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Ganzen L, Yadav SC, Wei M, Ma H, Nawy S, Kramer RH. Retinoic Acid-Dependent Loss of Synaptic Output from Bipolar Cells Impairs Visual Information Processing in Inherited Retinal Degeneration. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0129242024. [PMID: 39060177 PMCID: PMC11358532 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0129-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In retinitis pigmentosa (RP), rod and cone photoreceptors degenerate, depriving downstream neurons of light-sensitive input, leading to vision impairment or blindness. Although downstream neurons survive, some undergo morphological and physiological remodeling. Bipolar cells (BCs) link photoreceptors, which sense light, to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which send information to the brain. While photoreceptor loss disrupts input synapses to BCs, whether BC output synapses remodel has remained unknown. Here we report that synaptic output from BCs plummets in RP mouse models of both sexes owing to loss of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Remodeling reduces the reliability of synaptic output to repeated optogenetic stimuli, causing RGC firing to fail at high-stimulus frequencies. Fortunately, functional remodeling of BCs can be reversed by inhibiting the retinoic acid receptor (RAR). RAR inhibitors targeted to BCs present a new therapeutic opportunity for mitigating detrimental effects of remodeling on signals initiated either by surviving photoreceptors or by vision-restoring tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Ganzen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Shubhash Chandra Yadav
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Mingxiao Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Scott Nawy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Richard H Kramer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
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2
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Wei P, Han G, He M, Wang Y. Retinal Neurotransmitter Alteration in Response to Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonist from Myopic Guinea Pigs. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3357-3367. [PMID: 37647579 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the changes in retinal neurotransmitters and the role of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) pathway in regulating the myopic refractive state. Tricolor guinea pigs were randomly divided into two groups: the normal control group (NC) and the form-deprivation myopia group (FDM). Animals in the FDM group had their right eye covered with a balloon for 4 weeks. These two groups were further divided into two subgroups based on intravitreal injection with D2R antagonist sulpiride once a week for 3 weeks (NC, NC-Sul, FDM, and FDM-Sul groups). Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantitatively detect the changes in 17 retinal neurotransmitters. Compared to the NC group, the concentrations of dopamine (DA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) decreased, while those of glutamate (Glu), 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), and glycine increased, accompanied by an increase in myopic refraction and axial length (AL) in the FDM group. In the FDM-Sul group, glycine and DA levels were upregulated, whereas 3-MT and Glu levels were downregulated, accompanied by a decrease in myopic refraction and AL. The ratio of Glu to GABA (RGG) represents the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Notably, RGG changes occurred with corresponding AL changes, which increased in the FDM group and decreased in the FDM-Sul group. Decreased retinal DA concentration, with an increase in Glu, may be involved in the myopia progression. D2R antagonists might effectively slow myopia progression by increasing retinal DA, regulating Glu concentration to match GABA, and maintaining the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghui Wei
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300020, PR China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, PR China
- Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Guoge Han
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300020, PR China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, PR China
- Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Meiqin He
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300192, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300020, PR China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, PR China
- Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300020, China
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3
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Kremers L, Sarieva K, Hoffmann F, Zhao Z, Ueffing M, Euler T, Nikić-Spiegel I, Schubert T. Super-resolution STED imaging in the inner and outer whole-mount mouse retina. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1126338. [PMID: 38983015 PMCID: PMC11196978 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1126338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Since its invention, super-resolution microscopy has become a popular tool for advanced imaging of biological structures, allowing visualisation of subcellular structures at a spatial scale below the diffraction limit. Thus, it is not surprising that recently, different super-resolution techniques are being applied in neuroscience, e.g. to resolve the clustering of neurotransmitter receptors and protein complex composition in presynaptic terminals. Still, the vast majority of these experiments were carried out either in cell cultures or very thin tissue sections, while there are only a few examples of super-resolution imaging in deeper layers (30 - 50 µm) of biological samples. In that context, the mammalian whole-mount retina has rarely been studied with super-resolution microscopy. Here, we aimed at establishing a stimulated-emission-depletion (STED) microscopy protocol for imaging whole-mount retina. To this end, we developed sample preparation including horizontal slicing of retinal tissue, an immunolabeling protocol with STED-compatible fluorophores and optimised the image acquisition settings. We labelled subcellular structures in somata, dendrites, and axons of retinal ganglion cells in the inner mouse retina. By measuring the full width at half maximum of the thinnest filamentous structures in our preparation, we achieved a resolution enhancement of two or higher compared to conventional confocal images. When combined with horizontal slicing of the retina, these settings allowed visualisation of putative GABAergic horizontal cell synapses in the outer retina. Taken together, we successfully established a STED protocol for reliable super-resolution imaging in the whole-mount mouse retina at depths between 30 and 50 µm, which enables investigating, for instance, protein complex composition and cytoskeletal ultrastructure at retinal synapses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Kremers
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kseniia Sarieva
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix Hoffmann
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zhijian Zhao
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Euler
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ivana Nikić-Spiegel
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Timm Schubert
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Wang X, Roberts PA, Yoshimatsu T, Lagnado L, Baden T. Amacrine cells differentially balance zebrafish color circuits in the central and peripheral retina. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112055. [PMID: 36757846 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate inner retina is driven by photoreceptors whose outputs are already pre-processed; in zebrafish, outer retinal circuits split "color" from "grayscale" information across four cone-photoreceptor types. It remains unclear how the inner retina processes incoming spectral information while also combining cone signals to shape grayscale functions. We address this question by imaging the light-driven responses of amacrine cells (ACs) and bipolar cells (BCs) in larval zebrafish in the presence and pharmacological absence of inner retinal inhibition. We find that ACs enhance opponency in some bipolar cells while at the same time suppressing pre-existing opponency in others, so that, depending on the retinal region, the net change in the number of color-opponent units is essentially zero. To achieve this "dynamic balance," ACs counteract intrinsic color opponency of BCs via the On channel. Consistent with these observations, Off-stratifying ACs are exclusively achromatic, while all color-opponent ACs stratify in the On sublamina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Biology Road, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Paul A Roberts
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Biology Road, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Takeshi Yoshimatsu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Biology Road, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Leon Lagnado
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Biology Road, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Tom Baden
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Biology Road, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK; Institute of Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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5
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Liu Z, Lu X, Villette V, Gou Y, Colbert KL, Lai S, Guan S, Land MA, Lee J, Assefa T, Zollinger DR, Korympidou MM, Vlasits AL, Pang MM, Su S, Cai C, Froudarakis E, Zhou N, Patel SS, Smith CL, Ayon A, Bizouard P, Bradley J, Franke K, Clandinin TR, Giovannucci A, Tolias AS, Reimer J, Dieudonné S, St-Pierre F. Sustained deep-tissue voltage recording using a fast indicator evolved for two-photon microscopy. Cell 2022; 185:3408-3425.e29. [PMID: 35985322 PMCID: PMC9563101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded voltage indicators are emerging tools for monitoring voltage dynamics with cell-type specificity. However, current indicators enable a narrow range of applications due to poor performance under two-photon microscopy, a method of choice for deep-tissue recording. To improve indicators, we developed a multiparameter high-throughput platform to optimize voltage indicators for two-photon microscopy. Using this system, we identified JEDI-2P, an indicator that is faster, brighter, and more sensitive and photostable than its predecessors. We demonstrate that JEDI-2P can report light-evoked responses in axonal termini of Drosophila interneurons and the dendrites and somata of amacrine cells of isolated mouse retina. JEDI-2P can also optically record the voltage dynamics of individual cortical neurons in awake behaving mice for more than 30 min using both resonant-scanning and ULoVE random-access microscopy. Finally, ULoVE recording of JEDI-2P can robustly detect spikes at depths exceeding 400 μm and report voltage correlations in pairs of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohe Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Vincent Villette
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Yueyang Gou
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kevin L Colbert
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shujuan Lai
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sihui Guan
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michelle A Land
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jihwan Lee
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tensae Assefa
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Daniel R Zollinger
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria M Korympidou
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, 72076, Germany
| | - Anna L Vlasits
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany
| | - Michelle M Pang
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sharon Su
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Changjia Cai
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Emmanouil Froudarakis
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Na Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Saumil S Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cameron L Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Annick Ayon
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Pierre Bizouard
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jonathan Bradley
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Katrin Franke
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, 72076, Germany
| | - Thomas R Clandinin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrea Giovannucci
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; UNC Neuroscience Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andreas S Tolias
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jacob Reimer
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - François St-Pierre
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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6
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Albargothy MJ, Azizah NN, Stewart SL, Troendle EP, Steel DHW, Curtis TM, Taggart MJ. Investigation of heterocellular features of the mouse retinal neurovascular unit by 3D electron microscopy. J Anat 2022. [PMID: 35841597 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina has a complex structure with a diverse collection of component cells that work together to facilitate vision. The retinal capillaries supplying the nutritional requirements to the inner retina have an intricate system of neural, glial and vascular elements that interconnect to form the neurovascular unit (NVU). The retina has no autonomic nervous system and so relies on the NVU as an interdependent, physical and functional unit to alter blood flow appropriately to changes in the physiological environment. The importance of this is demonstrated by alterations in NVU function being apparent in the blinding disease diabetic retinopathy and other diseases of the retina. It is, therefore, imperative to understand the anatomy of the components of the NVU that underlie its functioning and in particular the nanoscale arrangements of its heterocellular components. However, information on this in three spatial dimensions is limited. In the present study, we utilised the technique of serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), and computational image reconstruction, to enable the first three-dimensional ultrastructural analysis of the NVU in mouse retinal capillaries. Mouse isolated retina was prepared for SBF-SEM and up to 150 serial scanning electron microscopy images (covering z-axes distances of 12-8 mm) of individual capillaries in the superficial plexus and NVU cellular components digitally aligned. Examination of the data in the x-, y- and z-planes was performed with the use of semi-automated computational image analysis tools including segmentation, 3D image reconstruction and quantitation of cell proximities. A prominent feature of the capillary arrangements in 3D was the extensive sheath-like coverage by singular pericytes. They appeared in close register to the basement membrane with which they interwove in a complex mesh-like appearance. Breaks in the basement membrane appeared to facilitate pericyte interactions with other NVU cell types. There were frequent, close (<10 nm) pericyte-endothelial interactions with direct contact points and peg-and-socket-like morphology. Macroglia typically intervened between neurons and capillary structures; however, regions were identified where neurons came into closer contact with the basement membrane. A software-generated analysis to assess the morphology of the different cellular components of the NVU, including quantifications of convexity, sphericity and cell-to-cell closeness, has enabled preliminary semi-quantitative characterisation of cell arrangements with neighbouring structures. This study presents new data on the nanoscale spatial characteristics of components of the murine retinal NVU in 3D that has implications for our understanding of structural integrity (e.g. pericyte-endothelial cell anchoring) and function (e.g. possible paracrine communication between macroglia and pericytes). It also serves as a platform to inform future studies examining changes in NVU characteristics with different biological and disease circumstances. All raw and processed image data have been deposited for public viewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona J Albargothy
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nadhira N Azizah
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah L Stewart
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Evan P Troendle
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - David H W Steel
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tim M Curtis
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Michael J Taggart
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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7
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Ganczer A, Szarka G, Balogh M, Hoffmann G, Tengölics ÁJ, Kenyon G, Kovács-Öller T, Völgyi B. Transience of the Retinal Output Is Determined by a Great Variety of Circuit Elements. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050810. [PMID: 35269432 PMCID: PMC8909309 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) encrypt stimulus features of the visual scene in action potentials and convey them toward higher visual centers in the brain. Although there are many visual features to encode, our recent understanding is that the ~46 different functional subtypes of RGCs in the retina share this task. In this scheme, each RGC subtype establishes a separate, parallel signaling route for a specific visual feature (e.g., contrast, the direction of motion, luminosity), through which information is conveyed. The efficiency of encoding depends on several factors, including signal strength, adaptational levels, and the actual efficacy of the underlying retinal microcircuits. Upon collecting inputs across their respective receptive field, RGCs perform further analysis (e.g., summation, subtraction, weighting) before they generate the final output spike train, which itself is characterized by multiple different features, such as the number of spikes, the inter-spike intervals, response delay, and the rundown time (transience) of the response. These specific kinetic features are essential for target postsynaptic neurons in the brain in order to effectively decode and interpret signals, thereby forming visual perception. We review recent knowledge regarding circuit elements of the mammalian retina that participate in shaping RGC response transience for optimal visual signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Ganczer
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.G.); (G.S.); (M.B.); (G.H.); (Á.J.T.); (T.K.-Ö.)
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP 2 Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szarka
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.G.); (G.S.); (M.B.); (G.H.); (Á.J.T.); (T.K.-Ö.)
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP 2 Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márton Balogh
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.G.); (G.S.); (M.B.); (G.H.); (Á.J.T.); (T.K.-Ö.)
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP 2 Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gyula Hoffmann
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.G.); (G.S.); (M.B.); (G.H.); (Á.J.T.); (T.K.-Ö.)
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP 2 Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ádám Jonatán Tengölics
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.G.); (G.S.); (M.B.); (G.H.); (Á.J.T.); (T.K.-Ö.)
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP 2 Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Garrett Kenyon
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Computer & Computational Science Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA;
| | - Tamás Kovács-Öller
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.G.); (G.S.); (M.B.); (G.H.); (Á.J.T.); (T.K.-Ö.)
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP 2 Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Béla Völgyi
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.G.); (G.S.); (M.B.); (G.H.); (Á.J.T.); (T.K.-Ö.)
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP 2 Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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8
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Barnes S. Visual processing: When two synaptic strata are better than one. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R129-R131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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