we report recent structural studies investigating UbK63 chains assembly by various E2/E3 pairs, disassembly by deubiquitylases, and specifically recognition as sorting signals by receptors carrying Ub-binding domains, often acting in tandem. In addition, we address emerging and unanticipated roles of UbK63 chains in various recycling pathways that function by activating nucleators required for actin polymerization, as well as in the transient recruitment of signaling molecules at the plasma or ER membrane. In this review, we describe recent advances that converge to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the wealth of trafficking functions of UbK63 chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Erpapazoglou
- Institut Jacques Monod-CNRS, UMR 7592, Université-Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Walker
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280, Université de Lyon/Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Rosine Haguenauer-Tsapis
- Institut Jacques Monod-CNRS, UMR 7592, Université-Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France.
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30
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Rowshanravan B, Woodcock SA, Botella JA, Kiermayer C, Schneuwly S, Hughes DA. RasGAP mediates neuronal survival in Drosophila through direct regulation of Rab5-dependent endocytosis. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2849-61. [PMID: 24816559 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.139329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The GTPase Ras can either promote or inhibit cell survival. Inactivating mutations in Drosophila RasGAP (encoded by vap), a Ras GTPase-activating protein, lead to age-related brain degeneration. Genetic interactions implicate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-Ras pathway in promoting neurodegeneration but the mechanism is not known. Here, we show that the Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of RasGAP are essential for its neuroprotective function. By using affinity purification and mass spectrometry, we identify a complex containing RasGAP together with Sprint, which is a Ras effector and putative activator of the endocytic GTPase Rab5. Formation of the RasGAP-Sprint complex requires the SH2 domains of RasGAP and tyrosine phosphorylation of Sprint. RasGAP and Sprint colocalize with Rab5-positive early endosomes but not with Rab7-positive late endosomes. We demonstrate a key role for this interaction in neurodegeneration: mutation of Sprint (or Rab5) suppresses neuronal cell death caused by the loss of RasGAP. These results indicate that the long-term survival of adult neurons in Drosophila is crucially dependent on the activities of two GTPases, Ras and Rab5, regulated by the interplay of RasGAP and Sprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Rowshanravan
- The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon A Woodcock
- The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - José A Botella
- Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsbiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Kiermayer
- Research Unit Comparative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Schneuwly
- Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsbiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - David A Hughes
- The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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31
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Zhang Z, Zhang T, Wang S, Gong Z, Tang C, Chen J, Ding J. Molecular mechanism for Rabex-5 GEF activation by Rabaptin-5. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 24957337 PMCID: PMC4102244 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabex-5 and Rabaptin-5 function together to activate Rab5 and further promote early endosomal fusion in endocytosis. The Rabex-5 GEF activity is autoinhibited by the Rabex-5 CC domain (Rabex-5CC) and activated by the Rabaptin-5 C2-1 domain (Rabaptin-5C21) with yet unknown mechanism. We report here the crystal structures of Rabex-5 in complex with the dimeric Rabaptin-5C21 (Rabaptin-5C212) and in complex with Rabaptin-5C212 and Rab5, along with biophysical and biochemical analyses. We show that Rabex-5CC assumes an amphipathic α-helix which binds weakly to the substrate-binding site of the GEF domain, leading to weak autoinhibition of the GEF activity. Binding of Rabaptin-5C21 to Rabex-5 displaces Rabex-5CC to yield a largely exposed substrate-binding site, leading to release of the GEF activity. In the ternary complex the substrate-binding site of Rabex-5 is completely exposed to bind and activate Rab5. Our results reveal the molecular mechanism for the regulation of the Rabex-5 GEF activity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02687.001 Cells need to allow various molecules to pass through the plasma membrane on their surface. Some molecules have to enter the cell, whereas others have to leave. Cells rely on a process called endocytosis to move large molecules into the cell. This involves part of the membrane engulfing the molecule to form a ‘bubble’ around it. This bubble, which is called an endosome, then moves the molecule to final destination inside the cell. A protein called Rab5 controls how a new endosome is produced. However, before this can happen, various other molecules—including two proteins called Rabex-5 and Rabaptin-5—must activate the Rab5 protein. Exactly how these three proteins interact with each other was unknown. Zhang et al. used X-ray crystallography to examine the structures of the complexes formed when Rabex-5 and Rabaptin-5 bind to each other, both when Rab5 is present, and also when it is absent. Biochemical and biophysical experiments confirmed that the Rabex-5/Rabaptin-5 complex is able to activate Rab5. Zhang et al. also found that Rabex-5, on its own, folds so that the site that normally binds to Rab5 instead binds to a different part of Rabex-5, thus preventing endocytosis. However, when Rabaptin-5 forms a complex with Rabex-5, the Rab5 binding site is freed up. The Rabex-5/Rabaptin-5 complex can switch between a V shape and a linear structure. Binding to Rab5 stabilizes the linear form of the complex, which then helps activate Rab5, and subsequently the activated Rab5 can interact with other downstream molecules, triggering endocytosis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02687.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangye Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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32
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Zeng T, Wang Q, Fu J, Lin Q, Bi J, Ding W, Qiao Y, Zhang S, Zhao W, Lin H, Wang M, Lu B, Deng X, Zhou D, Yin Z, Wang HR. Impeded Nedd4-1-Mediated Ras Degradation Underlies Ras-Driven Tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2014; 7:871-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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33
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Piper RC, Dikic I, Lukacs GL. Ubiquitin-dependent sorting in endocytosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:6/1/a016808. [PMID: 24384571 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When ubiquitin (Ub) is attached to membrane proteins on the plasma membrane, it directs them through a series of sorting steps that culminate in their delivery to the lumen of the lysosome where they undergo complete proteolysis. Ubiquitin is recognized by a series of complexes that operate at a number of vesicle transport steps. Ubiquitin serves as a sorting signal for internalization at the plasma membrane and is the major signal for incorporation into intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular late endosomes. The sorting machineries that catalyze these steps can bind Ub via a variety of Ub-binding domains. At the same time, many of these complexes are themselves ubiquitinated, thus providing a plethora of potential mechanisms to regulate their activity. Here we provide an overview of how membrane proteins are selected for ubiquitination and deubiquitination within the endocytic pathway and how that ubiquitin signal is interpreted by endocytic sorting machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Piper
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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34
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A bimolecular fluorescent complementation screen reveals complex roles of endosomes in Ras-mediated signaling. Methods Enzymol 2014; 535:25-38. [PMID: 24377915 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397925-4.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While Ras GTPases are best known for mediating growth factor signaling on the plasma membrane, these proteins also have surprisingly complex activities in the endosome. Assisted by a method called bimolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC), which can detect weak and transient protein-protein interactions and reveal where the binding takes place in live cells, we have identified three effectors, Cdc42, CHMP6, and VPS4A that interact with Ras proteins in endosomes. These effectors are all necessary for Ras-induced transformation, suggesting that for Ras proteins to efficiently induce tumor formation, they must also activate effectors in cytoplasm, such as those in endosomes. Here, we describe how BiFC can be used to detect and screen for Ras effectors and for readily revealing where in the cell the binding occurs.
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Thomas C, Strutt D. Rabaptin-5 and Rabex-5 are neoplastic tumour suppressor genes that interact to modulate Rab5 dynamics in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 2013; 385:107-21. [PMID: 24104056 PMCID: PMC3858806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis plays an important role in the regulation of tumour growth and metastasis. In Drosophila, a number of endocytic neoplastic tumour suppressor genes have been identified that when mutated cause epithelial disruption and over-proliferation. Here we characterise the Drosophila homologue of the Rab5 effector Rabaptin-5, and show that it is a novel neoplastic tumour suppressor. Its ability to bind Rab5 and modulate early endosomal dynamics is conserved in Drosophila, as is its interaction with the Rab5 GEF Rabex5, for which we also demonstrate neoplastic tumour suppressor characteristics. Surprisingly, we do not observe disruption of apico-basal polarity in Rabaptin-5 and Rabex-5 mutant tissues; instead the tumour phenotype is associated with upregulation of Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) and Janus Kinase (JAK)/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) signalling. Drosophila Rabaptin-5 and Rabex-5 are endocytic neoplastic tumour suppressor genes. The Rab5 effector function of Rabaptin-5 is highly conserved in Drosophila. Rabaptin-5 interacts with Rabex-5 to modulate early endosomal dynamics in vivo. Tumour phenotypes are associated with upregulation of JNK and JAK/STAT signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Thomas
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Aikawa Y, Hirakawa H, Lee S. Spatiotemporal regulation of the ubiquitinated cargo-binding activity of Rabex-5 in the endocytic pathway. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40586-97. [PMID: 23048039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.411793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulatory mechanism underlying the interaction of the Rabex-5 MIU domain with ubiquitinated cargos remains unclear. RESULTS Rabex-5 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) mutants affected interactions of ubiquitinated cargos. CONCLUSION GDP/GTP exchange in the GEF domain controls the MIU domain interactions with the ubiquitinated cargos. SIGNIFICANCE Rabex-5 GEF activity acts as an intramolecular switch for spatiotemporal trafficking of the ubiquitinated cargos. Ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent endocytosis of membrane proteins requires precise molecular recognition of ubiquitinated cargo by Ub-binding proteins (UBPs). Many UBPs are often themselves monoubiquitinated, a mechanism referred to as coupled monoubiquitination, which prevents them from binding in trans to the ubiquitinated cargo. However, the spatiotemporal regulatory mechanism underlying the interaction of UBPs with the ubiquitinated cargo, via their Ub-binding domains (UBDs) remains unclear. Previously, we reported the interaction of Rabex-5, a UBP and guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rab5, with ubiquitinated neural cell adhesion molecule L1, via its motif interacting with Ub (MIU) domain. This interaction is critical for the internalization and sorting of the ubiquitinated L1 into endosomal/lysosomal compartments. The present study demonstrated that the interaction of Rabex-5 with Rab5 depends specifically on interaction of the MIU domain with the ubiquitinated L1 to drive its internalization. Notably, impaired GEF mutants and the Rabex-5(E213A) mutant increased the flexibility of the hinge region in the HB-VPS9 tandem domain, which significantly affected their interactions with the ubiquitinated L1. In addition, GEF mutants increased the catalytic efficiency, which resulted in a reduced interaction with the ubiquitinated L1. Furthermore, the coupled monoubiquitination status of Rabex-5 was found to be significantly associated with interaction of Rabex-5 and the ubiquitinated L1. Collectively, our study reveals a novel mechanism, wherein the GEF activity of Rabex-5 acts as an intramolecular switch orchestrating ubiquitinated cargo-binding activity and coupled monoubiquitination to permit the spatiotemporal dynamic exchange of the ubiquitinated cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Aikawa
- Laboratory of Neural Membrane Biology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
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Balaji K, Mooser C, Janson CM, Bliss JM, Hojjat H, Colicelli J. RIN1 orchestrates the activation of RAB5 GTPases and ABL tyrosine kinases to determine the fate of EGFR. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5887-96. [PMID: 22976291 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) initiates RAS signaling simultaneously with EGFR internalization. Endocytosed EGFR is then either recycled or degraded. EGFR fate is determined in part by the RAS effector RIN1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RAB5 GTPases. EGFR degradation was slowed by RIN1 silencing, enhanced by RIN1 overexpression and accelerated by RIN1 localization to the plasma membrane. RIN1 also directly activates ABL tyrosine kinases, which regulate actin remodeling, a function not previously connected to endocytosis. We report that RIN1-RAB5 signaling favors EGFR downregulation over EGFR recycling, whereas RIN1-ABL signaling stabilizes EGFR and inhibits macropinocytosis. RIN1(QM), a mutant that blocks ABL activation, caused EGF-stimulated membrane ruffling, actin remodeling, dextran uptake and EGFR degradation. An ABL kinase inhibitor phenocopied these effects in cells overexpressing RIN1. EGFR activation also promotes RIN1 interaction with BIN1, a membrane bending protein. These findings suggest that RIN1 orchestrates RAB5 activation, ABL kinase activation and BIN1 recruitment to determine EGFR fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Balaji
- Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Clague M, Liu H, Urbé S. Governance of Endocytic Trafficking and Signaling by Reversible Ubiquitylation. Dev Cell 2012; 23:457-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Aikawa Y. Rabex-5 protein regulates the endocytic trafficking pathway of ubiquitinated neural cell adhesion molecule L1. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32312-23. [PMID: 22846990 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.374322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination of integral membrane proteins is a common posttranslational modification used to mediate endocytosis and endocytic sorting of cell surface proteins in eukaryotic cells. Ubiquitin (Ub)-binding proteins (UBPs) regulate the stability, function, and localization of ubiquitinated cell surface proteins in the endocytic pathway. Here, I report that the immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule L1 undergoes ubiquitination and dephosphorylation on the plasma membrane upon L1 antibody-induced clustering, which mimics L1-L1 homophilic binding, and that these modifications are critical for obtaining the maximal rate of internalization and trafficking to the lysosome, but not to the proteasome. Notably, L1 antibody-induced clustering leads to the association of ubiquitinated L1 with Rabex-5, a UBP and guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab5, via interaction with the motif interacting with Ub (MIU) domain, but not the A20-type zinc finger domain. This interaction specifically depends on the presence of an Ub moiety on lysine residues in L1. Rabex-5 expression accelerates the internalization rates of L1(WT) and L1(Y1176A), a tyrosine-based motif mutant, but not L1(K11R), an ubiquitination-deficient mutant, leading to the accumulation of ubiquitinated L1 on endosomes. In contrast, RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Rabex-5 impairs the internalizations of L1(WT) and L1(Y1176A), but not L1(K11R) from the plasma membrane. Overall, these results provide a novel mechanistic insight into how Rabex-5 regulates internalization and postendocytic trafficking of ubiquitinated L1 destined for lysosomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Aikawa
- Laboratory of Neural Membrane Biology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
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Abstract
Ras proteins are best known to function on the plasma membrane to mediate growth factor signaling. Controlling the length of time that Ras proteins stay on the plasma membrane is an effective way to properly modulate the intensity and duration of growth factor signaling. It has been shown previously that H- and N-Ras proteins in the GTP-bound state can be ubiquitylated via a K-63 linkage, which leads to endosome internalization and results in a negative-feedback loop for efficient signal attenuation. In a more recent study, two new Ras effectors have been isolated, CHMP6 and VPS4A, which are components of the ESCRT-III complex, best known for mediating protein sorting in the endosomes. Surprisingly, these molecules are required for efficient Ras-induced transformation. They apparently do so by controlling recycling of components of the Ras pathway back to the plasma membrane, thus creating a positive-feedback loop to enhance growth factor signaling. These results suggest the fates of endosomal Ras proteins are complex and dynamic — they can be either stored and/or destroyed or recycled. Further work is needed to decipher how the fate of these endosomal Ras proteins is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yi Zheng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Shin D, Lee SY, Han S, Ren S, Kim S, Aikawa Y, Lee S. Differential polyubiquitin recognition by tandem ubiquitin binding domains of Rabex-5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:757-62. [PMID: 22705550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Linkage-specific polyubiquitination regulates many cellular processes. The N-terminal fragment of Rabex-5 (Rabex-5(9-73)) contains tandem ubiquitin binding domains: A20_ZF and MIU. The A20_ZF-MIU of Rabex-5 is known to bind monoubiquitin but molecular details of polyubiquitin binding affinity and linkage selectivity by Rabex-5(9-73) remain elusive. Here we report that Rabex-5(9-73) binds linear, K63- and K48-linked tetraubiquitin (Ub(4)) chains with K(d) of 0.1-1 μM, determined by biolayer interferometry. Mutational analysis of qualitative and quantitative binding data reveals that MIU is more important than A20_ZF in linkage-specific polyubiquitin recognition. MIU prefers binding to linear and K63-linked Ub(4) with sub μM affinities. However, A20_ZF recognizes the three linkage-specific Ub(4) with similar affinities with K(d) of 3-4 μM, unlike ZnF4 of A20. Taken together, our data suggest differential physiological roles of the two ubiquitin binding domains in Rabex-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyuk Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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42
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Neyraud V, Aushev VN, Hatzoglou A, Meunier B, Cascone I, Camonis J. RalA and RalB proteins are ubiquitinated GTPases, and ubiquitinated RalA increases lipid raft exposure at the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29397-405. [PMID: 22700969 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.357764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras GTPases signal by orchestrating a balance among several effector pathways, of which those driven by the GTPases RalA and RalB are essential to Ras oncogenic functions. RalA and RalB share the same effectors but support different aspects of oncogenesis. One example is the importance of active RalA in anchorage-independent growth and membrane raft trafficking. This study has shown a new post-translational modification of Ral GTPases: nondegradative ubiquitination. RalA (but not RalB) ubiquitination increases in anchorage-independent conditions in a caveolin-dependent manner and when lipid rafts are endocytosed. Forcing RalA mono-ubiquitination (by expressing a protein fusion consisting of ubiquitin fused N-terminally to RalA) leads to RalA enrichment at the plasma membrane and increases raft exposure. This study suggests the existence of an ubiquitination/de-ubiquitination cycle superimposed on the GDP/GTP cycle of RalA, involved in the regulation of RalA activity as well as in membrane raft trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Neyraud
- From the Analysis of Transduction Pathways (ATP) Group, Institut Curie, INSERM U830, Paris cedex 05, France
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43
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Abstract
Cullin/RING ubiquitin ligases (CRL) comprise the largest subfamily of ubiquitin ligases. CRLs are involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA replication, DNA damage response (DDR), development, immune response, transcriptional regulation, circadian rhythm, viral infection, and protein quality control. One of the main functions of CRLs is to regulate the DDR, a fundamental signaling cascade that maintains genome integrity. In this review, we will discuss the regulation of CRL ubiquitin ligases and their roles in control of the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Mei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
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Sigismund S, Confalonieri S, Ciliberto A, Polo S, Scita G, Di Fiore PP. Endocytosis and signaling: cell logistics shape the eukaryotic cell plan. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:273-366. [PMID: 22298658 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of endocytosis has evolved remarkably in little more than a decade. This is the result not only of advances in our knowledge of its molecular and biological workings, but also of a true paradigm shift in our understanding of what really constitutes endocytosis and of its role in homeostasis. Although endocytosis was initially discovered and studied as a relatively simple process to transport molecules across the plasma membrane, it was subsequently found to be inextricably linked with almost all aspects of cellular signaling. This led to the notion that endocytosis is actually the master organizer of cellular signaling, providing the cell with understandable messages that have been resolved in space and time. In essence, endocytosis provides the communications and supply routes (the logistics) of the cell. Although this may seem revolutionary, it is still likely to be only a small part of the entire story. A wealth of new evidence is uncovering the surprisingly pervasive nature of endocytosis in essentially all aspects of cellular regulation. In addition, many newly discovered functions of endocytic proteins are not immediately interpretable within the classical view of endocytosis. A possible framework, to rationalize all this new knowledge, requires us to "upgrade" our vision of endocytosis. By combining the analysis of biochemical, biological, and evolutionary evidence, we propose herein that endocytosis constitutes one of the major enabling conditions that in the history of life permitted the development of a higher level of organization, leading to the actuation of the eukaryotic cell plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sigismund
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
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Choi H, Han S, Shin D, Lee S. Polyubiquitin recognition by AtSAP5, an A20-type zinc finger containing protein from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:436-40. [PMID: 22366090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Stress associated proteins (SAPs) in plants contain A20-type zinc finger (A20_ZF) domains and are involved with abiotic stress response. A20-type zinc finger domains in animals reportedly recognize ubiquitin as a regulatory signal in cell. However, it remains unclear whether A20_ZF domains in plants perform similar roles. AtSAP5, a SAP from Arabidopsis thaliana, exhibits a unique sequence feature among 10 AtSAPs harboring A20_ZF domains. The highly conserved diaromatic patch is replaced by the dialipathic patch. Here we investigated whether AtSAP5 recognizes ubiquitin and the roles of the dialipathic patch in ubiquitin binding in vitro. GST pulldown assay reveals that AtSAP5 binds polyubiquitin rather than monoubiquitin. AtSAP5 shows preferences for linear and K63-linked polyubiquitin chains to K48-linked one. The A20_ZF domain of AtSAP5 is sufficient for linkage-specific polyubiquitin recognition. The dialipathic patch in AtSAP5 plays an important role in K48-linked polyubiquitin recognition. Taken together, our results suggest that AtSAP5 participates in polyubiquitin recognition in plants and that the dialipathic patch in AtSAP5 is critical in binding K48-linked polyubiquitn chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Zheng ZY, Cheng CM, Fu XR, Chen LY, Xu L, Terrillon S, Wong ST, Bar-Sagi D, Songyang Z, Chang EC. CHMP6 and VPS4A mediate the recycling of Ras to the plasma membrane to promote growth factor signaling. Oncogene 2012; 31:4630-8. [PMID: 22231449 PMCID: PMC3326214 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While Ras is well-known to function on the plasma membrane (PM) to mediate growth factor signaling, increasing evidence suggests that Ras has complex roles in the cytoplasm. To uncover these roles, we screened a cDNA library and isolated H-Ras-binding proteins that also influence Ras functions. Many isolated proteins regulate trafficking involving endosomes; CHMP6/VPS20 and VPS4A, which interact with ESCRT-III, were chosen for further study. We showed that the binding is direct and occurs in endosomes. Furthermore, the binding is most efficient when H-Ras has a functional effector-binding-loop and is GTP-bound and ubiquitylated. CHMP6 and VPS4A also bound N-Ras, but not K-Ras. Repressing CHMP6 and VPS4A blocked Ras-induced transformation, which correlated with inefficient Ras localization to the PM as measured by cell fractionation and photobleaching. Moreover, silencing CHMP6 and VPS4A also blocked EGFR recycling. These data suggest that Ras interacts with key ESCRT-III components to promote recycling of itself and EGFR back to the PM to create a positive feedback loop to enhance growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-Y Zheng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Comparative proteomic analysis to dissect differences in signal transduction in activating TSH receptor mutations in the thyroid. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 44:290-301. [PMID: 22074661 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the thyroid, cAMP controls both thyroid growth and function. Gain-of-function mutations in the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) lead to constitutive cAMP formation and are a major cause of autonomous thyroid adenomas. The impact of activating TSHR mutations on the signal transduction network of the thyrocyte is not fully understood. To gain more insights into constitutive TSHR signaling, rat thyrocytes (FRTL-5 cells) with stable expression of three activating TSHR mutants (mutTSHR: A623I, L629F and Del613-621), which differ in their functional characteristics in vitro, were analyzed by a quantitative proteomic approach and compared to the wild-type TSHR (WT-TSHR). This study revealed (1) differences in the expression of Rab proteins suggesting an increased TSHR internalization in mutTSHR but not in the WT-TSHR; (2) differential stimulation of PI3K/Akt signaling in mutTSHR vs. WT-TSHR cells, (3) activation of Epac, impairing short-time Akt phosphorylation in both, mutTSHR and WT-TSHR cells. Based on the analysis of global changes in protein expression patterns, our findings underline the complexity of gain-of-function TSHR signaling in thyrocytes, which extends beyond pure cAMP and/or IP formation. Moreover, evidence for augmented endocytosis in the mutTSHR, adds to a new concept of TSHR signaling in thyroid autonomy. Further studies are required to clarify whether the observed differences in Rab, PI3K and Epac signaling may contribute to differences in the phenotypic presentation, i.e. stimulation of function and growth of thyroid autonomy in vivo.
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Kajiho H, Sakurai K, Minoda T, Yoshikawa M, Nakagawa S, Fukushima S, Kontani K, Katada T. Characterization of RIN3 as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rab5 subfamily GTPase Rab31. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24364-73. [PMID: 21586568 PMCID: PMC3129215 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.172445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Rab5, which cycles between GDP-bound inactive and GTP-bound active forms, plays essential roles in membrane budding and trafficking in the early endocytic pathway. Rab5 is activated by various vacuolar protein sorting 9 (VPS9) domain-containing guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Rab21, Rab22, and Rab31 (members of the Rab5 subfamily) are also involved in the trafficking of early endosomes. Mechanisms controlling the activation Rab5 subfamily members remain unclear. RIN (Ras and Rab interactor) represents a family of multifunctional proteins that have a VPS9 domain in addition to Src homology 2 (SH2) and Ras association domains. We investigated whether RIN family members act as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for the Rab5 subfamily on biochemical and cell morphological levels. RIN3 stimulated the formation of GTP-bound Rab31 in cell-free and in cell GEF activity assays. RIN3 also formed enlarged vesicles and tubular structures, where it colocalized with Rab31 in HeLa cells. In contrast, RIN3 did not exhibit any apparent effects on Rab21. We also found that serine to alanine substitutions in the sequences between SH2 and RIN family homology domain of RIN3 specifically abolished its GEF action on Rab31 but not Rab5. We examined whether RIN3 affects localization of the cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CD-MPR), which is transported between trans-Golgi network and endocytic compartments. We found that RIN3 partially translocates CD-MPR from the trans-Golgi network to peripheral vesicles and that this is dependent on its Rab31-GEF activity. These results indicate that RIN3 specifically acts as a GEF for Rab31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kajiho
- From the Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sakurai
- From the Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Minoda
- From the Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Manabu Yoshikawa
- From the Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakagawa
- From the Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinichi Fukushima
- From the Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenji Kontani
- From the Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Katada
- From the Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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de la Vega M, Burrows JF, Johnston JA. Ubiquitination: Added complexity in Ras and Rho family GTPase function. Small GTPases 2011; 2:192-201. [PMID: 22145091 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.2.4.16707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the small GTPases leading to their membrane localization has long been attributed to processing of their C-terminal CAAX box. As deregulation of many of these GTPases have been implicated in cancer and other disorders, prenylation and methylation of this CAAX box has been studied in depth as a possibility for drug targeting, but unfortunately, to date no drug has proved clinically beneficial. However, these GTPases also undergo other modifications that may be important for their regulation. Ubiquitination has long been demonstrated to regulate the fate of numerous cellular proteins and recently it has become apparent that many GTPases, along with their GAPs, GeFs and GDis, undergo ubiquitination leading to a variety of fates such as re-localization or degradation. in this review we focus on the recent literature demonstrating that the regulation of small GTPases by ubiquitination, either directly or indirectly, plays a considerable role in controlling their function and that targeting these modifications could be important for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle de la Vega
- Centre for Infection and Immunity; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences; Queen's University; Belfast, UK
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50
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Sasaki AT, Carracedo A, Locasale JW, Anastasiou D, Takeuchi K, Kahoud ER, Haviv S, Asara JM, Pandolfi PP, Cantley LC. Ubiquitination of K-Ras enhances activation and facilitates binding to select downstream effectors. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra13. [PMID: 21386094 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The guanosine triphosphate (GTP)--loaded form of the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Ras initiates multiple signaling pathways by binding to various effectors, such as the kinase Raf and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Ras activity is increased by guanine nucleotide exchange factors that stimulate guanosine diphosphate release and GTP loading and is inhibited by GTPase-activating proteins that stimulate GTP hydrolysis. KRAS is the most frequently mutated RAS gene in cancer. Here, we report that monoubiquitination of lysine-147 in the guanine nucleotide-binding motif of wild-type K-Ras could lead to enhanced GTP loading. Furthermore, ubiquitination increased the binding of the oncogenic Gly12Val mutant of K-Ras to the downstream effectors PI3K and Raf. Thus, monoubiquitination could enhance GTP loading on K-Ras and increase its affinity for specific downstream effectors, providing a previously unidentified mechanism for Ras activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo T Sasaki
- 1Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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