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Medeiros AC, Medeiros P, Pigatto GR, Maione S, Coimbra NC, de Freitas RL. Cannabidiol in the dorsal hippocampus attenuates emotional and cognitive impairments related to neuropathic pain: The role of prelimbic neocortex-hippocampal connections. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111039. [PMID: 38797491 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic neuropathic pain (NP) is commonly associated with cognitive and emotional impairments. Cannabidiol (CBD) presents a broad spectrum of action with a potential analgesic effect. This work investigates the CBD effect on comorbidity between chronic NP, depression, and memory impairment. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The connection between the neocortex and the hippocampus was investigated with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) deposits in the prelimbic cortex (PrL). Wistar rats were submitted to chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve and CA1 treatment with CBD (15, 30, 60 nmol). KEY RESULTS BDA-labeled perikarya and terminal buttons were found in CA1 and dentate gyrus. CCI-induced mechanical and cold allodynia increased c-Fos protein expression in the PrL and CA1. The number of astrocytes in PrL and CA1 increased, and the number of neuroblasts decreased in CA1. Animals submitted to CCI procedure showed increasing depressive-like behaviors, such as memory impairment. CBD (60 nmol) treatment decreased mechanical and cold allodynia, attenuated depressive-associated behaviors, and improved memory performance. Cobalt chloride (CoCl2: 1 nM), WAY-100635 (0.37 nmol), and AM251 (100 nmol) intra-PrL reversed the effect of CA1 treatment with CBD (60 nmol) on nociceptive, cognitive, and depressive behaviors. CONCLUSION CBD represents a promising therapeutic perspective in the pharmacological treatment of chronic NP and associated comorbidities such as depression and memory impairments. The CBD effects possibly recruit the CA1-PrL pathway, inducing neuroplasticity. CBD acute treatment into the CA1 produces functional and molecular morphological improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Medeiros
- Multi-User Center of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, FMRP-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Av. do Café, 2450, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14050-220, Brazil
| | - Priscila Medeiros
- Multi-User Center of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, FMRP-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, FMRP-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Department of General and Specialized Nursing, Ribeirão Preto Nursing School of the University of São Paulo (EERP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Glauce Regina Pigatto
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, FMRP-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Multi-User Center of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, FMRP-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Av. do Café, 2450, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14050-220, Brazil
| | - Renato Leonardo de Freitas
- Multi-User Center of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, FMRP-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Av. do Café, 2450, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14050-220, Brazil; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy.
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2
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Miller JA, Constantinidis C. Timescales of learning in prefrontal cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41583-024-00836-8. [PMID: 38937654 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in humans and other primates is critical for immediate, goal-directed behaviour and working memory, which are classically considered distinct from the cognitive and neural circuits that support long-term learning and memory. Over the past few years, a reconsideration of this textbook perspective has emerged, in that different timescales of memory-guided behaviour are in constant interaction during the pursuit of immediate goals. Here, we will first detail how neural activity related to the shortest timescales of goal-directed behaviour (which requires maintenance of current states and goals in working memory) is sculpted by long-term knowledge and learning - that is, how the past informs present behaviour. Then, we will outline how learning across different timescales (from seconds to years) drives plasticity in the primate lateral PFC, from single neuron firing rates to mesoscale neuroimaging activity patterns. Finally, we will review how, over days and months of learning, dense local and long-range connectivity patterns in PFC facilitate longer-lasting changes in population activity by changing synaptic weights and recruiting additional neural resources to inform future behaviour. Our Review sheds light on how the machinery of plasticity in PFC circuits facilitates the integration of learned experiences across time to best guide adaptive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Miller
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christos Constantinidis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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3
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Hu C, Hasenstaub AR, Schreiner CE. Basic Properties of Coordinated Neuronal Ensembles in the Auditory Thalamus. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1729232024. [PMID: 38561224 PMCID: PMC11079962 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1729-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Coordinated neuronal activity has been identified to play an important role in information processing and transmission in the brain. However, current research predominantly focuses on understanding the properties and functions of neuronal coordination in hippocampal and cortical areas, leaving subcortical regions relatively unexplored. In this study, we use single-unit recordings in female Sprague Dawley rats to investigate the properties and functions of groups of neurons exhibiting coordinated activity in the auditory thalamus-the medial geniculate body (MGB). We reliably identify coordinated neuronal ensembles (cNEs), which are groups of neurons that fire synchronously, in the MGB. cNEs are shown not to be the result of false-positive detections or by-products of slow-state oscillations in anesthetized animals. We demonstrate that cNEs in the MGB have enhanced information-encoding properties over individual neurons. Their neuronal composition is stable between spontaneous and evoked activity, suggesting limited stimulus-induced ensemble dynamics. These MGB cNE properties are similar to what is observed in cNEs in the primary auditory cortex (A1), suggesting that ensembles serve as a ubiquitous mechanism for organizing local networks and play a fundamental role in sensory processing within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Hu
- John & Edward Coleman Memorial Laboratory, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Andrea R Hasenstaub
- John & Edward Coleman Memorial Laboratory, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Christoph E Schreiner
- John & Edward Coleman Memorial Laboratory, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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4
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Wang Y, Wang X, Wang L, Zheng L, Meng S, Zhu N, An X, Wang L, Yang J, Zheng C, Ming D. Dynamic prediction of goal location by coordinated representation of prefrontal-hippocampal theta sequences. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1866-1879.e6. [PMID: 38608677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Prefrontal (PFC) and hippocampal (HPC) sequences of neuronal firing modulated by theta rhythms could represent upcoming choices during spatial memory-guided decision-making. How the PFC-HPC network dynamically coordinates theta sequences to predict specific goal locations and how it is interrupted in memory impairments induced by amyloid beta (Aβ) remain unclear. Here, we detected theta sequences of firing activities of PFC neurons and HPC place cells during goal-directed spatial memory tasks. We found that PFC ensembles exhibited predictive representation of the specific goal location since the starting phase of memory retrieval, earlier than the hippocampus. High predictive accuracy of PFC theta sequences existed during successful memory retrieval and positively correlated with memory performance. Coordinated PFC-HPC sequences showed PFC-dominant prediction of goal locations during successful memory retrieval. Furthermore, we found that theta sequences of both regions still existed under Aβ accumulation, whereas their predictive representation of goal locations was weakened with disrupted spatial representation of HPC place cells and PFC neurons. These findings highlight the essential role of coordinated PFC-HPC sequences in successful memory retrieval of a precise goal location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xueling Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shuang Meng
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Nan Zhu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xingwei An
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Statistics and Data Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin 300072, China; Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Chenguang Zheng
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin 300072, China; Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin 300072, China; Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration, Tianjin 300072, China.
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5
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Lopez MR, Wasberg SMH, Gagliardi CM, Normandin ME, Muzzio IA. Mystery of the memory engram: History, current knowledge, and unanswered questions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 159:105574. [PMID: 38331127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The quest to understand the memory engram has intrigued humans for centuries. Recent technological advances, including genetic labelling, imaging, optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques, have propelled the field of memory research forward. These tools have enabled researchers to create and erase memory components. While these innovative techniques have yielded invaluable insights, they often focus on specific elements of the memory trace. Genetic labelling may rely on a particular immediate early gene as a marker of activity, optogenetics may activate or inhibit one specific type of neuron, and imaging may capture activity snapshots in a given brain region at specific times. Yet, memories are multifaceted, involving diverse arrays of neuronal subpopulations, circuits, and regions that work in concert to create, store, and retrieve information. Consideration of contributions of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons, micro and macro circuits across brain regions, the dynamic nature of active ensembles, and representational drift is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the complex nature of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Lopez
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - S M H Wasberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - C M Gagliardi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - M E Normandin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - I A Muzzio
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Sun Y, Takehara-Nishiuchi K. The medial prefrontal cortex leaves the hippocampus when it prepares for the future. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241261833. [PMID: 38872470 PMCID: PMC11179466 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241261833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Our memories help us plan for the future. In some cases, we use memories to repeat the choices that led to preferable outcomes in the past. The success of these memory-guided decisions depends on close interactions between the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. In other cases, we need to use our memories to deduce hidden connections between the present and past situations to decide the best choice of action based on the expected outcome. Our recent study investigated neural underpinnings of such inferential decisions by monitoring neural activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in rats. We identified several neural activity patterns indicating awake memory trace reactivation and restructuring of functional connectivity among multiple neurons. We also found that these patterns occurred concurrently with the ongoing hippocampal activity when rats recalled past events but not when they planned new adaptive actions. Here, we discussed how these computational properties might contribute to success in inferential decision-making and propose a working model on how the medial prefrontal cortex changes its interaction with the hippocampus depending on whether it reflects on the past or looks into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiong Sun
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kaori Takehara-Nishiuchi
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Wingert JC, Ramos JD, Reynolds SX, Gonzalez AE, Rose RM, Hegarty DM, Aicher SA, Bailey LG, Brown TE, Abbas AI, Sorg BA. Perineuronal nets in the rat medial prefrontal cortex alter hippocampal-prefrontal oscillations and reshape cocaine self-administration memories. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.05.577568. [PMID: 38370716 PMCID: PMC10871211 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.05.577568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a major contributor to relapse to cocaine in humans and to reinstatement behavior in rodent models of cocaine use disorder. Output from the mPFC is modulated by parvalbumin (PV)-containing fast-spiking interneurons, the majority of which are surrounded by perineuronal nets (PNNs). Here we tested whether chondroitinase ABC (ABC)- mediated removal of PNNs prevented the acquisition or reconsolidation of a cocaine self-administration memory. ABC injections into the dorsal mPFC prior to training attenuated the acquisition of cocaine self-administration. Also, ABC given 3 days prior to but not 1 hr after memory reactivation blocked cue-induced reinstatement. However, reduced reinstatement was present only in rats given a novel reactivation contingency, suggesting that PNNs are required for the updating of a familiar memory. In naive rats, ABC injections into mPFC did not alter excitatory or inhibitory puncta on PV cells but reduced PV intensity. Whole-cell recordings revealed a greater inter-spike interval 1 hr after ABC, but not 3 days later. In vivo recordings from the mPFC and dorsal hippocampus (dHIP) during novel memory reactivation revealed that ABC in the mPFC prevented reward-associated increases in beta and gamma activity as well as phase-amplitude coupling between the dHIP and mPFC. Together, our findings show that PNN removal attenuates the acquisition of cocaine self-administration memories and disrupts reconsolidation of the original memory when combined with a novel reactivation session. Further, reduced dHIP/mPFC coupling after PNN removal may serve as a key biomarker for how to disrupt reconsolidation of cocaine memories and reduce relapse.
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8
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Bai W, Liu Y, Liu A, Xu X, Zheng X, Tian X, Liu T. Hippocampal-prefrontal high-gamma flow during performance of a spatial working memory. Brain Res Bull 2024; 207:110887. [PMID: 38280642 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Working memory refers to a system that provides temporary storage and manipulation of the information necessary for complex cognitive tasks. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC) are major structures contributing to working memory. Accumulating evidence suggests that the HPC-PFC interactions are critical for the successful execution of working memory tasks. Nevertheless, the directional information transmission within the HPC-PFC pathway remains unclear. Using simultaneous multi-electrode recordings, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and ventral hippocampus (vHPC) while the rats performed a spatial working memory task in a Y-maze. The directionality of functional interactions between mPFC and vHPC was assessed using the phase-slope index (PSI). Our findings revealed a frequency-specific oscillatory synchrony in the two regions during the spatial working memory task. Furthermore, an increased high-gamma flow from vHPC to mPFC manifested exclusively during correctly performed trials, not observed during incorrect ones. This suggests that the enhanced high-gamma flow reflects behavioral performance in working memory. Consequently, our results indicate an major role of directional frequency-specific communication in the hippocampal-frontal circuit during spatial working memory, providing a potential mechanism for working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Bai
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yinglong Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Aili Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xuyuan Zheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xin Tian
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Tiaotiao Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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Londei F, Arena G, Ferrucci L, Russo E, Ceccarelli F, Genovesio A. Connecting the dots in the zona incerta: A study of neural assemblies and motifs of inter-area coordination in mice. iScience 2024; 27:108761. [PMID: 38274403 PMCID: PMC10808920 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The zona incerta (ZI), a subthalamic area connected to numerous brain regions, has raised clinical interest because its stimulation alleviates the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. To explore its coordinative nature, we studied the assembly formation in a dataset of neural recordings in mice and quantified the degree of functional coordination of ZI with other 24 brain areas. We found that the ZI is a highly integrative area. The analysis in terms of "loop-like" motifs, directional assemblies composed of three neurons spanning two areas, has revealed reciprocal functional interactions with reentrant signals that, in most cases, start and end with the activation of ZI units. In support of its proposed integrative role, we found that almost one-third of the ZI's neurons formed assemblies with more than half of the other recorded areas and that loop-like assemblies may stand out as hyper-integrative motifs compared to other types of activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Londei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Arena
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ferrucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Russo
- The BioRobotics Institute, Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Ceccarelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Genovesio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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