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Dumontier D, Mailhes-Hamon C, Supplisson S, Dieudonné S. Neurotransmitter content heterogeneity within an interneuron class shapes inhibitory transmission at a central synapse. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 16:1060189. [PMID: 36687523 PMCID: PMC9846633 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1060189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitter content is deemed the most basic defining criterion for neuronal classes, contrasting with the intercellular heterogeneity of many other molecular and functional features. Here we show, in the adult mouse brain, that neurotransmitter content variegation within a neuronal class is a component of its functional heterogeneity. Golgi cells (GoCs), the well-defined class of cerebellar interneurons inhibiting granule cells (GrCs), contain cytosolic glycine, accumulated by the neuronal transporter GlyT2, and GABA in various proportions. By performing acute manipulations of cytosolic GABA and glycine supply, we find that competition of glycine with GABA reduces the charge of IPSC evoked in GrCs and, more specifically, the amplitude of a slow component of the IPSC decay. We then pair GrCs recordings with optogenetic stimulations of single GoCs, which preserve the intracellular transmitter mixed content. We show that the strength and decay kinetics of GrCs IPSCs, which are entirely mediated by GABAA receptors, are negatively correlated to the presynaptic expression of GlyT2 by GoCs. We isolate a slow spillover component of GrCs inhibition that is also affected by the expression of GlyT2, leading to a 56% decrease in relative charge. Our results support the hypothesis that presynaptic loading of glycine negatively impacts the GABAergic transmission in mixed interneurons, most likely through a competition for vesicular filling. We discuss how the heterogeneity of neurotransmitter supply within mixed interneurons like the GoC class may provide a presynaptic mechanism to tune the gain of microcircuits such as the granular layer, thereby expanding the realm of their possible dynamic behaviors.
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2
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Akemann W, Wolf S, Villette V, Mathieu B, Tangara A, Fodor J, Ventalon C, Léger JF, Dieudonné S, Bourdieu L. Fast optical recording of neuronal activity by three-dimensional custom-access serial holography. Nat Methods 2022; 19:100-110. [PMID: 34949810 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Optical recording of neuronal activity in three-dimensional (3D) brain circuits at cellular and millisecond resolution in vivo is essential for probing information flow in the brain. While random-access multiphoton microscopy permits fast optical access to neuronal targets in three dimensions, the method is challenged by motion artifacts when recording from behaving animals. Therefore, we developed three-dimensional custom-access serial holography (3D-CASH). Built on a fast acousto-optic light modulator, 3D-CASH performs serial sampling at 40 kHz from neurons at freely selectable 3D locations. Motion artifacts are eliminated by targeting each neuron with a size-optimized pattern of excitation light covering the cell body and its anticipated displacement field. Spike rates inferred from GCaMP6f recordings in visual cortex of awake mice tracked the phase of a moving bar stimulus with higher spike correlation between intra compared to interlaminar neuron pairs. 3D-CASH offers access to the millisecond correlation structure of in vivo neuronal activity in 3D microcircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walther Akemann
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Wolf
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS (LPENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Villette
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Mathieu
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Astou Tangara
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Jozsua Fodor
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Cathie Ventalon
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Léger
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.
| | - Laurent Bourdieu
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.
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3
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Villette V, Chavarha M, Dimov IK, Bradley J, Pradhan L, Mathieu B, Evans SW, Chamberland S, Shi D, Yang R, Kim BB, Ayon A, Jalil A, St-Pierre F, Schnitzer MJ, Bi G, Toth K, Ding J, Dieudonné S, Lin MZ. Ultrafast Two-Photon Imaging of a High-Gain Voltage Indicator in Awake Behaving Mice. Cell 2020; 179:1590-1608.e23. [PMID: 31835034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Optical interrogation of voltage in deep brain locations with cellular resolution would be immensely useful for understanding how neuronal circuits process information. Here, we report ASAP3, a genetically encoded voltage indicator with 51% fluorescence modulation by physiological voltages, submillisecond activation kinetics, and full responsivity under two-photon excitation. We also introduce an ultrafast local volume excitation (ULoVE) method for kilohertz-rate two-photon sampling in vivo with increased stability and sensitivity. Combining a soma-targeted ASAP3 variant and ULoVE, we show single-trial tracking of spikes and subthreshold events for minutes in deep locations, with subcellular resolution and with repeated sampling over days. In the visual cortex, we use soma-targeted ASAP3 to illustrate cell-type-dependent subthreshold modulation by locomotion. Thus, ASAP3 and ULoVE enable high-speed optical recording of electrical activity in genetically defined neurons at deep locations during awake behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Villette
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Mariya Chavarha
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ivan K Dimov
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Bradley
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Lagnajeet Pradhan
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin Mathieu
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Stephen W Evans
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Simon Chamberland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Dongqing Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Renzhi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Biology PhD Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin B Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Annick Ayon
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Abdelali Jalil
- Université de Paris, SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, CNRS, Paris F-75006, France
| | - François St-Pierre
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guoqiang Bi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 20031, China
| | - Katalin Toth
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Michael Z Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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4
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Otsu Y, Darcq E, Pietrajtis K, Mátyás F, Schwartz E, Bessaih T, Abi Gerges S, Rousseau CV, Grand T, Dieudonné S, Paoletti P, Acsády L, Agulhon C, Kieffer BL, Diana MA. Control of aversion by glycine-gated GluN1/GluN3A NMDA receptors in the adult medial habenula. Science 2020; 366:250-254. [PMID: 31601771 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The unconventional N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits GluN3A and GluN3B can, when associated with the other glycine-binding subunit GluN1, generate excitatory conductances purely activated by glycine. However, functional GluN1/GluN3 receptors have not been identified in native adult tissues. We discovered that GluN1/GluN3A receptors are operational in neurons of the mouse adult medial habenula (MHb), an epithalamic area controlling aversive physiological states. In the absence of glycinergic neuronal specializations in the MHb, glial cells tuned neuronal activity via GluN1/GluN3A receptors. Reducing GluN1/GluN3A receptor levels in the MHb prevented place-aversion conditioning. Our study extends the physiological and behavioral implications of glycine by demonstrating its control of negatively valued emotional associations via excitatory glycinergic NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Otsu
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - E Darcq
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - K Pietrajtis
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - F Mátyás
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.,Research Centre for Natural Sciences Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - E Schwartz
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Bessaih
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - S Abi Gerges
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - C V Rousseau
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Grand
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - S Dieudonné
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - P Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - L Acsády
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - C Agulhon
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, CNRS UMR8002, Glia-Glia and Glia-Neuron Interactions Group, Paris Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - B L Kieffer
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - M A Diana
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France.
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5
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Hernandez O, Pietrajtis K, Mathieu B, Dieudonné S. Optogenetic stimulation of complex spatio-temporal activity patterns by acousto-optic light steering probes cerebellar granular layer integrative properties. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13768. [PMID: 30213968 PMCID: PMC6137064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32017-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics provides tools to control afferent activity in brain microcircuits. However, this requires optical methods that can evoke asynchronous and coordinated activity within neuronal ensembles in a spatio-temporally precise way. Here we describe a light patterning method, which combines MHz acousto-optic beam steering and adjustable low numerical aperture Gaussian beams, to achieve fast 2D targeting in scattering tissue. Using mossy fiber afferents to the cerebellar cortex as a testbed, we demonstrate single fiber optogenetic stimulation with micron-scale lateral resolution, >100 µm depth-penetration and 0.1 ms spiking precision. Protracted spatio-temporal patterns of light delivered by our illumination system evoked sustained asynchronous mossy fiber activity with excellent repeatability. Combining optical and electrical stimulations, we show that the cerebellar granular layer performs nonlinear integration, whereby sustained mossy fiber activity provides a permissive context for the transmission of salient inputs, enriching combinatorial views on mossy fiber pattern separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernandez
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
- Wavefront-engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS UMR8250, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Katarzyna Pietrajtis
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Mathieu
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
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6
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Zang Y, Dieudonné S, De Schutter E. Voltage- and Branch-Specific Climbing Fiber Responses in Purkinje Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 24:1536-1549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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7
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Zampini V, Liu JK, Diana MA, Maldonado PP, Brunel N, Dieudonné S. Mechanisms and functional roles of glutamatergic synapse diversity in a cerebellar circuit. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27642013 PMCID: PMC5074806 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic currents display a large degree of heterogeneity of their temporal characteristics, but the functional role of such heterogeneities remains unknown. We investigated in rat cerebellar slices synaptic currents in Unipolar Brush Cells (UBCs), which generate intrinsic mossy fibers relaying vestibular inputs to the cerebellar cortex. We show that UBCs respond to sinusoidal modulations of their sensory input with heterogeneous amplitudes and phase shifts. Experiments and modeling indicate that this variability results both from the kinetics of synaptic glutamate transients and from the diversity of postsynaptic receptors. While phase inversion is produced by an mGluR2-activated outward conductance in OFF-UBCs, the phase delay of ON UBCs is caused by a late rebound current resulting from AMPAR recovery from desensitization. Granular layer network modeling indicates that phase dispersion of UBC responses generates diverse phase coding in the granule cell population, allowing climbing-fiber-driven Purkinje cell learning at arbitrary phases of the vestibular input. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15872.001 Whether walking, riding a bicycle or simply standing still, we continually adjust our posture in small ways to prevent ourselves from falling. Our sense of balance depends on a set of structures inside the inner ear called the vestibular system. These structures detect movements of the head and relay this information to the brain in the form of electrical signals. A brain area called the vestibulo-cerebellum then combines these signals with sensory input from the eyes and muscles, before sending out further signals to trigger any adjustments necessary for balance. One of the main cell types within the vestibulo-cerebellum is the unipolar brush cell (or UBC for short). UBCs pass on signals to another type of neuron called Purkinje cells, which support the learning of motor skills such as adjusting posture. Zampini, Liu et al. set out to test the idea that UBCs transform inputs from the vestibular system into a format that makes it easier for cerebellar Purkinje cells to drive this kind of learning. First, recordings from slices of rodent brain revealed that UBCs respond in highly variable ways to vestibular input, with both the size and timing of responses varying between cells. This is because vestibular signals trigger the release of a chemical messenger called glutamate onto UBCs, but UBCs possess a variety of different types of glutamate receptors. Vestibular input therefore activates distinct signaling cascades from one UBC to the next. According to a computer model, this variability in UBC responses ensures that a subset of UBCs will always be active at any point during vestibular input. This in turn means that Purkinje cells can fire at any stage of a movement, which boosts the learning of motor skills. The next steps will be to test this hypothesis using mutant mice that lack specific receptor subtypes in UBCs or UBCs completely. A further challenge for the future will be to build a computer model of the vestibulo-cerebellar system that includes all of its component cell types. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15872.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Zampini
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Jian K Liu
- Neurosciences Federation, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco A Diana
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Paloma P Maldonado
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Brunel
- Neurosciences Federation, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Department of Statistics and Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France
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8
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Bouvier G, Higgins D, Spolidoro M, Carrel D, Mathieu B, Léna C, Dieudonné S, Barbour B, Brunel N, Casado M. Burst-Dependent Bidirectional Plasticity in the Cerebellum Is Driven by Presynaptic NMDA Receptors. Cell Rep 2016; 15:104-116. [PMID: 27052175 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that cerebellar function is related to the plasticity at the synapses between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells. How specific input patterns determine plasticity outcomes, as well as the biophysics underlying plasticity of these synapses, remain unclear. Here, we characterize the patterns of activity that lead to postsynaptically expressed LTP using both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Similar to the requirements of LTD, we find that high-frequency bursts are necessary to trigger LTP and that this burst-dependent plasticity depends on presynaptic NMDA receptors and nitric oxide (NO) signaling. We provide direct evidence for calcium entry through presynaptic NMDA receptors in a subpopulation of parallel fiber varicosities. Finally, we develop and experimentally verify a mechanistic plasticity model based on NO and calcium signaling. The model reproduces plasticity outcomes from data and predicts the effect of arbitrary patterns of synaptic inputs on Purkinje cells, thereby providing a unified description of plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Bouvier
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm U1024, CNRS UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - David Higgins
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm U1024, CNRS UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France; Departments of Statistics and Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Maria Spolidoro
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm U1024, CNRS UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - Damien Carrel
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm U1024, CNRS UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - Benjamin Mathieu
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm U1024, CNRS UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - Clément Léna
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm U1024, CNRS UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm U1024, CNRS UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - Boris Barbour
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm U1024, CNRS UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - Nicolas Brunel
- Departments of Statistics and Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mariano Casado
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm U1024, CNRS UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France.
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9
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Akemann W, Léger JF, Ventalon C, Mathieu B, Dieudonné S, Bourdieu L. Fast spatial beam shaping by acousto-optic diffraction for 3D non-linear microscopy. Opt Express 2015; 23:28191-28205. [PMID: 26561090 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.028191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Acousto-optic deflection (AOD) devices offer unprecedented fast control of the entire spatial structure of light beams, most notably their phase. AOD light modulation of ultra-short laser pulses, however, is not straightforward to implement because of intrinsic chromatic dispersion and non-stationarity of acousto-optic diffraction. While schemes exist to compensate chromatic dispersion, non-stationarity remains an obstacle. In this work we demonstrate an efficient AOD light modulator for stable phase modulation using time-locked generation of frequency-modulated acoustic waves at the full repetition rate of a high power laser pulse amplifier of 80 kHz. We establish the non-local relationship between the optical phase and the generating acoustic frequency function and verify the system for temporal stability, phase accuracy and generation of non-linear two-dimensional phase functions.
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10
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Ankri L, Husson Z, Pietrajtis K, Proville R, Léna C, Yarom Y, Dieudonné S, Uusisaari MY. A novel inhibitory nucleo-cortical circuit controls cerebellar Golgi cell activity. eLife 2015; 4:e06262. [PMID: 25965178 PMCID: PMC4461794 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum, a crucial center for motor coordination, is composed of a cortex and several nuclei. The main mode of interaction between these two parts is considered to be formed by the inhibitory control of the nuclei by cortical Purkinje neurons. We now amend this view by showing that inhibitory GABA-glycinergic neurons of the cerebellar nuclei (CN) project profusely into the cerebellar cortex, where they make synaptic contacts on a GABAergic subpopulation of cerebellar Golgi cells. These spontaneously firing Golgi cells are inhibited by optogenetic activation of the inhibitory nucleo-cortical fibers both in vitro and in vivo. Our data suggest that the CN may contribute to the functional recruitment of the cerebellar cortex by decreasing Golgi cell inhibition onto granule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Ankri
- Department of Neurobiology, Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zoé Husson
- Inhibitory Transmission Team, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Katarzyna Pietrajtis
- Inhibitory Transmission Team, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Proville
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Cerebellum Team, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Clément Léna
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Cerebellum Team, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Yosef Yarom
- Department of Neurobiology, Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Inhibitory Transmission Team, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Marylka Yoe Uusisaari
- Department of Neurobiology, Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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11
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Collot M, Wilms CD, Bentkhayet A, Marcaggi P, Couchman K, Charpak S, Dieudonné S, Häusser M, Feltz A, Mallet JM. CaRuby-Nano: a novel high affinity calcium probe for dual color imaging. eLife 2015; 4:e05808. [PMID: 25824291 PMCID: PMC4379494 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The great demand for long-wavelength and high signal-to-noise Ca(2+) indicators has led us to develop CaRuby-Nano, a new functionalizable red calcium indicator with nanomolar affinity for use in cell biology and neuroscience research. In addition, we generated CaRuby-Nano dextran conjugates and an AM-ester variant for bulk loading of tissue. We tested the new indicator using in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrating the high sensitivity of CaRuby-Nano as well as its power in dual color imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayeul Collot
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, UPMC Université Paris 06, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Christian D Wilms
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Asma Bentkhayet
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, UPMC Université Paris 06, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Païkan Marcaggi
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Kiri Couchman
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Serge Charpak
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Michael Häusser
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Feltz
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Maurice Mallet
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, UPMC Université Paris 06, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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12
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Giber K, Diana MA, Plattner V, Dugué GP, Bokor H, Rousseau CV, Maglóczky Z, Havas L, Hangya B, Wildner H, Zeilhofer HU, Dieudonné S, Acsády L. A subcortical inhibitory signal for behavioral arrest in the thalamus. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:562-568. [PMID: 25706472 PMCID: PMC4885661 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organization of behavior requires rapid coordination of brainstem and forebrain activity. The exact mechanisms of effective communication between these regions are presently unclear. The intralaminar thalamus (IL) probably serves as a central hub in this circuit by connecting the critical brainstem and forebrain areas. Here we found that GABAergic/glycinergic fibers ascending from the pontine reticular formation (PRF) of the brainstem evoke fast and reliable inhibition in the IL thalamus via large, multisynaptic terminals. This inhibition was fine-tuned through heterogeneous GABAergic/glycinergic receptor ratios expressed at individual synapses. Optogenetic activation of PRF axons in the IL of freely moving mice led to behavioral arrest and transient interruption of awake cortical activity. An afferent system with comparable morphological features was also found in the human IL. These data reveal an evolutionarily conserved ascending system which gates forebrain activity through fast and powerful synaptic inhibition of the IL thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristóf Giber
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Marco A Diana
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Paris, F-75005 France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, F-75005 France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Viktor Plattner
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Guillaume P Dugué
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Paris, F-75005 France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, F-75005 France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Hajnalka Bokor
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Charly V Rousseau
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Paris, F-75005 France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, F-75005 France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Zsófia Maglóczky
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - László Havas
- Department of Pathology/ Department of Psychiatry St. Borbála Hospital, Tatabánya, H-2800, Hungary
| | - Balázs Hangya
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724 USA
| | - Hendrik Wildner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Paris, F-75005 France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, F-75005 France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - László Acsády
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
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13
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Otsu Y, Marcaggi P, Feltz A, Isope P, Kollo M, Nusser Z, Mathieu B, Kano M, Tsujita M, Sakimura K, Dieudonné S. Activity-dependent gating of calcium spikes by A-type K+ channels controls climbing fiber signaling in Purkinje cell dendrites. Neuron 2014; 84:137-151. [PMID: 25220810 PMCID: PMC4183427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In cerebellar Purkinje cell dendrites, heterosynaptic calcium signaling induced by the proximal climbing fiber (CF) input controls plasticity at distal parallel fiber (PF) synapses. The substrate and regulation of this long-range dendritic calcium signaling are poorly understood. Using high-speed calcium imaging, we examine the role of active dendritic conductances. Under basal conditions, CF stimulation evokes T-type calcium signaling displaying sharp proximodistal decrement. Combined mGluR1 receptor activation and depolarization, two activity-dependent signals, unlock P/Q calcium spikes initiation and propagation, mediating efficient CF signaling at distal sites. These spikes are initiated in proximal smooth dendrites, independently from somatic sodium action potentials, and evoke high-frequency bursts of all-or-none fast-rising calcium transients in PF spines. Gradual calcium spike burst unlocking arises from increasing inactivation of mGluR1-modulated low-threshold A-type potassium channels located in distal dendrites. Evidence for graded activity-dependent CF calcium signaling at PF synapses refines current views on cerebellar supervised learning rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Otsu
- Inhibitory Transmission Team, IBENS, CNRS UMR UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Païkan Marcaggi
- Inhibitory Transmission Team, IBENS, CNRS UMR UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne Feltz
- Cerebellum Group, IBENS, CNRS UMR UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Isope
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212, 67000-Strasbourg, France
| | - Mihaly Kollo
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Nusser
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Benjamin Mathieu
- Imaging Facility, IBENS, CNRS UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mika Tsujita
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Inhibitory Transmission Team, IBENS, CNRS UMR UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France.
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14
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Dugué GP, Brunel N, Hakim V, Schwartz E, Chat M, Lévesque M, Courtemanche R, Léna C, Dieudonné S. Electrical coupling mediates tunable low-frequency oscillations and resonance in the cerebellar Golgi cell network. Neuron 2009; 61:126-39. [PMID: 19146818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tonic motor control involves oscillatory synchronization of activity at low frequency (5-30 Hz) throughout the sensorimotor system, including cerebellar areas. We investigated the mechanisms underpinning cerebellar oscillations. We found that Golgi interneurons, which gate information transfer in the cerebellar cortex input layer, are extensively coupled through electrical synapses. When depolarized in vitro, these neurons displayed low-frequency oscillatory synchronization, imposing rhythmic inhibition onto granule cells. Combining experiments and modeling, we show that electrical transmission of the spike afterhyperpolarization is the essential component for oscillatory population synchronization. Rhythmic firing arises in spite of strong heterogeneities, is frequency tuned by the mean excitatory input to Golgi cells, and displays pronounced resonance when the modeled network is driven by oscillating inputs. In vivo, unitary Golgi cell activity was found to synchronize with low-frequency LFP oscillations occurring during quiet waking. These results suggest a major role for Golgi cells in coordinating cerebellar sensorimotor integration during oscillatory interactions.
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15
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Kremer Y, Léger JF, Lapole R, Honnorat N, Candela Y, Dieudonné S, Bourdieu L. A spatio-temporally compensated acousto-optic scanner for two-photon microscopy providing large field of view. Opt Express 2008; 16:10066-10076. [PMID: 18607414 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Acousto-optic deflectors (AOD) are promising ultrafast scanners for non-linear microscopy. Their use has been limited until now by their small scanning range and by the spatial and temporal dispersions of the laser beam going through the deflectors. We show that the use of AOD of large aperture (13mm) compared to standard deflectors allows accessing much larger field of view while minimizing spatio-temporal distortions. An acousto-optic modulator (AOM) placed at distance of the AOD is used to compensate spatial and temporal dispersions. Fine tuning of the AOM-AOD setup using a frequency-resolved optical gating (GRENOUILLE) allows elimination of pulse front tilt whereas spatial chirp is minimized thanks to the large aperture AOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kremer
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, UMR CNRS et ENS 8544, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Biologie, 46rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris
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16
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Otsu Y, Bormuth V, Wong J, Mathieu B, Dugué GP, Feltz A, Dieudonné S. Optical monitoring of neuronal activity at high frame rate with a digital random-access multiphoton (RAMP) microscope. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 173:259-70. [PMID: 18634822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy offers the promise of monitoring brain activity at multiple locations within intact tissue. However, serial sampling of voxels has been difficult to reconcile with millisecond timescales characteristic of neuronal activity. This is due to the conflicting constraints of scanning speed and signal amplitude. The recent use of acousto-optic deflector scanning to implement random-access multiphoton microscopy (RAMP) potentially allows to preserve long illumination dwell times while sampling multiple points-of-interest at high rates. However, the real-life abilities of RAMP microscopy regarding sensitivity and phototoxicity issues, which have so far impeded prolonged optical recordings at high frame rates, have not been assessed. Here, we describe the design, implementation and characterisation of an optimised RAMP microscope. We demonstrate the application of the microscope by monitoring calcium transients in Purkinje cells and cortical pyramidal cell dendrites and spines. We quantify the illumination constraints imposed by phototoxicity and show that stable continuous high-rate recordings can be obtained. During these recordings the fluorescence signal is large enough to detect spikes with a temporal resolution limited only by the calcium dye dynamics, improving upon previous techniques by at least an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Otsu
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS UMR 8544, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm 75005, Paris, France
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17
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Diana MA, Otsu Y, Maton G, Collin T, Chat M, Dieudonné S. T-type and L-type Ca2+ conductances define and encode the bimodal firing pattern of vestibulocerebellar unipolar brush cells. J Neurosci 2007; 27:3823-38. [PMID: 17409247 PMCID: PMC6672410 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4719-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are glutamatergic interneurons that receive direct input from vestibular afferents in the form of a unique excitatory synapse on their dendritic brush. UBCs constitute independent relay lines for vestibular signals, and their inherent properties most likely determine how vestibular activity is encoded by the cerebellar cortex. We now demonstrate that UBCs are bimodal cells; they can either fire high-frequency bursts of action potentials when stimulated from hyperpolarized potentials or discharge tonically during sustained depolarizations. The two functional states can be triggered by physiological-like activity of the excitatory input and are encoded by distinct Ca2+-signaling systems. By combining complementary strategies, consisting of molecular and electrophysiological analysis and of ultrafast acousto-optical deflector-based two-photon imaging, we unraveled the identity and the subcellular localization of the Ca2+ conductances activating in each mode. Fast inactivating T-type Ca2+ channels produce low-threshold spikes, which trigger the high-frequency bursts and generate powerful Ca2+ transients in the brush and, to a much lesser extent, in the soma. The tonic firing mode is encoded by a signalization system principally composed of L-type channels. Ca2+ influx during tonic firing produces a linear representation of the spike rate of the cell in the form of a widespread and sustained Ca2+ concentration increase and regulates cellular excitability via BK potassium channels. The bimodal firing pattern of UBCs may underlie different coding strategies of the vestibular input by the cerebellum, thus likely increasing the computational power of this structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Diana
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8544, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France.
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18
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Abstract
Corelease of GABA and glycine by mixed neurons is a prevalent mode of inhibitory transmission in the vertebrate hindbrain. However, little is known of the functional organization of mixed inhibitory networks. Golgi cells, the main inhibitory interneurons of the cerebellar granular layer, have been shown to contain GABA and glycine. We show here that, in the vestibulocerebellum, Golgi cells contact both granule cells and unipolar brush cells, which are excitatory relay interneurons for vestibular afferences. Whereas IPSCs in granule cells are mediated by GABA(A) receptors only, Golgi cell inhibition of unipolar brush cells is dominated by glycinergic currents. We further demonstrate that a single Golgi cell can perform pure GABAergic inhibition of granule cells and pure glycinergic inhibition of unipolar brush cells. This specialization results from the differential expression of GABA(A) and glycine receptors by target cells and not from a segregation of GABA and glycine in presynaptic terminals. Thus, postsynaptic selection of coreleased fast transmitters is used in the CNS to increase the diversity of individual neuronal outputs and achieve target-specific signaling in mixed inhibitory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume P Dugué
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8544, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
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19
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Salomé R, Kremer Y, Dieudonné S, Léger JF, Krichevsky O, Wyart C, Chatenay D, Bourdieu L. Ultrafast random-access scanning in two-photon microscopy using acousto-optic deflectors. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 154:161-74. [PMID: 16458361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Revised: 12/10/2005] [Accepted: 12/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon scanning microscopy (TPSM) is a powerful tool for imaging deep inside living tissues with sub-cellular resolution. The temporal resolution of TPSM is however strongly limited by the galvanometric mirrors used to steer the laser beam. Fast physiological events can therefore only be followed by scanning repeatedly a single line within the field of view. Because acousto-optic deflectors (AODs) are non-mechanical devices, they allow access at any point within the field of view on a microsecond time scale and are therefore excellent candidates to improve the temporal resolution of TPSM. However, the use of AOD-based scanners with femtosecond pulses raises several technical difficulties. In this paper, we describe an all-digital TPSM setup based on two crossed AODs. It includes in particular an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) placed at 45 degrees with respect to the AODs to pre-compensate for the large spatial distortions of femtosecond pulses occurring in the AODs, in order to optimize the spatial resolution and the fluorescence excitation. Our setup allows recording from freely selectable point-of-interest at high speed (1kHz). By maximizing the time spent on points of interest, random-access TPSM (RA-TPSM) constitutes a promising method for multiunit recordings with millisecond resolution in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Salomé
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 8544, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Biologie, Paris, France
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20
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Geurts FJ, De Schutter E, Dieudonné S. Unraveling the cerebellar cortex: cytology and cellular physiology of large-sized interneurons in the granular layer. The Cerebellum 2003; 2:290-9. [PMID: 14964688 DOI: 10.1080/14734220310011948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal network behaviors emerge from complex interactions between excitatory relay cells, principal cells and inhibitory interneurons. Therefore, characterizing homogeneous cell types and their properties is an essential step towards understanding information processing in the brain. The cerebellar cortex is generally described as a repetitive circuit composed of only five cell types. However, recent studies have revealed an unexpected diversity in the morphological, neurochemical and electrophysiological properties of the large-sized granular layer interneurons. These data are reviewed here with an emphasis on the synaptic interactions of the different cell types within the cerebellar cortex. The existence of a complex network of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons controlling the spatial and temporal pattern of granule cell firing is documented, providing insights into the cellular and synaptic processes underlying oscillations and synchronization in the cerebellar cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik J Geurts
- Laboratory of Theoretical Neurobiology, Born-Bunge Foundation, University of Antwerp-UIA, Antwerp, Belgium
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21
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Abstract
The issues of temporal coding and the temporal organization of activity have aroused a great deal of interest in sensory systems, cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus. Strangely, despite the important timing roles attributed to the cerebellum, little consideration has been given to the organization of activity within the cerebellar circuitry. In fact, there is evidence of a remarkable temporal patterning of activity in even the earliest cerebellar recordings. The evidence for the existence of high-frequency oscillations in the cerebellar cortex is reviewed and possible mechanisms are discussed; one involves the synchrony of parallel fiber inputs to Purkinje cells. It is shown how synchronous and oscillatory activity can enable extremely precise timing and also how they can maximize the information storage capacity of the cerebellar cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Isope
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie (CNRS UMR 8544), Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France
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22
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Dumoulin A, Triller A, Dieudonné S. IPSC kinetics at identified GABAergic and mixed GABAergic and glycinergic synapses onto cerebellar Golgi cells. J Neurosci 2001; 21:6045-57. [PMID: 11487628 PMCID: PMC6763194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the rat cerebellum, Golgi cells receive serotonin-evoked inputs from Lugaro cells (L-IPSCs), in addition to spontaneous inhibitory inputs (S-IPSCs). In the present study, we analyze the pharmacology of these IPSCs and show that S-IPSCs are purely GABAergic events occurring at basket and stellate cell synapses, whereas L-IPSCs are mediated by GABA and glycine. Corelease of the two transmitters at Lugaro cell synapses is suggested by the fact that both GABA(A) and glycine receptors open during individual L-IPSCs. Double immunocytochemical stainings demonstrate that GABAergic and glycinergic markers are coexpressed in Lugaro cell axonal varicosities, together with the mixed vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter. Lugaro cell varicosities are found apposed to glycine receptor (GlyR) clusters that are localized on Golgi cell dendrites and participate in postsynaptic complexes containing GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) and the anchoring protein gephyrin. GABA(A)R and GlyR/gephyrin appear to form segregated clusters within individual postsynaptic loci. Basket and stellate cell varicosities do not face GlyR clusters. For the first time the characteristics of GABA and glycine cotransmission are compared with those of GABAergic transmission at identified inhibitory synapses converging onto the same postsynaptic neuron. The ratio of the decay times of L-IPSCs and of S-IPSCs is a constant value among Golgi cells. This indicates that, despite a high cell-to-cell variability of the overall IPSC decay kinetics, postsynaptic Golgi cells coregulate the kinetics of their two main inhibitory inputs. The glycinergic component of L-IPSCs is responsible for their slower decay, suggesting that glycinergic transmission plays a role in tuning the IPSC kinetics in neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dumoulin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire de la Synapse, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U497, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8544, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
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23
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Abstract
The cerebellum, like most sensorimotor areas of the brain, receives a serotonergic innervation from neurons of the reticular formation. It is well established that local application of serotonin modulates the firing rate of cerebellar Purkinje cells in vivo and in vitro, but the mechanisms by which serotonin affects the cerebellar function are still poorly understood. Whereas interactions between serotonin, glutamate, and GABA have been reported to increase or decrease the firing frequency of Purkinje cells, there is little evidence for a modulation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses by serotonin in the cerebellar cortex. Changes in the intrinsic electrical properties of Purkinje cells upon application of serotonin have also been reported, but their impact on Purkinje cell firing is unclear. The recent finding that serotonin specifically modulates the activity of Lugaro cells, a class of inhibitory interneurons of the cerebellar cortex, offers new insights on the action of this neuromodulator. The peculiar axonal projection and specific interneuronal targets of the Lugaro cells suggest that the action of serotonin might occur upstream of Purkinje cells through a resetting of the computational properties of the cerebellar cortex. Understanding the mechanisms of the serotonergic modulation of the cerebellar cortex is of clinical relevance, as abnormal serotonin metabolism has been observed in animal models and pathological cases of motor disorders involving the cerebellum, and as chronic intravenous administration of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a precursor of serotonin, was the first treatment shown to improve significantly cerebellar symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dieudonné
- Department of Biology, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France.
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24
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Abstract
At the cerebellar synapse between the parallel fibers (PFs) and the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, we have found that application of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) reversibly depresses the postsynaptic current. We present evidence that this depression involves NMDA receptors located on the presynaptic axons and requires that the NMDA application be combined with action potentials in the PFs. Unexpectedly, unlike other modulations mediated by presynaptic receptors, the NMDA-induced inhibition does not involve a depression of transmitter release. Because it is blocked by both nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitors, we propose that it involves a trans-synaptic mechanism in which NO released by the PFs decreases the glutamate sensitivity of the Purkinje cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Casado
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8544, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
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Dieudonné S, Dumoulin A. Serotonin-driven long-range inhibitory connections in the cerebellar cortex. J Neurosci 2000; 20:1837-48. [PMID: 10684885 PMCID: PMC6772906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbances of the serotoninergic neuromodulation in the cerebellar cortex have been involved in several types of ataxia, but the physiological action of serotonin in this structure remains poorly understood. We report that in slices of the rat cerebellar vermis, serotonin triggers the firing of an inhibitory interneuron presynaptic to Golgi cells. The Lugaro cell, a neglected interneuronal type, satisfies the expected criteria for this input, whereas basket cells, stellate cells, or Golgi cells do not. Lugaro cells are selectively excited by serotonin, and their firing behavior (sustained steady frequency in the 5-15 Hz range) resembles the pattern of occurrence of serotonin-evoked IPSCs in Golgi cells. Immunohistochemical stainings and single cell reconstructions show that Lugaro cell axons form a parasagittal plexus but also extend long transverse branches that run parallel to the parallel fibers and are partly myelinated. Electrophysiological data suggest that these transverse axons participate in synaptic contacts of the Lugaro cells with Golgi cells, and we calculated that in the intact cerebellum a given Lugaro cell contacts >100 Golgi cells. Serotonin modulation of Lugaro cells may constitute an intracortical switch involved in information patterning at the level of Golgi cells and granule cells populations, and particularly in synchronizations recorded along the transverse axis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dieudonné
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8544, France.
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26
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Abstract
Glycine uptake governs glycine site occupancy at NMDA receptors of excitatory synapses. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 3336-3340, 1998. At central synapses occupation of glycine binding sites of N-methyl--aspartate receptors (NMDA-Rs) is a necessary prerequisite for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to activate these receptors. There is conflicting evidence as to whether glycine binding sites normally are saturated. If they are not, then alterations in local glycine concentration could modulate excitatory synaptic transmission. By using an in vitro brain stem slice preparation we investigated whether the glycine site is saturated for synaptically activated NMDA-Rs in neonatal rat hypoglossal motoneurons. We found that the NMDA-R-mediated component of spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents could be potentiated by exogenously applied glycine as well as by -serine. The effects of glycine were observed only at concentrations (100 microM or more) two orders of magnitude above the apparent dissociation constant of glycine from NMDA receptors. In contrast, -serine, a nontransported NMDA-R glycine site agonist, was effective in the low micromolar range, i.e., at concentrations similar to those found to be effective on isolated cells or on outside-out patches. We conclude that at these synapses the glycine concentration around synaptic NMDA-Rs is set below the concentration required to saturate their glycine site and is likely to be stabilized by a powerful glycine transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Berger
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
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Angulo MC, Parra P, Dieudonné S. Chick cerebellar Purkinje cells express omega-conotoxin GVIA-sensitive rather than funnel-web spider toxin-sensitive calcium channels. Neuroscience 1998; 83:1-6. [PMID: 9466394 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium channels form a complex family of distinct molecular entities which participate in multiple neuronal functions. In cerebellar Purkinje cells these channels contribute to the characteristic electrophysiological pattern of complex spikes, first described in birds and later in mammals. A specific calcium channel, the P-type channel, has been shown to mediate the majority of the voltage-gated calcium flux in mammalian Purkinje cells. P-type channels play an essential role in synaptic transmission of mammalian cerebellum. It is unclear whether the P-type calcium channel is present in birds. Studies in chick synaptosomal preparations show that the pharmacological profile of calcium channels is complex and suggest a minimal expression of the P-type channel in avian central nervous system. In the present work, we studied voltage-gated calcium channels in dissociated chick cerebellar Purkinje cells to examine the presence of different calcium channel types. Purkinje cells were used because, in mammals, they express predominantly P-type channels and because the morphology of these cells is thought to be phylogenetically conserved. We found that omega-conotoxin GVIA (omega-CgTx GVIA), a specific antagonist of N-type calcium channel, rather than the synthetic funnel-web spider toxin (sFTX), a P-type channel antagonist, blocks the majority of the barium current flowing through calcium channels in chick Purkinje neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Angulo
- Laboratorio de Biofísica, Centro Internacional de Física, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
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28
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Abstract
The anion conductance of the plasma membrane of Coffea arabica protoplasts was isolated and characterized using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Voltage pulse protocols revealed two components: a voltage-gated conductance (Gs) and a voltage-independent one (Gl). Gs is activated upon depolarization (e-fold activation every +36 mV) with time constants of 1 sec and 5 sec at all potentials. Gl and Gs also differ by their kinetic and biophysical properties. In bi-ionic conditions the current associated with Gs shows strong outward rectification and its permeability sequence is F- > NO3- > Cl-. In the same conditions the current associated with Gl does not rectify and its permeability sequence is F- > > NO3- = Cl-. Furthermore, at potentials over +50 mV Gs, but not Gl, increases with a time constant of several minutes. Finally the gating of Gs is affected by stretch of the membrane, which leads to an increased activation and a reduced voltage sensitivity. Anion conductances similar to the ones described here have been found in many plant preparations but Gl-type components have been generally interpreted as the background activation of the slow voltage-gated channels (corresponding to Gs). We show that in coffee protoplasts Gl and Gs are kinetically and biophysically distinct, suggesting that they correspond to two different molecular entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dieudonné
- Laboratorio de Biofísica, Centro Internacional de Física, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
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29
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Abstract
Recordings were made from Golgi cells in slices from rat cerebellar cortex using whole-cell and outside-out configurations of the patch-clamp technique. Exogenous glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) both activated chloride currents, which could be differentially blocked by strychnine and SR95531, respectively. Inhibitory synaptic currents occurred spontaneously in all Golgi cells. Some were blocked by strychnine while the others were blocked by SR95531. The single channel events occurring during the decay of these two types of inhibitory postsynaptic currents had different amplitudes, which matched the main conductance states of the channels gated by glycine and GABA in outside-out patches. It was concluded that Golgi cells receive both glycinergic and GABAergic synaptic inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dieudonné
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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Sather W, Dieudonné S, MacDonald JF, Ascher P. Activation and desensitization of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in nucleated outside-out patches from mouse neurones. J Physiol 1992; 450:643-72. [PMID: 1359126 PMCID: PMC1176143 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp019148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Activation and desensitization of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors were studied in large outside-out patches excised from cultured embryonic neurones dissociated from mouse forebrain. The patches were exposed to rapid changes of NMDA or L-glutamate concentrations in the presence of glycine at concentrations (10-20 microM) saturating the modulatory site of the NMDA receptor. 2. Immediately after formation of the patch the responses to NMDA and L-glutamate showed a slow and small desensitization, even with high concentrations of agonist. During the following hour, the peak response either decreased or remained relatively stable, but in all cases the desensitization increased and accelerated until it stabilized. In this 'stabilized' state, the desensitization produced by high concentrations of NMDA (1 mM) or L-glutamate (300 microM) had an exponential time course, with a time constant of about 30 ms. The ratio of the peak over the steady-state current was in the order of 40 for NMDA and about 30 for L-glutamate. 3. Concentration-response curves were built for the peak and the plateau responses, for NMDA and for L-glutamate. The comparison of these curves indicated that (i) the EC50 of the peak (K(app) was always higher than the EC50 of the plateau (Kss); (ii) the two EC50 values for NMDA (K(app) and Kss) were higher than those for L-glutamate; (iii) the Hill coefficient was close to 1.4 for each of the four curves. 4. The application of NMDA or L-glutamate at a low concentration for 3 s periods reduced the response to a subsequent application of the same agonist at a saturating concentration. The IC50 of this 'predesensitization', termed Kpre, was lower than the EC50 of the steady-state response, Kss. 5. The onset rates of desensitization increased with the concentration of agonist. The EC50 of this relation was close to the value of K(app). 6. The decay of the currents at the end of a 3 s application of agonist was usually well described by the sum of two exponentials both of which were faster for NMDA than for L-glutamate. 7. The recovery from desensitization after a long (3 s) pulse of agonist was approximately exponential, with a time constant of about 0.5 s for NMDA and about 3.5 s for L-glutamate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sather
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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