1
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Dopman EB, Shaw KL, Servedio MR, Butlin RK, Smadja CM. Coupling of Barriers to Gene Exchange: Causes and Consequences. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041432. [PMID: 38191516 PMCID: PMC11293547 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Coupling has emerged as a concept to describe the transition from differentiated populations to newly evolved species through the strengthening of reproductive isolation. However, the term has been used in multiple ways, and relevant processes have sometimes not been clearly distinguished. Here, we synthesize existing uses of the concept of coupling and find three main perspectives: (1) coupling as the build-up of linkage disequilibrium among loci underlying barriers to gene exchange, (2) coupling as the build-up of genome-wide linkage disequilibrium, and (3) coupling as the process generating a coincidence of distinct barrier effects. We compare and contrast these views, show the diverse processes involved and the complexity of the relationships among recombination, linkage disequilibrium, and reproductive isolation, and, finally, we emphasize how each perspective can guide new directions in speciation research. Although the importance of coupling for evolutionary divergence and speciation is well established, many theoretical and empirical questions remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik B Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Kerry L Shaw
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Maria R Servedio
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Roger K Butlin
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Carole M Smadja
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier ISEM, Universite de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier 34095, France
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2
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Luo Q, Shen Z, Kanjana N, Guo X, Wu H, Zhang L. Molecular Identification of the Glutaredoxin 5 Gene That Plays Important Roles in Antioxidant Defense in Arma chinensis (Fallou). INSECTS 2024; 15:537. [PMID: 39057270 PMCID: PMC11277427 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Glutaredoxin (Grx) is a group of redox enzymes that control reactive oxygen species (ROS), traditionally defined as redox regulators. Recent research suggested that members of the Grx family may be involved in more biological processes than previously thought. Therefore, we cloned the AcGrx5 gene and identified its role in A. chinensis diapause. Sequence analysis revealed the ORF of AcGrx5 was 432 bp, encoding 143 amino acids, which was consistent with the homologous sequence of Halyomorpha halys. RT-qPCR results showed that AcGrx5 expression was the highest in the head, and compared with non-diapause conditions, diapause conditions significantly increased the expression of AcGrx5 in the developmental stages. Further, we found that 15 °C low-temperature stress significantly induced AcGrx5 expression, and the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes AcTrx2 and AcTrx-like were significantly increased after AcGrx5 knockdown. Following AcGrx5 silencing, there was a considerable rise in the levels of VC content, CAT activity, and hydrogen peroxide content, indicating that A. chinensis was exposed to high levels of reactive oxygen species. These results suggested that the AcGrx5 gene may play a key role in antioxidant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhi Luo
- School of Horticulture and Gardening, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.S.); (X.G.)
| | - Zhongjian Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.S.); (X.G.)
| | - Nipapan Kanjana
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.S.); (X.G.)
| | - Xingkai Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.S.); (X.G.)
| | - Huihui Wu
- School of Horticulture and Gardening, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China;
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.S.); (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
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3
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Lindestad O, Nylin S, Wheat CW, Gotthard K. Testing for variation in photoperiodic plasticity in a butterfly: Inconsistent effects of circadian genes between geographic scales. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11713. [PMID: 38975264 PMCID: PMC11227937 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The genetic components of the circadian clock have been implicated as involved in photoperiodic regulation of winter diapause across various insect groups, thereby contributing to adaptation to adverse seasonal conditions. So far, the effects of within-population variation in these genes have not been well explored. Here, we present an experimental test of the effects of within-population variation at two circadian genes, timeless and period, on photoperiodic responses in the butterfly Pararge aegeria. While nonsynonymous candidate SNPs in both of these genes have previously shown to be associated with diapause induction on a between-population level, in the present experiment no such effect was found on a within-population level. In trying to reconcile these results, we examine sequence data, revealing considerable, previously unknown protein-level variation at both timeless and period across Scandinavian populations, including variants unique to the population studied here. Hence, we hypothesize that these variants may counteract the previously observed diapause-averting effect of the candidate SNPs, possibly explaining the difference in results between the experiments. Whatever the cause, these results highlight how the effects of candidate SNPs may sometimes vary across genetic backgrounds, which complicates evolutionary interpretations of geographic patterns of genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholmSweden
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Li B, Dopman EB, Dong Y, Yang Z. Forecasting habitat suitability and niche shifts of two global maize pests: Ostrinia furnacalis and Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38924623 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ostrinia furnacalis (ACB) and Ostrinia nubilalis (ECB) are devastating pests of the agricultural crop maize worldwide. However, little is known about their potential distribution and niche shifts during their global invasion. Since long-term selection to past climate variability has shaped their historical niche breadth, such niche shifts may provide an alternative basis for understanding their responses to present and future climate change. By integrating the niche unfilling, stability, and expansion situations into a single framework, our study quantifies the patterns of niche shift in the spatial distribution of these two pests during the different periods. RESULTS Our results show that the overall suitable habitats of ACB and ECB in the future decrease but highly and extremely suitable habitat will become more widespread, suggesting these two insects may occur more frequently in specific regions. Compared with Southeast Asia and Australia, the ACB niche in China exhibited expansion rather than unfilling. For ECB, initial niches have a tendency to be retained in Eurasia despite there also being potential for expansion in North America. The niche equivalency and similarity test results further indicate that niche shifts were common for both ACB and ECB in different survival regions during their colonization of new habitat and their suitable habitat changes during the paleoclimate were associated with climatic changes. CONCLUSIONS These findings improve our understanding of the ecological characteristics of ACB and ECB worldwide, and will be useful in the development of prevention and control strategies for two insect pests worldwide. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Erik B Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Yanling Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhaofu Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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5
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Helfrich-Förster C. Neuropeptidergic regulation of insect diapause by the circadian clock. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 63:101198. [PMID: 38588944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Diapause is an endocrine-mediated strategy used by insects to survive seasons of adverse environmental conditions. Insects living in temperate zones are regularly exposed to such conditions in the form of winter. To survive winter, they must prepare for it long before it arrives. A reliable indicator of impending winter is the shortening of day length. To measure day length, insects need their circadian clock as internal time reference. In this article, I provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on the neuropeptides that link the clock to the diapause inducing hormonal brain centers.
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Boyes D, Crowley LM, Holland PW. The genome sequence of the Summer Chafer, Amphimallon solstitiale (Linnaeus, 1758). Wellcome Open Res 2024; 9:138. [PMID: 38784435 PMCID: PMC11112308 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.21100.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual male Amphimallon solstitiale (the Summer Chafer; Arthropoda; Insecta; Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae). The genome sequence is 1,584.1 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 11 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X and Y sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 19.29 kilobases in length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Boyes
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, England, UK
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7
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Zhu H, Wu M, Mou J, Yang X, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Xue H, Xu J, Chen L, Xu L. Behavior and physiology in female Cricetulus barabensis are associated with the expression of circadian genes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1281617. [PMID: 38374960 PMCID: PMC10875996 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1281617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock regulates the behavior, physiology, and metabolism of mammals, and these characteristics, such as sleep-wake cycles, exercise capacity, and hormone levels, exhibit circadian rhythms. Light signaling is the main stimulator of the mammalian circadian system. The photoperiod regulates the reproductive cycle of seasonal breeding animals, and the circadian clock plays a pivotal role in this process. However, the role of the clock in coordinating animal behavior and physiology in response to photoperiodic changes needs further investigation. The present study investigated the changes and correlation of behavioral activities, physiological indicators, and gene expression in female striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) within 24 h under a 12L:12D photoperiod. We found that the daily rhythms of sleep-wake and open field were significant in hamsters. The expression of clock genes, melatonin receptor genes, and genes involved in general metabolism oscillated significantly in central and peripheral tissues (brain, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, and thymus) and was significantly associated with behavior and physiology. Our results revealed that the neuroendocrine system regulated the rhythmicity of behavior and physiology, and central and peripheral clock genes (Bmal1, Clock, Per1, Per2, Cry1, and Cry2), melatonin receptor genes (MT1, MT2, and GPR50), and metabolizing genes (SIRT1, FGF21, and PPARα) played important roles. Our results suggest that central and peripheral circadian clocks, melatonin receptors, and genes involved in general metabolism may play key roles in maintaining circadian behavior and metabolic homeostasis in striped hamsters. Our results may have important implication for rodent pest control.
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Firneno TJ, Semenov G, Dopman EB, Taylor SA, Larson EL, Gompert Z. Quantitative Analyses of Coupling in Hybrid Zones. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041434. [PMID: 37739809 PMCID: PMC10691479 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
In hybrid zones, whether barrier loci experience selection mostly independently or as a unit depends on the ratio of selection to recombination as captured by the coupling coefficient. Theory predicts a sharper transition between an uncoupled and coupled system when more loci affect hybrid fitness. However, the extent of coupling in hybrid zones has rarely been quantified. Here, we use simulations to characterize the relationship between the coupling coefficient and variance in clines across genetic loci. We then reanalyze 25 hybrid zone data sets and find that cline variances and estimated coupling coefficients form a smooth continuum from high variance and weak coupling to low variance and strong coupling. Our results are consistent with low rates of hybridization and a strong genome-wide barrier to gene flow when the coupling coefficient is much greater than 1, but also suggest that this boundary might be approached gradually and at a near constant rate over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Firneno
- Department of Biology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA
| | - Georgy Semenov
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80211, USA
| | - Erik B Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Scott A Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80211, USA
| | - Erica L Larson
- Department of Biology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA
| | - Zachariah Gompert
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321, USA
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9
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Jin M, North HL, Peng Y, Liu H, Liu B, Pan R, Zhou Y, Zheng W, Liu K, Yang B, Zhang L, Xu Q, Elfekih S, Valencia-Montoya WA, Walsh T, Cui P, Zhou Y, Wilson K, Jiggins C, Wu K, Xiao Y. Adaptive evolution to the natural and anthropogenic environment in a global invasive crop pest, the cotton bollworm. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100454. [PMID: 37388193 PMCID: PMC10300404 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is set to become the most economically devastating crop pest in the world, threatening food security and biosafety as its range expands across the globe. Key to understanding the eco-evolutionary dynamics of H. armigera, and thus its management, is an understanding of population connectivity and the adaptations that allow the pest to establish in unique environments. We assembled a chromosome-scale reference genome and re-sequenced 503 individuals spanning the species range to delineate global patterns of connectivity, uncovering a previously cryptic population structure. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and cell line expression of major effect loci, we show that adaptive changes in a temperature- and light-sensitive developmental pathway enable facultative diapause and that adaptation of trehalose synthesis and transport underlies cold tolerance in extreme environments. Incorporating extensive pesticide resistance monitoring, we also characterize a suite of novel pesticide and Bt resistance alleles under selection in East China. These findings offer avenues for more effective management strategies and provide insight into how insects adapt to variable climatic conditions and newly colonized environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Jin
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518116, China
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Henry L. North
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1SZ, UK
| | - Yan Peng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518116, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hangwei Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Ruiqing Pan
- Berry Genomics Corporation, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weigang Zheng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Samia Elfekih
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, East Geelong, VIC 3169, Australia
- Bio21 Institute and the School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Wendy A. Valencia-Montoya
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Tom Walsh
- CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Peng Cui
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518116, China
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Chris Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1SZ, UK
| | - Kongming Wu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518116, China
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10
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Colizzi FS, Veenstra JA, Rezende GL, Helfrich-Förster C, Martínez-Torres D. Pigment-dispersing factor is present in circadian clock neurons of pea aphids and may mediate photoperiodic signalling to insulin-producing cells. Open Biol 2023; 13:230090. [PMID: 37369351 PMCID: PMC10299861 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) plays a pivotal role in the circadian clock of most Ecdysozoa and is additionally involved in the timing of seasonal responses of several photoperiodic species. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, is a paradigmatic photoperiodic species with an annual life cycle tightly coupled to the seasonal changes in day length. Nevertheless, PDF could not be identified in A. pisum so far. In the present study, we identified a PDF-coding gene that has undergone significant changes in the otherwise highly conserved insect C-terminal amino acid sequence. A newly generated aphid-specific PDF antibody stained four neurons in each hemisphere of the aphid brain that co-express the clock protein Period and have projections to the pars lateralis that are highly plastic and change their appearance in a daily and seasonal manner, resembling those of the fruit fly PDF neurons. Most intriguingly, the PDF terminals overlap with dendrites of the insulin-like peptide (ILP) positive neurosecretory cells in the pars intercerebralis and with putative terminals of Cryptochrome (CRY) positive clock neurons. Since ILP has been previously shown to be crucial for seasonal adaptations and CRY might serve as a circadian photoreceptor vital for measuring day length, our results suggest that PDF plays a critical role in aphid seasonal timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sara Colizzi
- Neurobiology and Genetics, University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan A. Veenstra
- Université de Bordeaux, INCIA CNRS UMR, 5287 Talence, France
| | - Gustavo L. Rezende
- Universitat de València, Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes, Parc Cientific, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch no. 9, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | | | - David Martínez-Torres
- Universitat de València, Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes, Parc Cientific, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch no. 9, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
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11
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Xia Q, Chen C, Dopman EB, Hahn DA. Divergence in cell cycle progression is associated with shifted phenology in a multivoltine moth: the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245244. [PMID: 37293992 PMCID: PMC10281267 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary change in diapause timing can be an adaptive response to changing seasonality, and even result in ecological speciation. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating shifts in diapause timing remain poorly understood. One of the hallmarks of diapause is a massive slowdown in the cell cycle of target organs such as the brain and primordial imaginal structures, and resumption of cell cycle proliferation is an indication of diapause termination and resumption of development. Characterizing cell cycle parameters between lineages differing in diapause life history timing may help identify molecular mechanisms associated with alterations of diapause timing. We tested the extent to which progression of the cell cycle differs across diapause between two genetically distinct European corn borer strains that differ in their seasonal diapause timing. We show the cell cycle slows down during larval diapause with a significant decrease in the proportion of cells in S phase. Brain-subesophageal complex cells slow primarily in G0/G1 phase whereas most wing disc cells are in G2 phase. Diapausing larvae of the earlier emerging, bivoltine E-strain (BE) suppressed cell cycle progression less than the later emerging, univoltine Z-strain (UZ) individuals, with a greater proportion of cells in S phase across both tissues during diapause. Additionally, resumption of cell cycle proliferation occurred earlier in the BE strain than in the UZ strain after exposure to diapause-terminating conditions. We propose that regulation of cell cycle progression rates ultimately drives differences in larval diapause termination, and adult emergence timing, between early- and late-emerging European corn borer strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwen Xia
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Chao Chen
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Erik B. Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Daniel A. Hahn
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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12
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Boman J, Zhu Y, Höök L, Vila R, Talavera G, Backström N. Environmental stress during larval development induces DNA methylation shifts in the migratory painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui). Mol Ecol 2023. [PMID: 37088782 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal environmental fluctuations provide formidable challenges for living organisms, especially small ectotherms such as butterflies. A common strategy to cope with harsh environments is to enter diapause, but some species avoid unsuitable conditions by migrating. Despite a growing understanding of migration in the life cycles of some butterfly species, it remains unknown how individuals register and store environmental cues to determine whether and where to migrate. Here, we explored how competition and host plant availability during larval development affect patterns of DNA methylation in the migratory painted lady (Vanessa cardui) butterfly. We identify a set of potentially functional methylome shifts associated with differences in the environment, indicating that DNA methylation is involved in the response to different conditions during larval development. By analysing the transcriptome for the same samples used for methylation profiling, we also uncovered a non-monotonic relationship between gene body methylation and gene expression. Our results provide a starting point for understanding the interplay between DNA methylation and gene expression in butterflies in general and how differences in environmental conditions during development can trigger unique epigenetic marks that might be important for behavioural decisions in the adult stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Boman
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yishu Zhu
- Animal Ecology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Höök
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Univ. Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Talavera
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Niclas Backström
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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McCulloch GA, Waters JM. Rapid adaptation in a fast-changing world: Emerging insights from insect genomics. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:943-954. [PMID: 36333958 PMCID: PMC10100130 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many researchers have questioned the ability of biota to adapt to rapid anthropogenic environmental shifts. Here, we synthesize emerging genomic evidence for rapid insect evolution in response to human pressure. These new data reveal diverse genomic mechanisms (single locus, polygenic, structural shifts; introgression) underpinning rapid adaptive responses to a variety of anthropogenic selective pressures. While the effects of some human impacts (e.g. pollution; pesticides) have been previously documented, here we highlight startling new evidence for rapid evolutionary responses to additional anthropogenic processes such as deforestation. These recent findings indicate that diverse insect assemblages can indeed respond dynamically to major anthropogenic evolutionary challenges. Our synthesis also emphasizes the critical roles of genomic architecture, standing variation and gene flow in maintaining future adaptive potential. Broadly, it is clear that genomic approaches are essential for predicting, monitoring and responding to ongoing anthropogenic biodiversity shifts in a fast-changing world.
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14
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Abstract
Winter provides many challenges for insects, including direct injury to tissues and energy drain due to low food availability. As a result, the geographic distribution of many species is tightly coupled to their ability to survive winter. In this review, we summarize molecular processes associated with winter survival, with a particular focus on coping with cold injury and energetic challenges. Anticipatory processes such as cold acclimation and diapause cause wholesale transcriptional reorganization that increases cold resistance and promotes cryoprotectant production and energy storage. Molecular responses to low temperature are also dynamic and include signaling events during and after a cold stressor to prevent and repair cold injury. In addition, we highlight mechanisms that are subject to selection as insects evolve to variable winter conditions. Based on current knowledge, despite common threads, molecular mechanisms of winter survival vary considerably across species, and taxonomic biases must be addressed to fully appreciate the mechanistic basis of winter survival across the insect phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Teets
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA;
| | - Katie E Marshall
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julie A Reynolds
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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15
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Law STS, Nong W, So WL, Baril T, Swale T, Chan CB, Tobe SS, Kai ZP, Bendena WG, Hayward A, Hui JHL. Chromosomal-level reference genome of the moth Heortia vitessoides (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a major pest of agarwood-producing trees. Genomics 2022; 114:110440. [PMID: 35905835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The moth Heortia vitessoides Moore (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a major pest of ecologically, commercially and culturally important agarwood-producing trees in the genus Aquilaria. In particular, H. vitessoides is one of the most destructive defoliating pests of the incense tree Aquilaria sinesis, which produces a valuable fragrant wood used as incense and in traditional Chinese medicine [33]. Nevertheless, a genomic resource for H. vitessoides is lacking. Here, we present a chromosomal-level assembly for H. vitessoides, consisting of a 517 megabase (Mb) genome assembly with high physical contiguity (scaffold N50 of 18.2 Mb) and high completeness (97.9% complete BUSCO score). To aid gene annotation, 8 messenger RNA transcriptomes from different developmental stages were generated, and a total of 16,421 gene models were predicted. Expansion of gene families involved in xenobiotic metabolism and development were detected, including duplications of cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) genes shared among lepidopterans. In addition, small RNA sequencing of 5 developmental stages of H. vitessoides facilitated the identification of 85 lepidopteran conserved microRNAs, 94 lineage-specific microRNAs, as well as several microRNA clusters. A large proportion of the H. vitessoides genome consists of repeats, with a 29.12% total genomic contribution from transposable elements, of which long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) are the dominant component (17.41%). A sharp decrease in the genome-wide percentage of LINEs with lower levels of genetic distance to family consensus sequences suggests that LINE activity has peaked in H. vitessoides. In contrast, opposing patterns suggest a substantial recent increase in DNA and LTR element activity. Together with annotations of essential sesquiterpenoid hormonal pathways, neuropeptides, microRNAs and transposable elements, the high-quality genomic and transcriptomic resources we provide for the economically important moth H. vitessoides provide a platform for the development of genomic approaches to pest management, and contribute to addressing fundamental research questions in Lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T S Law
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wenyan Nong
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Lok So
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Chi Bun Chan
- School of Biological Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephen S Tobe
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhen-Peng Kai
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Jerome H L Hui
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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16
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Shi W, Ye H, Roderick G, Cao J, Kerdelhué C, Han P. Role of Genes in Regulating Host Plants Expansion in Tephritid Fruit Flies (Diptera) and Potential for RNAi-Based Control. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:10. [PMID: 35983691 PMCID: PMC9389179 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Host plant expansion is an important survival strategy for tephritids as they expand their range. Successful host expansion requires tephritids to adapt to the chemical and nonchemical properties of a novel host fruit, such as fruit color, phenology, and phytochemicals. These plant properties trigger a series of processes in tephritids, with each process having its own genetic basis, which means that various genes are involved in regulating host plant expansion by tephritids. This review summarizes current knowledge on the categories and roles of genes involved in host plant expansion in several important tephritid species, including genes related to chemoreception (olfactory and gustation), vision, digestion, detoxification, development, ribosomal and energy metabolism. Chemoreception- and detoxification- and digestion-related genes are stimulated by volatile chemicals and secondary chemicals of different hosts, respectively, which are involved in the regulation of nervous signal transduction that triggers behavioral, physical, and chemical responses to the novel host fruit. Vision-, nerve-, and development-related genes and metabolism-associated genes are activated in response to nonchemical stimuli from different hosts, such as color and phenology, to regulate a comprehensive adaptation of the extending host for tephritids. The chemical and nonchemical signals of hosts activate ribosomal and energy-related genes that result in the basic regulation of many processes of host expansion, including detoxification and development. These genes do not regulate novel host use individually, but multiple genes regulate multilevel adaptation to novel host fruits via multiple mechanisms. These genes may also be potential target genes for RNAi-based control of tephritid pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- School of Ecology and Environment Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Ye
- School of Ecology and Environment Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - George Roderick
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jun Cao
- School of Ecology and Environment Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Carole Kerdelhué
- INRAE, CBGP (INRAE, CIRAD, RD, Montpellier Supagro, University Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Peng Han
- School of Ecology and Environment Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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17
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Takeda M, Suzuki T. Circadian and Neuroendocrine Basis of Photoperiodism Controlling Diapause in Insects and Mites: A Review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:867621. [PMID: 35812309 PMCID: PMC9257128 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.867621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoperiodic system is concealed in the highly complex black-box, comprising four functional subunits: 1) a photo/thermo-sensitive input unit, 2) a photoperiodic clock based on a circadian system, 3) a condenser unit counting the number of inductive signals, and 4) a neuroendocrine switch that triggers a phenotypic shift. This review aims to summarize the research history and current reach of our understanding on this subject to connect it with the molecular mechanism of the circadian clock rapidly being unveiled. The review also focuses on the mode of intersubunit information transduction. It will scan the recent advancement in research on each functional subunit, but special attention will be given to the circadian clock–endocrine conjunct and the role of melatonin signaling in the regulation of insect photoperiodism. Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) probably plays the most crucial role in the regulation of pupal diapause, which is the simplest model system of diapause regulation by hormones investigated so far, particularly in the Chinese oak silkmoth (Antheraea pernyi). A search for the trigger to release the PTTH found some candidates, that is, indoleamines. Indolamine metabolism is controlled by arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (aaNAT). Indolamine dynamics and aaNAT enzymatic activity changed according to photoperiods. aaNAT activity and melatonin content in the brain showed not only a photoperiodic response but also a circadian fluctuation. aaNAT had multiple E-boxes, suggesting that it is a clock-controlled gene (ccg), which implies that cycle (cyc, or brain–muscle Arnt-like 1 = Bmal1)/Clock (Clk) heterodimer binds to E-box and stimulates the transcription of aaNAT, which causes the synthesis of melatonin. RNAi against transcription modulators, cyc, or Clk downregulated aaNAT transcription, while RNAi against repressor of cyc/Clk, per upregulated aaNAT transcription. Immunohistochemical localization showed that the circadian neurons carry epitopes of melatonin-producing elements such as aaNAT, the precursor serotonin, HIOMT, and melatonin as well as clock gene products such as cyc-ir, Per-ir, and dbt-ir, while PTTH-producing neurons juxtaposed against the clock neurons showed hMT2-ir in A. pernyi brain. Melatonin probably binds to the putative melatonin receptor (MT) that stimulates Ca2+ influx, which in turn activates PKC. This induces Rab 8 phosphorylation and exocytosis of PTTH, leading to termination of diapause. All the PTTH-expressing neurons have PKC-ir, and Rab8-ir. When diapause is induced and maintained under short days, serotonin binding to 5HTR1B suppresses PTTH release in a yet unknown way. RNAi against this receptor knocked out photoperiodism; short day response is blocked and diapause was terminated even under the short day condition. The result showed that a relatively simple system controls both induction and termination in pupal diapause of A. pernyi: the circadian system regulates the transcription of aaNAT as a binary switch, the enzyme produces a melatonin rhythm that gates PTTH release, and 5HTR1B and MT are probably also under photoperiodic regulation. Finally, we listed the remaining riddles which need to be resolved, to fully understand this highly complex system in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makio Takeda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- *Correspondence: Makio Takeda,
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Kunerth HD, Bogdanowicz SM, Searle JB, Harrison RG, Coates BS, Kozak GM, Dopman EB. Consequences of coupled barriers to gene flow for the build-up of genomic differentiation. Evolution 2022; 76:985-1002. [PMID: 35304922 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Theory predicts that when different barriers to gene flow become coincident, their joint effects enhance reproductive isolation and genomic divergence beyond their individual effects, but empirical tests of this "coupling" hypothesis are rare. Here, we analyze patterns of gene exchange among populations of European corn borer moths that vary in the number of acting barriers, allowing for comparisons of genomic variation when barrier traits or loci are in coincident or independent states. We find that divergence is mainly restricted to barrier loci when populations differ by a single barrier, whereas the coincidence of temporal and behavioral barriers is associated with divergence of two chromosomes harboring barrier loci. Furthermore, differentiation at temporal barrier loci increases in the presence of behavioral divergence and differentiation at behavioral barrier loci increases in the presence of temporal divergence. Our results demonstrate how the joint action of coincident barrier effects leads to levels of genomic differentiation that far exceed those of single barriers acting alone, consistent with theory arguing that coupling allows indirect selection to combine with direct selection and thereby lead to a stronger overall barrier to gene flow. Thus, the state of barriers-independent or coupled-strongly influences the accumulation of genomic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry D Kunerth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Steven M Bogdanowicz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Jeremy B Searle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Richard G Harrison
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Brad S Coates
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Genevieve M Kozak
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, 02747, USA.,Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
| | - Erik B Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
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19
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Kotwica-Rolinska J, Damulewicz M, Chodakova L, Kristofova L, Dolezel D. Pigment Dispersing Factor Is a Circadian Clock Output and Regulates Photoperiodic Response in the Linden Bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus. Front Physiol 2022; 13:884909. [PMID: 35574487 PMCID: PMC9099023 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.884909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily and annually cycling conditions manifested on the Earth have forced organisms to develop time-measuring devices. Circadian clocks are responsible for adjusting physiology to the daily cycles in the environment, while the anticipation of seasonal changes is governed by the photoperiodic clock. Circadian clocks are cell-autonomous and depend on the transcriptional/translational feedback loops of the conserved clock genes. The synchronization among clock centers in the brain is achieved by the modulatory function of the clock-dependent neuropeptides. In insects, the most prominent clock neuropeptide is Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF). Photoperiodic clock measures and computes the day and/or night length and adjusts physiology accordingly to the upcoming season. The exact mechanism of the photoperiodic clock and its direct signaling molecules are unknown but, in many insects, circadian clock genes are involved in the seasonal responses. While in Drosophila, PDF signaling participates both in the circadian clock output and in diapause regulation, the weak photoperiodic response curve of D. melanogaster is a major limitation in revealing the full role of PDF in the photoperiodic clock. Here we provide the first description of PDF in the linden bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, an organism with a robust photoperiodic response. We characterize in detail the circadian and photoperiodic phenotype of several CRISPR/Cas9-generated pdf mutants, including three null mutants and two mutants with modified PDF. Our results show that PDF acts downstream of CRY and plays a key role as a circadian clock output. Surprisingly, in contrast to the diurnal activity of wild-type bugs, pdf null mutants show predominantly nocturnal activity, which is caused by the clock-independent direct response to the light/dark switch. Moreover, we show that together with CRY, PDF is involved in the photoperiod-dependent diapause induction, however, its lack does not disrupt the photoperiodic response completely, suggesting the presence of additional clock-regulated factors. Taken together our data provide new insight into the role of PDF in the insect’s circadian and photoperiodic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kotwica-Rolinska
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- *Correspondence: Joanna Kotwica-Rolinska,
| | - Milena Damulewicz
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lenka Chodakova
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kristofova
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Dolezel
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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20
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Lindestad O, Nylin S, Wheat CW, Gotthard K. Local adaptation of life cycles in a butterfly is associated with variation in several circadian clock genes. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:1461-1475. [PMID: 34931388 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many insects exhibit geographical variation in voltinism, the number of generations produced per year. This includes high-latitude species in previously glaciated areas, meaning that divergent selection on life cycle traits has taken place during or shortly after recent colonization. Here, we use a population genomics approach to compare a set of nine Scandinavian populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria that differ in life cycle traits (diapause thresholds and voltinism) along both north-south and east-west clines. Using a de novo-assembled genome, we reconstruct colonization histories and demographic relationships. Based on the inferred population structure, we then scan the genome for candidate loci showing signs of divergent selection potentially associated with population differences in life cycle traits. The identified candidate genes include a number of components of the insect circadian clock (timeless, timeless2, period, cryptochrome and clockwork orange). Most notably, the gene timeless, which has previously been experimentally linked to life cycle regulation in P. aegeria, is here found to contain a novel 97-amino acid deletion unique to, and fixed in, a single population. These results add to a growing body of research framing circadian gene variation as a potential mechanism for generating local adaptation of life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Fang G, Zhang Q, Chen X, Cao Y, Wang Y, Qi M, Wu N, Qian L, Zhu C, Huang Y, Zhan S. The draft genome of the Asian corn borer yields insights into ecological adaptation of a devastating maize pest. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 138:103638. [PMID: 34428581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Asian corn borer (ACB) is the most devastating pest on maize in the western Pacific region of Asia. Despite broad interests in insecticide resistance, seasonal adaptation, and larval color mimicry regarding the ACB system, lacking of reference genomic information and a powerful gene editing approach have hindered the in-depth studies of these aspects. Here we present a 455.7 Mb draft genome of ACB with 98.4% completeness. Comparative genomics analysis showed an evident expansion in gene families of gustatory receptors (105), which is related to polyphagous characteristics. Based on the comparative transcriptome analysis of resistant and susceptible ACB against Bt Cry1Ab toxin, we identified 26 genes related to Cry1Ab resistance. Additionally, transcriptomics of insects exposed to conditions of low temperature and diapause (LT) vs. room temperature and diapause (RT) provided insights into the genetic mechanisms of cold adaptation. We also successfully developed an efficient CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing system and applied it to explore the role of color pattern genes in the ecological adaptation of ACB. Taken together, our study provides a fully annotated high-quality reference genome and efficient gene editing system to realize the potential of ACB as a study system to address important biological questions such as insecticide resistance, seasonal adaptation, and coloration. These valuable genomic resources will also benefit the development of novel strategies for maize pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqi Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xi'en Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanghui Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mengmeng Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ningning Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lansa Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chenxu Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yongping Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Shuai Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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22
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Enos AN, Kozak GM. Elevated temperature increases reproductive investment in less preferred mates in the invasive European corn borer moth. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12064-12074. [PMID: 34522361 PMCID: PMC8427566 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly changing environments may weaken sexual selection and lead to indiscriminate mating by interfering with the reception of mating signals or by increasing the costs associated with mate choice. If temperature alters sexual selection, it may impact population response and adaptation to climate change. Here, we examine how differences in temperature of the mating environment influence reproductive investment in the European corn borer moth (Ostrinia nubilalis). Mate preference in this species is known to be related to pheromone usage, with assortative mating occurring between genetically distinct E and Z strains that differ in the composition of female and male pheromones. We compared egg production within and between corn borer lines derived from four different populations that vary in pheromone composition and other traits. Pairs of adults were placed in a mating environment that matched the pupal environment (ambient temperature) or at elevated temperature (5°C above the pupal environment). At ambient temperature, we found that within-line pairs produced eggs sooner and produced more egg clusters than between-line pairs. However, at elevated temperature, between-line pairs produced the same number of egg clusters as within-line pairs. These results suggest that elevated temperature increased investment in matings with typically less preferred, between-line mates. This increased investment could result in changes in gene flow among corn borer populations in warming environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle N. Enos
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts‐DartmouthDartmouthMassachusettsUSA
| | - Genevieve M. Kozak
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts‐DartmouthDartmouthMassachusettsUSA
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23
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Wang Y, Kim KS, Li Q, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Coates BS. Influence of voltine ecotype and geographic distance on genetic and haplotype variation in the Asian corn borer. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:10244-10257. [PMID: 34367572 PMCID: PMC8328404 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diapause is an adaptive dormancy strategy by which arthropods endure extended periods of adverse climatic conditions. Seasonal variation in larval diapause initiation and duration in Ostrinia furnacalis may influence adult mating generation number (voltinism) across different local environments. The degree to which voltine ecotype, geographic distance, or other ecological factors influence O. furnacalis population genetic structure remains uncertain. Genetic differentiation was estimated between voltine ecotypes collected from 8 locations. Mitochondrial haplotypes were significantly different between historically allopatric univoltine and bivoltine locations, but confounded by a strong correlation with geographic distance. In contrast, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes show low but significant levels of variation and a lack of influence of geographic distance between allopatric voltine locations. Regardless, 11 of 257 SNP loci were predicted to be under selection, suggesting population genetic homogenization except at loci proximal to factors putatively under selection. These findings provide evidence of haplotype divergent voltine ecotypes that may be maintained in allopatric and sympatric areas despite relatively high rates of nuclear gene flow, yet influence of voltinism on maintenance of observed haplotype divergence remains unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhou Wang
- Northeast Agricultural Research Center of ChinaJilin Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Kyung Seok Kim
- Natural Resource Ecology and ManagementIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
| | - Qiyun Li
- Northeast Agricultural Research Center of ChinaJilin Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Yunyue Zhang
- Northeast Agricultural Research Center of ChinaJilin Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Zhen‐Ying Wang
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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24
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Unbehend M, Kozak GM, Koutroumpa F, Coates BS, Dekker T, Groot AT, Heckel DG, Dopman EB. bric à brac controls sex pheromone choice by male European corn borer moths. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2818. [PMID: 33990556 PMCID: PMC8121916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The sex pheromone system of ~160,000 moth species acts as a powerful form of assortative mating whereby females attract conspecific males with a species-specific blend of volatile compounds. Understanding how female pheromone production and male preference coevolve to produce this diversity requires knowledge of the genes underlying change in both traits. In the European corn borer moth, pheromone blend variation is controlled by two alleles of an autosomal fatty-acyl reductase gene expressed in the female pheromone gland (pgFAR). Here we show that asymmetric male preference is controlled by cis-acting variation in a sex-linked transcription factor expressed in the developing male antenna, bric à brac (bab). A genome-wide association study of preference using pheromone-trapped males implicates variation in the 293 kb bab intron 1, rather than the coding sequence. Linkage disequilibrium between bab intron 1 and pgFAR further validates bab as the preference locus, and demonstrates that the two genes interact to contribute to assortative mating. Thus, lack of physical linkage is not a constraint for coevolutionary divergence of female pheromone production and male behavioral response genes, in contrast to what is often predicted by evolutionary theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Unbehend
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Genevieve M Kozak
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA
| | - Fotini Koutroumpa
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, XH, the Netherlands
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Versailles, Cedex, France
| | - Brad S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Teun Dekker
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Astrid T Groot
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, XH, the Netherlands
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
| | - Erik B Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
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Pruisscher P, Nylin S, Wheat CW, Gotthard K. A region of the sex chromosome associated with population differences in diapause induction contains highly divergent alleles at clock genes. Evolution 2020; 75:490-500. [PMID: 33340097 PMCID: PMC7986627 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity describes the capacity of individuals with the same genotype to induce permanent change in a phenotype depending on a specific external input. One well‐studied example of adaptive developmental plasticity is the induction of facultative diapause in insects. Studies investigating the inheritance of diapause induction have suggested diverse genetic origins. However, only few studies have performed genome‐wide scans to identify genes affecting the induction decision. Here we compare two populations of the butterfly Pieris napi that differ in the propensity to enter diapause, and despite showing a low genome‐wide divergence, we identify a few genomic regions that show high divergence between populations. We then identified a single genomic region associated with diapause induction by genotyping diapausing and directly developing siblings from backcrosses of these populations. This region is located on the Z chromosome and contained three circadian clock genes, cycle, clock, and period. Additionally, period harbored the largest number of SNPs showing complete fixation between populations. We conclude that the heritable basis of between‐population variation in the plasticity that determines diapause induction resides on the Z chromosome, with the period gene being the prime candidate for the genetic basis of adaptive plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pruisscher
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Christopher West Wheat
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
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26
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Cao LJ, Song W, Yue L, Guo SK, Chen JC, Gong YJ, Hoffmann AA, Wei SJ. Chromosome-level genome of the peach fruit moth Carposina sasakii (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) provides a resource for evolutionary studies on moths. Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 21:834-848. [PMID: 33098233 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The peach fruit moth (PFM), Carposina sasakii Matsumura, is a major phytophagous orchard pest widely distributed across Northeast Asia. Here, we report the chromosome-level genome for the PFM, representing the first genome for the family Carposinidae, from the lepidopteran superfamily Copromorphoidea. The genome was assembled into 404.83 Mb sequences using PacBio long-read and Illumina short-read sequences, including 275 contigs, with a contig N50 length of 2.62 Mb. All contigs were assembled into 31 linkage groups assisted by the Hi-C technique, including 30 autosomes and a Z chromosome. BUSCO analysis showed that 98.3% of genes were complete and 0.4% of genes were fragmented, while 1.3% of genes were missing in the assembled genome. In total, 21,697 protein-coding genes were predicted, of which 84.80% were functionally annotated. Because of the importance of diapause triggered by photoperiod in PFM, five circadian genes in the PFM as well as in the other related species were annotated, and potential genes related to diapause and photoperiodic reaction were also identified from transcriptome sequencing. In addition, manual annotation of detoxification gene families was undertaken and showed a higher number of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene in PFM than in most other lepidopterans, in contrast to a lower number of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase (UGT) gene, carboxyl/cholinesterases (CCE) gene and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) gene, suggesting different detoxication pathways in this moth. The high-quality genome provides a resource for comparative evolutionary studies of this moth and its relatives within the context of radiations across Lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Cao
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Song
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yue
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Kun Guo
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Cui Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Jun Gong
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ary Anthony Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Michielini JP, Dopman EB, Crone EE. Changes in flight period predict trends in abundance of Massachusetts butterflies. Ecol Lett 2020; 24:249-257. [PMID: 33166071 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenological shifts are well-documented in the ecological literature. However, their significance for changes in demography and abundance is less clear. We used 27 years of citizen science monitoring to quantify trends in phenology and relative abundance across 89 butterfly species. We calculated shifts in phenology using quantile regression and shifts in relative abundance using list length analysis and counts from field trips. Elongated activity periods within a year were the strongest predictor of increases in relative abundance. These changes may be driven in part by changes in voltinism, as this association was stronger in multivoltine species. Some species appear to be adding a late-season generation, whereas other species appear to be adding a spring generation, revealing a possible shift from vagrant to resident. Our results emphasise the importance of evaluating phenological changes throughout species' flight period and understanding the consequences for such climate-related changes on viability or population dynamics.
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Erickson PA, Weller CA, Song DY, Bangerter AS, Schmidt P, Bergland AO. Unique genetic signatures of local adaptation over space and time for diapause, an ecologically relevant complex trait, in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009110. [PMID: 33216740 PMCID: PMC7717581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms living in seasonally variable environments utilize cues such as light and temperature to induce plastic responses, enabling them to exploit favorable seasons and avoid unfavorable ones. Local adapation can result in variation in seasonal responses, but the genetic basis and evolutionary history of this variation remains elusive. Many insects, including Drosophila melanogaster, are able to undergo an arrest of reproductive development (diapause) in response to unfavorable conditions. In D. melanogaster, the ability to diapause is more common in high latitude populations, where flies endure harsher winters, and in the spring, reflecting differential survivorship of overwintering populations. Using a novel hybrid swarm-based genome wide association study, we examined the genetic basis and evolutionary history of ovarian diapause. We exposed outbred females to different temperatures and day lengths, characterized ovarian development for over 2800 flies, and reconstructed their complete, phased genomes. We found that diapause, scored at two different developmental cutoffs, has modest heritability, and we identified hundreds of SNPs associated with each of the two phenotypes. Alleles associated with one of the diapause phenotypes tend to be more common at higher latitudes, but these alleles do not show predictable seasonal variation. The collective signal of many small-effect, clinally varying SNPs can plausibly explain latitudinal variation in diapause seen in North America. Alleles associated with diapause are segregating in Zambia, suggesting that variation in diapause relies on ancestral polymorphisms, and both pro- and anti-diapause alleles have experienced selection in North America. Finally, we utilized outdoor mesocosms to track diapause under natural conditions. We found that hybrid swarms reared outdoors evolved increased propensity for diapause in late fall, whereas indoor control populations experienced no such change. Our results indicate that diapause is a complex, quantitative trait with different evolutionary patterns across time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla A. Erickson
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Cory A. Weller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Y. Song
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alyssa S. Bangerter
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Paul Schmidt
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alan O. Bergland
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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29
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Marshall KE, Gotthard K, Williams CM. Evolutionary impacts of winter climate change on insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 41:54-62. [PMID: 32711362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Overwintering is a serious challenge for insects, and winters are rapidly changing as climate shifts. The capacity for phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaptation will determine which species profit or suffer from these changes. Here we discuss current knowledge on the potential and evidence for evolution in winter-relevant traits among insect species and populations. We conclude that the best evidence for evolutionary shifts in response to changing winters remain those related to changes in phenology, but all evidence points to cold hardiness as also having the potential to evolve in response to climate change. Predicting future population sizes and ranges relies on understanding to what extent evolution in winter-related traits is possible, and remains a serious challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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Dowle EJ, Powell THQ, Doellman MM, Meyers PJ, Calvert MB, Walden KKO, Robertson HM, Berlocher SH, Feder JL, Hahn DA, Ragland GJ. Genome-wide variation and transcriptional changes in diverse developmental processes underlie the rapid evolution of seasonal adaptation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23960-23969. [PMID: 32900926 PMCID: PMC7519392 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002357117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms enter a dormant state in their life cycle to deal with predictable changes in environments over the course of a year. The timing of dormancy is therefore a key seasonal adaptation, and it evolves rapidly with changing environments. We tested the hypothesis that differences in the timing of seasonal activity are driven by differences in the rate of development during diapause in Rhagoletis pomonella, a fly specialized to feed on fruits of seasonally limited host plants. Transcriptomes from the central nervous system across a time series during diapause show consistent and progressive changes in transcripts participating in diverse developmental processes, despite a lack of gross morphological change. Moreover, population genomic analyses suggested that many genes of small effect enriched in developmental functional categories underlie variation in dormancy timing and overlap with gene sets associated with development rate in Drosophila melanogaster Our transcriptional data also suggested that a recent evolutionary shift from a seasonally late to a seasonally early host plant drove more rapid development during diapause in the early fly population. Moreover, genetic variants that diverged during the evolutionary shift were also enriched in putative cis regulatory regions of genes differentially expressed during diapause development. Overall, our data suggest polygenic variation in the rate of developmental progression during diapause contributes to the evolution of seasonality in R. pomonella We further discuss patterns that suggest hourglass-like developmental divergence early and late in diapause development and an important role for hub genes in the evolution of transcriptional divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina J Dowle
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217;
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, 9016 Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Thomas H Q Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University-State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Peter J Meyers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - McCall B Calvert
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217
| | - Kimberly K O Walden
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Hugh M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Stewart H Berlocher
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217;
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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EYES ABSENT and TIMELESS integrate photoperiodic and temperature cues to regulate seasonal physiology in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15293-15304. [PMID: 32541062 PMCID: PMC7334534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004262117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracting information regarding calendar time from seasonal changes in photoperiod and temperature is critical for organisms to maintain annual cycles in physiology and behavior. Here we found that, in flies, EYES ABSENT (EYA) protein acts as a seasonal sensor by adjusting its abundance and phase in response to changes in photoperiod and temperature. We show that the manipulation of EYA levels is sufficient to impair the ability of female Drosophila to regulate seasonal variation in reproductive dormancy. Finally, our results suggest an important role for the circadian clock protein TIMELESS (TIM) in modulating EYA level through its ability to measure night length, linking the circadian clock to seasonal timing. Organisms possess photoperiodic timing mechanisms to detect variations in day length and temperature as the seasons progress. The nature of the molecular mechanisms interpreting and signaling these environmental changes to elicit downstream neuroendocrine and physiological responses are just starting to emerge. Here, we demonstrate that, in Drosophila melanogaster, EYES ABSENT (EYA) acts as a seasonal sensor by interpreting photoperiodic and temperature changes to trigger appropriate physiological responses. We observed that tissue-specific genetic manipulation of eya expression is sufficient to disrupt the ability of flies to sense seasonal cues, thereby altering the extent of female reproductive dormancy. Specifically, we observed that EYA proteins, which peak at night in short photoperiod and accumulate at higher levels in the cold, promote reproductive dormancy in female D. melanogaster. Furthermore, we provide evidence indicating that the role of EYA in photoperiodism and temperature sensing is aided by the stabilizing action of the light-sensitive circadian clock protein TIMELESS (TIM). We postulate that increased stability and level of TIM at night under short photoperiod together with the production of cold-induced and light-insensitive TIM isoforms facilitate EYA accumulation in winter conditions. This is supported by our observations that tim null mutants exhibit reduced incidence of reproductive dormancy in simulated winter conditions, while flies overexpressing tim show an increased incidence of reproductive dormancy even in long photoperiod.
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Kerr NZ, Wepprich T, Grevstad FS, Dopman EB, Chew FS, Crone EE. Developmental trap or demographic bonanza? Opposing consequences of earlier phenology in a changing climate for a multivoltine butterfly. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2014-2027. [PMID: 31833162 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A rapidly changing climate has the potential to interfere with the timing of environmental cues that ectothermic organisms rely on to initiate and regulate life history events. Short-lived ectotherms that exhibit plasticity in their life history could increase the number of generations per year under warming climate. If many individuals successfully complete an additional generation, the population experiences an additional opportunity to grow, and a warming climate could lead to a demographic bonanza. However, these plastic responses could become maladaptive in temperate regions, where a warmer climate could trigger a developmental pathway that cannot be completed within the growing season, referred to as a developmental trap. Here we incorporated detailed demography into commonly used photothermal models to evaluate these demographic consequences of phenological shifts due to a warming climate on the formerly widespread, multivoltine butterfly (Pieris oleracea). Using species-specific temperature- and photoperiod-sensitive vital rates, we estimated the number of generations per year and population growth rate over the set of climate conditions experienced during the past 38 years. We predicted that populations in the southern portion of its range have added a fourth generation in recent years, resulting in higher annual population growth rates (demographic bonanzas). We predicted that populations in the Northeast United States have experienced developmental traps, where increases in the thermal window initially caused mortality of the final generation and reduced growth rates. These populations may recover if more growing degree days are added to the year. Our framework for incorporating detailed demography into commonly used photothermal models demonstrates the importance of using both demography and phenology to predict consequences of phenological shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Z Kerr
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tyson Wepprich
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Fritzi S Grevstad
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Erik B Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Frances S Chew
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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Wadsworth CB, Okada Y, Dopman EB. Phenology-dependent cold exposure and thermal performance of Ostrinia nubilalis ecotypes. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:34. [PMID: 32138649 PMCID: PMC7059338 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-1598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding adaptation involves establishing connections between selective agents and beneficial population responses. However, relatively little attention has been paid to seasonal adaptation, in part, because it requires complex and integrative knowledge about seasonally fluctuating environmental factors, the effects of variable phenology on exposure to those factors, and evidence for temporal specialization. In the European corn borer moth, Ostrinia nubilalis, sympatric pheromone strains exploit the same host plant (Zea mays) but may genetically differ in phenology and be reproductively “isolated by time.” Z strain populations in eastern North America have been shown to have a prolonged larval diapause and produce one annual mating flight (July), whereas E strain populations complete an earlier (June) and a later (August) mating flight by shortening diapause duration. Here, we find evidence consistent with seasonal “adaptation by time” between these ecotypes. Results We use 12 years of field observation of adult seasonal abundance to estimate phenology of ecotype life cycles and to quantify life-stage specific climatic conditions. We find that the observed reduction of diapause duration in the E strain leads their non-diapausing, active life stages to experience a ~ 4 °C colder environment compared to the equivalent life stages in the Z strain. For a representative pair of populations under controlled laboratory conditions, we compare life-stage specific cold tolerance and find non-diapausing, active life stages in the E strain have as much as a 60% greater capacity to survive rapid cold shock. Enhanced cold hardiness appears unrelated to life-stage specific changes in the temperature at which tissues freeze. Conclusions Our results suggest that isolation by time and adaptation by time may both contribute to population divergence, and they argue for expanded study in this species of allochronic populations in nature experiencing the full spectrum of seasonal environments. Cyclical selective pressures are inherent properties of seasonal habitats. Diverse fluctuating selective agents across each year (temperature, predation, competition, precipitation, etc.) may therefore be underappreciated drivers of biological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crista B Wadsworth
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4700, Medford, MA, 02155, USA. .,Current Affiliation: Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA.
| | - Yuta Okada
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4700, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Erik B Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4700, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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