1
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Sunil S, Beeh S, Stöbbe E, Fischer K, Wilhelm F, Meral A, Paris C, Teasdale L, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Urban M, Aguilar Parras E, Nürnberger T, Weigel D, Lozano-Duran R, El Kasmi F. Activation of an atypical plant NLR with an N-terminal deletion initiates cell death at the vacuole. EMBO Rep 2024:10.1038/s44319-024-00240-4. [PMID: 39242777 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants evolve nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) to induce immunity. Activated coiled-coil (CC) domain containing NLRs (CNLs) oligomerize and form apparent cation channels promoting calcium influx and cell death, with the alpha-1 helix of the individual CC domains penetrating the plasma membranes. Some CNLs are characterized by putative N-myristoylation and S-acylation sites in their CC domain, potentially mediating permanent membrane association. Whether activated Potentially Membrane Localized NLRs (PMLs) mediate cell death and calcium influx in a similar way is unknown. We uncovered the cell-death function at the vacuole of an atypical but conserved Arabidopsis PML, PML5, which has a significant deletion in its CCG10/GA domain. Active PML5 oligomers localize in Golgi membranes and the tonoplast, alter vacuolar morphology, and induce cell death, with the short N-terminus being sufficient. Mutant analysis supports a potential role of PMLs in plant immunity. PML5-like deletions are found in several Brassicales paralogs, pointing to the evolutionary importance of this innovation. PML5, with its minimal CC domain, represents the first identified CNL utilizing vacuolar-stored calcium for cell death induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Sunil
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Beeh
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eva Stöbbe
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Fischer
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Wilhelm
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aron Meral
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Celia Paris
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luisa Teasdale
- Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zhihao Jiang
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Urban
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Aguilar Parras
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rosa Lozano-Duran
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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2
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Cheng YT, Thireault CA, Zhang L, Paasch BC, Sohrabi R, He SY. Roles of microbiota in autoimmunity in Arabidopsis leaves. NATURE PLANTS 2024:10.1038/s41477-024-01779-9. [PMID: 39242981 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, researchers have isolated plant mutants that show constitutively activated defence responses in the absence of pathogen infection. These mutants are called autoimmune mutants and are typically dwarf and/or bearing chlorotic/necrotic lesions. Here, from a genetic screen for Arabidopsis genes involved in maintaining a normal leaf microbiota, we identified TIP GROWTH DEFECTIVE 1 (TIP1), which encodes an S-acyltransferase, as a key player in guarding leaves against abnormal microbiota level and composition under high-humidity conditions. The tip1 mutant has several characteristic phenotypes of classical autoimmune mutants, including a dwarf stature, showing lesions, and having a high basal level of defence gene expression. Gnotobiotic experiments revealed that the autoimmune phenotypes of the tip1 mutant are largely dependent on the presence of microbiota as axenic tip1 plants have markedly reduced autoimmune phenotypes. We found that the microbiota dependency of autoimmune phenotypes is shared by several 'lesion mimic'-type autoimmune mutants in Arabidopsis. It is worth noting that autoimmune phenotypes caused by mutations in two Nucleotide-Binding, Leucine-Rich Repeat (NLR) genes do not require the presence of microbiota and can even be partially alleviated by microbiota. Our results therefore suggest the existence of at least two classes of autoimmunity (microbiota-dependent versus microbiota-independent) in plants. The observed interplay between autoimmunity and microbiota in the lesion mimic class of autoimmunity is reminiscent of the interactions between autoimmunity and dysbiosis in the animal kingdom. These parallels highlight the intricate relationship between host immunity and microbial communities across various biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ti Cheng
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Caitlin A Thireault
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bradley C Paasch
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Reza Sohrabi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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3
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Xiang X, Wan ZY, Zhang S, Feng QN, Li SW, Yin GM, Zhi JY, Liang X, Ma T, Li S, Zhang Y. Arabidopsis class A S-acyl transferases modify the pollen receptors LIP1 and PRK1 to regulate pollen tube guidance. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3419-3434. [PMID: 38635962 PMCID: PMC11371148 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Protein S-acylation catalyzed by protein S-acyl transferases (PATs) is a reversible lipid modification regulating protein targeting, stability, and interaction profiles. PATs are encoded by large gene families in plants, and many proteins including receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) and receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are subject to S-acylation. However, few PATs have been assigned substrates, and few S-acylated proteins have known upstream enzymes. We report that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) class A PATs redundantly mediate pollen tube guidance and participate in the S-acylation of POLLEN RECEPTOR KINASE1 (PRK1) and LOST IN POLLEN TUBE GUIDANCE1 (LIP1), a critical RLK or RLCK for pollen tube guidance, respectively. PAT1, PAT2, PAT3, PAT4, and PAT8, collectively named PENTAPAT for simplicity, are enriched in pollen and show similar subcellular distribution. Functional loss of PENTAPAT reduces seed set due to male gametophytic defects. Specifically, pentapat pollen tubes are compromised in directional growth. We determine that PRK1 and LIP1 interact with PENTAPAT, and their S-acylation is reduced in pentapat pollen. The plasma membrane (PM) association of LIP1 is reduced in pentapat pollen, whereas point mutations reducing PRK1 S-acylation affect its affinity with its interacting proteins. Our results suggest a key role of S-acylation in pollen tube guidance through modulating PM receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wan
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Shuzhan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Qiang-Nan Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Shan-Wei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Gui-Min Yin
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing-Yu Zhi
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ting Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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4
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Zhang X, Thomas GM. Recruitment, regulation, and release: Control of signaling enzyme localization and function by reversible S-acylation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107696. [PMID: 39168183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
An ever-growing number of studies highlight the importance of S-acylation, a reversible protein-lipid modification, for diverse aspects of intracellular signaling. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how S-acylation regulates perhaps the best-known class of signaling enzymes, protein kinases. We describe how S-acylation acts as a membrane targeting signal that localizes certain kinases to specific membranes, and how such membrane localization in turn facilitates the assembly of signaling hubs consisting of an S-acylated kinase's upstream activators and/or downstream targets. We further discuss recent findings that S-acylation can control additional aspects of the function of certain kinases, including their interactions and, surprisingly, their activity, and how such regulation might be exploited for potential therapeutic gain. We go on to describe the roles and regulation of de-S-acylases and how extracellular signals drive dynamic (de)S-acylation of certain kinases. We discuss how S-acylation has the potential to lead to "emergent properties" that alter the temporal profile and/or salience of intracellular signaling events. We close by giving examples of other S-acylation-dependent classes of signaling enzymes and by discussing how recent biological and technological advances should facilitate future studies into the functional roles of S-acylation-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Neural Sciences, Center for Neural Development and Repair, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gareth M Thomas
- Department of Neural Sciences, Center for Neural Development and Repair, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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5
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Kurtović K, Schmidt V, Petrášek J. Keeping D6PK polar. NATURE PLANTS 2024:10.1038/s41477-024-01766-0. [PMID: 39143235 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kurtović
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Schmidt
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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6
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Jaillais Y, Bayer E, Bergmann DC, Botella MA, Boutté Y, Bozkurt TO, Caillaud MC, Germain V, Grossmann G, Heilmann I, Hemsley PA, Kirchhelle C, Martinière A, Miao Y, Mongrand S, Müller S, Noack LC, Oda Y, Ott T, Pan X, Pleskot R, Potocky M, Robert S, Rodriguez CS, Simon-Plas F, Russinova E, Van Damme D, Van Norman JM, Weijers D, Yalovsky S, Yang Z, Zelazny E, Gronnier J. Guidelines for naming and studying plasma membrane domains in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:1172-1183. [PMID: 39134664 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Biological membranes play a crucial role in actively hosting, modulating and coordinating a wide range of molecular events essential for cellular function. Membranes are organized into diverse domains giving rise to dynamic molecular patchworks. However, the very definition of membrane domains has been the subject of continuous debate. For example, in the plant field, membrane domains are often referred to as nanodomains, nanoclusters, microdomains, lipid rafts, membrane rafts, signalling platforms, foci or liquid-ordered membranes without any clear rationale. In the context of plant-microbe interactions, microdomains have sometimes been used to refer to the large area at the plant-microbe interface. Some of these terms have partially overlapping meanings at best, but they are often used interchangeably in the literature. This situation generates much confusion and limits conceptual progress. There is thus an urgent need for us as a scientific community to resolve these semantic and conceptual controversies by defining an unambiguous nomenclature of membrane domains. In this Review, experts in the field get together to provide explicit definitions of plasma membrane domains in plant systems and experimental guidelines for their study. We propose that plasma membrane domains should not be considered on the basis of their size alone but rather according to the biological system being considered, such as the local membrane environment or the entire cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Marie-Cecile Caillaud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Germain
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, CEPLAS Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Piers A Hemsley
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Martinière
- IPSiM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sabine Müller
- Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lise C Noack
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yoshihisa Oda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Thomas Ott
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xue Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Potocky
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Clara Sanchez Rodriguez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | | | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jaimie M Van Norman
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Enric Zelazny
- IPSiM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Gronnier
- NanoSignaling Lab, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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7
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Liu F, Lu JY, Li S, Zhang Y. Protein S-acylation, a new panacea for plant fitness. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39056533 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Protein S-acylation or palmitoylation is a reversible post-translational modification that influences many proteins encoded in plant genomes. Exciting progress in the past 3 years demonstrates that S-acylation modulates subcellular localization, interacting profiles, activity, or turnover of substrate proteins in plants, participating in developmental processes and responses to abiotic or biotic stresses. In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of S-acylation in the targeting of substrate proteins. We highlight complex roles of S-acylation in receptor signaling. We also point out that feedbacks of protein S-acyl transferase by signaling initiated from their substrate proteins may be a recurring theme. Finally, the reversibility of S-acylation makes it a rapid and efficient way to respond to environmental cues. Future efforts on exploring these important aspects of S-acylation will give a better understanding of how plants enhance their fitness under ever changing and often harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jin-Yu Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Sha Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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8
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Li W, Ye T, Ye W, Liang J, Wang W, Han D, Liu X, Huang L, Ouyang Y, Liao J, Chen T, Yang C, Lai J. S-acylation of a non-secreted peptide controls plant immunity via secreted-peptide signal activation. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:489-505. [PMID: 38177916 PMCID: PMC10897394 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Small peptides modulate multiple processes in plant cells, but their regulation by post-translational modification remains unclear. ROT4 (ROTUNDIFOLIA4) belongs to a family of Arabidopsis non-secreted small peptides, but knowledge on its molecular function and how it is regulated is limited. Here, we find that ROT4 is S-acylated in plant cells. S-acylation is an important form of protein lipidation, yet so far it has not been reported to regulate small peptides in plants. We show that this modification is essential for the plasma membrane association of ROT4. Overexpression of S-acylated ROT4 results in a dramatic increase in immune gene expression. S-acylation of ROT4 enhances its interaction with BSK5 (BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE 5) to block the association between BSK5 and PEPR1 (PEP RECEPTOR1), a receptor kinase for secreted plant elicitor peptides (PEPs), thereby activating immune signaling. Phenotype analysis indicates that S-acylation is necessary for ROT4 functions in pathogen resistance, PEP response, and the regulation of development. Collectively, our work reveals an important role for S-acylation in the cross-talk of non-secreted and secreted peptide signaling in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Tushu Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Weixian Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jieyi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Danlu Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xiaoshi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Liting Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Youwei Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jianwei Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Tongsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Jianbin Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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9
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Quinn O, Kumar M, Turner S. The role of lipid-modified proteins in cell wall synthesis and signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:51-66. [PMID: 37682865 PMCID: PMC10756762 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a complex and dynamic extracellular matrix. Plant primary cell walls are the first line of defense against pathogens and regulate cell expansion. Specialized cells deposit a secondary cell wall that provides support and permits water transport. The composition and organization of the cell wall varies between cell types and species, contributing to the extensibility, stiffness, and hydrophobicity required for its proper function. Recently, many of the proteins involved in the biosynthesis, maintenance, and remodeling of the cell wall have been identified as being post-translationally modified with lipids. These modifications exhibit diverse structures and attach to proteins at different sites, which defines the specific role played by each lipid modification. The introduction of relatively hydrophobic lipid moieties promotes the interaction of proteins with membranes and can act as sorting signals, allowing targeted delivery to the plasma membrane regions and secretion into the apoplast. Disruption of lipid modification results in aberrant deposition of cell wall components and defective cell wall remodeling in response to stresses, demonstrating the essential nature of these modifications. Although much is known about which proteins bear lipid modifications, many questions remain regarding the contribution of lipid-driven membrane domain localization and lipid heterogeneity to protein function in cell wall metabolism. In this update, we highlight the contribution of lipid modifications to proteins involved in the formation and maintenance of plant cell walls, with a focus on the addition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, N-myristoylation, prenylation, and S-acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Quinn
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon Turner
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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