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Kazmierska-Grebowska P, Żakowski W, Myślińska D, Sahu R, Jankowski MM. Revisiting serotonin's role in spatial memory: A call for sensitive analytical approaches. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 176:106663. [PMID: 39321568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
The serotonergic system is involved in various psychiatric and neurological conditions, with serotonergic drugs often used in treatment. These conditions frequently affect spatial memory, which can serve as a model of declarative memory due to well-known cellular components and advanced methods that track neural activity and behavior with high temporal resolution. However, most findings on serotonin's effects on spatial learning and memory come from studies lacking refined analytical techniques and modern approaches needed to uncover the underlying neuronal mechanisms. This In Focus review critically investigates available studies to identify areas for further exploration. It finds that well-established behavioral models could yield more insights with modern tracking and data analysis approaches, while the cellular aspects of spatial memory remain underexplored. The review highlights the complex role of serotonin in spatial memory, which holds the potential for better understanding and treating memory-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Witold Żakowski
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Myślińska
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ravindra Sahu
- BioTechMed Center, Multimedia Systems Department, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej M Jankowski
- BioTechMed Center, Multimedia Systems Department, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland.
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2
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Fitzpatrick MJ, Krizan J, Hsiang JC, Shen N, Kerschensteiner D. A pupillary contrast response in mice and humans: Neural mechanisms and visual functions. Neuron 2024; 112:2404-2422.e9. [PMID: 38697114 PMCID: PMC11257825 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
In the pupillary light response (PLR), increases in ambient light constrict the pupil to dampen increases in retinal illuminance. Here, we report that the pupillary reflex arc implements a second input-output transformation; it senses temporal contrast to enhance spatial contrast in the retinal image and increase visual acuity. The pupillary contrast response (PCoR) is driven by rod photoreceptors via type 6 bipolar cells and M1 ganglion cells. Temporal contrast is transformed into sustained pupil constriction by the M1's conversion of excitatory input into spike output. Computational modeling explains how the PCoR shapes retinal images. Pupil constriction improves acuity in gaze stabilization and predation in mice. Humans exhibit a PCoR with similar tuning properties to mice, which interacts with eye movements to optimize the statistics of the visual input for retinal encoding. Thus, we uncover a conserved component of active vision, its cell-type-specific pathway, computational mechanisms, and optical and behavioral significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Fitzpatrick
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jenna Krizan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jen-Chun Hsiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel Kerschensteiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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3
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de Malmazet D, Kühn NK, Li C, Farrow K. Retinal origin of orientation but not direction selective maps in the superior colliculus. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1222-1233.e7. [PMID: 38417446 PMCID: PMC10980837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Neurons in the mouse superior colliculus ("colliculus") are arranged in ordered spatial maps. While orientation-selective (OS) neurons form a concentric map aligned to the center of vision, direction-selective (DS) neurons are arranged in patches with changing preferences across the visual field. It remains unclear whether these maps are a consequence of feedforward input from the retina or local computations in the colliculus. To determine whether these maps originate in the retina, we mapped the local and global distribution of OS and DS retinal ganglion cell axon boutons using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging. We found that OS boutons formed patches that matched the distribution of OS neurons within the colliculus. DS boutons displayed fewer regional specializations, better reflecting the organization of DS neurons in the retina. Both eyes convey similar orientation but different DS inputs to the colliculus, as shown in recordings from retinal explants. These data demonstrate that orientation and direction maps within the colliculus are independent, where orientation maps are likely inherited from the retina, but direction maps require additional computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel de Malmazet
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven 3001, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Biology & Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Norma K Kühn
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven 3001, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Biology & Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium; VIB, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Chen Li
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven 3001, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Biology & Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Karl Farrow
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven 3001, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Biology & Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium; VIB, Leuven 3001, Belgium; imec, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
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4
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Cao S, Wu Y, Gao Z, Tang J, Xiong L, Hu J, Li C. Automated phenotyping of postoperative delirium-like behaviour in mice reveals the therapeutic efficacy of dexmedetomidine. Commun Biol 2023; 6:807. [PMID: 37532767 PMCID: PMC10397202 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative delirium (POD) is a complicated and harmful clinical syndrome. Traditional behaviour analysis mostly focuses on static parameters. However, animal behaviour is a bottom-up and hierarchical organizational structure composed of time-varying posture dynamics. Spontaneous and task-driven behaviours are used to conduct comprehensive profiling of behavioural data of various aspects of model animals. A machine-learning based method is used to assess the effect of dexmedetomidine. Fourteen statistically different spontaneous behaviours are used to distinguish the non-POD group from the POD group. In the task-driven behaviour, the non-POD group has greater deep versus shallow investigation preference, with no significant preference in the POD group. Hyperactive and hypoactive subtypes can be distinguished through pose evaluation. Dexmedetomidine at a dose of 25 μg kg-1 reduces the severity and incidence of POD. Here we propose a multi-scaled clustering analysis framework that includes pose, behaviour and action sequence evaluation. This may represent the hierarchical dynamics of delirium-like behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai, 200434, China
| | - Yiling Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zilong Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jinxuan Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai, 200434, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai, 200434, China
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China.
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai, 200434, China.
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5
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Mimica B, Tombaz T, Battistin C, Fuglstad JG, Dunn BA, Whitlock JR. Behavioral decomposition reveals rich encoding structure employed across neocortex in rats. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3947. [PMID: 37402724 PMCID: PMC10319800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39520-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cortical population code is pervaded by activity patterns evoked by movement, but it remains largely unknown how such signals relate to natural behavior or how they might support processing in sensory cortices where they have been observed. To address this we compared high-density neural recordings across four cortical regions (visual, auditory, somatosensory, motor) in relation to sensory modulation, posture, movement, and ethograms of freely foraging male rats. Momentary actions, such as rearing or turning, were represented ubiquitously and could be decoded from all sampled structures. However, more elementary and continuous features, such as pose and movement, followed region-specific organization, with neurons in visual and auditory cortices preferentially encoding mutually distinct head-orienting features in world-referenced coordinates, and somatosensory and motor cortices principally encoding the trunk and head in egocentric coordinates. The tuning properties of synaptically coupled cells also exhibited connection patterns suggestive of area-specific uses of pose and movement signals, particularly in visual and auditory regions. Together, our results indicate that ongoing behavior is encoded at multiple levels throughout the dorsal cortex, and that low-level features are differentially utilized by different regions to serve locally relevant computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartul Mimica
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, 100190, NJ, USA.
| | - Tuçe Tombaz
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claudia Battistin
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jingyi Guo Fuglstad
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Benjamin A Dunn
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jonathan R Whitlock
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030, Trondheim, Norway.
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Solomon SG, Janbon H, Bimson A, Wheatcroft T. Visual spatial location influences selection of instinctive behaviours in mouse. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230034. [PMID: 37122945 PMCID: PMC10130721 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Visual stimuli can elicit instinctive approach and avoidance behaviours. In mouse, vision is known to be important for both avoidance of an overhead threat and approach toward a potential terrestrial prey. The stimuli used to characterize these behaviours, however, vary in both spatial location (overhead or near the ground plane) and visual feature (rapidly expanding disc or slowly moving disc). We therefore asked how mice responded to the same visual features presented in each location. We found that a looming black disc induced escape behaviour when presented overhead or to the side of the animal, but the escapes produced by side-looms were less vigorous and often preceded by freezing behaviour. Similarly, small moving discs induced freezing behaviour when presented overhead or to the side of the animal, but side sweeps also elicited approach behaviours, such that mice explored the area of the arena near where the stimulus had been presented. Our observations therefore show that mice combine cues to the location and features of visual stimuli when selecting among potential behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G. Solomon
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience and Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Hadrien Janbon
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience and Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Adam Bimson
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience and Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Thomas Wheatcroft
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience and Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
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7
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Ebrahimi AS, Orlowska-Feuer P, Huang Q, Zippo AG, Martial FP, Petersen RS, Storchi R. Three-dimensional unsupervised probabilistic pose reconstruction (3D-UPPER) for freely moving animals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:155. [PMID: 36599877 PMCID: PMC9813182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A key step in understanding animal behaviour relies in the ability to quantify poses and movements. Methods to track body landmarks in 2D have made great progress over the last few years but accurate 3D reconstruction of freely moving animals still represents a challenge. To address this challenge here we develop the 3D-UPPER algorithm, which is fully automated, requires no a priori knowledge of the properties of the body and can also be applied to 2D data. We find that 3D-UPPER reduces by [Formula: see text] fold the error in 3D reconstruction of mouse body during freely moving behaviour compared with the traditional triangulation of 2D data. To achieve that, 3D-UPPER performs an unsupervised estimation of a Statistical Shape Model (SSM) and uses this model to constrain the viable 3D coordinates. We show, by using simulated data, that our SSM estimator is robust even in datasets containing up to 50% of poses with outliers and/or missing data. In simulated and real data SSM estimation converges rapidly, capturing behaviourally relevant changes in body shape associated with exploratory behaviours (e.g. with rearing and changes in body orientation). Altogether 3D-UPPER represents a simple tool to minimise errors in 3D reconstruction while capturing meaningful behavioural parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghileh S Ebrahimi
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Patrycja Orlowska-Feuer
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Qian Huang
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Antonio G Zippo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Franck P Martial
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rasmus S Petersen
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Riccardo Storchi
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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8
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Liu X, Feng X, Huang H, Huang K, Xu Y, Ye S, Tseng YT, Wei P, Wang L, Wang F. Male and female mice display consistent lifelong ability to address potential life-threatening cues using different post-threat coping strategies. BMC Biol 2022; 20:281. [PMID: 36522765 PMCID: PMC9753375 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences ranging from physiological functions to pathological disorders are developmentally hard-wired in a broad range of animals, from invertebrates to humans. These differences ensure that animals can display appropriate behaviors under a variety of circumstances, such as aggression, hunting, sleep, mating, and parental care, which are often thought to be important in the acquisition of resources, including territory, food, and mates. Although there are reports of an absence of sexual dimorphism in the context of innate fear, the question of whether there is sexual dimorphism of innate defensive behavior is still an open question. Therefore, an in-depth investigation to determine whether there are sex differences in developmentally hard-wired innate defensive behaviors in life-threatening circumstances is warranted. RESULTS We found that innate defensive behavioral responses to potentially life-threatening stimuli between males and females were indistinguishable over their lifespan. However, by using 3 dimensional (3D)-motion learning framework analysis, we found that males and females showed different behavioral patterns after escaping to the refuge. Specifically, the defensive "freezing" occurred primarily in males, whereas females were more likely to return directly to exploration. Moreover, there were also no estrous phase differences in innate defensive behavioral responses after looming stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that visually-evoked innate fear behavior is highly conserved throughout the lifespan in both males and females, while specific post-threat coping strategies depend on sex. These findings indicate that innate fear behavior is essential to both sexes and as such, there are no evolutionary-driven sex differences in defensive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong Feng
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hongren Huang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kang Huang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuwei Ye
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Pengfei Wei
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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9
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Orlowska-Feuer P, Ebrahimi AS, Zippo AG, Petersen RS, Lucas RJ, Storchi R. Look-up and look-down neurons in the mouse visual thalamus during freely moving exploration. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3987-3999.e4. [PMID: 35973431 PMCID: PMC9616738 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Visual information reaches cortex via the thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). dLGN activity is modulated by global sleep/wake states and arousal, indicating that it is not simply a passive relay station. However, its potential for more specific visuomotor integration is largely unexplored. We addressed this question by developing robust 3D video reconstruction of mouse head and body during spontaneous exploration paired with simultaneous neuronal recordings from dLGN. Unbiased evaluation of a wide range of postures and movements revealed a widespread coupling between neuronal activity and few behavioral parameters. In particular, postures associated with the animal looking up/down correlated with activity in >50% neurons, and the extent of this effect was comparable with that induced by full-body movements (typically locomotion). By contrast, thalamic activity was minimally correlated with other postures or movements (e.g., left/right head and body torsions). Importantly, up/down postures and full-body movements were largely independent and jointly coupled to neuronal activity. Thus, although most units were excited during full-body movements, some expressed highest firing when the animal was looking up ("look-up" neurons), whereas others expressed highest firing when the animal was looking down ("look-down" neurons). These results were observed in the dark, thus representing a genuine behavioral modulation, and were amplified in a lit arena. Our results demonstrate that the primary visual thalamus, beyond global modulations by sleep/awake states, is potentially involved in specific visuomotor integration and reveal two distinct couplings between up/down postures and neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Orlowska-Feuer
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Science, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Oxford Road, M139PL Manchester, UK
| | - Aghileh S Ebrahimi
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Science, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Oxford Road, M139PL Manchester, UK
| | - Antonio G Zippo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Raoul Follereau, 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Rasmus S Petersen
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Science, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Oxford Road, M139PL Manchester, UK
| | - Robert J Lucas
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Science, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Oxford Road, M139PL Manchester, UK
| | - Riccardo Storchi
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Science, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Oxford Road, M139PL Manchester, UK.
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10
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Marshall JD, Li T, Wu JH, Dunn TW. Leaving flatland: Advances in 3D behavioral measurement. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 73:102522. [PMID: 35453000 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Animals move in three dimensions (3D). Thus, 3D measurement is necessary to report the true kinematics of animal movement. Existing 3D measurement techniques draw on specialized hardware, such as motion capture or depth cameras, as well as deep multi-view and monocular computer vision. Continued advances at the intersection of deep learning and computer vision will facilitate 3D tracking across more anatomical features, with less training data, in additional species, and within more natural, occlusive environments. 3D behavioral measurement enables unique applications in phenotyping, investigating the neural basis of behavior, and designing artificial agents capable of imitating animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Marshall
- Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Tianqing Li
- Duke University, Pratt School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC 27708, USA. https://twitter.com/tianqingxli
| | - Joshua H Wu
- Duke University, Pratt School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Timothy W Dunn
- Duke University, Pratt School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Han Y, Huang K, Chen K, Pan H, Ju F, Long Y, Gao G, Wu R, Wang A, Wang L, Wei P. MouseVenue3D: A Markerless Three-Dimension Behavioral Tracking System for Matching Two-Photon Brain Imaging in Free-Moving Mice. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:303-317. [PMID: 34637091 PMCID: PMC8975979 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the connection between brain and behavior in animals requires precise monitoring of their behaviors in three-dimensional (3-D) space. However, there is no available three-dimensional behavior capture system that focuses on rodents. Here, we present MouseVenue3D, an automated and low-cost system for the efficient capture of 3-D skeleton trajectories in markerless rodents. We improved the most time-consuming step in 3-D behavior capturing by developing an automatic calibration module. Then, we validated this process in behavior recognition tasks, and showed that 3-D behavioral data achieved higher accuracy than 2-D data. Subsequently, MouseVenue3D was combined with fast high-resolution miniature two-photon microscopy for synchronous neural recording and behavioral tracking in the freely-moving mouse. Finally, we successfully decoded spontaneous neuronal activity from the 3-D behavior of mice. Our findings reveal that subtle, spontaneous behavior modules are strongly correlated with spontaneous neuronal activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Han
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kang Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongli Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Furong Ju
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yueyue Long
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Gao Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Honam University, Gwangju, 62399, South Korea
| | - Runlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Aimin Wang
- Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Peking University, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Pengfei Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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12
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North R, Wurr R, Macon R, Mannion C, Hyde J, Torres-Espin A, Rosenzweig ES, Ferguson AR, Tuszynski MH, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC, Joiner WM. Quantifying the kinematic features of dexterous finger movements in nonhuman primates with markerless tracking. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:6110-6115. [PMID: 34892511 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research using nonhuman primate models for human disease frequently requires behavioral observational techniques to quantify functional outcomes. The ability to assess reaching and grasping patterns is of particular interest in clinical conditions that affect the motor system (e.g., spinal cord injury, SCI). Here we explored the use of DeepLabCut, an open-source deep learning toolset, in combination with a standard behavioral task (Brinkman Board) to quantify nonhuman primate performance in precision grasping. We examined one male rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) in the task which involved retrieving rewards from variously-oriented shallow wells. Simultaneous recordings were made using GoPro Hero7 Black cameras (resolution 1920 x 1080 at 120 fps) from two different angles (from the side and top of the hand motion). The task/device design necessitates use of the right hand to complete the task. Two neural networks (corresponding to the top and side view cameras) were trained using 400 manually annotated images, tracking 19 unique landmarks each. Based on previous reports, this produced sufficient tracking (Side: trained pixel error of 2.15, test pixel error of 11.25; Top: trained pixel error of 2.06, test pixel error of 30.31) so that landmarks could be tracked on the remaining frames. Landmarks included in the tracking were the spatial location of the knuckles and the fingernails of each digit, and three different behavioral measures were quantified for assessment of hand movement (finger separation, middle digit extension and preshaping distance). Together, our preliminary results suggest that this markerless approach is a possible method to examine specific kinematic features of dexterous function.Clinical Relevance- The methodology presented below allows for the markerless tracking of kinematic features of dexterous finger movement by non-human primates. This method could allow for direct comparisons between human patients and non-human primate models of clinical conditions (e.g., spinal cord injury). This would provide objective quantitative metrics and crucial information for assessing movement impairments across populations and the potential translation of treatments, interventions and their outcomes.
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13
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Grieco F, Bernstein BJ, Biemans B, Bikovski L, Burnett CJ, Cushman JD, van Dam EA, Fry SA, Richmond-Hacham B, Homberg JR, Kas MJH, Kessels HW, Koopmans B, Krashes MJ, Krishnan V, Logan S, Loos M, McCann KE, Parduzi Q, Pick CG, Prevot TD, Riedel G, Robinson L, Sadighi M, Smit AB, Sonntag W, Roelofs RF, Tegelenbosch RAJ, Noldus LPJJ. Measuring Behavior in the Home Cage: Study Design, Applications, Challenges, and Perspectives. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:735387. [PMID: 34630052 PMCID: PMC8498589 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.735387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproducibility crisis (or replication crisis) in biomedical research is a particularly existential and under-addressed issue in the field of behavioral neuroscience, where, in spite of efforts to standardize testing and assay protocols, several known and unknown sources of confounding environmental factors add to variance. Human interference is a major contributor to variability both within and across laboratories, as well as novelty-induced anxiety. Attempts to reduce human interference and to measure more "natural" behaviors in subjects has led to the development of automated home-cage monitoring systems. These systems enable prolonged and longitudinal recordings, and provide large continuous measures of spontaneous behavior that can be analyzed across multiple time scales. In this review, a diverse team of neuroscientists and product developers share their experiences using such an automated monitoring system that combines Noldus PhenoTyper® home-cages and the video-based tracking software, EthoVision® XT, to extract digital biomarkers of motor, emotional, social and cognitive behavior. After presenting our working definition of a "home-cage", we compare home-cage testing with more conventional out-of-cage tests (e.g., the open field) and outline the various advantages of the former, including opportunities for within-subject analyses and assessments of circadian and ultradian activity. Next, we address technical issues pertaining to the acquisition of behavioral data, such as the fine-tuning of the tracking software and the potential for integration with biotelemetry and optogenetics. Finally, we provide guidance on which behavioral measures to emphasize, how to filter, segment, and analyze behavior, and how to use analysis scripts. We summarize how the PhenoTyper has applications to study neuropharmacology as well as animal models of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric illness. Looking forward, we examine current challenges and the impact of new developments. Examples include the automated recognition of specific behaviors, unambiguous tracking of individuals in a social context, the development of more animal-centered measures of behavior and ways of dealing with large datasets. Together, we advocate that by embracing standardized home-cage monitoring platforms like the PhenoTyper, we are poised to directly assess issues pertaining to reproducibility, and more importantly, measure features of rodent behavior under more ethologically relevant scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Briana J Bernstein
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Lior Bikovski
- Myers Neuro-Behavioral Core Facility, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Netanya Academic College, Netanya, Israel
| | - C Joseph Burnett
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jesse D Cushman
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Sydney A Fry
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Bar Richmond-Hacham
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Helmut W Kessels
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Michael J Krashes
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vaishnav Krishnan
- Laboratory of Epilepsy and Emotional Behavior, Baylor Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sreemathi Logan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Maarten Loos
- Sylics (Synaptologics BV), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katharine E McCann
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Chair and Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Thomas D Prevot
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gernot Riedel
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lianne Robinson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mina Sadighi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - William Sonntag
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | | | | | - Lucas P J J Noldus
- Noldus Information Technology BV, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Biophysics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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14
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Jacobs JR, Carey MR. Move Over Rotarod, Here Comes RotaWheel. Neuroscience 2021; 466:258-259. [PMID: 34045117 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovin R Jacobs
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Megan R Carey
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
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15
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Sans-Dublanc A, Chrzanowska A, Reinhard K, Lemmon D, Nuttin B, Lambert T, Montaldo G, Urban A, Farrow K. Optogenetic fUSI for brain-wide mapping of neural activity mediating collicular-dependent behaviors. Neuron 2021; 109:1888-1905.e10. [PMID: 33930307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cell types are arranged in brain-wide circuits that guide behavior. In mice, the superior colliculus innervates a set of targets that direct orienting and defensive actions. We combined functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) with optogenetics to reveal the network of brain regions functionally activated by four collicular cell types. Stimulating each neuronal group triggered different behaviors and activated distinct sets of brain nuclei. This included regions not previously thought to mediate defensive behaviors, for example, the posterior paralaminar nuclei of the thalamus (PPnT), which we show to play a role in suppressing habituation. Neuronal recordings with Neuropixels probes show that (1) patterns of spiking activity and fUSI signals correlate well in space and (2) neurons in downstream nuclei preferentially respond to innately threatening visual stimuli. This work provides insight into the functional organization of the networks governing innate behaviors and demonstrates an experimental approach to explore the whole-brain neuronal activity downstream of targeted cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Sans-Dublanc
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Chrzanowska
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katja Reinhard
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dani Lemmon
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bram Nuttin
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Théo Lambert
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; imec, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriel Montaldo
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; imec, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alan Urban
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karl Farrow
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
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16
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Contreras EO, Dearing CG, Ashinhurst CA, Fish BA, Hossain SN, Rey AM, Silva PD, Thompson S. Pupillary reflex and behavioral masking responses to light as functional measures of retinal degeneration in mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244702. [PMID: 33493166 PMCID: PMC7833141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-clinical testing of retinal pathology and treatment efficacy depends on reliable and valid measures of retinal function. The electroretinogram (ERG) and tests of visual acuity are the ideal standard, but can be unmeasurable while useful vision remains. Non-image-forming responses to light such as the pupillary light reflex (PLR) are attractive surrogates. However, it is not clear how accurately such responses reflect changes in visual capability in specific disease models. The purpose of this study was to test whether measures of non-visual responses to light correlate with previously determined visual function in two photoreceptor degenerations. METHODS The sensitivity of masking behavior (light induced changes in running wheel activity) and the PLR were measured in 3-month-old wild-type mice (WT) with intact inner retinal circuitry, Pde6b-rd1/rd1 mice (rd1) with early and rapid loss of rods and cones, and Prph2-Rd2/Rd2 mice (Rd2) with a slower progressive loss of rods and cones. RESULTS In rd1 mice, negative masking had increased sensitivity, positive masking was absent, and the sensitivity of the PLR was severely reduced. In Rd2 mice, positive masking identified useful vision at higher light levels, but there was a limited decrease in the irradiance sensitivity of negative masking and the PLR, and the amplitude of change for both underestimated the reduction in irradiance sensitivity of image-forming vision. CONCLUSIONS Together these data show that in a given disease, two responses to light can be affected in opposite ways, and that for a given response to light, the change in the response does not accurately represent the degree of pathology. However, the extent of the deficit in the PLR means that even a limited rescue of rod/cone function might be measured by increased PLR amplitude. In addition, positive masking has the potential to measure effective treatment in both models by restoring responses or shifting thresholds to lower irradiances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan O. Contreras
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
| | - Carley G. Dearing
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Crystal A. Ashinhurst
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
| | - Betty A. Fish
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
| | - Sajila N. Hossain
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
| | - Ariana M. Rey
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
| | - Primal D. Silva
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
| | - Stewart Thompson
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
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17
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Pereira TD, Shaevitz JW, Murthy M. Quantifying behavior to understand the brain. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:1537-1549. [PMID: 33169033 PMCID: PMC7780298 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, numerous methods have emerged to automate the quantification of animal behavior at a resolution not previously imaginable. This has opened up a new field of computational ethology and will, in the near future, make it possible to quantify in near completeness what an animal is doing as it navigates its environment. The importance of improving the techniques with which we characterize behavior is reflected in the emerging recognition that understanding behavior is an essential (or even prerequisite) step to pursuing neuroscience questions. The use of these methods, however, is not limited to studying behavior in the wild or in strictly ethological settings. Modern tools for behavioral quantification can be applied to the full gamut of approaches that have historically been used to link brain to behavior, from psychophysics to cognitive tasks, augmenting those measurements with rich descriptions of how animals navigate those tasks. Here we review recent technical advances in quantifying behavior, particularly in methods for tracking animal motion and characterizing the structure of those dynamics. We discuss open challenges that remain for behavioral quantification and highlight promising future directions, with a strong emphasis on emerging approaches in deep learning, the core technology that has enabled the markedly rapid pace of progress of this field. We then discuss how quantitative descriptions of behavior can be leveraged to connect brain activity with animal movements, with the ultimate goal of resolving the relationship between neural circuits, cognitive processes and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talmo D Pereira
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua W Shaevitz
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mala Murthy
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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