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Kong S, Zhu M, Roeder AHK. Self-organization underlies developmental robustness in plants. Cells Dev 2024:203936. [PMID: 38960068 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Development is a self-organized process that builds on cells and their interactions. Cells are heterogeneous in gene expression, growth, and division; yet how development is robust despite such heterogeneity is a fascinating question. Here, we review recent progress on this topic, highlighting how developmental robustness is achieved through self-organization. We will first discuss sources of heterogeneity, including stochastic gene expression, heterogeneity in growth rate and direction, and heterogeneity in division rate and precision. We then discuss cellular mechanisms that buffer against such noise, including Paf1C- and miRNA-mediated denoising, spatiotemporal growth averaging and compensation, mechanisms to improve cell division precision, and coordination of growth rate and developmental timing between different parts of an organ. We also discuss cases where such heterogeneity is not buffered but utilized for development. Finally, we highlight potential directions for future studies of noise and developmental robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Kong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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2
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Delesalle C, Vert G, Fujita S. The cell surface is the place to be for brassinosteroid perception and responses. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:206-218. [PMID: 38388723 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Adjusting the microenvironment around the cell surface is critical to responding to external cues or endogenous signals and to maintaining cell activities. In plant cells, the plasma membrane is covered by the cell wall and scaffolded with cytoskeletal networks, which altogether compose the cell surface. It has long been known that these structures mutually interact, but the mechanisms that integrate the whole system are still obscure. Here we spotlight the brassinosteroid (BR) plant hormone receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) since it represents an outstanding model for understanding cell surface signalling and regulation. We summarize how BRI1 activity and dynamics are controlled by plasma membrane components and their associated factors to fine-tune signalling. The downstream signals, in turn, manipulate cell surface structures by transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Moreover, the changes in these architectures impact BR signalling, resulting in a feedback loop formation. This Review discusses how BRI1 and BR signalling function as central hubs to integrate cell surface regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Delesalle
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Grégory Vert
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
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3
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Chopy M, Cavallini-Speisser Q, Chambrier P, Morel P, Just J, Hugouvieux V, Rodrigues Bento S, Zubieta C, Vandenbussche M, Monniaux M. Cell layer-specific expression of the homeotic MADS-box transcription factor PhDEF contributes to modular petal morphogenesis in petunia. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:324-345. [PMID: 37804091 PMCID: PMC10827313 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Floral homeotic MADS-box transcription factors ensure the correct morphogenesis of floral organs, which are organized in different cell layers deriving from distinct meristematic layers. How cells from these distinct layers acquire their respective identities and coordinate their growth to ensure normal floral organ morphogenesis is unresolved. Here, we studied petunia (Petunia × hybrida) petals that form a limb and tube through congenital fusion. We identified petunia mutants (periclinal chimeras) expressing the B-class MADS-box gene DEFICIENS in the petal epidermis or in the petal mesophyll, called wico and star, respectively. Strikingly, wico flowers form a strongly reduced tube while their limbs are almost normal, while star flowers form a normal tube but greatly reduced and unpigmented limbs, showing that petunia petal morphogenesis is highly modular. These mutants highlight the layer-specific roles of PhDEF during petal development. We explored the link between PhDEF and petal pigmentation, a well-characterized limb epidermal trait. The anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway was strongly downregulated in star petals, including its major regulator ANTHOCYANIN2 (AN2). We established that PhDEF directly binds to the AN2 terminator in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that PhDEF might regulate AN2 expression and therefore petal epidermis pigmentation. Altogether, we show that cell layer-specific homeotic activity in petunia petals differently impacts tube and limb development, revealing the relative importance of the different cell layers in the modular architecture of petunia petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Chopy
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Quentin Cavallini-Speisser
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Pierre Chambrier
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Patrice Morel
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Jérémy Just
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Véronique Hugouvieux
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Suzanne Rodrigues Bento
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Chloe Zubieta
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Michiel Vandenbussche
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Marie Monniaux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
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4
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Higa T, Kijima ST, Sasaki T, Takatani S, Asano R, Kondo Y, Wakazaki M, Sato M, Toyooka K, Demura T, Fukuda H, Oda Y. Microtubule-associated phase separation of MIDD1 tunes cell wall spacing in xylem vessels in Arabidopsis thaliana. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:100-117. [PMID: 38172572 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Properly patterned cell walls specify cellular functions in plants. Differentiating protoxylem and metaxylem vessel cells exhibit thick secondary cell walls in striped and pitted patterns, respectively. Cortical microtubules are arranged in distinct patterns to direct cell wall deposition. The scaffold protein MIDD1 promotes microtubule depletion by interacting with ROP GTPases and KINESIN-13A in metaxylem vessels. Here we show that the phase separation of MIDD1 fine-tunes cell wall spacing in protoxylem vessels in Arabidopsis thaliana. Compared with wild-type, midd1 mutants exhibited narrower gaps and smaller pits in the secondary cell walls of protoxylem and metaxylem vessel cells, respectively. Live imaging of ectopically induced protoxylem vessels revealed that MIDD1 forms condensations along the depolymerizing microtubules, which in turn caused massive catastrophe of microtubules. The MIDD1 condensates exhibited rapid turnover and were susceptible to 1,6-hexanediol. Loss of ROP abolished the condensation of MIDD1 and resulted in narrow cell wall gaps in protoxylem vessels. These results suggest that the microtubule-associated phase separation of MIDD1 facilitates microtubule arrangement to regulate the size of gaps in secondary cell walls. This study reveals a new biological role of phase separation in the fine-tuning of cell wall patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Higa
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Japan
| | - Saku T Kijima
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takema Sasaki
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Takatani
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Asano
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yohei Kondo
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mayumi Wakazaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Taku Demura
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kameoka, Japan
- Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Oda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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5
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Samalova M, Melnikava A, Elsayad K, Peaucelle A, Gahurova E, Gumulec J, Spyroglou I, Zemlyanskaya EV, Ubogoeva EV, Balkova D, Demko M, Blavet N, Alexiou P, Benes V, Mouille G, Hejatko J. Hormone-regulated expansins: Expression, localization, and cell wall biomechanics in Arabidopsis root growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:209-228. [PMID: 37073485 PMCID: PMC10762514 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Expansins facilitate cell expansion by mediating pH-dependent cell wall (CW) loosening. However, the role of expansins in controlling CW biomechanical properties in specific tissues and organs remains elusive. We monitored hormonal responsiveness and spatial specificity of expression and localization of expansins predicted to be the direct targets of cytokinin signaling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We found EXPANSIN1 (EXPA1) homogenously distributed throughout the CW of columella/lateral root cap, while EXPA10 and EXPA14 localized predominantly at 3-cell boundaries in the epidermis/cortex in various root zones. EXPA15 revealed cell-type-specific combination of homogenous vs. 3-cell boundaries localization. By comparing Brillouin frequency shift and AFM-measured Young's modulus, we demonstrated Brillouin light scattering (BLS) as a tool suitable for non-invasive in vivo quantitative assessment of CW viscoelasticity. Using both BLS and AFM, we showed that EXPA1 overexpression upregulated CW stiffness in the root transition zone (TZ). The dexamethasone-controlled EXPA1 overexpression induced fast changes in the transcription of numerous CW-associated genes, including several EXPAs and XYLOGLUCAN:XYLOGLUCOSYL TRANSFERASEs (XTHs), and associated with rapid pectin methylesterification determined by in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in the root TZ. The EXPA1-induced CW remodeling is associated with the shortening of the root apical meristem, leading to root growth arrest. Based on our results, we propose that expansins control root growth by a delicate orchestration of CW biomechanical properties, possibly regulating both CW loosening and CW remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Samalova
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Alesia Melnikava
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kareem Elsayad
- Division of Anatomy, Centre for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | | | - Evelina Gahurova
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ioannis Spyroglou
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Elena V Zemlyanskaya
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630073, Russia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena V Ubogoeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Darina Balkova
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Demko
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Nicolas Blavet
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Panagiotis Alexiou
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | | | - Jan Hejatko
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
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6
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Brooks CJ, Atamian HS, Harmer SL. Multiple light signaling pathways control solar tracking in sunflowers. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002344. [PMID: 37906610 PMCID: PMC10617704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunflowers are famous for their ability to track the sun throughout the day and then reorient at night to face east the following morning. This occurs by differential growth patterns, with the east sides of stems growing more during the day and the west sides of stems growing more at night. This process, termed heliotropism, is generally believed to be a specialized form of phototropism; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. To better understand heliotropism, we compared gene expression patterns in plants undergoing phototropism in a controlled environment and in plants initiating and maintaining heliotropic growth in the field. We found the expected transcriptome signatures of phototropin-mediated phototropism in sunflower stems bending towards monochromatic blue light. Surprisingly, the expression patterns of these phototropism-regulated genes are quite different in heliotropic plants. Most genes rapidly induced during phototropism display only minor differences in expression across solar tracking stems. However, some genes that are both rapidly induced during phototropism and are implicated in growth responses to foliar shade are rapidly induced on the west sides of stems at the onset of heliotropism, suggesting a possible role for red light photoreceptors in solar tracking. To test the involvement of different photoreceptor signaling pathways in heliotropism, we modulated the light environment of plants initiating solar tracking. We found that depletion of either red and far-red light or blue light did not hinder the initiation or maintenance of heliotropism in the field. Together, our results suggest that the transcriptional regulation of heliotropism is distinct from phototropin-mediated phototropism and likely involves inputs from multiple light signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Brooks
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hagop S. Atamian
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, United States of America
| | - Stacey L. Harmer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Trinh DC, Martin M, Bald L, Maizel A, Trehin C, Hamant O. Increased gene expression variability hinders the formation of regional mechanical conflicts leading to reduced organ shape robustness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302441120. [PMID: 37459526 PMCID: PMC10372692 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302441120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To relate gene networks and organ shape, one needs to address two wicked problems: i) Gene expression is often variable locally, and shape is reproducible globally; ii) gene expression can have cascading effects on tissue mechanics, with possibly counterintuitive consequences for the final organ shape. Here, we address such wicked problems, taking advantage of simpler plant organ development where shape only emerges from cell division and elongation. We confirm that mutation in VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 3 (VIP3), a subunit of the conserved polymerase-associated factor 1 complex (Paf1C), increases gene expression variability in Arabidopsis. Then, we focused on the Arabidopsis sepal, which exhibits a reproducible shape and stereotypical regional growth patterns. In vip3 sepals, we measured higher growth heterogeneity between adjacent cells. This even culminated in the presence of negatively growing cells in specific growth conditions. Interestingly, such increased local noise interfered with the stereotypical regional pattern of growth. We previously showed that regional differential growth at the wild-type sepal tip triggers a mechanical conflict, to which cells resist by reinforcing their walls, leading to growth arrest. In vip3, the disturbed regional growth pattern delayed organ growth arrest and increased final organ shape variability. Altogether, we propose that gene expression variability is managed by Paf1C to ensure organ robustness by building up mechanical conflicts at the regional scale, instead of the local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Chi Trinh
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS, 69364Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Department of Pharmacological, Medical and Agronomical Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Cau Giay District, Hanoi11300, Vietnam
| | - Marjolaine Martin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS, 69364Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Lotte Bald
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS, 69364Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS, 69364Lyon Cedex 07, France
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8
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Demes E, Verger S. High-throughput characterization of cortical microtubule arrays response to anisotropic tensile stress. BMC Biol 2023; 21:154. [PMID: 37430369 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants can perceive and respond to mechanical signals. For instance, cortical microtubule (CMT) arrays usually reorganize following the predicted maximal tensile stress orientation at the cell and tissue level. While research in the last few years has started to uncover some of the mechanisms mediating these responses, much remains to be discovered, including in most cases the actual nature of the mechanosensors. Such discovery is hampered by the absence of adequate quantification tools that allow the accurate and sensitive detection of phenotypes, along with high throughput and automated handling of large datasets that can be generated with recent imaging devices. RESULTS Here we describe an image processing workflow specifically designed to quantify CMT arrays response to tensile stress in time-lapse datasets following an ablation in the epidermis - a simple and robust method to change mechanical stress pattern. Our Fiji-based workflow puts together several plugins and algorithms under the form of user-friendly macros that automate the analysis process and remove user bias in the quantification. One of the key aspects is also the implementation of a simple geometry-based proxy to estimate stress patterns around the ablation site and compare it with the actual CMT arrays orientation. Testing our workflow on well-established reporter lines and mutants revealed subtle differences in the response over time, as well as the possibility to uncouple the anisotropic and orientational response. CONCLUSION This new workflow opens the way to dissect with unprecedented detail the mechanisms controlling microtubule arrays re-organization, and potentially uncover the still largely elusive plant mechanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Demes
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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9
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Murshed M, Wei D, Gu Y, Wang J. Simulation of microtubule-cytoplasm interaction revealed the importance of fluid dynamics in determining the organization of microtubules. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e505. [PMID: 37502315 PMCID: PMC10368657 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Although microtubules in plant cells have been extensively studied, the mechanisms that regulate the spatial organization of microtubules are poorly understood. We hypothesize that the interaction between microtubules and cytoplasmic flow plays an important role in the assembly and orientation of microtubules. To test this hypothesis, we developed a new computational modeling framework for microtubules based on theory and methods from the fluid-structure interaction. We employed the immersed boundary method to track the movement of microtubules in cytoplasmic flow. We also incorporated details of the encounter dynamics when two microtubules collide with each other. We verified our computational model through several numerical tests before applying it to the simulation of the microtubule-cytoplasm interaction in a growing plant cell. Our computational investigation demonstrated that microtubules are primarily oriented in the direction orthogonal to the axis of cell elongation. We validated the simulation results through a comparison with the measurement from laboratory experiments. We found that our computational model, with further calibration, was capable of generating microtubule orientation patterns that were qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with the experimental results. The computational model proposed in this study can be naturally extended to many other cellular systems that involve the interaction between microstructures and the intracellular fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Murshed
- Department of MathematicsUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTennesseeUSA
| | - Donghui Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityState CollegePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityState CollegePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of MathematicsUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTennesseeUSA
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10
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van Spoordonk R, Schneider R, Sampathkumar A. Mechano-chemical regulation of complex cell shape formation: Epidermal pavement cells-A case study. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 4:e5. [PMID: 37251797 PMCID: PMC10225270 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2023.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are encased by walls, which provide structural support and control their morphology. How plant cells regulate the deposition of the wall to generate complex shapes is a topic of ongoing research. Scientists have identified several model systems, the epidermal pavement cells of cotyledons and leaves being an ideal platform to study the formation of complex cell shapes. These cells indeed grow alternating protrusions and indentations resulting in jigsaw puzzle cell shapes. How and why these cells adopt such shapes has shown to be a challenging problem to solve, notably because it involves the integration of molecular and mechanical regulation together with cytoskeletal dynamics and cell wall modifications. In this review, we highlight some recent progress focusing on how these processes may be integrated at the cellular level along with recent quantitative morphometric approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - René Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology Department, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
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11
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Léger O, Garcia F, Khafif M, Carrere S, Leblanc-Fournier N, Duclos A, Tournat V, Badel E, Didelon M, Le Ru A, Raffaele S, Barbacci A. Pathogen-derived mechanical cues potentiate the spatio-temporal implementation of plant defense. BMC Biol 2022; 20:292. [PMID: 36575418 PMCID: PMC9795618 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01495-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing adaptation of plants to their environment is the basis for their survival. In this adaptation, mechanoperception of gravity and local curvature plays a role of prime importance in finely regulating growth and ensuring a dynamic balance preventing buckling. However, the abiotic environment is not the exclusive cause of mechanical stimuli. Biotic interactions between plants and microorganisms also involve physical forces and potentially mechanoperception. Whether pathogens trigger mechanoperception in plants and the impact of mechanotransduction on the regulation of plant defense remains however elusive. RESULTS Here, we found that the perception of pathogen-derived mechanical cues by microtubules potentiates the spatio-temporal implementation of plant immunity to fungus. By combining biomechanics modeling and image analysis of the post-invasion stage, we reveal that fungal colonization releases plant cell wall-born tension locally, causing fluctuations of tensile stress in walls of healthy cells distant from the infection site. In healthy cells, the pathogen-derived mechanical cues guide the reorganization of mechanosensing cortical microtubules (CMT). The anisotropic patterning of CMTs is required for the regulation of immunity-related genes in distal cells. The CMT-mediated mechanotransduction of pathogen-derived cues increases Arabidopsis disease resistance by 40% when challenged with the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. CONCLUSIONS CMT anisotropic patterning triggered by pathogen-derived mechanical cues activates the implementation of early plant defense in cells distant from the infection site. We propose that the mechano-signaling triggered immunity (MTI) complements the molecular signals involved in pattern and effector-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Léger
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes Environnement (LIPME), 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Frédérick Garcia
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, Mathematiques et Informatique Appliquées de Toulouse (MIAT), 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Mehdi Khafif
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes Environnement (LIPME), 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sebastien Carrere
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes Environnement (LIPME), 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nathalie Leblanc-Fournier
- grid.464154.60000 0004 0445 6945Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aroune Duclos
- grid.34566.320000 0001 2172 3046Laboratoire d’Acoustique de l’Université du Mans (LAUM), UMR 6613, Institut d’Acoustique - Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France
| | - Vincent Tournat
- grid.34566.320000 0001 2172 3046Laboratoire d’Acoustique de l’Université du Mans (LAUM), UMR 6613, Institut d’Acoustique - Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France
| | - Eric Badel
- grid.464154.60000 0004 0445 6945Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie Didelon
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes Environnement (LIPME), 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Aurélie Le Ru
- grid.508721.9Plateforme Imagerie TRI-FRAIB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes Environnement (LIPME), 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Adelin Barbacci
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes Environnement (LIPME), 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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12
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Bawa G, Liu Z, Wu R, Zhou Y, Liu H, Sun S, Liu Y, Qin A, Yu X, Zhao Z, Yang J, Hu M, Sun X. PIN1 regulates epidermal cells development under drought and salt stress using single-cell analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1043204. [PMID: 36466268 PMCID: PMC9716655 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1043204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the course of evolution, plants have developed plasticity to acclimate to environmental stresses such as drought and salt stress. These plant adaptation measures involve the activation of cascades of molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction and the expression of stress related genes. Here, we investigated the role of the plasma membrane-localized transporter of auxin PINFORMED1 (PIN1) in the regulation of pavement cells (PCs) and guard cells (GCs) development under drought and salt stress conditions. The results showed that drought and salt stress treatment affected the development of PCs and GCs. Further analysis identified the different regulation mechanisms of PIN1 in regulating the developmental patterns of PCs and GCs under drought and salt stress conditions. Drought and salt stress also regulated the expression dynamics of PIN1 in pif1/3/4/5 quadruple mutants. Collectively, we revealed that PIN1 plays a crucial role in regulating plant epidermal cells development under drought and salt stress conditions, thus contributing to developmental rebustness and plasticity.
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13
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Chen B, Dang X, Bai W, Liu M, Li Y, Zhu L, Yang Y, Yu P, Ren H, Huang D, Pan X, Wang H, Qin Y, Feng S, Wang Q, Lin D. The IPGA1-ANGUSTIFOLIA module regulates microtubule organisation and pavement cell shape in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1310-1325. [PMID: 35975703 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells continuously experience mechanical stress resulting from the cell wall that bears internal turgor pressure. Cortical microtubules align with the predicted maximal tensile stress direction to guide cellulose biosynthesis and therefore results in cell wall reinforcement. We have previously identified Increased Petal Growth Anisotropy (IPGA1) as a putative microtubule-associated protein in Arabidopsis, but the function of IPGA1 remains unclear. Here, using the Arabidopsis cotyledon pavement cell as a model, we demonstrated that IPGA1 forms protein granules and interacts with ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) to cooperatively regulate microtubule organisation in response to stress. Application of mechanical perturbations, such as cell ablation, led to microtubule reorganisation into aligned arrays in wild-type cells. This microtubule response to stress was enhanced in the IPGA1 loss-of-function mutant. Mechanical perturbations promoted the formation of IPGA1 granules on microtubules. We further showed that IPGA1 physically interacted with AN both in vitro and on microtubules. The ipga1 mutant alleles exhibited reduced interdigitated growth of pavement cells, with smooth shape. IPGA1 and AN had a genetic interaction in regulating pavement cell shape. Furthermore, IPGA1 genetically and physically interacted with the microtubule-severing enzyme KATANIN. We propose that the IPGA1-AN module regulates microtubule organisation and pavement cell shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binqing Chen
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xie Dang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenting Bai
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Min Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ying Li
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lilan Zhu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yanqiu Yang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Agricultural Ecology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Peihang Yu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huibo Ren
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dingquan Huang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Haifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shiliang Feng
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Deshu Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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14
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Schneider R, Ehrhardt DW, Meyerowitz EM, Sampathkumar A. Tethering of cellulose synthase to microtubules dampens mechano-induced cytoskeletal organization in Arabidopsis pavement cells. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:1064-1073. [PMID: 35982303 PMCID: PMC9477734 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces control development in plants and animals, acting as cues in pattern formation and as the driving force of morphogenesis. In mammalian cells, molecular assemblies residing at the interface of the cell membrane and the extracellular matrix play an important role in perceiving and transmitting external mechanical signals to trigger physiological responses. Similar processes occur in plants, but there is little understanding of the molecular mechanisms and their genetic basis. Here, we show that the number and movement directions of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) at the plasma membrane vary during initial stages of development in the cotyledon epidermis of Arabidopsis, closely mirroring the microtubule organization. Uncoupling microtubules and CSCs resulted in enhanced microtubule co-alignment as caused by mechanical stimuli driven either by cell shape or by tissue-scale physical perturbations. Furthermore, micromechanical perturbation resulted in depletion of CSCs from the plasma membrane, suggesting a possible link between cellulose synthase removal from the plasma membrane and microtubule response to mechanical stimuli. Taken together, our results suggest that the interaction of cellulose synthase with cortical microtubules forms a physical continuum between the cell wall, plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton that modulates the mechano-response of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Schneider
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Plant Physiology Department, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany.
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15
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Sablowski R, Gutierrez C. Cycling in a crowd: Coordination of plant cell division, growth, and cell fate. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:193-208. [PMID: 34498091 PMCID: PMC8774096 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The reiterative organogenesis that drives plant growth relies on the constant production of new cells, which remain encased by interconnected cell walls. For these reasons, plant morphogenesis strictly depends on the rate and orientation of both cell division and cell growth. Important progress has been made in recent years in understanding how cell cycle progression and the orientation of cell divisions are coordinated with cell and organ growth and with the acquisition of specialized cell fates. We review basic concepts and players in plant cell cycle and division, and then focus on their links to growth-related cues, such as metabolic state, cell size, cell geometry, and cell mechanics, and on how cell cycle progression and cell division are linked to specific cell fates. The retinoblastoma pathway has emerged as a major player in the coordination of the cell cycle with both growth and cell identity, while microtubule dynamics are central in the coordination of oriented cell divisions. Future challenges include clarifying feedbacks between growth and cell cycle progression, revealing the molecular basis of cell division orientation in response to mechanical and chemical signals, and probing the links between cell fate changes and chromatin dynamics during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Crisanto Gutierrez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Roeder AHK, Otegui MS, Dixit R, Anderson CT, Faulkner C, Zhang Y, Harrison MJ, Kirchhelle C, Goshima G, Coate JE, Doyle JJ, Hamant O, Sugimoto K, Dolan L, Meyer H, Ehrhardt DW, Boudaoud A, Messina C. Fifteen compelling open questions in plant cell biology. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:72-102. [PMID: 34529074 PMCID: PMC8774073 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As scientists, we are at least as excited about the open questions-the things we do not know-as the discoveries. Here, we asked 15 experts to describe the most compelling open questions in plant cell biology. These are their questions: How are organelle identity, domains, and boundaries maintained under the continuous flux of vesicle trafficking and membrane remodeling? Is the plant cortical microtubule cytoskeleton a mechanosensory apparatus? How are the cellular pathways of cell wall synthesis, assembly, modification, and integrity sensing linked in plants? Why do plasmodesmata open and close? Is there retrograde signaling from vacuoles to the nucleus? How do root cells accommodate fungal endosymbionts? What is the role of cell edges in plant morphogenesis? How is the cell division site determined? What are the emergent effects of polyploidy on the biology of the cell, and how are any such "rules" conditioned by cell type? Can mechanical forces trigger new cell fates in plants? How does a single differentiated somatic cell reprogram and gain pluripotency? How does polarity develop de-novo in isolated plant cells? What is the spectrum of cellular functions for membraneless organelles and intrinsically disordered proteins? How do plants deal with internal noise? How does order emerge in cells and propagate to organs and organisms from complex dynamical processes? We hope you find the discussions of these questions thought provoking and inspiring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Christine Faulkner
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | | | - Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jeremy E Coate
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, USA
| | - Jeff J Doyle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology GmbH, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Heather Meyer
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau Cedex 91128 France
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17
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Naramoto S, Hata Y, Fujita T, Kyozuka J. The bryophytes Physcomitrium patens and Marchantia polymorpha as model systems for studying evolutionary cell and developmental biology in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:228-246. [PMID: 34459922 PMCID: PMC8773975 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes are nonvascular spore-forming plants. Unlike in flowering plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes dominates the sporophyte (diploid) generation. A comparison of bryophytes with flowering plants allows us to answer some fundamental questions raised in evolutionary cell and developmental biology. The moss Physcomitrium patens was the first bryophyte with a sequenced genome. Many cell and developmental studies have been conducted in this species using gene targeting by homologous recombination. The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has recently emerged as an excellent model system with low genomic redundancy in most of its regulatory pathways. With the development of molecular genetic tools such as efficient genome editing, both P. patens and M. polymorpha have provided many valuable insights. Here, we review these advances with a special focus on polarity formation at the cell and tissue levels. We examine current knowledge regarding the cellular mechanisms of polarized cell elongation and cell division, including symmetric and asymmetric cell division. We also examine the role of polar auxin transport in mosses and liverworts. Finally, we discuss the future of evolutionary cell and developmental biological studies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Hata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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18
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Samalova M, Gahurova E, Hejatko J. Expansin-mediated developmental and adaptive responses: A matter of cell wall biomechanics? QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e11. [PMID: 37077967 PMCID: PMC10095946 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical properties of the cell wall (CW) are important for many developmental and adaptive responses in plants. Expansins were shown to mediate pH-dependent CW enlargement via a process called CW loosening. Here, we provide a brief overview of expansin occurrence in plant and non-plant species, their structure and mode of action including the role of hormone-regulated CW acidification in the control of expansin activity. We depict the historical as well as recent CW models, discuss the role of expansins in the CW biomechanics and address the developmental importance of expansin-regulated CW loosening in cell elongation and new primordia formation. We summarise the data published so far on the role of expansins in the abiotic stress response as well as the rather scarce evidence and hypotheses on the possible mechanisms underlying expansin-mediated abiotic stress resistance. Finally, we wrap it up by highlighting possible future directions in expansin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Samalova
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Evelina Gahurova
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biotechnological Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hejatko
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biotechnological Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Author for correspondence: J. Hejatko, E-mail:
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19
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Malivert A, Erguvan Ö, Chevallier A, Dehem A, Friaud R, Liu M, Martin M, Peyraud T, Hamant O, Verger S. FERONIA and microtubules independently contribute to mechanical integrity in the Arabidopsis shoot. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001454. [PMID: 34767544 PMCID: PMC8612563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To survive, cells must constantly resist mechanical stress. In plants, this involves the reinforcement of cell walls, notably through microtubule-dependent cellulose deposition. How wall sensing might contribute to this response is unknown. Here, we tested whether the microtubule response to stress acts downstream of known wall sensors. Using a multistep screen with 11 mutant lines, we identify FERONIA (FER) as the primary candidate for the cell’s response to stress in the shoot. However, this does not imply that FER acts upstream of the microtubule response to stress. In fact, when performing mechanical perturbations, we instead show that the expected microtubule response to stress does not require FER. We reveal that the feronia phenotype can be partially rescued by reducing tensile stress levels. Conversely, in the absence of both microtubules and FER, cells appear to swell and burst. Altogether, this shows that the microtubule response to stress acts as an independent pathway to resist stress, in parallel to FER. We propose that both pathways are required to maintain the mechanical integrity of plant cells. In all living organisms, cells must resist mechanical stress to survive. This study of the model plant Arabidopsis reveals that the candidate cell wall mechanoreceptor FERONIA and microtubules independently contribute to this mechanical feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Malivert
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Özer Erguvan
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Chevallier
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Dehem
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Rodrigue Friaud
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Mengying Liu
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Marjolaine Martin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Théophile Peyraud
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (OH); (SV)
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (OH); (SV)
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20
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Krasylenko Y, Komis G, Hlynska S, Vavrdová T, Ovečka M, Pospíšil T, Šamaj J. GR24, A Synthetic Strigolactone Analog, and Light Affect the Organization of Cortical Microtubules in Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:675981. [PMID: 34305975 PMCID: PMC8293678 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.675981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones are plant hormones regulating cytoskeleton-mediated developmental events in roots, such as lateral root formation and elongation of root hairs and hypocotyls. The latter process was addressed herein by the exogenous application of a synthetic strigolactone, GR24, and an inhibitor of strigolactone biosynthesis, TIS108, on hypocotyls of wild-type Arabidopsis and a strigolactone signaling mutant max2-1 (more axillary growth 2-1). Owing to the interdependence between light and strigolactone signaling, the present work was extended to seedlings grown under a standard light/dark regime, or under continuous darkness. Given the essential role of the cortical microtubules in cell elongation, their organization and dynamics were characterized under the conditions of altered strigolactone signaling using fluorescence microscopy methods with different spatiotemporal capacities, such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and structured illumination microscopy (SIM). It was found that GR24-dependent inhibition of hypocotyl elongation correlated with changes in cortical microtubule organization and dynamics, observed in living wild-type and max2-1 seedlings stably expressing genetically encoded fluorescent molecular markers for microtubules. Quantitative assessment of microscopic datasets revealed that chemical and/or genetic manipulation of strigolactone signaling affected microtubule remodeling, especially under light conditions. The application of GR24 in dark conditions partially alleviated cytoskeletal rearrangement, suggesting a new mechanistic connection between cytoskeletal behavior and the light-dependence of strigolactone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Krasylenko
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Sofiia Hlynska
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tereza Vavrdová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Pospíšil
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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21
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Robinson S. Mechanobiology of cell division in plant growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:559-564. [PMID: 33774836 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell division in plants is particularly important as cells cannot rearrange. It therefore determines the arrangement of cells (topology) and their size and shape (geometry). Cell division reduces mechanical stress locally by producing smaller cells and alters mechanical properties by reinforcing the mechanical wall network, both of which can alter overall tissue morphology. Division orientation is often regarded as following geometric rules, however recent work has suggested that divisions align with the direction of maximal tensile stress. Mechanical stress has already been shown to feed into many processes of development including those that alter mechanical properties. Such an alignment may enable cell division to selectively reinforce the cell wall network in the direction of maximal tensile stress. Therefore there exists potential feedback between cell division, mechanical stress and growth. Improving our understanding of this topic will help to shed light on the debated role of cell division in organ scale growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Robinson
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman St., Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
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22
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Eng RC, Schneider R, Matz TW, Carter R, Ehrhardt DW, Jönsson H, Nikoloski Z, Sampathkumar A. KATANIN and CLASP function at different spatial scales to mediate microtubule response to mechanical stress in Arabidopsis cotyledons. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3262-3274.e6. [PMID: 34107303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stress influences cell- and tissue-scale processes across all kingdoms. It remains challenging to delineate how mechanical stress, originating at these different length scales, impacts cell and tissue form. We combine growth tracking of cells, quantitative image analysis, as well as molecular and mechanical perturbations to address this problem in pavement cells of Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledon tissue. We show that microtubule organization based on chemical signals and cell-shape-derived mechanical stress varies during early stages of pavement cell development and is mediated by the evolutionary conserved proteins, KATANIN and CLASP. However, we find that these proteins regulate microtubule organization in response to tissue-scale mechanical stress to different extents in the cotyledon epidermis. Our results further demonstrate that regulation of cotyledon form is uncoupled from the mechanical-stress-dependent control of pavement cell shape that relies on microtubule organization governed by subcellular mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Eng
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - René Schneider
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Timon W Matz
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ross Carter
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14A, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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23
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Moulia B, Douady S, Hamant O. Fluctuations shape plants through proprioception. Science 2021; 372:372/6540/eabc6868. [PMID: 33888615 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc6868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Plants constantly experience fluctuating internal and external mechanical cues, ranging from nanoscale deformation of wall components, cell growth variability, nutating stems, and fluttering leaves to stem flexion under tree weight and wind drag. Developing plants use such fluctuations to monitor and channel their own shape and growth through a form of proprioception. Fluctuations in mechanical cues may also be actively enhanced, producing oscillating behaviors in tissues. For example, proprioception through leaf nastic movements may promote organ flattening. We propose that fluctuation-enhanced proprioception allows plant organs to sense their own shapes and behave like active materials with adaptable outputs to face variable environments, whether internal or external. Because certain shapes are more amenable to fluctuations, proprioception may also help plant shapes to reach self-organized criticality to support such adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Stéphane Douady
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), Université de Paris, CNRS, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69007 Lyon, France.
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24
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Zhang R, Ren Y, Wu H, Yang Y, Yuan M, Liang H, Zhang C. Mapping of Genetic Locus for Leaf Trichome Formation in Chinese Cabbage Based on Bulked Segregant Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10040771. [PMID: 33919922 PMCID: PMC8070908 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chinese cabbage is a leafy vegetable, and its leaves are the main edible organs. The formation of trichomes on the leaves can significantly affect its taste, so studying this phenomenon is of great significance for improving the quality of Chinese cabbage. In this study, two varieties of Chinese cabbage, W30 with trichome leaves and 082 with glabrous leaves, were crossed to generate F1 and F1 plants, which were self-fertilized to develop segregating populations with trichome or glabrous morphotypes. The two bulks of the different segregating populations were used to conduct bulked segregant analysis (BSA). A total of 293.4 M clean reads were generated from the samples, and plants from the trichome leaves (AL) bulk and glabrous leaves (GL) bulk were identified. Between the two DNA pools generated from the trichome and glabrous plants, 55,048 SNPs and 272 indels were generated. In this study, three regions (on chromosomes 6, 10 and scaffold000100) were identified, and the annotation revealed three candidate genes that may participate in the formation of leaf trichomes. These findings suggest that the three genes-Bra025087 encoding a cyclin family protein, Bra035000 encoding an ATP-binding protein/kinase/protein kinase/protein serine/threonine kinase and Bra033370 encoding a WD-40 repeat family protein-influence the formation of trichomes by participating in trichome morphogenesis (GO: 0010090). These results demonstrate that BSA can be used to map genes associated with traits and provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of leafy trichome formation in Chinese cabbage.
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25
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Trinh DC, Alonso-Serra J, Asaoka M, Colin L, Cortes M, Malivert A, Takatani S, Zhao F, Traas J, Trehin C, Hamant O. How Mechanical Forces Shape Plant Organs. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R143-R159. [PMID: 33561417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce organs of various shapes and sizes. While much has been learned about genetic regulation of organogenesis, the integration of mechanics in the process is also gaining attention. Here, we consider the role of forces as instructive signals in organ morphogenesis. Turgor pressure is the primary cause of mechanical signals in developing organs. Because plant cells are glued to each other, mechanical signals act, in essence, at multiple scales, through cell wall contiguity and water flux. In turn, cells use such signals to resist mechanical stress, for instance, by reinforcing their cell walls. We show that the three elemental shapes behind plant organs - spheres, cylinders and lamina - can be actively maintained by such a mechanical feedback. Combinations of this 3-letter alphabet can generate more complex shapes. Furthermore, mechanical conflicts emerge at the boundary between domains exhibiting different growth rates or directions. These secondary mechanical signals contribute to three other organ shape features - folds, shape reproducibility and growth arrest. The further integration of mechanical signals with the molecular network offers many fruitful prospects for the scientific community, including the role of proprioception in organ shape robustness or the definition of cell and organ identities as a result of an interplay between biochemical and mechanical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Chi Trinh
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France; Department of Pharmacological, Medical and Agronomical Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Juan Alonso-Serra
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Mariko Asaoka
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Leia Colin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Matthieu Cortes
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Alice Malivert
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Shogo Takatani
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Feng Zhao
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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26
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Cortical tension overrides geometrical cues to orient microtubules in confined protoplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32731-32738. [PMID: 33288703 PMCID: PMC7768696 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008895117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, microtubules largely determine the direction of cell expansion and the orientation of cell division planes. However, what processes orient the microtubules has remained debated. Here, we used microfabricated wells to confine and deform wallless plant cells in a controlled way to analyze the response of microtubules to cell geometry and surface tension. We demonstrate that microtubules align with cell geometry by default, whereas when surface tension increases (e.g. when turgor pressure increases), they align with the direction of maximal tension. Not only does this explain many observations in plant tissues, but it also provides a simple mechanism at the core of plant morphogenesis, in which microtubules can spontaneously align with tension, in a typical self-organized system. In plant cells, cortical microtubules (CMTs) generally control morphogenesis by guiding cellulose synthesis. CMT alignment has been proposed to depend on geometrical cues, with microtubules aligning with the cell long axis in silico and in vitro. Yet, CMTs are usually transverse in vivo, i.e., along predicted maximal tension, which is transverse for cylindrical pressurized vessels. Here, we adapted a microwell setup to test these predictions in a single-cell system. We confined protoplasts laterally to impose a curvature ratio and modulated pressurization through osmotic changes. We find that CMTs can be longitudinal or transverse in wallless protoplasts and that the switch in CMT orientation depends on pressurization. In particular, longitudinal CMTs become transverse when cortical tension increases. This explains the dual behavior of CMTs in planta: CMTs become longitudinal when stress levels become low, while stable transverse CMT alignments in tissues result from their autonomous response to tensile stress fluctuations.
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27
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Sampathkumar A. Mechanical feedback-loop regulation of morphogenesis in plants. Development 2020; 147:147/16/dev177964. [PMID: 32817056 DOI: 10.1242/dev.177964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis is a highly controlled biological process that is crucial for organisms to develop cells and organs of a particular shape. Plants have the remarkable ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, despite being sessile organisms with their cells affixed to each other by their cell wall. It is therefore evident that morphogenesis in plants requires the existence of robust sensing machineries at different scales. In this Review, I provide an overview on how mechanical forces are generated, sensed and transduced in plant cells. I then focus on how such forces regulate growth and form of plant cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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28
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Bacete L, Hamann T. The Role of Mechanoperception in Plant Cell Wall Integrity Maintenance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E574. [PMID: 32369932 PMCID: PMC7285163 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell walls surrounding all plant cells are highly dynamic structures, which change their composition and organization in response to chemical and physical stimuli originating both in the environment and in plants themselves. They are intricately involved in all interactions between plants and their environment while also providing adaptive structural support during plant growth and development. A key mechanism contributing to these adaptive changes is the cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance mechanism. It monitors and maintains the functional integrity of cell walls by initiating adaptive changes in cellular and cell wall metabolism. Despite its importance, both our understanding of its mode of action and knowledge regarding the molecular components that form it are limited. Intriguingly, the available evidence implicates mechanosensing in the mechanism. Here, we provide an overview of the knowledge available regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in and discuss how mechanoperception and signal transduction may contribute to plant CWI maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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