1
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Kappeler PM, Benhaiem S, Fichtel C, Fromhage L, Höner OP, Jennions MD, Kaiser S, Krüger O, Schneider JM, Tuni C, van Schaik J, Goymann W. Sex roles and sex ratios in animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:462-480. [PMID: 36307924 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In species with separate sexes, females and males often differ in their morphology, physiology and behaviour. Such sex-specific traits are functionally linked to variation in reproductive competition, mate choice and parental care, which have all been linked to sex roles. At the 150th anniversary of Darwin's theory on sexual selection, the question of why patterns of sex roles vary within and across species remains a key topic in behavioural and evolutionary ecology. New theoretical, experimental and comparative evidence suggests that variation in the adult sex ratio (ASR) is a key driver of variation in sex roles. Here, we first define and discuss the historical emergence of the sex role concept, including recent criticisms and rebuttals. Second, we review the various sex ratios with a focus on ASR, and explore its theoretical links to sex roles. Third, we explore the causes, and especially the consequences, of biased ASRs, focusing on the results of correlational and experimental studies of the effect of ASR variation on mate choice, sexual conflict, parental care and mating systems, social behaviour, hormone physiology and fitness. We present evidence that animals in diverse societies are sensitive to variation in local ASR, even on short timescales, and propose explanations for conflicting results. We conclude with an overview of open questions in this field integrating demography, life history and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute of Primatology, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Benhaiem
- Department of Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, D-10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Fichtel
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute of Primatology, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Fromhage
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Ambiotica, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Oliver P Höner
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, D-10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael D Jennions
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, The Australian National University, RN Robertson Building, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Sylvia Kaiser
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 13, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Krüger
- Department of Animal Behavior, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jutta M Schneider
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Tuni
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Großhaderner Str 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jaap van Schaik
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Goymann
- Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 6a, D-82319, Seewiesen, Germany
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2
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Schacht R, Beissinger SR, Wedekind C, Jennions MD, Geffroy B, Liker A, Kappeler PM, Weissing FJ, Kramer KL, Hesketh T, Boissier J, Uggla C, Hollingshaus M, Székely T. Adult sex ratios: causes of variation and implications for animal and human societies. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1273. [PMID: 36402823 PMCID: PMC9675760 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04223-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging lines of inquiry from across the social and biological sciences target the adult sex ratio (ASR; the proportion of males in the adult population) as a fundamental population-level determinant of behavior. The ASR, which indicates the relative number of potential mates to competitors in a population, frames the selective arena for competition, mate choice, and social interactions. Here we review a growing literature, focusing on methodological developments that sharpen knowledge of the demographic variables underlying ASR variation, experiments that enhance understanding of the consequences of ASR imbalance across societies, and phylogenetic analyses that provide novel insights into social evolution. We additionally highlight areas where research advances are expected to make accelerating contributions across the social sciences, evolutionary biology, and biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Schacht
- grid.255364.30000 0001 2191 0423Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC USA
| | - Steven R. Beissinger
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Claus Wedekind
- grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael D. Jennions
- grid.1001.00000 0001 2180 7477Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2601 Australia
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - András Liker
- grid.7336.10000 0001 0203 5854ELKH-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, 8210 Veszprém, Hungary ,grid.7336.10000 0001 0203 5854Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, 8210 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Peter M. Kappeler
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute of Primate Biology, 37077 Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franz J. Weissing
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karen L. Kramer
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Therese Hesketh
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, UK ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCentre for Global Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282IHPE Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Caroline Uggla
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Stockholm University Demography Unit, Sociology Department, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mike Hollingshaus
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Tamás Székely
- grid.7340.00000 0001 2162 1699Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK ,grid.7122.60000 0001 1088 8582ELKH-DE Reproductive Strategies Research Group, Department of Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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3
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Concerted evolution of metabolic rate, economics of mating, ecology, and pace of life across seed beetles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205564119. [PMID: 35943983 PMCID: PMC9388118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205564119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coevolution between females and males has led to remarkable differences between the sexes but has taken very different routes, even in closely related animal species, for reasons that are not well understood. We studied the physiological processes that convert resources into offspring (metabolism) in males and females of several related beetle species. We found that ecological factors dictate metabolic rate, which, in turn, have predictable direct and indirect effects on male–female coevolution. Our findings suggest that a complete understanding of differences between the sexes requires an understanding of how ecology affects metabolic processes and how these differ in the sexes. Male–female coevolution has taken different paths among closely related species, but our understanding of the factors that govern its direction is limited. While it is clear that ecological factors, life history, and the economics of reproduction are connected, the divergent links are often obscure. We propose that a complete understanding requires the conceptual integration of metabolic phenotypes. Metabolic rate, a nexus of life history evolution, is constrained by ecological factors and may exert important direct and indirect effects on the evolution of sexual dimorphism. We performed standardized experiments in 12 seed beetle species to gain a rich set of sex-specific measures of metabolic phenotypes, life history traits, and the economics of mating and analyzed our multivariate data using phylogenetic comparative methods. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) showed extensive evolution and evolved more rapidly in males than in females. The evolution of RMR was tightly coupled with a suite of life history traits, describing a pace-of-life syndrome (POLS), with indirect effects on the economics of mating. As predicted, high resource competition was associated with a low RMR and a slow POLS. The cost of mating showed sexually antagonistic coevolution, a hallmark of sexual conflict. The sex-specific costs and benefits of mating were predictably related to ecology, primarily through the evolution of male ejaculate size. Overall, our results support the tenet that resource competition affects metabolic processes that, in turn, have predictable effects on both life history evolution and reproduction, such that ecology shows both direct and indirect effects on male–female coevolution.
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4
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Gonzalez-Voyer A, Thomas GH, Liker A, Krüger O, Komdeur J, Székely T. Sex roles in birds: Phylogenetic analyses of the influence of climate, life histories and social environment. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:647-660. [PMID: 35199926 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sex roles describe sex differences in courtship, mate competition, social pair-bonds and parental care. A key challenge is to identify associations among the components and the drivers of sex roles. Here, we investigate sex roles using data from over 1800 bird species. We found extensive variation and lability in proxies of sex roles, indicating remarkably independent evolution among sex role components. Climate and life history showed weak associations with sex roles. However, adult sex ratio is associated with sexual dimorphism, mating system and parental care, suggesting that social environment is central to explaining variation in sex roles among birds. Our results suggest that sex differences in reproductive behaviour are the result of diverse and idiosyncratic responses to selection. Further understanding of sex roles requires studies at the population level to test how local responses to ecology, life histories and mating opportunities drive processes that shape sex role variation among higher taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gonzalez-Voyer
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - András Liker
- MTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary.,Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Oliver Krüger
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jan Komdeur
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Behaviour, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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5
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Kong W, Wang Y, Guo Y, Chai X, Li J, Ma R. Effects of operational sex ratio, mating age, and male mating history on mating and reproductive behavior in Grapholita molesta. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 111:616-627. [PMID: 33998417 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The short-lived polygamous moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) is an important fruit pest worldwide. Trapping males by synthetic female sex pheromones is not an effective reproductive control strategy. It is important to improve this technology by understanding the mating system of G. molesta. This study investigated mating opportunities and fertile egg production by altering the operational sex ratio, mating age, and male mating history in repeated single mating and multiple mating in the two sexes. Our results showed that the mating and reproductive parameters of virgin males were affected by the number and age of virgin females. Males preferred a female number ≤three-fifths of the male number or ≤2-day-old females, while they discriminated against a female number ≥three times of the male number or ≥5-day-old females. On the other hand, the mating and reproductive parameters of virgin females were affected by repeated single mating and especially multiple mating under different male mating histories. Females preferred once-mated males and discriminated against virgin males. These results indicated that mating systems including more and older virgin females for virgin males and different virgin males for virgin females may be suitable for suppressing G. molesta populations. Hence, these results revealed that preventing mating of virgin adults by synthetic female sex pheromones should be most effective in controlling G. molesta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Kong
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Yongfu Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohan Chai
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruiyan Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
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6
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Fritzsche K, Henshaw JM, Johnson BD, Jones AG. The 150th anniversary of The Descent of Man: Darwin and the impact of sex-role reversal on sexual selection research. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The year 2021 marks the 150th anniversary of the publication of Charles Darwin’s extraordinary book The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Here, we review the history and impact of a single profound insight from The Descent of Man: that, in some few species, females rather than males compete for access to mates. In other words, these species are ‘sex-role reversed’ with respect to mating competition and sexual selection compared to the majority of species in which sexual selection acts most strongly on males. Over the subsequent 150 years, sex-role-reversed species have motivated multiple key conceptual breakthroughs in sexual selection. The surprising mating dynamics of such species challenged scientists’ preconceptions, forcing them to examine implicit assumptions and stereotypes. This wider worldview has led to a richer and more nuanced understanding of animal mating systems and, in particular, to a proper appreciation for the fundamental role that females play in shaping these systems. Sex-role-reversed species have considerable untapped potential and will continue to contribute to sexual selection research in the decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Fritzsche
- Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Henshaw
- Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Adam G Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
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7
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Walter KV, Conroy-Beam D, Buss DM, Asao K, Sorokowska A, Sorokowski P, Aavik T, Akello G, Alhabahba MM, Alm C, Amjad N, Anjum A, Atama CS, Duyar DA, Ayebare R, Batres C, Bendixen M, Bensafia A, Bizumic B, Boussena M, Butovskaya M, Can S, Cantarero K, Carrier A, Cetinkaya H, Croy I, Cueto RM, Czub M, Dronova D, Dural S, Duyar I, Ertugrul B, Espinosa A, Estevan I, Esteves CS, Fang L, Frackowiak T, Garduño JC, González KU, Guemaz F, Gyuris P, Halamová M, Herak I, Horvat M, Hromatko I, Hui CM, Jaafar JL, Jiang F, Kafetsios K, Kavčič T, Kennair LEO, Kervyn N, Khanh Ha TT, Khilji IA, Köbis NC, Lan HM, Láng A, Lennard GR, León E, Lindholm T, Linh TT, Lopez G, Luot NV, Mailhos A, Manesi Z, Martinez R, McKerchar SL, Meskó N, Misra G, Monaghan C, Mora EC, Moya-Garófano A, Musil B, Natividade JC, Niemczyk A, Nizharadze G, Oberzaucher E, Oleszkiewicz A, Omar-Fauzee MS, Onyishi IE, Özener B, Pagani AF, Pakalniskiene V, Parise M, Pazhoohi F, Pisanski A, Pisanski K, Ponciano E, Popa C, Prokop P, Rizwan M, Sainz M, Salkičević S, Sargautyte R, Sarmány-Schuller I, Schmehl S, Sharad S, Siddiqui RS, Simonetti F, Stoyanova SY, Tadinac M, Correa Varella MA, Vauclair CM, Vega LD, Widarini DA, Yoo G, Zaťková MM, Zupančič M. Sex differences in human mate preferences vary across sex ratios. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211115. [PMID: 34284630 PMCID: PMC8292757 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of literature connects sex ratio and mating behaviours in non-human animals. However, research examining sex ratio and human mating is limited in scope. Prior work has examined the relationship between sex ratio and desire for short-term, uncommitted mating as well as outcomes such as marriage and divorce rates. Less empirical attention has been directed towards the relationship between sex ratio and mate preferences, despite the importance of mate preferences in the human mating literature. To address this gap, we examined sex ratio's relationship to the variation in preferences for attractiveness, resources, kindness, intelligence and health in a long-term mate across 45 countries (n = 14 487). We predicted that mate preferences would vary according to relative power of choice on the mating market, with increased power derived from having relatively few competitors and numerous potential mates. We found that each sex tended to report more demanding preferences for attractiveness and resources where the opposite sex was abundant, compared to where the opposite sex was scarce. This pattern dovetails with those found for mating strategies in humans and mate preferences across species, highlighting the importance of sex ratio for understanding variation in human mate preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn V. Walter
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Daniel Conroy-Beam
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - David M. Buss
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kelly Asao
- Department of Psychology, Westminster College, Salt Lake City, UT 84105, USA
| | - Agnieszka Sorokowska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50137, Poland
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Piotr Sorokowski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50137, Poland
| | - Toivo Aavik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - Grace Akello
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu 166, Uganda
| | | | - Charlotte Alm
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Naumana Amjad
- Department of Applied Psychology, NUR International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Afifa Anjum
- Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Carlota Batres
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster 17603, USA
| | - Mons Bendixen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aicha Bensafia
- Laboratory Education-Formation-Travail (EFORT), Department of Sociology, and
| | - Boris Bizumic
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Mahmoud Boussena
- Laboratory EFORT, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Algiers 2, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Marina Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Center for Social Anthropology, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Seda Can
- Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir 35300, Turkey
| | - Katarzyna Cantarero
- Social Behavior Research Center, Faculty in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw 53238, Poland
| | - Antonin Carrier
- Psychology Faculty (Center for the Study of Social Behavior), and
| | - Hakan Cetinkaya
- Department of Psychology, Ankara University, Ankara 6560, Turkey
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden 1069, Germany
| | - Rosa María Cueto
- Grupo de Psicología Política y Social (GPPS), Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima 15088, Perú
| | - Marcin Czub
- Department of Psychology, Westminster College, Salt Lake City, UT 84105, USA
| | - Daria Dronova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Seda Dural
- Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir 35300, Turkey
| | - Izzet Duyar
- Deparment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Turkey
| | - Berna Ertugrul
- Deparment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Turkey
| | - Agustín Espinosa
- Grupo de Psicología Política y Social (GPPS), Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima 15088, Perú
| | - Ignacio Estevan
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Motevideo 11200, Uruguay
| | - Carla Sofia Esteves
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Católica Lisbon Research Unit in Business and Economics, Portugal
| | - Luxi Fang
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tomasz Frackowiak
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50137, Poland
| | | | | | - Farida Guemaz
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Sétif2, Sétif 16000, Algeria
| | - Petra Gyuris
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Mária Halamová
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Department of Psychological Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra 94974, Slovakia
| | - Iskra Herak
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organisations (LOURiM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Marina Horvat
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, University of Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia
| | - Ivana Hromatko
- Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Chin-Ming Hui
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia UNAM, Morelia 58190, Mexico
| | - Jas Laile Jaafar
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Feng Jiang
- Organization and Human Resource Management, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 102202, People's Republic of China
| | - Konstantinos Kafetsios
- School of Fine Arts, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece and Katedra Psychologie, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Nicolas Kervyn
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organisations (LOURiM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Truong Thi Khanh Ha
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Imran Ahmed Khilji
- Department of Psychology, Islamabad Model College for Boys, F-10/4, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Nils C. Köbis
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, Department of Economics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Hoang Moc Lan
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - András Láng
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Georgina R. Lennard
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Ernesto León
- Grupo de Psicología Política y Social (GPPS), Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima 15088, Perú
| | - Torun Lindholm
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Trinh Thi Linh
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Giulia Lopez
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan 20123, Italy
| | - Nguyen Van Luot
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Alvaro Mailhos
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Motevideo 11200, Uruguay
| | - Zoi Manesi
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Rocio Martinez
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Grenada 18010, Spain
| | - Sarah L. McKerchar
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Norbert Meskó
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Girishwar Misra
- Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110021, India
| | - Conal Monaghan
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Emanuel C. Mora
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Alba Moya-Garófano
- Department of Psychology, Islamabad Model College for Boys, F-10/4, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Bojan Musil
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, University of Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia
| | - Jean Carlos Natividade
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22451-000, Brazil
| | | | - George Nizharadze
- Department of Social Sciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi 2, Georgia
| | | | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50137, Poland
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | | | - Ike E. Onyishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410002, Nigeria
| | - Baris Özener
- Deparment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Turkey
| | | | | | - Miriam Parise
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan 20123, Italy
| | - Farid Pazhoohi
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Annette Pisanski
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Katarzyna Pisanski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50137, Poland
- Equipe de Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle (ENES), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
- CNRS National Center for Scientific Research, Dynamic Language Laboratory, University Lyon 2, Lyon, France
| | - Edna Ponciano
- Institute of Psychology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Center of Social Studies, University of Coimbra, 3004 Coimba, Portugal
| | - Camelia Popa
- Department of Psychology—Institute of Philosophy and Psychology “C. Rădulescu Motru” of Romanian Academy, UNATC Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 84506, Slovakia
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Psychology, University of Haripur, 22620, Pakistan
| | - Mario Sainz
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Svjetlana Salkičević
- Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ruta Sargautyte
- Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius 1513, Lithuania
| | - Ivan Sarmány-Schuller
- Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Psychology SAS, Bratislava, 84104, Slovakia
| | - Susanne Schmehl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Shivantika Sharad
- Department of Applied Psychology, Vivekananda College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Razi Sultan Siddiqui
- Department of Management Sciences, DHA Suffa University, Karachi 75500, Pakistan
| | - Franco Simonetti
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | | | - Meri Tadinac
- Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marco Antonio Correa Varella
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Diego Vega
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Sétif2, Sétif 16000, Algeria
| | - Dwi Ajeng Widarini
- Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi, Universitas Prof. Dr Moestopo (Beragama), Jakarta 10270, Indonesia
| | - Gyesook Yoo
- Department of Child and Family Studies, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 024-47, Republic of Korea
| | - Marta Marta Zaťková
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Sétif2, Sétif 16000, Algeria
| | - Maja Zupančič
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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8
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Kyogoku D, Sota T. Sexual selection increased offspring production via evolution of male and female traits. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:501-511. [PMID: 33314378 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic evolution driven by sexual selection can impact the fitness of individuals and thus population performance through multiple mechanisms, but it is unresolved how and when sexual selection affects offspring production by females. We examined the effects of sexual selection on offspring production by females using replicated experimental evolutionary lines of Callosobruchus chinensis that were kept under polygamy (with sexual selection) or monogamy (without sexual selection) for 21 generations. We found that polygamous-line pairs produced more offspring than monogamous-line pairs, because polygamous-line beetles evolved to be larger than monogamous-line beetles, and larger females were more fecund. Egg hatchability did not differ between polygamous- and monogamous-line pairs, as a result of the positive and negative effects of sexual selection cancelling out. When mated with an individual from a common tester line, both polygamous-line females and males showed higher hatchability in resultant eggs than monogamous ones. Further, cohabitation with a male reduced egg hatchability, and this effect was more pronounced in polygamous-line than in monogamous-line males. These results demonstrate multiple mechanisms by which sexual selection affects female fitness, with the net effect being positive. Analyses of how development time, body size and male genital morphology were influenced by selection regime suggest that these results arose from both evolution via good-gene processes and sexually antagonistic selection. Our results are also consistent with the hypothesis that the fitness consequences of sexual selection for females are dependent on the evolutionary history of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kyogoku
- Ecological Integration, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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9
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Abstract
Synopsis
Females of some species are considered sex-role reversed, meaning that they face stronger competition for mates compared to males. While much attention has been paid to behavioral and morphological patterns associated with sex-role reversal, less is known about its physiological regulation. Here, we evaluate hypotheses relating to the neuroendocrine basis of sex-role reversal. We refute the most widely tested activational hypothesis for sex differences in androgen secretion; sex-role reversed females do not have higher levels of androgens in circulation than males. However, we find some evidence that the effects of androgens may be sex-specific; circulating androgen levels correlate with some competitive phenotypes in sex-role reversed females. We also review evidence that sex-role reversed females have higher tissue-specific sensitivity to androgens than males, at least in some species and tissues. Organizational effects may explain these relationships, considering that early exposure to sex steroids can shape later sensitivity to hormones, often in sex-specific ways. Moving forward, experimental and correlative studies on the ontogeny and expression of sex-role reversal will further clarify the mechanisms that generate sex-specific behaviors and sex roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Lipshutz
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kimberly A Rosvall
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Center for the Integrated Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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10
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Genevcius BC, Baker J, Bianchi FM, Marvaldi AE. Female‐driven intersexual coevolution in beetle genitalia. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:957-965. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C. Genevcius
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Joanna Baker
- School of Biological Sciences University of Reading Reading UK
| | - Filipe M. Bianchi
- Department of Zoology Institute of Biosciences Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Adriana E. Marvaldi
- División Entomología Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata CONICET Buenos Aires Argentina
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11
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Operational sex ratio does not influence the evolution of male mate choice in the Indian meal moth. J ETHOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-019-00616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Henshaw JM, Fromhage L, Jones AG. Sex roles and the evolution of parental care specialization. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191312. [PMID: 31455191 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Males and females are defined by the relative size of their gametes (anisogamy), but secondary sexual dimorphism in fertilization, parental investment and mating competition is widespread and often remarkably stable over evolutionary timescales. Recent theory has clarified the causal connections between anisogamy and the most prevalent differences between the sexes, but deviations from these patterns remain poorly understood. Here, we study how sex differences in parental investment and mating competition coevolve with parental care specialization. Parental investment often consists of two or more distinct activities (e.g. provisioning and defence) and parents may care more efficiently by specializing in a subset of these activities. Our model predicts that efficient care specialization broadens the conditions under which biparental investment can evolve in lineages that historically had uniparental care. Major transitions in sex roles (e.g. from female-biased care with strong male mating competition to male-biased care with strong female competition) can arise following ecologically induced changes in the costs or benefits of different care types, or in the sex ratio at maturation. Our model provides a clear evolutionary mechanism for sex-role transitions, but also predicts that such transitions should be rare. It consequently contributes towards explaining widespread phylogenetic inertia in parenting and mating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Henshaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter MS 3051, Moscow, ID, USA.,Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Finland
| | - Lutz Fromhage
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Finland
| | - Adam G Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter MS 3051, Moscow, ID, USA
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13
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Fox RJ, Fromhage L, Jennions MD. Sexual selection, phenotypic plasticity and female reproductive output. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180184. [PMID: 30966965 PMCID: PMC6365872 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In a rapidly changing environment, does sexual selection on males elevate a population's reproductive output? If so, does phenotypic plasticity enhance or diminish any such effect? We outline two routes by which sexual selection can influence the reproductive output of a population: a genetic correlation between male sexual competitiveness and female lifetime reproductive success; and direct effects of males on females' breeding success. We then discuss how phenotypic plasticity of sexually selected male traits and/or female responses (e.g. plasticity in mate choice), as the environment changes, might influence how sexual selection affects a population's reproductive output. Two key points emerge. First, condition-dependent expression of male sexual traits makes it likely that sexual selection increases female fitness if reproductively successful males disproportionately transfer genes that are under natural selection in both sexes, such as genes for foraging efficiency. Condition-dependence is a form of phenotypic plasticity if some of the variation in net resource acquisition and assimilation is attributable to the environment rather than solely genetic in origin. Second, the optimal allocation of resources into different condition-dependent traits depends on their marginal fitness gains. As male condition improves, this can therefore increase or, though rarely highlighted, actually decrease the expression of sexually selected traits. It is therefore crucial to understand how condition determines male allocation of resources to different sexually selected traits that vary in their immediate effects on female reproductive output (e.g. ornaments versus coercive behaviour). In addition, changes in the distribution of condition among males as the environment shifts could reduce phenotypic variance in certain male traits, thereby reducing the strength of sexual selection imposed by females. Studies of adaptive evolution under rapid environmental change should consider the possibility that phenotypic plasticity of sexually selected male traits, even if it elevates male fitness, could have a negative effect on female reproductive output, thereby increasing the risk of population extinction. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of plasticity in phenotypic adaptation to rapid environmental change'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Fox
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Lutz Fromhage
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, PO Box 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland
| | - Michael D. Jennions
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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14
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Hare RM, Simmons LW. Sexual selection and its evolutionary consequences in female animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:929-956. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin M. Hare
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, 6009 Australia
| | - Leigh W. Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, 6009 Australia
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15
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Abstract
Jennions et al. introduce the different kinds of sex ratio and their biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jennions
- Wissenschaftkolleg zu Berlin, Wallotstrasse 19, Berlin, Germany; Evolution and Ecology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Tamás Székely
- Wissenschaftkolleg zu Berlin, Wallotstrasse 19, Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Steven R Beissinger
- Wissenschaftkolleg zu Berlin, Wallotstrasse 19, Berlin, Germany; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Division of Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Wissenschaftkolleg zu Berlin, Wallotstrasse 19, Berlin, Germany; Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Schacht R, Kramer KL, Székely T, Kappeler PM. Adult sex ratios and reproductive strategies: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0309. [PMID: 28760753 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that the relative proportion of potential mates to competitors in a population impacts a range of sex-specific behaviours and in particular mating and reproduction. However, while the adult sex ratio (ASR) has long been recognized as an important link between demography and behaviour, this relationship remains understudied. Here, we introduce the first inter-disciplinary collection of research on the causes and consequences of variation in the ASR in human and animal societies. This important topic is relevant to a wide audience of both social and biological scientists due to the central role that the relative number of males to females in a population plays for the evolution of, and contemporary variation in, sex roles across groups, species and higher taxa. The articles in this theme issue cover research on ASR across a variety of taxa and topics. They offer critical re-evaluations of theoretical foundations within both evolutionary and non-evolutionary fields, and propose innovative methodological approaches, present new empirical examples of behavioural consequences of ASR variation and reveal that the ASR plays a major role in determining population viability, especially in small populations and species with labile sex determination. This introductory paper puts the contributions of the theme issue into a broader context, identifies general trends across the literature and formulates directions for future research.This article is part of the themed issue 'Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Schacht
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, 270 E 1400, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Karen L Kramer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, 270 E 1400, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.,Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Wallotstrasse 19, 14193 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Wallotstrasse 19, 14193 Berlin, Germany.,Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Jennions MD, Fromhage L. Not all sex ratios are equal: the Fisher condition, parental care and sexual selection. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0312. [PMID: 28760755 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The term 'sex roles' encapsulates male-female differences in mate searching, competitive traits that increase mating/fertilization opportunities, choosiness about mates and parental care. Theoretical models suggest that biased sex ratios drive the evolution of sex roles. To model sex role evolution, it is essential to note that in most sexually reproducing species (haplodiploid insects are an exception), each offspring has one father and one mother. Consequently, the total number of offspring produced by each sex is identical, so the mean number of offspring produced by individuals of each sex depends on the sex ratio (Fisher condition). Similarly, the total number of heterosexual matings is identical for each sex. On average, neither sex can mate nor breed more often when the sex ratio is even. But equally common in which sex ratio? The Fisher condition only applies to some reproductive measures (e.g. lifetime offspring production or matings) for certain sex ratios (e.g. operational or adult sex ratio; OSR, ASR). Here, we review recent models that clarify whether a biased OSR, ASR or sex ratio at maturation (MSR) have a causal or correlational relationship with the evolution of sex differences in parental care and competitive traits-two key components of sex roles. We suggest that it is more fruitful to understand the combined effect of the MSR and mortality rates while caring and competing than that of the ASR itself. In short, we argue that the ASR does not have a causal role in the evolution of parental care. We point out, however, that the ASR can be a cue for adaptive phenotypic plasticity in how each sex invests in parental care.This article is part of the themed issue 'Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Jennions
- Ecology, Evolution and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia .,Wissenschaftkolleg zu Berlin, Wallotstraße 19, 14193 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Fromhage
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, PO Box 35, 40014, Finland
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18
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Kyogoku D, Sota T. The evolution of between-species reproductive interference capability under different within-species mating regimes. Evolution 2017; 71:2721-2727. [PMID: 28884796 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sexual selection sometimes favors male traits that benefit their bearers, but harm their mates. The harmful effects of male traits may also extend to females of other species via heterospecific mating interactions. This could affect the coexistence of closely related species during secondary contact. We examined the evolution of the interspecific interfering capability of a beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis) with a congener (C. maculatus) using C. chinensis males reared under conditions of monogamy and polygamy for 17 generations. After experimental evolution, C. chinensis males reared under polygamous conditions imposed greater impacts on offspring production by C. maculatus females than did C. chinensis males reared under monogamous conditions. However, the mechanism by which differential mating regimes altered the effect of C. chinensis males on C. maculatus females was unclear, because we did not find evidence for the expected genital evolution in C. chinensis, despite their body size divergence. Our findings suggest that traits that originally evolved through sexual selection in two allopatric species could influence the coexistence of these species or the likelihood of reinforcement during secondary contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kyogoku
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.,Current Address: Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu 520-2194, Japan
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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19
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Kappeler PM. Sex roles and adult sex ratios: insights from mammalian biology and consequences for primate behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160321. [PMID: 28760762 PMCID: PMC5540861 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical models and empirical studies in various taxa have identified important links between variation in sex roles and the number of adult males and females (adult sex ratio (ASR)) in a population. In this review, I examine these relationships in non-human primates. Because most existing theoretical models of the evolution of sex roles focus on the evolutionary origins of sex-biased behaviour, they offer only a general scaffold for predicting variation in sex roles among and within species. I argue that studies examining sex role variation at these more specific levels need to take social organization into account to identify meaningful levels for the measurement of ASR and to account for the fact that ASR and sex roles mutually influence each other. Moreover, taxon-specific life-history traits can constrain sex role flexibility and impact the operational sex ratio (OSR) by specifying the minimum length of female time outs from reproduction. Using examples from the primate literature, I highlight practical problems in estimating ASR and OSR. I then argue that interspecific variation in the occurrence of indirect forms of paternal care might indeed be linked to variation in ASR. Some studies also indicate that female aggression and bonding, as well as components of inter-sexual relationships, are sensitive to variation in ASR. Thus, links between primate sex roles and sex ratios merit further study, and such studies could prompt the development of more specific theoretical models that make realistic assumptions about taxon-specific life history and social organization.This article is part of the themed issue 'Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Kappeler
- Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Wallotstrasse 19, 14193 Berlin, Germany
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Booksmythe I, Rundle HD, Arnqvist G. Sexual dimorphism in epicuticular compounds despite similar sexual selection in sex role-reversed seed beetles. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:2005-2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Booksmythe
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - H. D. Rundle
- Department of Biology; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - G. Arnqvist
- Department of Animal Ecology; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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21
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