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Rudisch J, Holzhauer LKH, Kravanja K, Hamker FH, Voelcker-Rehage C. A systematic review of observational practice for adaptation of reaching movements. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2024; 9:61. [PMID: 39362866 PMCID: PMC11449917 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Observational practice is discussed as a substitute for physical practice for motor learning and adaptation. We systematically reviewed the literature on observational practice in reaching and aiming tasks. Our objectives were to identify (i) performance differences between observational and physical practice; (ii) factors that contribute to adaptation following observational practice; and (iii) the neural correlates of observational practice. We found 18 studies, all investigated adaptation of reaching in visuomotor rotations or force-field perturbations. Results of the studies showed that observational practice led to adaptation in both, visuomotor rotation and force-field paradigms (d = -2.16 as compared to no practice). However, direct effects were considerably smaller as compared to physical practice (d = 4.38) and aftereffects were absent, suggesting that observational practice informed inverse, but not forward modes. Contrarily, neurophysiological evidence in this review showed that observational and physical practice involved similar brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Rudisch
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Luis K H Holzhauer
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Sports Analytics, Institute for Sport Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karmen Kravanja
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Fred H Hamker
- Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Bordoloi S, Gupta CN, Hazarika SM. Understanding effects of observing affordance-driven action during motor imagery through EEG analysis. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:2473-2485. [PMID: 39180699 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of observing affordance-driven action during motor imagery. Affordance-driven action refers to actions that are initiated based on the properties of objects and the possibilities they offer for interaction. Action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) are two forms of motor simulation that can influence motor responses. We examined combined AO + MI, where participants simultaneously engaged in AO and MI. Two different kinds of combined AO + MI were employed. Participants imagined and observed the same affordance-driven action during congruent AO + MI, whereas in incongruent AO + MI, participants imagined the actual affordance-driven action while observing a distracting affordance involving the same object. EEG data were analyzed for the N2 component of event-related potential (ERP). Our study found that the N2 ERP became more negative during congruent AO + MI, indicating strong affordance-related activity. The maximum source current density (0.00611 μ A/mm2 ) using Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) was observed during congruent AO + MI in brain areas responsible for planning motoric actions. This is consistent with prefrontal cortex and premotor cortex activity for AO + MI reported in the literature. The stronger neural activity observed during congruent AO + MI suggests that affordance-driven actions hold promise for neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Bordoloi
- Centre for Linguistic Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
| | - Cota Navin Gupta
- Centre for Linguistic Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
- Neural Engineering Lab, Department of Bio Sciences and Bio Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Shyamanta M Hazarika
- Centre for Linguistic Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
- Biomimetic Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
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3
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Goto T, Tsurugizawa T, Komaki Y, Takashima I, Iwaki S, Kunori N. Clemastine enhances exercise-induced motor improvement in hypoxic ischemic rats. Brain Res 2024; 1846:149257. [PMID: 39362477 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic ischemia (HI) occurs owing to reduced cerebral oxygen levels and perfusion during the perinatal period. Brain injury after HI triggers neurological manifestations such as motor impairment, and the improvement of impaired brain function remains challenging. Recent studies suggest that cortical myelination plays a role in motor learning, but its involvement in motor improvement after HI injury is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of myelination on motor improvement following neonatal HI injury. We employed a modified Rice-Vannucci model; the right common carotid artery of postnatal day 7 (P7) Wistar rats was isolated and divided, and the rats were then exposed to hypoxic condition (90 min, 8 % O2). A total of 101 rats (66 males) were divided into four groups: trained-HI (n = 38), trained-Sham (n = 16), untrained-HI (n = 31), and untrained-Sham (n = 16). The trained groups underwent rotarod-based exercise training from P22 to P41 (3 days per week). Structural analysis using magnetic resonance imaging and immunohistochemistry (n = 6 per group) revealed increased fractional anisotropy and myelin density in the primary somatosensory cortex of the trained-HI group. We further evaluated the effect of myelination promotion on rotarod performance by administering clemastine, a myelination-promoting drug, via daily intraperitoneal injections. Clemastine did not enhance motor improvement in untrained-HI rats. However, clemastine-administered trained-HI rats (n = 7) exhibited significantly improved motor performance compared to both saline-administered trained-HI rats (n = 11) and clemastine-administered untrained-HI rats (n = 7). These findings suggest that myelination may be a key mechanism in motor improvement after HI injury and that combining exercise training with clemastine administration could be an effective therapeutic strategy for motor improvement following HI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Goto
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan; Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (DC2), 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tsurugizawa
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan; Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yuji Komaki
- Central Institute for Experimental Medicine and Life Science, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takashima
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan; Department of Information, Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Daiichi Institute of Technology, 7-7-4 Ueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-0005, Japan
| | - Sunao Iwaki
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan; Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kunori
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan.
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Castro F, Schenke KC. Augmented action observation: Theory and practical applications in sensorimotor rehabilitation. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2024; 34:1327-1346. [PMID: 38117228 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2023.2286012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Sensory feedback is a fundamental aspect of effective motor learning in sport and clinical contexts. One way to provide this is through sensory augmentation, where extrinsic sensory information are associated with, and modulated by, movement. Traditionally, sensory augmentation has been used as an online strategy, where feedback is provided during physical execution of an action. In this article, we argue that action observation can be an additional effective channel to provide augmented feedback, which would be complementary to other, more traditional, motor learning and sensory augmentation strategies. Given these similarities between observing and executing an action, action observation could be used when physical training is difficult or not feasible, for example during immobilization or during the initial stages of a rehabilitation protocol when peripheral fatigue is a common issue. We review the benefits of observational learning and preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of using augmented action observation to improve learning. We also highlight current knowledge gaps which make the transition from laboratory to practical contexts difficult. Finally, we highlight the key areas of focus for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Castro
- Institute of Sport, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Kimberley C Schenke
- School of Natural, Social and Sports Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, UK
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Mirdamadi JL, Babu R, Wali M, Seigel CR, Hsiao A, Lee-Miller T, Block HJ. Somatosensory cortex and body representation: Updating the motor system during a visuo-proprioceptive cue conflict. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.23.614575. [PMID: 39372754 PMCID: PMC11451642 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.23.614575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
The brain's representation of hand position is critical for voluntary movement. Representation is multisensory, relying on both visual and proprioceptive cues. When these cues conflict, the brain recalibrates its unimodal estimates, shifting them closer together to compensate. Converging lines of evidence from research in perception, behavior, and neurophysiology suggest that such updates to body representation must be communicated to the motor system to keep hand movements accurate. We hypothesized that primary somatosensory cortex (S1) plays a crucial role in conveying the proprioceptive aspects of the updated body representation to the motor system. We tested this hypothesis in two experiments. We predicted that proprioceptive, but not visual, recalibration would be associated with change in short latency afferent inhibition (SAI), a measure of sensorimotor integration (influence of sensory input on motor output) (Expt. 1). We further predicted that modulating S1 activity with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) should affect variance and recalibration associated with the proprioceptive estimate of hand position, but have no effect on the visual estimate (Expt. 2). Our results are consistent with these predictions, supporting the idea that (1) S1 is indeed a key region in facilitating motor system updates based on changes in body representation, and (2) this function is mediated by unisensory (proprioceptive) processing, upstream of multisensory visuo-proprioceptive computations. Other aspects of the body representation (visual and multisensory) may be conveyed to the motor system via separate pathways, e.g. from posterior parietal regions to motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine L. Mirdamadi
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - Reshma Babu
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - Manasi Wali
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - Courtney R. Seigel
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - Anna Hsiao
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - Trevor Lee-Miller
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - Hannah J. Block
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University Bloomington
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Antonioni A, Raho EM, Straudi S, Granieri E, Koch G, Fadiga L. The cerebellum and the Mirror Neuron System: A matter of inhibition? From neurophysiological evidence to neuromodulatory implications. A narrative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105830. [PMID: 39069236 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Mirror neurons show activity during both the execution (AE) and observation of actions (AO). The Mirror Neuron System (MNS) could be involved during motor imagery (MI) as well. Extensive research suggests that the cerebellum is interconnected with the MNS and may be critically involved in its activities. We gathered evidence on the cerebellum's role in MNS functions, both theoretically and experimentally. Evidence shows that the cerebellum plays a major role during AO and MI and that its lesions impair MNS functions likely because, by modulating the activity of cortical inhibitory interneurons with mirror properties, the cerebellum may contribute to visuomotor matching, which is fundamental for shaping mirror properties. Indeed, the cerebellum may strengthen sensory-motor patterns that minimise the discrepancy between predicted and actual outcome, both during AE and AO. Furthermore, through its connections with the hippocampus, the cerebellum might be involved in internal simulations of motor programs during MI. Finally, as cerebellar neuromodulation might improve its impact on MNS activity, we explored its potential neurophysiological and neurorehabilitation implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annibale Antonioni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara 44124, Italy; Doctoral Program in Translational Neurosciences and Neurotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Maria Raho
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Sofia Straudi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara 44124, Italy
| | - Enrico Granieri
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara 44121 , Italy; Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia, Rome 00179, Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara 44121 , Italy
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7
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Mangos N, Forgaard CJ, Gribble PL. Durability of motor learning by observing. J Neurophysiol 2024; 132:1025-1037. [PMID: 39163022 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00425.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Information about another person's movement kinematics obtained through visual observation activates brain regions involved in motor learning. Observation-related changes in these brain areas are associated with adaptive changes to feedforward neural control of muscle activation and behavioral improvements in limb movement control. However, little is known about the stability of these observation-related effects over time. Here, we used force channel trials to probe changes in lateral force production at various time points (1 min, 10 min, 30 min, 60 min, 24 h) after participants either physically performed, or observed another individual performing upper limb reaching movements that were perturbed by novel, robot-generated forces (a velocity-dependent force-field). Observers learned to predictively generate directionally and temporally specific compensatory forces during reaching, consistent with the idea that they acquired an internal representation of the novel dynamics. Participants who physically practiced in the force-field showed adaptation that was detectable at all time points, with some decay detected after 24 h. Observation-related adaptation was less temporally stable in comparison, decaying slightly after 1 h and undetectable at 24 h. Observation induced less adaptation overall than physical practice, which could explain differences in temporal stability. Visually acquired representations of movement dynamics are retained and continue to influence behavior for at least 1 h after observation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used force channel probes in an upper limb force-field reaching task in humans to compare the durability of learning-related changes that occurred through visual observation to those after physical movement practice. Visually acquired representations of movement dynamics continued to influence behavior for at least 1 h after observation. Our findings point to a 1-h window during which visual observation of another person could play a role in motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mangos
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher J Forgaard
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul L Gribble
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Swissa E, Monsonego U, Yang LT, Schori L, Kamintsky L, Mirloo S, Burger I, Uzzan S, Patel R, Sudmant PH, Prager O, Kaufer D, Friedman A. Cortical plasticity is associated with blood-brain barrier modulation. eLife 2024; 12:RP89611. [PMID: 39024007 PMCID: PMC11257677 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain microvessels possess the unique properties of a blood-brain barrier (BBB), tightly regulating the passage of molecules from the blood to the brain neuropil and vice versa. In models of brain injury, BBB dysfunction and the associated leakage of serum albumin to the neuropil have been shown to induce pathological plasticity, neuronal hyper-excitability, and seizures. The effect of neuronal activity on BBB function and whether it plays a role in plasticity in the healthy brain remain unclear. Here we show that neuronal activity induces modulation of microvascular permeability in the healthy brain and that it has a role in local network reorganization. Combining simultaneous electrophysiological recording and vascular imaging with transcriptomic analysis in rats, and functional and BBB-mapping MRI in human subjects, we show that prolonged stimulation of the limb induces a focal increase in BBB permeability in the corresponding somatosensory cortex that is associated with long-term synaptic plasticity. We further show that the increased microvascular permeability depends on neuronal activity and involves caveolae-mediated transcytosis and transforming growth factor β signaling. Our results reveal a role of BBB modulation in cortical plasticity in the healthy brain, highlighting the importance of neurovascular interactions for sensory experience and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evyatar Swissa
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsrael
| | - Uri Monsonego
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsrael
| | - Lynn T Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Lior Schori
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsrael
| | - Lyna Kamintsky
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie UniversityHalifaxCanada
| | - Sheida Mirloo
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie UniversityHalifaxCanada
| | - Itamar Burger
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsrael
| | - Sarit Uzzan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsrael
| | - Rishi Patel
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Peter H Sudmant
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Ofer Prager
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsrael
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsrael
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsrael
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsrael
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie UniversityHalifaxCanada
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Darainy M, Manning TF, Ostry DJ. Disruption of somatosensory cortex impairs motor learning and retention. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:1521-1528. [PMID: 37964765 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00231.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tests for a function of the somatosensory cortex, that, in addition to its role in processing somatic afferent information, somatosensory cortex contributes both to motor learning and the stabilization of motor memory. Continuous theta-burst magnetic stimulation (cTBS) was applied, before force-field training to disrupt activity in either the primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex, or a control zone over the occipital lobe. Tests for retention and relearning were conducted after a 24 h delay. Analysis of movement kinematic measures and force-channel trials found that cTBS to somatosensory cortex disrupted both learning and subsequent retention, whereas cTBS to motor cortex had little effect on learning but possibly impaired retention. Basic movement variables are unaffected by cTBS suggesting that the stimulation does not interfere with movement but instead disrupts changes in the cortex that are necessary for learning. In all experimental conditions, relearning in an abruptly introduced force field, which followed retention testing, showed extensive savings, which is consistent with previous work suggesting that more cognitive aspects of learning and retention are not dependent on either of the cortical zones under test. Taken together, the findings are consistent with the idea that motor learning is dependent on learning-related activity in the somatosensory cortex.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study uses noninvasive transcranial magnetic stimulation to test the contribution of somatosensory and motor cortex to human motor learning and retention. Continuous theta-burst stimulation is applied before learning; participants return 24 h later to assess retention. Disruption of the somatosensory cortex is found to impair both learning and retention, whereas disruption of the motor cortex has no effect on learning. The findings are consistent with the idea that motor learning is dependent upon learning-related plasticity in somatosensory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Darainy
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Timothy F Manning
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David J Ostry
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
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10
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Kitamura M, Yamamoto K, Oshima A, Kamibayashi K. Corticospinal excitability during observation of basketball free-throw movement: Effects of video playback speed and stimulus timing. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292060. [PMID: 37768947 PMCID: PMC10538764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies have indicated that action observation (AO) modulates corticospinal excitability. Although a few previous studies have shown that the AO of simple motor movements at a slow playback speed facilitates corticospinal excitability more than that at normal playback speed, it is unclear if this effect occurs during the AO of sport-related complex movements. Therefore, we investigated the changes in the motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles during the AO of a basketball free-throw movement at three different playback speeds (100%, 75%, and 50% speeds). Additionally, we evaluated the effects of stimulus timing (holding the ball vs. releasing the ball for shooting) and motor expertise (expert basketball players vs. novices) on the MEP amplitude during the AO. Our results demonstrated that regardless of motor expertise, the MEP amplitude of the FCR muscle was significantly smaller in the 50% speed condition than in the 100% condition. In the ADM muscle, the MEP amplitude was significantly larger when the ball was held after dribbling than when the ball was released. Therefore, it is suggested that corticospinal excitability in specific muscles during the observation of complex whole-body movements is influenced by video playback speed and stimulus timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Kitamura
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Oshima
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Kamibayashi
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Pham MV, Saito K, Miyaguchi S, Watanabe H, Ikarashi H, Nagasaka K, Yokota H, Kojima S, Inukai Y, Otsuru N, Onishi H. Changes in excitability and GABAergic neuronal activity of the primary somatosensory cortex after motor learning. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:794173. [PMID: 36203802 PMCID: PMC9530600 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.794173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is widely known that motor learning changes the excitability of the primary motor cortex. More recently, it has been shown that the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) also plays an important role in motor learning, but the details have not been fully examined. Therefore, we investigated how motor skill training affects somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) in 30 neurologically healthy subjects. Methods SEP N20/P25_component and N20/P25 SEP paired-pulse depression (SEP-PPD) were assessed before and immediately after complex or simple visuomotor tasks. Results Motor learning was induced more efficiently by the complex visuomotor task than by the simple visuomotor task. Both the N20/P25 SEP amplitude and N20/P25 SEP-PPD increased significantly immediately after the complex visuomotor task, but not after the simple visuomotor task. Furthermore, the altered N20/P25 SEP amplitude was associated with an increase in motor learning efficiency. Conclusion These results suggest that motor learning modulated primary somatosensory cortex excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Van Pham
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hai Duong Medical Technical University, Hai Duong, Vietnam
| | - Kei Saito
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kei Saito,
| | - Shota Miyaguchi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiraku Watanabe
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Graduate School, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ikarashi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Graduate School, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nagasaka
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirotake Yokota
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sho Kojima
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuto Inukai
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naofumi Otsuru
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideaki Onishi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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12
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Decoding self-automated and motivated finger movements using novel single-frequency filtering method – An EEG study. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Dall'Orso S, Arichi T, Fitzgibbon SP, Edwards AD, Burdet E, Muceli S. Development of functional organization within the sensorimotor network across the perinatal period. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:2249-2261. [PMID: 35088920 PMCID: PMC8996360 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mature human brain, the neural processing related to different body parts is reflected in patterns of functional connectivity, which is strongest between functional homologs in opposite cortical hemispheres. To understand how this organization is first established, we investigated functional connectivity between limb regions in the sensorimotor cortex in 400 preterm and term infants aged across the equivalent period to the third trimester of gestation (32–45 weeks postmenstrual age). Masks were obtained from empirically derived functional responses in neonates from an independent data set. We demonstrate the early presence of a crude but spatially organized functional connectivity, that rapidly matures across the preterm period to achieve an adult‐like configuration by the normal time of birth. Specifically, connectivity was strongest between homolog regions, followed by connectivity between adjacent regions (different limbs but same hemisphere) already in the preterm brain, and increased with age. These changes were specific to the sensorimotor network. Crucially, these trajectories were strongly dependent on age more than age of birth. This demonstrates that during the perinatal period the sensorimotor cortex undergoes preprogrammed changes determining the functional movement organization that are not altered by preterm birth in absence of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Dall'Orso
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg.,Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London
| | - Tomoki Arichi
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK.,Paediatric Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.,Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sean P Fitzgibbon
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A David Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London.,Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Etienne Burdet
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Silvia Muceli
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg.,Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London
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14
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Greater Cortical Activation and Motor Recovery Following Mirror Therapy Immediately after Peripheral Nerve Repair of the Forearm. Neuroscience 2022; 481:123-133. [PMID: 34875363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cortical reorganization occurs immediately after peripheral nerve injury, and early sensorimotor training is suggested during nerve regeneration. The effect of mirror therapy and classical sensory relearning on cortical activation immediately after peripheral nerve repair of the forearm is unknown. Six participants were randomly assigned to the mirror-therapy group or the sensory-relearning group. Sensorimotor training was conducted in a mirror box for 12 weeks. The mirror-therapy group used mirror reflection of the unaffected hand in order to train the affected hand, and the sensory-relearning group trained without mirror reflection. Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments (SWM) test, static 2-point discrimination test (S-2PD), grip strength, and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores were measured at baseline, the end of the intervention (T1), and 3 months after the intervention (T2). Finger and manual dexterity were measured at T1 and T2, and a functional MRI (fMRI) was conducted at T1. All participants showed improvement in the SWM, S-2PD tests, upper extremity function, and grip strength after the intervention at T1, except for the participant who injured both the median and ulnar nerves in the sensory-relearning group. In addition, the mirror-therapy group had better outcomes in finger dexterity and manual dexterity, and fMRIs showed greater activation in the multimodal association cortices and ipsilateral brain areas during motor tasks. This study provides evidence-based results confirming the benefits of early sensorimotor relearning for cortical activation in peripheral nerve injury of the forearm and different neuroplasticity patterns between mirror therapy and classical sensor relearning.
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15
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Sasaki R, Watanabe H, Miyaguchi S, Otsuru N, Ohno K, Sakurai N, Kodama N, Onishi H. Contribution of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurometabolites to the motor performance. Behav Brain Res 2021; 412:113433. [PMID: 34175359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Individual motor performance ability is affected by various factors. Although the key factor has not yet completely been elucidated, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genotype as well as neurometabolites may become contibuting factors depending on the learning stage. We investigated the effects of the Met allele of the BDNF gene and those of the neurometabolites on visuomotor learning. In total, 43 healthy participants performed a visuomotor learning task consisting of 10 blocks using the right index finger (Val66Val, n = 15; Val66Met, n = 15; and Met66Met, n = 13). Glutamate plus glutamine (Glx) concentrations in the primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex (S1), and cerebellum were evaluated using 3-T magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 19 participants who participated in the visuomotor learning task. For the learning stage, the task error (i.e., learning ability) was significantly smaller in the Met66Met group compared with that observed in the remaining groups, irrespective of the learning stage (all p values < 0.003). A significant difference was observed between the Val66Val and Met66Met groups in the learning slope (i.e., learning speed) in the early learning stage (p = 0.048) but not in the late learning stage (all p values> 0.54). Moreover, positive correlations were detected between the learning slope and Glx concentrations in S1 only in the early learning stage (r = 0.579, p = 0.009). The BDNF genotype and Glx concentrations in S1 partially contribute to interindividual variability on learning speed in the early learning stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoki Sasaki
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan; Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Hiraku Watanabe
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Shota Miyaguchi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Naofumi Otsuru
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Ken Ohno
- Department of Radiological Technology, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Noriko Sakurai
- Department of Radiological Technology, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Naoki Kodama
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan; Department of Radiological Technology, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Onishi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan.
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16
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Giacomo JD, Gongora M, Silva F, Nicoliche E, Bittencourt J, Marinho V, Gupta D, Orsini M, Teixeira S, Cagy M, Bastos V, Budde H, Basile LF, Velasques B, Ribeiro P. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation changes cognitive/motor tasks performance: An absolute alpha and beta power study. Neurosci Lett 2021; 753:135866. [PMID: 33812932 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The voluntary movement demands integration between cognitive and motor functions. During the initial stages of motor learning until mastery of a new motor task, and during a demanding task that is not automatic, cognitive and motor functions can be perceived as independent from each other. Areas used for actually performing motor tasks are essentially the same used by Motor Imagery (MI). The main objective of this study was to investigate inhibition effects on cognitive functions of motor skills induced by low-frequency (1 Hz) Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) at the sensory-motor integration site (Cz). In particular, the goal was to examine absolute alpha and beta power changes on frontal regions during Execution, Action observation, and Motor Imagery of finger movement tasks. Eleven healthy, right-handed volunteers of both sexes (5 males, 6 females; mean age 28 ± 5 years), with no history of psychiatric or neurological disorders, participated in the experiment. The execution task consisted of the subject flexing and extending the index finger. The action observation task involved watching a video of the same movement. The motor imagery task was imagining the flexion and extension of the index finger movement. After performing the tasks randomly, subjects were submitted to 15 min of low-frequency rTMS and performed the tasks again. All tasks were executed simultaneously with EEG signals recording. Our results demonstrated a significant interaction between rTMS and the three tasks in almost all analyzed regions showing that rTMS can affect the frontal region regarding Execution, Action observation, and Motor Imagery tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessé Di Giacomo
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Gongora
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Farmy Silva
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Nicoliche
- Neurophysiology and Neuropsychology of Attention, Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Marinho
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Daya Gupta
- Department of Biology, Camden County College, Blackwood, NJ, USA
| | - Marco Orsini
- Antônio Pedro University Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, UFF, Niterói, Brazil; Centro Universitario Severino Sombra, Faculty of Medicine, Vassouras, Brazil
| | - Silmar Teixeira
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Cagy
- Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor Bastos
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Henning Budde
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Sport Science, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Luis F Basile
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Faculdade da Saúde, UMESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Neurosurgery, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Velasques
- Bioscience Department, School of Physical Education of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (EEFD/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Applied Neuroscience (INA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Neurophysiology and Neuropsychology of Attention, Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ribeiro
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Brazil; Institute of Applied Neuroscience (INA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Neurophysiology and Neuropsychology of Attention, Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Tanae M, Ota K, Takiyama K. Competition Rather Than Observation and Cooperation Facilitates Optimal Motor Planning. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:637225. [PMID: 33733236 PMCID: PMC7959757 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.637225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans tend to select motor planning with a high reward and low success compared with motor planning, which has a small reward and high success rate. Previous studies have shown such a risk-seeking property in motor decision tasks. However, it is unclear how to facilitate a shift from risk-seeking to optimal motor planning that maximizes the expected reward. Here, we investigate the effect of interacting with virtual partners/opponents on motor plans since interpersonal interaction has a powerful influence on human perception, action, and cognition. This study compared three types of interactions (competition, cooperation, and observation) and two types of virtual partners/opponents (those engaged in optimal motor planning and those engaged in risk-averse motor planning). As reported in previous studies, the participants took a risky aim point when they performed a motor decision task alone. However, we found that the participant's aim point was significantly modulated when they performed the same task while competing with a risk-averse opponent (p = 0.018) and that there was no significant difference from the optimal aim point (p = 0.63). No significant modulation in the aim points was observed during the cooperation and observation tasks. These results highlight the importance of competition for modulating suboptimal decision-making and optimizing motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Tanae
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Ota
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States.,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ken Takiyama
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Ramsey R, Kaplan DM, Cross ES. Watch and Learn: The Cognitive Neuroscience of Learning from Others' Actions. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:478-491. [PMID: 33637286 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mirror neuron system has dominated understanding of observational learning from a cognitive neuroscience perspective. Our review highlights the value of observational learning frameworks that integrate a more diverse and distributed set of cognitive and brain systems, including those implicated in sensorimotor transformations, as well as in more general processes such as executive control, reward, and social cognition. We argue that understanding how observational learning occurs in the real world will require neuroscientific frameworks that consider how visuomotor processes interface with more general aspects of cognition, as well as how learning context and action complexity shape mechanisms supporting learning from watching others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ramsey
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - David M Kaplan
- Department of Cognitive Science, Perception in Action Research Centre, Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily S Cross
- Department of Cognitive Science, Perception in Action Research Centre, Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise, and Training, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
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19
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Goldenkoff ER, McGregor HR, Mergos J, Gholizadeh P, Bridenstine J, Brown MJN, Vesia M. Reversal of Visual Feedback Modulates Somatosensory Plasticity. Neuroscience 2020; 452:335-344. [PMID: 33220339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Reversed visual feedback during unimanual training increases transfer of skills to the opposite untrained hand and modulates plasticity in motor areas of the brain. However, it is unclear if unimanual training with reversed visual feedback also affects somatosensory areas. Here we manipulated visual input during unimanual training using left-right optical reversing spectacles and tested whether unimanual training with reversed vision modulates somatosensory cortical excitability to facilitate motor performance. Thirty participants practiced a unimanual ball-rotation task using the right hand with either left-right reversed vision (incongruent visual and somatosensory feedback) or direct vision (congruent feedback) of the moving hand. We estimated cortical excitability in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) before and after unimanual training by measuring somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). This was done by electrically stimulating the median nerve in the wrist while participants rested, and recording potentials over both hemispheres using electroencephalography. Performance of the ball-rotation task improved for both the right (trained) and left (untrained) hand after training across both direct and reversed vision conditions. Participants with direct vision of the right hand during training showed SEPs amplitudes increased bilaterally. In contrast, participants in the reversed visual condition showed attenuated SEPs following training. The results suggest that cortical suppression of S1 activity supports skilled motor performance after unimanual training with reversed vision, presumably by sensory gating of afferent signals from the movement. This finding provides insight into the mechanisms by which visual input interacts with the sensorimotor system and induces neuroplastic changes in S1 to support skilled motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana R Goldenkoff
- School of Kinesiology, Brain Behavior Lab, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Heather R McGregor
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joshua Mergos
- School of Kinesiology, Intraoperative Neuromonitoring Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Puyan Gholizadeh
- School of Kinesiology, Brain Behavior Lab, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; School of Kinesiology, Intraoperative Neuromonitoring Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - John Bridenstine
- School of Kinesiology, Brain Behavior Lab, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; School of Kinesiology, Intraoperative Neuromonitoring Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Matt J N Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, USA
| | - Michael Vesia
- School of Kinesiology, Brain Behavior Lab, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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20
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Cross-modal involvement of the primary somatosensory cortex in visual working memory: A repetitive TMS study. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 175:107325. [PMID: 33059033 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent literature suggests that the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), once thought to be a low-level area only modality-specific, is also involved in higher-level, cross-modal, cognitive functions. In particular, electrophysiological studies have highlighted that the cross-modal activation of this area may also extend to visual Working Memory (WM), being part of a mnemonic network specific for the temporary storage and manipulation of visual information concerning bodies and body-related actions. However, the causal recruitment of S1 in the WM network remains speculation. In the present study, by taking advantage of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS), we look for causal evidence that S1 is implicated in the retention of visual stimuli that are salient for this cortical area. To this purpose, in a first experiment, high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS was delivered over S1 of the right hemisphere, and over two control sites, the right lateral occipital cortex (LOC) and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), during the maintenance phase of a high-load delayed match-to-sample task in which body-related visual stimuli (non-symbolic hand gestures) have to be retained. In a second experiment, the specificity of S1 recruitment was deepened by using a version of the delayed match-to-sample task in which visual stimuli depict geometrical shapes (non-body related stimuli). Results show that rTMS perturbation of S1 activity leads to an enhancement of participants' performance that is selective for body-related visual stimuli; instead, the stimulation of the right LOC and dlPFC does not affect the temporary storage of body-related visual stimuli. These findings suggest that S1 may be recruited in visual WM when information to store (and recall) is salient for this area, corroborating models which suggest the existence of a dedicated mnemonic system for body-related information in which also somatosensory cortices play a key role, likely thanks to their cross-modal (visuo-tactile) properties.
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21
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Paparella G, Rocchi L, Bologna M, Berardelli A, Rothwell J. Differential effects of motor skill acquisition on the primary motor and sensory cortices in healthy humans. J Physiol 2020; 598:4031-4045. [DOI: 10.1113/jp279966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Bologna
- IRCCS Neuromed Via Atinense 18 Pozzilli IS 86077 Italy
- Department of Human Neurosciences Sapienza University of Rome Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- IRCCS Neuromed Via Atinense 18 Pozzilli IS 86077 Italy
- Department of Human Neurosciences Sapienza University of Rome Italy
| | - John Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London London United Kingdom
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22
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Zhu MH, Zeng M, Shi MF, Gu XD, Shen F, Zheng YP, Jia YP. Visual feedback therapy for restoration of upper limb function of stroke patients. Int J Nurs Sci 2020; 7:170-178. [PMID: 32685613 PMCID: PMC7355201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of mirror neuron theory-based visual feedback therapy (VFT) on restoration of upper limb function of stroke patients and motor-related cortical function using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods Hemiplegic stroke patients were randomly divided into two groups: a VFT group and a control (CTL) group. Sixteen patients in the VFT group received conventional rehabilitation (CR) and VFT for 8 weeks, while 15 patients in the CTL group received only CR. The Barthel Index (BI) was used to assess the activities of daily living at baseline and the 8th week of the recovery training period. The Fugl–Meyer assessment (FMA) scale, somatosensory evoked potential (SEP), and fMRI were used to evaluate the recovery effect of the training therapies. The latencies and amplitudes of N9 and N20 were measured. Before recovery training, fMRI was performed for all patients in the VFT and CTL groups. In addition, 17 patients (9 in the VFT group and 8 in the CTL group) underwent fMRI for follow-up 2 months after treatment. Qualitative data were analyzed using the χ2 test. The independent sample t-test was used to compare normally distributed data among different groups, the paired sample t-test was used to compare data between groups, and the non-parametric test was used to comparing data without normal distribution among groups. Results There were no significant differences between the VFT and CTL group in all indexes. However, after 8 weeks of recovery training, these indexes were all significantly improved (P < 0.05). As compared with the CTL group, the FMA scores, BI, and N9/N20 latencies and amplitudes of SEP in the VFT group were significantly improved (P < 0.05). Two months after recovery training, fMRI showed that the degree of activation of the bilateral central anterior gyrus, parietal lobe, and auxiliary motor areas was significantly higher in the VFT group than the CTL group (P < 0.05). Conclusions VFT based on mirror neuron theory is an effective approach to improve upper extremity motor function and daily activity performance of stroke patients. The therapeutic mechanism promotes motor relearning by activating the mirror neuron system and motor cortex. SEP amplitudes increased only for patients who participated in visual feedback. VFT promotes sensory-motor plasticity and behavioral changes in both the motor and sensory domains.
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23
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Apšvalka D, Cross ES, Ramsey R. Fluid intelligence and working memory support dissociable aspects of learning by physical but not observational practice. Cognition 2019; 190:170-183. [PMID: 31100547 PMCID: PMC6711769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Humans have a remarkable ability to learn by watching others, whether learning to tie an elaborate knot or play the piano. However, the mechanisms that translate visual input into motor skill execution remain unclear. It has been proposed that common cognitive and neural mechanisms underpin learning motor skills by physical and observational practice. Here we provide a novel test of the common mechanism hypothesis by testing the extent to which certain individual differences predict observational as well as physical learning. Participants (N = 92 per group) either physically practiced a five-element key-press sequence or watched videos of similar sequences before physically performing trained and untrained sequences in a test phase. We also measured cognitive abilities across participants that have previously been associated with rates of learning, including working memory and fluid intelligence. Our findings show that individual differences in working memory and fluid intelligence predict improvements in dissociable aspects of motor learning following physical practice, but not observational practice. Working memory predicts general learning gains from pre- to post-test that generalise to untrained sequences, whereas fluid intelligence predicts sequence-specific gains that are tied to trained sequences. However, neither working memory nor fluid intelligence predict training gains following observational learning. Therefore, these results suggest limits to the shared mechanism hypothesis of physical and observational learning. Indeed, models of observational learning need updating to reflect the extent to which such learning is based on shared as well as distinct processes compared to physical learning. We suggest that such differences could reflect the more intentional nature of learning during physical compared to observational practice, which relies to a greater extent on higher-order cognitive resources such as working memory and fluid intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dace Apšvalka
- Social Brain in Action Laboratory, Wales Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Wales, UK; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Emily S Cross
- Social Brain in Action Laboratory, Wales Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Wales, UK; Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Richard Ramsey
- Social Brain in Action Laboratory, Wales Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Wales, UK.
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24
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Observing Action Sequences Elicits Sequence-Specific Neural Representations in Frontoparietal Brain Regions. J Neurosci 2018; 38:10114-10128. [PMID: 30282731 PMCID: PMC6596197 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1597-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning new skills by watching others is important for social and motor development throughout the lifespan. Prior research has suggested that observational learning shares common substrates with physical practice at both cognitive and brain levels. In addition, neuroimaging studies have used multivariate analysis techniques to understand neural representations in a variety of domains, including vision, audition, memory, and action, but few studies have investigated neural plasticity in representational space. Therefore, although movement sequences can be learned by observing other people's actions, a largely unanswered question in neuroscience is how experience shapes the representational space of neural systems. Here, across a sample of male and female participants, we combined pretraining and posttraining fMRI sessions with 6 d of observational practice to determine whether the observation of action sequences elicits sequence-specific representations in human frontoparietal brain regions and the extent to which these representations become more distinct with observational practice. Our results showed that observed action sequences are modeled by distinct patterns of activity in frontoparietal cortex and that such representations largely generalize to very similar, but untrained, sequences. These findings advance our understanding of what is modeled during observational learning (sequence-specific information), as well as how it is modeled (reorganization of frontoparietal cortex is similar to that previously shown following physical practice). Therefore, on a more fine-grained neural level than demonstrated previously, our findings reveal how the representational structure of frontoparietal cortex maps visual information onto motor circuits in order to enhance motor performance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Learning by watching others is a cornerstone in the development of expertise and skilled behavior. However, it remains unclear how visual signals are mapped onto motor circuits for such learning to occur. Here, we show that observed action sequences are modeled by distinct patterns of activity in frontoparietal cortex and that such representations largely generalize to very similar, but untrained, sequences. These findings advance our understanding of what is modeled during observational learning (sequence-specific information), as well as how it is modeled (reorganization of frontoparietal cortex is similar to that previously shown following physical practice). More generally, these findings demonstrate how motor circuit involvement in the perception of action sequences shows high fidelity to prior work, which focused on physical performance of action sequences.
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25
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Harris DJ, Vine SJ, Wilson MR, McGrath JS, LeBel ME, Buckingham G. Action observation for sensorimotor learning in surgery. Br J Surg 2018; 105:1713-1720. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Acquiring new motor skills to learn complex movements and master the use of a diverse range of instruments is fundamental for developing expertise in surgery. Although aspects of skill development occur through trial and error, watching the performance of another individual (action observation) is an increasingly important adjunct for the acquisition of these complex skills before performing a procedure. The aim of this review was to examine the evidence in support of the use of action observation in surgery.
Methods
A narrative review of observational learning for surgical motor skills was undertaken. Searches of PubMed and PsycINFO databases were performed using the terms ‘observational learning’ OR ‘action observation’ AND ‘motor learning’ OR ‘skill learning’.
Results
Factors such as the structure of physical practice, the skill level of the demonstrator and the use of feedback were all found to be important moderators of the effectiveness of observational learning. In particular, observation of both expert and novice performance, cueing attention to key features of the task, and watching the eye movements of expert surgeons were all found to enhance the effectiveness of observation. It was unclear, however, whether repeated observations were beneficial for skill learning. The evidence suggests that these methods can be employed to enhance surgical training curricula.
Conclusion
Observational learning is an effective method for learning surgical skills. An improved understanding of observational learning may further inform the refinement and use of these methods in contemporary surgical training curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Harris
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - S J Vine
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - M R Wilson
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - J S McGrath
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Exeter Surgical Health Services Research Unit, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - M-E LeBel
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Buckingham
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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26
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McGregor HR, Cashaback JGA, Gribble PL. Somatosensory perceptual training enhances motor learning by observing. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:3017-3025. [PMID: 30230990 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00313.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Action observation activates brain regions involved in sensory-motor control. Recent research has shown that action observation can also facilitate motor learning; observing a tutor undergoing motor learning results in functional plasticity within the motor system and gains in subsequent motor performance. However, the effects of observing motor learning extend beyond the motor domain. Converging evidence suggests that observation also results in somatosensory functional plasticity and somatosensory perceptual changes. This work has raised the possibility that the somatosensory system is also involved in motor learning that results from observation. Here we tested this hypothesis using a somatosensory perceptual training paradigm. If the somatosensory system is indeed involved in motor learning by observing, then improving subjects' somatosensory function before observation should enhance subsequent motor learning by observing. Subjects performed a proprioceptive discrimination task in which a robotic manipulandum moved the arm, and subjects made judgments about the position of their hand. Subjects in a Trained Learning group received trial-by-trial feedback to improve their proprioceptive perception. Subjects in an Untrained Learning group performed the same task without feedback. All subjects then observed a learning video showing a tutor adapting her reaches to a left force field. Subjects in the Trained Learning group, who had superior proprioceptive acuity before observation, benefited more from observing learning than subjects in the Untrained Learning group. Improving somatosensory function can therefore enhance subsequent observation-related gains in motor learning. This study provides further evidence in favor of the involvement of the somatosensory system in motor learning by observing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that improving somatosensory performance before observation can improve the extent to which subjects learn from watching others. Somatosensory perceptual training may prime the sensory-motor system, thereby facilitating subsequent observational learning. The findings of this study suggest that the somatosensory system supports motor learning by observing. This finding may be useful if observation is incorporated as part of therapies for diseases affecting movement, such as stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R McGregor
- The Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario , Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario , Canada
| | - Joshua G A Cashaback
- The Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario , Canada
| | - Paul L Gribble
- The Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario , Canada.,Haskins Laboratories , New Haven, Connecticut
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27
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Changes in corticospinal excitability associated with motor learning by observing. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2829-2838. [PMID: 30032353 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
While many of our motor skills are acquired through physical practice, we can also learn how to make movements by observing others. For example, individuals can learn how to reach in novel dynamical environments ('force fields', FF) by observing the movements of a tutor. Previous neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies in humans suggest a role for the motor system in motor learning by observing. Here, we tested the role of primary motor cortex (M1) in motor learning by observing. We used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in hand muscles at rest. MEPs were elicited before and after participants observed either a video showing a tutor adapting her reaches to an FF or a control video showing a tutor performing reaches in an unlearnable FF. During MEP acquisition, participants fixated a crosshair while their hand muscles were relaxed. We predicted that observing motor learning would result in greater increases in offline M1 excitability compared to observing movements that did not involve learning. We found that observing FF learning resulted in subsequent increases in MEP amplitudes recorded from right first dorsal interosseous and right abductor pollicis brevis muscles at rest. There were no changes in MEP amplitudes after control participants observed a tutor performing similar movements but not learning. The observed MEP changes can thus be specifically linked to observing motor learning. These results are consistent with the idea that observing motor learning produces functional changes in M1, corticospinal networks or both.
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28
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Persistent recruitment of somatosensory cortex during active maintenance of hand images in working memory. Neuroimage 2018; 174:153-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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29
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Macerollo A, Brown MJ, Kilner JM, Chen R. Neurophysiological Changes Measured Using Somatosensory Evoked Potentials. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:294-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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30
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Perception as a Route for Motor Skill Learning: Perspectives from Neuroscience. Neuroscience 2018; 382:144-153. [PMID: 29694916 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Learning a motor skill requires physical practice that engages neural networks involved in movement. These networks have also been found to be engaged during perception of sensory signals associated with actions. Nonetheless, despite extensive evidence for the existence of such sensory-evoked neural activity in motor pathways, much less is known about their contribution to learning and actual changes in behavior. Primate studies usually involve an overlearned task while studies in humans have largely focused on characterizing activity of the action observation network (AON) in the context of action understanding, theory of mind, and social interactions. Relatively few studies examined neural plasticity induced by perception and its role in transfer of motor knowledge. Here, we review this body of literature and point to future directions for the development of alternative, physiologically grounded ways in which sensory signals could be harnessed to improve motor skills.
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Boosting the Motor Outcome of the Untrained Hand by Action Observation: Mirror Visual Feedback, Video Therapy, or Both Combined-What Is More Effective? Neural Plast 2018; 2018:8369262. [PMID: 29849570 PMCID: PMC5914099 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8369262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Action observation (AO) allows access to a network that processes visuomotor and sensorimotor inputs and is believed to be involved in observational learning of motor skills. We conducted three consecutive experiments to examine the boosting effect of AO on the motor outcome of the untrained hand by either mirror visual feedback (MVF), video therapy (VT), or a combination of both. In the first experiment, healthy participants trained either with MVF or without mirror feedback while in the second experiment, participants either trained with VT or observed animal videos. In the third experiment, participants first observed video clips that were followed by either training with MVF or training without mirror feedback. The outcomes for the untrained hand were quantified by scores from five motor tasks. The results demonstrated that MVF and VT significantly increase the motor performance of the untrained hand by the use of AO. We found that MVF was the most effective approach to increase the performance of the target effector. On the contrary, the combination of MVF and VT turns out to be less effective looking from clinical perspective. The gathered results suggest that action-related motor competence with the untrained hand is acquired by both mirror-based and video-based AO.
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Anodal tDCS over Primary Motor Cortex Provides No Advantage to Learning Motor Sequences via Observation. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:1237962. [PMID: 29796014 PMCID: PMC5896271 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1237962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When learning a new motor skill, we benefit from watching others. It has been suggested that observation of others' actions can build a motor representation in the observer, and as such, physical and observational learning might share a similar neural basis. If physical and observational learning share a similar neural basis, then motor cortex stimulation during observational practice should similarly enhance learning by observation as it does through physical practice. Here, we used transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) to address whether anodal stimulation to M1 during observational training facilitates skill acquisition. Participants learned keypress sequences across four consecutive days of observational practice while receiving active or sham stimulation over M1. The results demonstrated that active stimulation provided no advantage to skill learning over sham stimulation. Further, Bayesian analyses revealed evidence in favour of the null hypothesis across our dependent measures. Our findings therefore provide no support for the hypothesis that excitatory M1 stimulation can enhance observational learning in a similar manner to physical learning. More generally, the results add to a growing literature that suggests that the effects of tDCS tend to be small, inconsistent, and hard to replicate. Future tDCS research should consider these factors when designing experimental procedures.
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33
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McGregor HR, Gribble PL. Functional connectivity between somatosensory and motor brain areas predicts individual differences in motor learning by observing. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:1235-1243. [PMID: 28566463 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00275.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Action observation can facilitate the acquisition of novel motor skills; however, there is considerable individual variability in the extent to which observation promotes motor learning. Here we tested the hypothesis that individual differences in brain function or structure can predict subsequent observation-related gains in motor learning. Subjects underwent an anatomical MRI scan and resting-state fMRI scans to assess preobservation gray matter volume and preobservation resting-state functional connectivity (FC), respectively. On the following day, subjects observed a video of a tutor adapting her reaches to a novel force field. After observation, subjects performed reaches in a force field as a behavioral assessment of gains in motor learning resulting from observation. We found that individual differences in resting-state FC, but not gray matter volume, predicted postobservation gains in motor learning. Preobservation resting-state FC between left primary somatosensory cortex and bilateral dorsal premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, and primary somatosensory cortex and left superior parietal lobule was positively correlated with behavioral measures of postobservation motor learning. Sensory-motor resting-state FC can thus predict the extent to which observation will promote subsequent motor learning.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that individual differences in preobservation brain function can predict subsequent observation-related gains in motor learning. Preobservation resting-state functional connectivity within a sensory-motor network may be used as a biomarker for the extent to which observation promotes motor learning. This kind of information may be useful if observation is to be used as a way to boost neuroplasticity and sensory-motor recovery for patients undergoing rehabilitation for diseases that impair movement such as stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R McGregor
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Paul L Gribble
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut
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34
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Valchev N, Tidoni E, Hamilton AFDC, Gazzola V, Avenanti A. Primary somatosensory cortex necessary for the perception of weight from other people's action: A continuous theta-burst TMS experiment. Neuroimage 2017; 152:195-206. [PMID: 28254507 PMCID: PMC5440175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a network of areas in the parietal and premotor cortices, which are active both during action execution and observation, suggests that we might understand the actions of other people by activating those motor programs for making similar actions. Although neurophysiological and imaging studies show an involvement of the somatosensory cortex (SI) during action observation and execution, it is unclear whether SI is essential for understanding the somatosensory aspects of observed actions. To address this issue, we used off-line transcranial magnetic continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) just before a weight judgment task. Participants observed the right hand of an actor lifting a box and estimated its relative weight. In counterbalanced sessions, we delivered sham and active cTBS over the hand region of the left SI and, to test anatomical specificity, over the left motor cortex (M1) and the left superior parietal lobule (SPL). Active cTBS over SI, but not over M1 or SPL, impaired task performance relative to sham cTBS. Moreover, active cTBS delivered over SI just before participants were asked to evaluate the weight of a bouncing ball did not alter performance compared to sham cTBS. These findings indicate that SI is critical for extracting somatosensory features (heavy/light) from observed action kinematics and suggest a prominent role of SI in action understanding. TMS over the somatosensory cortex disrupts performance on a weight judgment task. Disruption is specific for judgements based on observed human actions. No TMS effect is found for judgements based on observed non-human motion. No effect is found when TMS is administered over nearby frontal and parietal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Valchev
- BCN Neuroimaging Centre, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, CMHC S110, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Emmanuele Tidoni
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Campus Cesena, 47521 Cesena, Italyhe somatosensory aspects of the actions of others rem; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonia F de C Hamilton
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Valeria Gazzola
- BCN Neuroimaging Centre, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129 B, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alessio Avenanti
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Campus Cesena, 47521 Cesena, Italyhe somatosensory aspects of the actions of others rem; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
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35
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Lametti D, Watkins K. Cognitive Neuroscience: The Neural Basis of Motor Learning by Observing. Curr Biol 2016; 26:R288-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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