S-acylation of YKT61 modulates its unconventional participation in the formation of SNARE complexes in Arabidopsis

Hetero-tetrameric soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) complexes are critical for vesicle-target membrane fusion within the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells. SNARE assembly involves four different SNARE motifs, Qa, Qb, Qc, and R, provided by three or four SNARE proteins. YKT6 is an atypical R-SNARE that lacks a transmembrane domain and is involved in multiple vesicle-target membrane fusions. Although YKT6 is evolutionarily conserved and essential, its function and regulation in different phyla seem distinct. Arabidopsis YKT61, the yeast and metazoan YKT6 homolog, is essential for gametophytic development, plays a critical role in sporophytic cells, and mediates multiple vesicle-target membrane fusion. However, its molecular regulation is unclear. We report here that YKT61 is S-acylated. Abolishing its S-acylation by a C195S mutation dissociates YKT61 from endomembrane structures and causes its functional loss. Although interacting with various SNARE proteins, YKT61 functions not as a canonical R-SNARE but coordinates with other R-SNAREs to participates in the formation of SNARE complexes. Phylum-specific molecular regulation of YKT6 may be evolved to allow more efficient SNARE-assembly in different eukaryotic cells.

Are vacuolar dynamics crucial factors for plant cell division and differentiation?

Vacuoles are the largest membrane-bound organelles in plant cells, critical for development and environmental responses. Vacuolar dynamics indicate reversible changes of vacuoles in morphology, size, or numbers. In this review, we summarize current understandings of vacuolar dynamics in different types of plant cells, biological processes associated with vacuolar dynamics, and regulators controlling vacuolar dynamics. Specifically, we point out the possibility that vacuolar dynamics play key roles in cell division and differentiation, which are controlled by the nucleus. Finally, we propose three routes through which vacuolar dynamics actively participate in nucleus-controlled cellular activities.

Arabidopsis protein S-acyl transferases positively mediate BR signaling through S-acylation of BSK1

Protein S-acyl transferases (PATs) catalyze S-acylation, a reversible post-translational modification critical for membrane association, trafficking, and stability of substrate proteins. Many plant proteins are potentially S-acylated but few have corresponding PATs identified. By using genomic editing, confocal imaging, pharmacological, genetic, and biochemical assays, we demonstrate that three Arabidopsis class C PATs positively regulate BR signaling through S-acylation of BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE1 (BSK1). PAT19, PAT20, and PAT22 associate with the plasma membrane (PM) and the trans-Golgi network/early endosome (TGN/EE). Functional loss of all three genes results in a plethora of defects, indicative of reduced BR signaling and rescued by enhanced BR signaling. PAT19, PAT20, and PAT22 interact with BSK1 and are critical for the S-acylation of BSK1, and for BR signaling. The PM abundance of BSK1 was reduced by functional loss of PAT19, PAT20, and PAT22 whereas abolished by its S-acylation-deficient point mutations, suggesting a key role of S-acylation in its PM targeting. Finally, an active BR analog induces vacuolar trafficking and degradation of PAT19, PAT20, or PAT22, suggesting that the S-acylation of BSK1 by the three PATs serves as a negative feedback module in BR signaling.

[System analysis of the ecological distribution of bacteriophages in hospital wastewater]

Phage therapy is one of the most important tools for the treatment of infections with multi-drug resistant bacteria. Such phages are usually isolated from hospital effluents, however, no systematic study on the distribution of phages in hospital effluents has been conducted so far. The aim of this study was to isolate the corresponding phages of common pathogenic bacteria isolated in the clinic as hosts, so as to assess the ecological distribution of phages in hospital wastewater and to provide a reference for the isolation and application of phages of drug-resistant bacteria in the clinic. A cross-sectional study design was used in this study. The 125 pathogenic bacteria (belonging to 16 different strains) isolated from the clinical microbiology laboratory of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from May to June 2023 were selected as the target strains, and the phages corresponding to these strains were isolated and purified from the hospital wastewater by using the double-layer plate sandwich method. At the same time, the distribution of pathogenic bacteria in the same batch of wastewater was analyzed with the help of mNGS sequencing technology, so as to preliminarily investigate the abundance correspondence between pathogenic bacteria and phages in wastewater. The results showed that a total of 56 phage strains were isolated from 125 clinical pathogens as hosts, corresponding to six pathogens, including Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. All six pathogenic bacteria contained strains with different degrees of drug resistance, with a higher percentage of multi-drug resistant strains in A. baumannii, Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa. The phage acquisition rates of these six pathogens were, in descending order, Escherichia coli (80%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (75%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (70%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (66.67%), Acinetobacter baumannii (36.36%) and Staphylococcus aureus (12.5%). Preliminary mNGS sequencing results showed that the pathogenic bacteria with higher abundance in the batch of effluent were Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella michiganensis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In conclusion, phages of most common clinical Gram-negative pathogens were isolated from hospital wastewater with high isolation rates; however, phages of Gram-positive pathogens were isolated at lower rates, and only phages corresponding to Staphylococcus aureus were isolated in this study. The corresponding mNGS sequencing results showed that the distribution of Gram-negative pathogens in sewage may had a positive correlation with the ecological distribution of phages.

[Comparison of the anorectal function before and after neoadjuvant radiotherapy in mid-low rectal cancer: a retrospective observational study from single center]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of neoadjuvant radiotherapy on anorectal function of patients with mid-low rectal cancer by means of high-resolution anorectal manometry. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. Information on patients with mid-low rectal cancer was collected from the prospective registry database of Rectal Cancer at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) from June 2020 to April 2023. Anorectal functions were detected using three-dimensional high-resolution manometry system. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with the changed anorectal manometry. Results: A total of 45 patients with mid-low rectal cancer were included in the study. Thirty-two (71.1%) patients were male, 13 (28.9%) patients were female. The mean age was 60±11 years, and the mean BMI was 23.4±3.7 kg/m2. The mean distance between the lower edge of the tumor and the anal verge was 5.4±1.5 cm. The median size of the tumor was 3.4 (2.9-4.5) cm, and the median circumferential extent of the tumor was 66.0 (45.5-75.0) %. 41 (81.1%) patients were MRI T3-4 and 40 (88.9%) patients were MRI N positive. The resting pressure has a decreasing trend after neoadjuvant radiotherapy (55.3±32.0 mmHg vs. 48.0±28.5 mmHg, t=1.930, P=0.060). There was no significant change in maximum squeezing and the length of the high-pressure zone after neoadjuvant radiotherapy. All volumes describing rectal sensitivity (first sensation, desire to defecate, and maximum tolerance) were lower after neoadjuvant radiotherapy. And maximum tolerance was significantly lower (66.0 [49.0,88.0] ml vs. 52.0 [39.0,73.5] ml, Z=-2.481,P=0.013). Univariate analysis demonstrated that the downstage of N-stage was associated with the decrease in maximum tolerance (OR=6.533, 95%CI:1.254-34.051, P=0.026). Conclusion: Neoadjuvant radiotherapy damages anorectal function by decreasing the resting pressure and rectal sensory threshold of patients. The N-stage downstaging was associated with a decrease in maximum tolerance.

[Application and funding status of oral and craniofacial sciences research projects funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China from 2010 to 2021]

Objective: Based on the application and funding status of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) in the field of oral and craniofacial sciences (H15), we analyzed the current status of basic research of the Oral and Craniofacial Sciences (OCS) in China, and provided the references for the sustainable and efficient funding of basic research and scientific frontier exploration in the field, supporting the construction of talents and teams, and enhancing the development of OCS in China. Methods: The data of both applied and funded grants of H15 in NSFC from 2010 to 2021 were analyzed, including the number of applications and funding, the amount of funding, the funding rate, the research direction and the supporting units. The status of basic research of H15 was summarized. Results: From 2010 to 2021, H15 received 15 060 applications and funded 2 569 grants. The overall funding rate of H15 was 17.06%, and the total funding amount was 1 140.305 million yuan. The applications and funded projects of H15 were mainly focused on the General Projects and Youth Science Fund Projects, accounting for 90.33% (13 604/15 060) and 88.71% (2 279/2 569) of the total number of applications and funded projects, and 78.05% (89 002.5/114 030.5) of the total funding amount. In terms of talent training, the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars received 65 applications, and 6 were founded, with a funding rate of 9.23%. The National Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholars received 85 applications, and 13 were founded, with a funding rate of 15.29%. In recent years, the number of applications has gradually increased and the number of grants has remained relatively stable. Among the nine sub-categories of H15, the top three in terms of the number of applications and grants were H1502, H1504, and H1507. H1502 (repair and regeneration of oral and craniofacial tissue and organ defects) received 2 760 applications, and 510 were funded. H1504 (periodontal and oral mucosal diseases) received 2 475 applications, and 419 were funded. H1507 (restoration of tooth defects and loss, and correction of dental deformities) received 2 270 applications, and 367 were funded. Peking University and Sichuan University ranked first and second with 1 092 and 1 001 applications, respectively. The top five recipients were Sichuan University (327 items), Peking University (260 items), Wuhan University (204 items), Shanghai Jiao Tong University (198 items) and the Fourth Military Medical University of the People's Liberation Army (193 items). The funding rates were 32.67%, 23.81%, 23.02%, 21.69% and 29.11%, respectively. Conclusions: Under the support of NSFC, the basic research of oral and craniofacial sciences has been developed in an all-round way. In recent years, the talent training of all echelons has increased year by year, the research direction and geographical coverage is comprehensive, and project support organization has its own research focus and discipline advantages, making contributions to the realization of the goal of healthy China and the progress of world medicine.

[A control study of steroid withdrawal protection strategy after kidney transplantation in children]

Objective: To study the influence of steroid withdrawal protection strategy on height growth in pediatric patients after kidney transplantation. Methods: The prospective cohort study enrolled 40 stage 5 chronic kidney disease children receiving kidney transplantation from July 2017 to September 2022 at Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center. Based on the primary preoperative disease, patients with immune abnormality-associated glomerular diseases or unknown causes were assigned to the steroid maintenance group, in which patients received steroid tapering within 3 months after surgery to a maintenance dose of 2.5 to 5.0 mg/d. While patients with hereditary kidney disease or congenital urinary malformations were assigned to the steroid withdrawal group, in which patients had steroids tapered off within 3 months. The characteristics of height catch-up growth and clinical data were compared between the 2 groups at baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after kidney transplantation. T-test, repeated measurement of variance analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, and Fisher exact test were used for the comparison between the 2 groups. Results: Among the 40 children, 17 were males, 23 were females, 25 were in the steroid withdraw group ((7.8±2.8) years old when receiving kidney transplantation) and 15 cases were in the steroid maintenance group ((7.6±3.5) years old when receiving kidney transplantation). The study population was followed up for (26±12) months. The total dose per unit body weight of steroids in the steroid withdrawal group was lower than that in the steroid maintenance group ((0.13±0.06) vs. (0.36±0.19) mg/(kg·d), t=5.83, P<0.001). The height catch-up rate (ΔHtSDS) in the first year after kidney transplantation in the steroid withdraw and steroid maintenance groups was 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) and 0.4 (0.1, 1.0), respectively; in the second year, the ΔHtSDS in the steroid withdraw group was significantly higher than that in the steroid maintenance group (1.1 (0.2, 1.7) vs. 0.3 (0, 0.8), U=28.00, P=0.039). The HtSDS in the steroid withdrawal group at the five follow-up time points was -2.5±0.8, -2.0±0.8, -1.5±0.8, -1.3±0.9 and -0.5±0.3, respectively, while in the steroid maintenance was -2.4±1.3, -2.2±1.1, -2.0±1.0, -1.8±1.0 and -1.6±1.0, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in HtSDS at different follow-up time points in both 2 groups (F=19.81, P<0.01), but no statistical differences in overall impact between the 2 groups (F=1.13, P=0.204). The steroid treatment was interaction with the increase of follow-up time (F=3.62, P=0.009). At the 24th month after transplantation, the HtSDS in the steroid withdrawal group was significantly higher than that in the steroid maintenance group (P=0.047). Six patients in the steroid withdrawal group experienced antibody-mediated immune rejection (AMR), while 3 did in the steroid maintenance group. Moreover, there was no significant difference in AMR between the two groups (χ2=0.06, P=0.814). Conclusion: The steroid withdrawal protection strategy favors the height catch-up growth in pediatric patients after kidney transplantation and does not increase the risk of postoperative antibody-mediated immune rejection.

[Development and validation of a prognostic prediction model for patients with stage Ⅰ to Ⅲ colon cancer incorporating high-risk pathological features]

Objective: To examine a predictive model that incorporating high risk pathological factors for the prognosis of stage Ⅰ to Ⅲ colon cancer. Methods: This study retrospectively collected clinicopathological information and survival outcomes of stage Ⅰ~Ⅲ colon cancer patients who underwent curative surgery in 7 tertiary hospitals in China from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017. A total of 1 650 patients were enrolled, aged (M(IQR)) 62 (18) years (range: 14 to 100). There were 963 males and 687 females. The median follow-up period was 51 months. The Cox proportional hazardous regression model was utilized to select high-risk pathological factors, establish the nomogram and scoring system. The Bootstrap resampling method was utilized for internal validation of the model, the concordance index (C-index) was used to assess discrimination and calibration curves were presented to assess model calibration. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot survival curves after risk grouping, and Cox regression was used to compare disease-free survival between subgroups. Results: Age (HR=1.020, 95%CI: 1.008 to 1.033, P=0.001), T stage (T3:HR=1.995,95%CI:1.062 to 3.750,P=0.032;T4:HR=4.196, 95%CI: 2.188 to 8.045, P<0.01), N stage (N1: HR=1.834, 95%CI: 1.307 to 2.574, P<0.01; N2: HR=3.970, 95%CI: 2.724 to 5.787, P<0.01) and number of lymph nodes examined (≥36: HR=0.438, 95%CI: 0.242 to 0.790, P=0.006) were independently associated with disease-free survival. The C-index of the scoring model (model 1) based on age, T stage, N stage, and dichotomous variables of the lymph nodes examined (<12 and ≥12) was 0.723, and the C-index of the scoring model (model 2) based on age, T stage, N stage, and multi-categorical variables of the lymph nodes examined (<12, 12 to <24, 24 to <36, and ≥36) was 0.726. A scoring system was established based on age, T stage, N stage, and multi-categorical variables of lymph nodes examined, the 3-year DFS of the low-risk (≤1), middle-risk (2 to 4) and high-risk (≥5) group were 96.3% (n=711), 89.0% (n=626) and 71.4% (n=313), respectively. Statistically significant difference was observed among groups (P<0.01). Conclusions: The number of lymph nodes examined was an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival after curative surgery in patients with stage Ⅰ to Ⅲ colon cancer. Incorporating the number of lymph nodes examined as a multi-categorical variable into the T and N staging system could improve prognostic predictive validity.

[Analysis of influencing factors and clinical value of anterior peritoneal reflection for patients with rectal cancer]

Objectives: To investigate the factors influencing the height of anterior peritoneal reflection (APR) for patients with rectal cancer, and to analyze the relationship between the APR and the lateral lymph node metastasis. Methods: Clinical data of 432 patients with tumor located within and below APR were retrospectively collected from the rectal cancer database at the Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital from August 2020 to September 2022. Ninty-eight non-rectal cancer patients were also enrolled as a control group. There were 308 males and 124 females in the tumor group, aged (M(IQR)) 62 (16) years (range: 24 to 85 years) and 53 males and 45 females in the control group, aged 60 (22) years (range: 27 to 87 years). The APR height, pelvis, and tumor-related parameters were measured by MRI. A multifactor linear regression model was established to analyze the dependent correlation factors of APR height. These factors of the two groups were matched by propensity score matching and their APR heights were compared after matching. An ordinal Logistic regression model was established to explore the relationship between APR-related parameters and radiographic lateral lymph node metastasis. Results: The APR height of the tumor group was (98.7±14.4) mm (range: 43.3 to 154.0 mm) and the control group was (95.1±12.7) mm (range: 68.0 to 137.9 mm). Multivariable linear regression revealed that the greater the weight (B=0.519, 95%CI: 0.399 to 0.640, P<0.01), the anterior pelvic depth (B=0.109, 95%CI: 0.005 to 0.213, P=0.039) and the smaller the bi-ischial diameter (B=-0.172, 95%CI:-0.294 to -0.049, P=0.006), the higher the APR height. The tumor group had a higher APR height than the control group after propensity score matching ((98.3±14.2) mm vs. (95.1±12.7) mm, t=-1.992, P=0.047). Ordinal Logistic regression indicated that the longer segment of the tumor invade the nonperitoneal rectum was an independent influencing factor of radiographic lateral lymph node metastasis (OR=1.016, 95%CI: 1.002 to 1.030, P=0.021), while the distance between the anal verge and the tumor was not (OR=0.986, 95%CI: 0.972 to 1.000, P=0.058). Conclusions: The higher the weight, the deeper and narrower the pelvis, the higher the APR height. There is a certain relationship between APR and lateral lymph node metastasis on imaging.

[Efficacy and safety of ultra rapid lispro in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled clinical trial]

Objective: To evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of ultra-rapid lispro insulin (URLi) and humalog lispro (HL) in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This was an international multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled study. From May 2019 to January 2021, a total of 481 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who had been using insulin for at least 90 days and had poor glycemic control, were included. These patients were recruited from 34 research centers in China, including Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital. They were assigned to either the URLi group (319 patients) or the HL group (162 patients) using stratified blocked randomization. The primary endpoint was the change in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) relative to baseline after 26 weeks of treatment. Secondary endpoints included the proportion of patients who achieved HbA1c<7.0% and ≤6.5% after 26 weeks of treatment, 1-h postprandial glucose (1hPG) or 2-h postprandial glucose (2hPG) excursions during a mixed meal tolerance test at week 26, as well as safety parameters. Continuous variables were compared using mixed model repeated measures or analysis of covariance, and categorical variables were compared using logistic regression or Fisher's exact test. Results: Data based on the Chinese subgroup showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the URLi and HL groups in terms of male percentage [56.1% (179/319) vs. 56.2% (91/162); P=0.990], age [(59.5±8.4) vs. (59.6±9.3) years; P=0.839] and other baseline characteristics. Regarding the change in HbA1c relative to baseline, the URLi group was non-inferior to the HL group (-0.59%±0.05% vs. -0.66%±0.06%; P=0.312). There were no statistically significant differences between the URLi and HL groups in proportion of patients who achieved HbA1c<7.0% [47.3% (138/292) vs. 45.2% (70/155); P=0.907] and≤6.5% [27.7% (81/292) vs. 27.7% (43/155); P=0.816]. The excursions in 1hPG [(6.20±0.21) vs. (6.90±0.25) mmol/L; P=0.001] and 2hPG [(8.10±0.27) vs. (9.30±0.31) mmol/L; P<0.001] were lower in the URLi group than the HL group, with statistically significant differences. In terms of safety, there were no statistically significant differences in the percentage of subjects who reported treatment-emergent adverse events between the URLi and HL groups [49.8% (159/319) vs. 50.0% (81/162); P=1.000]. The event rate of nocturnal hypoglycemia was lower in the URLi group than the HL group, with statistically significant differences [(0.53±0.10) vs. (0.89±0.16) events per patient-year; P=0.040]. Conclusions: With good glycemic control, URLi showed non-inferiority for HbA1c improvement versus HL and was superior to HL for postprandial glucose excursion control. Meanwhile the rate and incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia were lower in the URLi group than the HL group.

[Safety and feasibility of right colectomy via a transvaginal approach: early experience from a single center]

Objective: To investigate the safety and feasibility of performing right colectomy via a transvaginal approach. Methods: This was a retrospeltive cohort study. Data of 30 patients who had undergone transvaginal laparoscopic right colectomy (transvaginal group) and 23 women who had undergone laparoscopic right colectomy (laparoscopic group) from January 2019 to March 2022 in the Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital were collected retrospectively. The inclusion criteria for the transvaginal group were as follows: (1) post-menopausal woman; (2) transverse diameter of the tumor < 6 cm; and (3) diagnosis of benign polyps that were unresectable by endoscopy, mucinous tumors of the appendix, or confirmed right colon cancer not requiring D3 lymphadenectomy. The inclusion criteria for the laparoscopic group were as follows: (1) pathologically confirmed adenocarcinoma or high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia; (2) lesion located from the cecum to the right third of the transverse colon; and (3) clinically stage T1-4NanyM0. The exclusion criteria for the laparoscopic group were as follows: (1) distant metastasis discovered during surgical exploration; (2) multiple organ resection required or R0 resection not possible; or (3) conversion to open surgery required. Safety was evaluated on the basis of intra- and post-operative complications. Feasibility was assessed by postoperative recovery and quality of operative specimen. The body mass index was lower in the transvaginal than the laparoscopic group (22.0±3.1 kg/m2 vs. 24.1±2.6 kg/m2, t=2.617, P=0.012). Results: Among the 30 transvaginal laparoscopic right colectomies, 26 were pure transvaginal surgeries, three required laparoscopic assistance because of difficulties with anastomosis (n=2) or abdominal adhesions (n=1), and one required conversion to laparoscopic surgery because of vascular injury. Compared with the laparoscopic group, the transvaginal group had a longer surgery time (175.0 [147.5, 216.3] minutes vs. 120.0 [100.0, 120.0] minutes, U=63.000, P<0.001) and more blood loss (30.0 [10.0, 50.0] ml vs. 23.0 [10.0, 20.0] ml, U=208.000, P=0.011). The incidence of intraoperative complications (16.7% [5/30) vs. 0, P=0.061] was comparable between the two groups. In the transvaginal group, the sites of intraoperative injuries were bladder (n=3), ileocecal artery (n=1), and right uterine artery (n=1). The incidence of postoperative complications (20.0% [6/30] vs. 17.4% [4/23], χ2<0.001,P>0.999) was also comparable between the two groups. Clavien-Dindo grade III postoperative complications occurred in two patients in the transvaginal group (one patient had a pelvic hematoma that required embolization; the other had a vesico-vaginal fistula that required surgery). Postoperative visual analogue scale scores were significantly lower (P<0.001) in the transvaginal group. Times to first flatus, ambulation, and first intake and duration of postoperative hospital stay were comparable between the two groups (P>0.05). The proportion of specimens of moderate quality was 83.3% (25/30) in the transvaginal group and 100% (23/23) in the laparoscopic group; this difference is not significant (P=0.061). Among patients who underwent D2 lymph node dissection, the number of lymph nodes examined was comparable between the transvaginal (n=23) and laparoscopic groups (n=7) (18 [15, 27] vs. 20 [16, 29], U=69.500, P=0.589). Conclusion: Transvaginal right colon surgery is associated with less postoperative pain than laparoscopic surgery, but is not yet the preferred alternative because of the incidence of surgical complications.

Energy transfer across magnetopause under dawn-dusk IMFs

A parametric study on the energy transfer of the solar wind across the magnetopause entering the magnetosphere is conducted using a global magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulation. The characteristics of the mechanical and electromagnetic energy distribution under the dawn-dusk interplanetary magnetic fields (IMFs) are investigated by analyzing magnetic reconnection and viscous effect, and compared with the radial and north-south IMFs. It is shown that (1) the interactions at the magnetopause and the transfer of energy across this boundary move in relation to the IMF orientation. (2) For the duskward IMF, the mechanical energy flow clearly enters the equatorial and low-latitude regions on the dayside, and the electromagnetic energy flow has a small inflow on the equatorial and low latitudes of the dayside. A significant energy inflow appears on the dawn side in the northern hemisphere and the dusk side in the southern hemisphere near the polar cusp. (3) The energy distribution characteristics across the magnetopause under dawn-dusk IMFs are mirror symmetric about the [Formula: see text] plane. (4) For a magnetic field of 5 nT, the electromagnetic energy input under the dawn-dusk IMFs is twice as large as the mechanical energy and the electromagnetic energy under the radial IMF, which is five times as large as the electromagnetic energy during the pure northward IMF, but only half as large as the electromagnetic energy under the pure southward IMF. The mechanical energy input under dawn-dusk IMFs has the same magnitude as that under radial and north-south IMFs. The magnitude of the energy transfer rate for the dawn IMF and dusk IMF (about 3.5%) is between 1.71% for the northward IMF and 4.95% for the southward IMF, but higher than 2.22% for the radial IMF. The Akasofu-type energy-coupling formula, [Formula: see text], underestimates the energy input from the solar wind under [Formula: see text] dominated IMF.

[Predictive value of MRI pelvic measurements for "difficult pelvis" during total mesorectal excision]

Objective: Total mesorectal resection (TME) is difficult to perform for rectal cancer patients with anatomical confines of the pelvis or thick mesorectal fat. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of pelvic dimensions to predict the difficulty of TME, and establish a nomogram for predicting its difficulty. Methods: The inclusion criteria for this retrospective study were as follows: (1) tumor within 15 cm of the anal verge; (2) rectal cancer confirmed by preoperative pathological examination; (3) adequate preoperative MRI data; (4) depth of tumor invasion T1-4a; and (5) grade of surgical difficulty available. Patients who had undergone non-TME surgery were excluded. A total of 88 patients with rectal cancer who underwent TME between March 2019 and November 2021 were eligible for this study. The system for scaling difficulty was as follows: Grade I, easy procedure, no difficulties; Grade II, difficult procedure, but no impact on specimen quality (complete TME); Grade III, difficult procedure, with a slight impact on specimen quality (near-complete TME); Grade IV: very difficult procedure, with remarkable impact on specimen quality (incomplete TME). We classified Grades I-II as no surgical difficulty and grades III-IV as surgical difficulty. Pelvic parameters included pelvic inlet length, anteroposterior length of the mid-pelvis, pelvic outlet length, pubic tubercle height, sacral length, sacral depth, distance from the pubis to the pelvic floor, anterior pelvic depth, interspinous distance, and inter-tuberosity distance. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with the difficulty of TME, and a nomogram predicting the difficulty of the procedure was established. Results: The study cohort comprised 88 patients, 30 (34.1%) of whom were classified as having undergone difficult procedures and 58 (65.9%) non-difficult procedures. The median age was 64 years (56-70), 51 patients were male and 64 received neoadjuvant therapy. The median pelvic inlet length, anteroposterior length of the mid-pelvis, pelvic outlet length, pubic tubercle height, sacral length, sacral depth, distance from the pubis to the pelvic floor, anterior pelvic depth, interspinous distance, and inter-tuberosity distance were 12.0 cm, 11.0 cm, 8.6 cm, 4.9 cm, 12.6 cm, 3.7 cm, 3.0 cm, 13.3 cm, 10.2 cm, and 12.2 cm, respectively. Multivariable analyses showed that preoperative chemoradiotherapy (OR=4.97,95% CI: 1.25-19.71, P=0.023), distance between the tumor and the anal verge (OR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.02-1.67, P=0.035) and pubic tubercle height (OR=3.36, 95% CI: 1.56-7.25, P=0.002) were associated with surgical difficulty. We then built and validated a predictive nomogram based on the above three variables (AUC = 0.795, 95%CI: 0.696-0.895). Conclusion: Our research demonstrated that our system for scaling surgical difficulty of TME is useful and practical. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy, distance between tumor and anal verge, and pubic tubercle height are risk factors for surgical difficulty. These data may aid surgeons in planning appropriate surgical procedures.

The landscape of systemic therapy for early stage triple negative breast cancer

INTRODUCTION

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer with higher risk of disease recurrence and mortality than other breast cancer subtypes. Historically, chemotherapy has been the primary systemic treatment for early stage TNBC. Recent developments in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and novel therapeutic agents have transformed the treatment of TNBC.

AREAS COVERED

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current evidence on treatment of early stage TNBC. We highlight the incorporation of ICIs and other targeted therapies in (neo)adjuvant treatment and the ongoing development of novel therapeutic agents.

EXPERT OPINION

The landscape of early TNBC treatment is rapidly evolving which has given rise to the introduction of ICIs and PARP inhibitors into the systemic therapy. Despite modest improvement in pathologic complete response (pCR) rate, ICI plus chemotherapy significantly improves long-term outcomes and is now used in (neo)adjuvant treatment of patients with TNBC and high risk for disease recurrence. Capecitabine remains the standard adjuvant treatment for residual disease, with olaparib being an option for patients with germline BRCA1/2 mutations. Early detection of minimal residual disease may identify patients requiring additional therapy to prevent recurrence.

[Analysis of prognosis factors of postoperative cardiac complications in colorectal cancer patients with comorbid coronary artery disease]

Objective: To examine the prognosis factors of postoperative cardiac complications in colorectal cancer patients co-morbidated with coronary artery disease. Methods: Clinical data of 449 patients colorectal cancer patients co-morbidated with coronary artery disease accepted redical surgery from April 2013 to April 2020 at Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. There were 306 males and 143 females, aging (68.7±8.9) years (range: 44 to 89 years). Postoperative acute coronary syndrome, new-onset arrhythmia and heart failure that causes clinical symptoms were recorded as cardiac complications. t test, χ2 test and Fisher exact test were used for univariate analysis of prognosis factors of postoperative cardiac events. The variables with P<0.05 were included in the multivariate Logistic regression was used to determine the independent prognosis factors. Results: After surgery, 44 patients (9.8%) suffered from at least one cardiac event, including 30 patients with acute coronary syndrome, 19 patients with new-onset arrhythmia and 9 patients with heart failure. There were 3 deaths in the cohort within 30 days after surgery. Two patients died from cardiac-related complications, and one from septic shock due to postoperative anastomotic leaks. On Univariate analysis showed that cardiac complications were associated with age ≥80 years, co-morbidated diabetes, emergency surgery, re-operation, anastomotic leakage, intestinal flora disorder and elevation of preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (χ2: 4.308 to 12.219, all P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis identified age ≥80 years(OR=3.195, 95%CI: 1.379 to 7.407, P=0.007), co-morbidated diabetes (OR=2.551, 95%CI: 1.294 to 5.025, P=0.007), emergency surgery (OR=4.717, 95%CI: 1.052 to 20.833, P=0.043), and elevated preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (OR=1.114, 95%CI: 1.018 to 1.218, P=0.018) as independent prognosis factors for cardiac complications. Conclusions: Emergency surgery, advanced age, co-morbidated type 2 diabetes and elevated preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio may increase the risk of postoperative cardiac complications in colorectal cancer patients with coronary artery disease. Surgeons should strictly master surgical indications, pay attention to preoperative assessment, perioperative monitoring, and diagnosis and treatment of postoperative complications in order to reduce the risk of complications.

[Safety and prognosis analysis of transanal total mesorectal excision versus laparoscopic mesorectal excision for mid-low rectal cancer]

Objective: To compare the short-term and long-term outcomes between transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME) and laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (laTME) for mid-to-low rectal cancer and to evaluate the learning curve of taTME. Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort study. Firstly, consecutive patients undergoing total mesorectal excision who were registered in the prospective established database of Division of Colorectal Diseases, Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital during July 2014 to June 2020 were recruited. The enrolled patients were divided into taTME and laTME group. The demographic data, clinical characteristics, neoadjuvant treatment, intraoperative and postoperative complications, pathological results and follow-up data were extracted from the database. The primary endpoint was the incidence of anastomotic leakage and the secondary endpoints included the 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) and the 3-year local recurrence rate. Independent t-test for comparison between groups of normally distributed measures; skewed measures were expressed as M (range). Categorical variables were expressed as examples (%) and the χ(2) or Fisher exact probability was used for comparison between groups. When comparing the incidence of anastomotic leakage, 5 variables including sex, BMI, clinical stage evaluated by MRI, distance from tumor to anal margin evaluated by MRI, and whether receiving neoadjuvant treatment were balanced by propensity score matching (PSM) to adjust confounders. Kaplan-Meier curve and Log-rank test were used to compare the DFS of two groups. Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze and determine the independent risk factors affecting the DFS of patients with mid-low rectal cancer. Secondly, the data of consecutive patients undergoing taTME performed by the same surgical team (the trananal procedures were performed by the same main surgeon) from February 2017 to March 2021 were separately extracted and analyzed. The multidimensional cumulative sum (CUSUM) control chart was used to draw the learning curve of taTME. The outcomes of 'mature' taTME cases through learning curve were compared with laTME cases and the independent risk factors of DFS of 'mature' cases were also analyzed. Results: Two hundred and forty-three patients were eventually enrolled, including 182 undergoing laTME and 61 undergoing taTME. After PSM, both fifty-two patients were in laTME group and taTME group respectively, and patients of these two groups had comparable characteristics in sex, age, BMI, clinical tumor stage, distance from tumor to anal margin by MRI, mesorectal fasciae (MRF) and extramural vascular invasion (EMVI) by MRI and proportion of receiving neoadjuvant treatment. After PSM, as compared to laTME group, taTME group showed significantly longer operation time [(198.4±58.3) min vs. (147.9±47.3) min, t=-4.321, P<0.001], higher ratio of blood loss >100 ml during surgery [17.3% (9/52) vs. 0, P=0.003], higher incidence of anastomotic leakage [26.9% (14/52) vs. 3.8% (2/52), χ(2)=10.636, P=0.001] and higher morbidity of overall postoperative complications [55.8%(29/52) vs. 19.2% (10/52), χ(2)=14.810, P<0.001]. Total harvested lymph nodes and circumferential resection margin involvement were comparable between two groups (both P>0.05). The median follow-up for the whole group was 24 (1 to 72) months, with 4 cases lost, giving a follow-up rate of 98.4% (239/243). The laTME group had significantly better 3-year DFS than taTME group (83.9% vs. 73.0%, P=0.019), while the 3-year local recurrence rate was similar in two groups (1.7% vs. 3.6%, P=0.420). Multivariate analysis showed that and taTME surgery (HR=3.202, 95%CI: 1.592-6.441, P=0.001) the postoperative pathological staging of UICC stage II (HR=13.862, 95%CI:1.810-106.150, P=0.011), stage III (HR=8.705, 95%CI: 1.104-68.670, P=0.040) were independent risk factors for 3-year DFS. Analysis of taTME learning curve revealed that surgeons would cross over the learning stage after performing 28 cases. To compare the two groups excluding the cases within the learning stage, there was no significant difference between two groups after PSM no matter in the incidence of anastomotic leakage [taTME: 6.7%(1/15); laTME: 5.3% (2/38), P=1.000] or overall complications [taTME: 33.3%(5/15), laTME: 26.3%(10/38), P=0.737]. The taTME was still an independent risk factor of 3-year DFS only analyzing patients crossing over the learning stage (HR=5.351, 95%CI:1.666-17.192, P=0.005), and whether crossing over the learning stage was not the independent risk factor of 3-year DFS for mid-low rectal cancer patients undergoing taTME (HR=0.954, 95%CI:0.227-4.017, P=0.949). Conclusions: Compared with conventional laTME, taTME may increase the risk of anastomotic leakage and compromise the oncological outcomes. Performing taTME within the learning stage may significantly increase the risk of postoperative anastomotic leakage.

[Efficacy and safety of total neoadjuvant therapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer: a meta-analysis]

Objective: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) in the comprehensive treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer. Methods: Literatures were screened from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CBM, Wanfang Data, VIP and CNKI from the inception date to May 2021 to collect the randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of TNT followed by total mesorectal excision (TME) versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy (nCRT) followed by TME in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer. The data of overall survival, disease-free survival, R0 radical resection rate, pathological complete response (pCR) rate, T downstaging rate, the incidence of adverse events ≥ grade III, including neutropenia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, radiation dermatitis and nervous system toxicity, and the morbidity of complications within postoperative 30 days of the two groups were extracted from the included literatures. Review Manager 5.3 software was utilized for statistical meta-analysis. Results: Nine RCTs were finally enrolled including 2430 patients. Meta-analysis results showed that compared with nCRT group, patients in TNT group had longer overall survival (HR=0.80, 95%CI: 0.65-0.97, P=0.03) and higher pCR rate (RR=1.73, 95%CI: 1.44-2.08, P<0.01) with significant differences. Besides, there were no significant differences between two groups in disease-free survival (HR=0.86, 95%CI:0.71-1.05, P=0.14), R0 radical resection rate (RR=1.02, 95%CI: 0.99-1.06, P=0.17) and T downstaging rate (RR=1.04, 95%CI: 0.89-1.22, P=0.58) between two groups. In terms of treatment safety, the incidence of adverse events ≥ grade III (RR=1.09, 95%CI: 0.70-1.70, P=0.70) and morbidity of complications within postoperative 30 days (RR=1.07, 95%CI: 0.97-1.18, P=0.19) did not significantly differ between two groups. Conclusions: In the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer, TNT may bring more survival benefits than nCRT and does not increase the incidence of adverse events and postoperative complications. Therefore, TNT could be used as a recommended treatment for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.

[Risk factors of postoperative surgical site infection in colon cancer based on a single center database]

Objective: To explore the incidence and risk factors of postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) after colon cancer surgery. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was performed. Patients diagnosed with colon cancer who underwent radical surgery between January 2016 and May 2021 were included, and demographic characteristics, comorbidities, laboratory tests, surgical data and postoperative complications were extracted from the specialized prospective database at Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Case exclusion criteria: (1) simultaneously multiple primary colon cancer; (2) segmental resection, subtotal colectomy, or total colectomy; (3) patients undergoing colostomy/ileostomy during the operation or in the state of colostomy/ileostomy before the operation; (4) patients receiving natural orifice specimen extraction surgery or transvaginal colon surgery; (5) patients with the history of colectomy; (6) emergency operation due to intestinal obstruction, perforation and acute bleeding; (7) intestinal diversion operation; (8) benign lesions confirmed by postoperative pathology; (9) patients not following the colorectal clinical pathway of our department for intestinal preparation and antibiotic application. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were used to determine the risk factors of SSI after colon cancer surgery. Results: A total of 1291 patients were enrolled in the study. 94.3% (1217/1291) of cases received laparoscopic surgery. The incidence of overall SSI was 5.3% (69/1291). According to tumor location, the incidence of SSI in the right colon, transverse colon, left colon and sigmoid colon was 8.6% (40/465), 5.2% (11/213), 7.1% (7/98) and 2.1% (11/515) respectively. According to resection range, the incidence of SSI after right hemicolectomy, transverse colectomy, left hemicolectomy and sigmoid colectomy was 8.2% (48/588), 4.5% (2/44), 4.8% (8 /167) and 2.2% (11/492) respectively. Univariate analysis showed that preoperative BUN≥7.14 mmol/L, tumor site, resection range, intestinal anastomotic approach, postoperative diarrhea, anastomotic leakage, postoperative pneumonia, and anastomotic technique were related to SSI (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that anastomotic leakage (OR=22.074, 95%CI: 6.172-78.953, P<0.001), pneumonia (OR=4.100, 95%CI: 1.546-10.869, P=0.005), intracorporeal anastomosis (OR=5.288, 95%CI: 2.919-9.577,P<0.001) were independent risk factors of SSI. Subgroup analysis showed that in right hemicolectomy, the incidence of SSI in intracorporeal anastomosis was 19.8% (32/162), which was significantly higher than that in extracorporeal anastomosis (3.8%, 16/426, χ(2)=40.064, P<0.001). In transverse colectomy [5.0% (2/40) vs. 0, χ(2)=0.210, P=1.000], left hemicolectomy [5.4% (8/148) vs. 0, χ(2)=1.079, P=0.599] and sigmoid colectomy [2.1% (10/482) vs. 10.0% (1/10), χ(2)=2.815, P=0.204], no significant differences of SSI incidence were found between intracorporeal anastomosis and extracorporeal anastomosis (all P>0.05). Conclusions: The incidence of SSI increases with the resection range from sigmoid colectomy to right hemicolectomy. Intracorporeal anastomosis and postoperative anastomotic leakage are independent risk factors of SSI. Attentions should be paid to the possibility of postoperative pneumonia and actively effective treatment measures should be carried out.

Hyperpatulones C-G, new spirocyclic polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from the leaves of Hypericum patulum

Five new spirocyclic polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols, Hyperpatulones C-G (1-5), were obtained from the leaves of Hypericum patulum. Their structures were characterized by the comprehensive analysis of their IR, NMR, CD spectra and HRESIMS data. All the new compounds were evaluated for the α-glycosidase inhibitory activities. Among them, compounds 3-5 showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, with IC₅₀ values of 14.06-37.69 μM.

[Antibiotic resistance and virulence characteristics analysis of a carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae]

Objective: To characterize the antibiotic resistance and virulence in a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Methods: A CRKP (designated K. pneumoniae C35) was isolated from a stool sample. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents were determined using the broth microdilution method. Whole-genome sequencing and genome analysis were performed to identify the antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. The genetic relationship among K. pneumoniae C35 and other CRKP isolates from our hospital was analyzed by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing of core genomes. Conjugation experiments were carried out by filter mating to evaluate the transferability and efficiency of resistance genes. The virulence phenotype was determined by Galleria mellonella infection model. Results: K. pneumoniae C35 exhibited resistance to the majority of tested antibiotics, especially carbapenems, sulbactam, and polymyxins. SNP typing showed that K. pneumoniae C35 shared a high degree of sequence homology with several CRKP isolates from different wards. This ST11 CRKP carried 13 resistance genes, including bla_KPC-2, bla_CTX-M-199, mcr-1, and tet(A) variant. bla_KPC-2 gene was located on an IncFⅡ plasmid with>69 800 bp in size, bla_CTX-M-199 and mcr-1 genes were located on an IncI2 plasmid (>64 800 bp), and tet(A) variant was located on an unknown Inc-type plasmid (83 628bp). All these three plasmids were conjugative. K. pneumoniae C35 was found to harbor rmpA, rmpA2, and iucABCD aerobactin-related genes, and was considered to be classic carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (CR-hvKP). The virulence potential of this strain was confirmed in a Galleria mellonella infection model. The survival rate of the larvae injected with strain C35 at 48 h after infection was significantly lower than that of negative control strain (16.7% vs 80.0%). Conclusion: Multiple conjugative plasmids are identified in a faecal CR-hvKP. The IncI2 plasmid co-carrying both bla_CTX-M-199 and mcr-1 genes is firstly identified in CR-hvKP. The emergence of such strain should be alerted and active surveillance is warranted.

[Molecular-related epidemic characteristics of influenza A (H3N2) viruses in Guangzhou, 2019]

Objective: To isolate the influenza A (H3N2) viruses from different sources in Guangzhou in 2019 and analyze these viruses' evolution and variation characteristics. Methods: The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of H3N2 isolates from outpatient monitoring, influenza outbreaks, and inpatient severe cases in Guangzhou in 2019 were sequenced. Bioinformatics software analyzed the variations and evolution characteristics of HA and NA genes. Results: The epidemic peaks of influenza A (H3N2) viruses were made up of period Ⅰ (from January to August) and period Ⅱ (from November to December). The positive rate of influenza A (H3N2) in males was 13.46% (703/5 221), which was higher than that in females (11.50%, 510/4 435) (χ²=8.43,P=0.00). The group's positive rate of 10-20 years old was the highest (25.18%,665/2 641). The isolates from different sources were highly homologous and closely related to 3C.2a.1 branches, which could be further divided into three small groups of Group 1-3. Gene recombination was observed between different branches. The mutations of HA antigen sites gradually appeared from Group 1 to Group 3, leading to new antigen drift. Variations of HA antigenic sites mainly occurred in the region of A and B. The mutations of receptor binding sites of Group 1 and Group 3 viruses occurred in the anterior and posterior walls. There were two glycosylation sites lacked on region A of HA antigen observed in the isolates of Group 2-3. Conclusions: Genetic variations of H3N2 influenza viruses in Guangzhou included gene mutations and gene recombination. Under the pressure of the vaccine, the evolution of viruses was rapid. Therefore, the monitoring of molecular-related epidemic characteristics of the H3N2 influenza virus was necessary.

Misshapen Disruption Cooperates with RasV12 to Drive Tumorigenesis

Although RAS family genes play essential roles in tumorigenesis, effective treatments targeting RAS-related tumors are lacking, partly because of an incomplete understanding of the complex signaling crosstalk within RAS-related tumors. Here, we performed a large-scale genetic screen in Drosophila eye imaginal discs and identified Misshapen (Msn) as a tumor suppressor that synergizes with oncogenic Ras (Ras^V12) to induce c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and Hippo inactivation, then subsequently leads to tumor overgrowth and invasion. Moreover, ectopic Msn expression activates Hippo signaling pathway and suppresses Hippo signaling disruption-induced overgrowth. Importantly, we further found that Msn acts downstream of protocadherin Fat (Ft) to regulate Hippo signaling. Finally, we identified msn as a Yki/Sd target gene that regulates Hippo pathway in a negative feedback manner. Together, our findings identified Msn as a tumor suppressor and provide a novel insight into RAS-related tumorigenesis that may be relevant to human cancer biology.

[Clinicopathological characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of 29 cases of signet ring cell carcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid colon]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and the therapeutic effects of signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) of rectum and sigmoid colon. Methods: Clinical data and the follow-up information of 29 SRCC patients treated in our tertiary care center from 2008 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The clinicopathological features, diagnostic and therapeutic effects, and the prognostic outcomes were analyzed. Results: Among the 29 patients, 17 were male, 12 were female. The average age was (48.7±14.3) years. Colonoscopy revealed the features of diffuse circumferential thickening of the bowel wall in 20/29 cases (69.0%), while in 9/29 cases (31.0%), endoscopic biopsies showed false negative results. Twenty-five% (4/16) and 17.6% (3/17) lesions were misdiagnosed as the inflammatory changes by endoscopic rectal ultrasonography exam and rectal MRI scan, respectively. Thirteen of the 29 patients received the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT), 27 patients underwent the radical resection surgeries, and 8 underwent the postoperative radiotherapy. With a median follow-up of 38.5 (3.5-87.0) months, the cumulative 3-years overall survival (OS) rate was 54.0%, and the cumulative 3-years disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 43.0%. The OS rates of patients treated with or without NCRT (non-NCRT) were 46.2% and 69.2%, respectively, without significant difference (P>0.05). The DFS rates of patients treated with or without NCRT were 45.8% and 39.2%, respectively, without significant difference (P>0.05). Parameters including age younger than 40 years and tumor size larger than 5 cm were independent potential risk factors for shortened OS (P<0.05). Conclusions: SRCC of the rectum and sigmoid colon is a rare malignant tumor with special clinical manifestations. It is younger-onset, highly malignant and with very poor prognosis. Therefore, in-depth researches with focus upon the progress of molecular oncology are urgently needed to substantially improve the therapeutic effect of this disease.

[The appropriate cut-off point of time in range (TIR) for evaluating glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus]

Objective: To investigate the appropriate cut-off point of time in range (TIR) for evaluating glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, and analyze the prevalence of abnormal carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in different TIR categories. Methods: A total of 2 161 subjects with T2DM (1 183 males) were enrolled from hospitalized patients at the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University from January 2005 to February 2012. The age of the enrolled participants was (60.4±11.9) years. Each patient underwent continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for three consecutive days, then TIR (3.9-10.0 mmol/L), time above range (TAR) and time below range (TBR) were calculated. Fundus photography and carotid artery Doppler ultrasound were performed to diagnose DR and abnormal CIMT (defined as CIMT≥1.0 mm), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the independent association of different TIR groups with CIMT and DR. Results: All subjects were divided into 4 groups according to TIR:≤40%, 41%-70%, 71%-85% and>85%. Significant linear trends in age, diabetes duration, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), TAR and mean glucose (MG) existed among the 4 groups (all P(trend)<0.05). However, there was only a weak correlation between TIR and TBR (<3.9 mmol/L) (r=0.087, P<0.001), and no significant association was observed between TBR (<3 mmol/L) and the TIR categories (P(trend)=0.378). The overall prevalence of abnormal CIMT and DR was 12.1% and 23.8%, respectively. The prevalence of abnormal CIMT in the 4 groups with ascending levels of TIR was 16.9% (59/349), 12.9% (96/746), 11.2% (57/510) and 9.0% (50/556) (P(trend)<0.001), respectively. And the prevalence of DR was 30.7% (107/349), 29.4% (219/746), 20.8% (106/510) and 14.9% (83/556), respectively (P(trend)<0.001). In the binary logistic regression model by adjusting confounding factors, compared with TIR≤ 40%, the risk of abnormal CIMT was reduced by 33.8% (OR=0.662, 95%CI: 0.456-0.963, P=0.031), 40.8% (OR=0.592, 95%CI: 0.390-0.899, P=0.014), and 45.0% (OR=0.550, 95%CI: 0.358-0.846, P=0.006) in the other three groups, respectively. And the risk of DR was reduced by 2.9% (OR=0.971, 95%CI: 0.725-1.301, P=0.844), 33.4%(OR=0.666, 95%CI: 0.479-0.924, P=0.015) and 53.3% (OR=0.467, 95%CI: 0.331-0.657, P<0.001), respectively. Conclusion: Using 40%, 70% and 85% as cut-off point of TIR helps stratify the risk of diabetic complications, and assess the glucose control (Poor: TIR≤40%; Unsatisfactory: TIR≤70%; Satisfactory: TIR>70%; Optimal: TIR>85%) in patients with T2DM.

[Epidemiological characteristics of a case infected with avian influenza A (H5N6) virus associated with exposure to aerosol]

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of a case infected with avian influenza A (H5N6) virus associated with exposure to aerosol and provide evidence for the prevention and control of human infection with avian influenza virus. Methods: Epidemiological investigation was conducted to identify the history of exposure, infection route, and disease progression. Real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR was used to test the samples collected from the case, close contacts, environment and poultry market. Results: The case had no history of exposure to live poultry and poultry market. But before the onset the case had a history of exposure to the live poultry placed in a car with doors and windows closed. The samples collected from the case's lower respiratory tract and the remaining frozen chicken meat were all influenza A (H5N6) virus positive. Conclusions: The source of infection was the live poultry, and the infection route might be the exposure to aerosol in a car with doors and windows closed, where the poultry were temporarily stored. It is necessary to promote centralized poultry slaughtering, cold chain distribution and fresh poultry sale, as well as strengthen health education and establish the concept of consuming fresh poultry.

[Overlap gastroduodenostomy in totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer]

Objective: The aim of the current study is to compare the short-term clinical outcomes between Billroth-I reconstruction using an overlap method and delta-shaped anastomosis in totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (TLDG). Method: A retrospective cohort study was performed. The following inclusion criteria were applied: (1) Preoperative gastroscopy and CT confirmed that the tumor is located in the antrum of the stomach, and the biopsy suggested adenocarcinoma; (2) Chest, abdomen and pelvis enhanced CT showed no evidence of distant metastasis; (3) Preoperative gastric reconstruction CT or endoscopic ultrasonography suggested that the clinical stage of the tumor is stage I-III. (4) During the operation, the tumor position was confirmed to be located in the antrum of the stomach by nanocarbon injection or gastroscope; (5) Complete laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for distal gastrectomy, and the gastrointestinal reconstruction was performed by delta-shaped anastomosis or overlap anastomosis. And the following exclusion criteria were applied: (1) History of gastric surgery; (2) Patients who cannot tolerate laparoscopic surgery because of comorbidities. Finally, data on 43 consecutive patients who underwent TLDG with Billroth-I reconstruction between January 2016 and November 2018 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into those who underwent Billroth-I reconstruction using an overlap method (n=20) or using delta-shaped anastomosis (n=23). The demographic and clinical characteristics and perioperative data of the two groups were analyzed. Measurement data that conformed to the normal distribution were expressed as the mean ± s, and differences between groups were compared using Student's t-test; comparisons between the counting data groups were performed using the χ(2) test or the continuously corrected χ(2) test. Results: The demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between the delta-shaped group and the overlap group (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between groups regarding operation time [(185.9±22.8) minutes vs. (184.0±25.8) minutes, t=0.260, P=0.796], blood loss [(50.9±36.0) ml vs. (47.0±30.8) ml, t=0.375, P=0.709], number of stapler reloads used for anastomosis (5.1±0.3 vs. 5.2±0.6, t=-0.465, P=0.651), time to flatus [(3.3±0.9) days vs. (3.6±0.9) days, t=-1.067, P=0.292) and postoperative hospitalization [(8.8±3.1) days vs. (10.4±3.8) days,t=-1.494, P=0.143]. As for the delta-shaped group and the overlap group, the anastomotic leakage rate was 4.3% (1/23) and 0 (χ(2)=0.000, P=1.000), respectively. The incidence of anastomotic bleeding was 4.3% (1/23) and 5.0% (1/20) (χ(2)=0.000, P=1.000), while the incidence of intra-abdominal hemorrhage was 4.3% (1/23) and 0 (χ(2)=0.000, P=1.000). The incidence of gastric emptying disorders was 4.3% (1/23) and 30.0% (6/20), respectively (χ(2)=3.454, P=0.063). All complications were cured after conservative treatment or symptomatic treatment. Conclusion: The overlap method for Billroth-I reconstruction is safe and feasible.

A novel regulator of ER Ca2+ drives Hippo-mediated tumorigenesis

Calcium ion (Ca²⁺) is a versatile second messenger that regulates various cellular and physiological functions. However, the in vivo molecular mechanisms by which Ca²⁺ alterations contribute to tumor growth remain poorly explored. Here we show that Emei is a novel ER Ca²⁺ regulator that synergizes with Ras^V12 to induce tumor growth via JNK-mediated Hippo signaling. Emei disruption reduces ER Ca²⁺ level and subsequently leads to JNK activation and Hippo inactivation. Importantly, genetically increasing cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration cooperates with Ras^V12 to drive tumor growth via inactivating the Hippo pathway. Finally, we identify POSH as a crucial link that bridges cytosolic Ca²⁺ alteration with JNK activation and Hippo-mediated tumor growth. Together, our findings provide a novel mechanism of tumor growth that acts through intracellular Ca²⁺ levels to modulate JNK-mediated Hippo signaling.

[Exploring of a prognostic long non-coding RNA signature of hepatocellular carcinoma by using public database]

Objective: To explore an effective long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) signature in predicting the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma through the analysis on RNA sequencing data of hepatocellular carcinoma patients and peritumoral tissues in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Methods: The clinical characteristics and RNA sequencing data of 377 hepatocellular carcinoma patients were obtained from TCGA database by the end of February 2018. Then, differentially expressed lncRNAs between 50 pairs of tumor and peritumoral tissues were explored using student's t-test. Next, a lncRNA signature was established through LASSO Cox regression analysis. All the patients were divided into four groups (<P(25), P(25)-, P(50)-, ≥P(75)) based on the cut-off quartiles signature. Finally, compared with the control group (<P(25)), the hazard ratios (HRs) of three groups (P(25)-, P(50)-, ≥P(75)) were calculated by using Cox regression. The survival outcomes of patients in the four groups were compared to evaluate the capacity of the lncRNA signature model. Results: A total of 951 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified between tumor and peritumoral tissues. A three-lncRNA signature, including LNCSRLR, MKLN1-AS and ZFPM2-AS1, was established to predict the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. The outcome suggested that the death risk of the ≥P(75) group was 1.57 times larger than that of the <P(25) group (95%CI: 1.06-2.31, P<0.05). Conclusion: The three-lncRNA signature, which established by LNCSRLR, MKLN1-AS and ZFPM2-AS1, was significantly associated with the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients based on TCGA database data.

[Analysis of Clavien-Dindo classification and its prognosis factors of complications after laparoscopic right hemicolectomy]

Objective: To analyze the Clavien-Dindo classification of complications after right hemicolectomy and to explore the prognosis factors for postoperative complications. Methods: The retrospective case-control study was adopted. The clinical data of 176 patients who underwent right hemicolectomy at Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital from October 2016 to February 2018 were collected. There were 95 male and 81 female patients with age of (62.4±12.7) years. The Clavien-Dindo classification was used for postoperative complications. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to analyze the independent prognosis factors of complications after right colon resection. Results: Of the 176 patients, 2 patients had intraoperative complications (1.1%) and 39 patients had postoperative complications (22.2%), of which 10 cases had more than two complications, with a total of 53 complications. The proportions of Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ complications were 41.5% (22/53), 49.1% (26/53), 7.5% (4/53), and 1.9%(1/53). Postoperative complications were associated with age, smoking history of the last 1 year, combined organ resection, lymph node dissection, intracorporeal anastomosis, and preoperative blood AST and Ca levels (all P<0.05). The results of multivariate analysis showed that intracorporeal anastomosis (OR=5.62, 95% CI: 2.46 to 12.85, P=0.00), preoperative blood AST (OR=-0.009, 95% CI: -0.018 to 0.000, P=0.04) and Ca (OR=0.51, 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.95, P=0.02) levels were independent prognosis factors affecting complications after right hemicolectomy. Conclusions: Complications of right hemicolectomy were mainly Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ. Laparoscopic intracorporeal anastomosis should be carefully chosen, which may increase postoperative complications.

[Oncological outcomes analysis of colorectal cancer with unfavorable histological features]

Objective: To explore the effect of unfavorable histological features on the clinical outcomes of patients receiving radical resection of colorectal cancer. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients with colorectal cancer who received radical surgery between January 2013 and December 2015 at Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital was performed. The impact of unfavorable histological features on the oncological outcomes of patients with lymph node-negative colorectal cancer were analyzed.A total of 167 patients were enrolled, including 98 males and 69 females with age of (63.6±11.6) years. Observation indicators included age, T stage, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, tumor deposits, number of lymph node dissection, degree of differentiation, tissue type, and circumferential margin. Univariate analysis was performed with χ(2) test and multivariate analysis was performed with Cox regression model. Results: Univariate analysis showed that positive circumferential margins (CRM), tumor deposits and age were associated with disease free survival (DFS) rate; positive CRM, age, tumor deposits, and lymph nodes dissection less than 12 were significantly associated with overall survival (OS) rate (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that over 70 years of age (HR=1.053, 95% CI: 1.013 to 1.095, P=0.009), poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (HR=7.572, 95%CI: 1.815 to 31.587, P=0.005), tumor deposits (HR=4.711, 95% CI: 1.809 to 12.264, P=0.002), mucinous adenocarcinoma (HR=3.063, 95% CI: 1.003 to 9.354, P=0.049), lymphovascular invasion (HR=2.885, 95% CI: 1.062 to 7.832, P=0.038), and nerve infiltration (HR=6.610, 95% CI: 1.037 to 42.122, P=0.046) were adverse prognostic factors of DFS rate; poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (HR=12.200, 95% CI: 1.985 to 74.972, P=0.007), tumor nodules (HR=5.379, 95% CI: 1.636 to 17.685, P=0.006), over 70 years of age (HR=1.062, 95% CI: 1.013 to 1.114, P=0.013), and perineural invasion (HR=8.043, 95% CI: 1.026 to 63.055, P=0.047) were adverse prognostic factors of OS rate. There was no significant difference in the 3-year DFS rate and 3-year OS rate between T1-2 group and T3-4 group (P>0.05). Conclusion: Over 70 years of age, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, tumor nodules, lymphovascular invasion, and perineural invasion are independent adverse prognostic factors of lymph node-negative colorectal cancer.

[A case of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N9) virus through poultry processing without protection measure]

Objective: To investigate the infection pattern and etiological characteristics of a case of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N9) virus and provide evidence for the prevention and control of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Methods: Epidemiological investigation was conducted to explore the case's exposure history, infection route and disease progression. Samples collected from the patient, environments and poultry were tested by using real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Virus isolation, genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were conducted for positive samples. Results: The case had no live poultry contact history, but had a history of pulled chicken processing without taking protection measure in an unventilated kitchen before the onset. Samples collected from the patient's lower respiratory tract, the remaining frozen chicken meat and the live poultry market were all influenza A (H7N9) virus positive. The isolated viruses from these positive samples were highly homogenous. An insertion which lead to the addition of multiple basic amino acid residues (PEVPKRKRTAR/GL) was found at the HA cleavage site, suggesting that this virus might be highly pathogenic. Conclusions: Live poultry processing without protection measure is an important infection mode of "poultry to human" transmission of avian influenza viruses. Due to the limitation of protection measures in live poultry markets in Guangzhou, it is necessary to promote the standardized large scale poultry farming, the complete restriction of live poultry sales and centralized poultry slaughtering as well as ice fresh sale.

PP6 Disruption Synergizes with Oncogenic Ras to Promote JNK-Dependent Tumor Growth and Invasion

RAS genes are frequently mutated in cancers, yet an effective treatment has not been developed, partly because of an incomplete understanding of signaling within Ras-related tumors. To address this, we performed a genetic screen in Drosophila, aiming to find mutations that cooperate with oncogenic Ras (Ras^V12) to induce tumor overgrowth and invasion. We identified fiery mountain (fmt), a regulatory subunit of the protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) complex, as a tumor suppressor that synergizes with Ras^V12 to drive c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent tumor growth and invasiveness. We show that Fmt negatively regulates JNK upstream of dTAK1. We further demonstrate that disruption of PpV, the catalytic subunit of PP6, mimics fmt loss-of-function-induced tumorigenesis. Finally, Fmt synergizes with PpV to inhibit JNK-dependent tumor progression. Our data here further highlight the power of Drosophila as a model system to unravel molecular mechanisms that may be relevant to human cancer biology.

[Willingness and influencing factors related to "centralized slaughtering, fresh poultry listing and marketing" strategy among the household chefs in Guangzhou]

Objective: To study the willingness and influence factors related to "centralized slaughtering, fresh poultry listing and marketing" strategy, among the household chefs, and provide reference for government to adjust and optimize the strategy on avian influenza prevention. Methods: According to the geographical characteristics and regional functions, 6 'monitoring stations' were selected from 12 residential districts of Guangzhou, respectively. Another 21 meat markets which selling live poultry, were selected in each station and 5 household chefs of each market were invited to attend a face to face interview. Basic information, personal cognitive, willingness and influencing factors to the policy were under study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods were used. Results: A total of 664 household chefs underwent the survey and results showed that the rate of support to the "centralized slaughtering, fresh poultry listing and marketing" strategy was 44.6% (296/664). Results from the multi-factor logistic regression showed that those household chefs who were males (OR=1.618, 95% CI: 1.156-2.264, P=0.005), having received higher education (OR=1.814, 95% CI: 1.296-2.539, P=0.001), or believing that the existence of live poultry stalls was related to the transmission of avian influenza (OR=1.918, 95% CI: 1.341-2.743, P<0.001) were factors at higher risk. These household chefs also intended to avoid the use of live poultry stalls (OR=1.666, 95%CI: 1.203-2.309, P=0.002) and accept the "centralized slaughtering, fresh poultry listing and marketing" strategy. Conclusion: Detailed study on this subject and, setting up pilot project in some areas as well as prioritizing the education programs for household chefs seemed helpful to the implementation of the 'freezing-fresh poultry' policy.

[Clinical application and prognostic analysis of interventional treatment for cesarean scar pregnancy]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the clinical value and prognosis of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) treated by uterine artery embolization (UAE).

METHODS

In the study, 492 cases of patients in Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University diagnosed as CSP between January 2011 and December 2014 were chosen, of which 283 were of high-risk group and 209 of low-risk group. According to whether to take UAE, the high-risk group was subdivided into high-risk UAE group(UAE+laparoscopic group), 167 cases, and high-risk non UAE group (chemotherapy+laparoscopic group), 116 cases, while the low-risk group was subdivided into low-risk UAE group (UAE+curettage group), 113 cases, and low-risk non UAE group(chemotherapy+curettage group), 96 cases. The differences of the intraoperative bleeding, length of stay, blood beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) dropped to normal time, menstruation recovery time and the hospitalization expenses were compared. And multivariate regression analysis was used to predict the recurrence risk of CSP.

RESULTS

The high-risk UAE group was better than the high-risk non UAE group in comparison of intraoperative bleeding [(36.5±14.8) mL vs.(76.5±39.7) mL], length of stay [(5.9±0.9) d vs.(9.6±1.3) d], blood β-HCG dropped to normal time [(17.9±8.7) d vs.(28.7±10.1) d] and menstruation recovery time [(18.1±1.6) d vs.(24.3±1.8) d],while the low-risk UAE group was better than the low-risk non UAE group in comparison of intraoperative bleeding [(93.2±43.3) mL vs.(284.8±110.5) mL], length of stay [(10.2±1.4) d vs. (30.7±9.6) d], blood β-HCG dropped to normal time [(50.1±17.6)d vs.(67.5±22.9)d] and menstruation recovery time[(56.3±6.7)d vs.(65.9±9.3) d], all P<0.05. The high-risk UAE group was higher than the high-risk non UAE group in comparison of hospitalization expenses [(20 140±1 520 )Yuan vs.(13 510±1 013) Yuan], and the low-risk group UAE was also higher than the low-risk non UAE group in comparison of hospitalization expenses [(10 095±962 )Yuan vs.(3 890±457) Yuan], all P<0.01. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the treatment method was independent predictor of CSP recurrence risk (OR 2.407, 95%CI 1.176-5.092, P<0.05), and using the comprehensive treatment including UAE could reduce the risk of recurrent CSP.

CONCLUSION

As the efficacy of interventional therapy for CSP was rapid and reliable, fewer complications, faster recovery and lower recurrence, hospitalization with good conditions, and particularly for those patients with CSP who want to fertility again, the comprehensive treatment including UAE treatment should be the first choice.

[Investigate the radical extent of lymphadenectomy of right colon cancer]

Considering radical surgeries of right colon cancer, the reasonable extent of lymphadenectomy has always been argued. The concept of complete mesocolic excision (CME) has recently been established and optimized, which follows similar oncological principles as total mesorectal excision (TME) does for rectal cancer and is recommended by more and more surgeons. Studies published so far in the literature have been comprehensively reviewed, they do not, however, provide convincing evidence that demonstrate the standardized operation indications. Moreover, the existence of potential surgical risk and discernible oncological benefit has not been determined. Thus future studies are needed to further investigate the safety and efficacy of CME surgery, as has been demonstrated with TME such that it should become the procedure of choice in surgical practice.

Changes in the PD-1 and PD-L1 expressions of splenic dendritic cells in multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome mice and their significance

The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of surface molecules in splenic dendritic cells (DC) in multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) mice and their effects on the immunosuppression of sepsis and MODS. One hundred thirty C57BL/6 mice were divided into 7 groups: 6, 12, 24, 48 h, 5-7 days, 10-12 days, and the normal control group. The sepsis-MODS mouse model was established by zymson injection into the peritoneal cavity. Histopathological changes in the spleen were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. After enrichment with BDTM IMag, the expressions of PD-1, PD-L1, MHC-II (I-A(b)), and CD86 in splenic DCs were examined by flow cytometry, and their relationship with sepsis development and MODS was analyzed. The histological structures of the spleen were damaged in the 24-, 48-h, and 10-12-day groups. PD-L1 expression increased 6 h after zymosan injection, decreased to normal levels at 24 and 48 h, and increased at 5-7 days, peaking at 10-12 days. The change in PD-1 expression roughly paralleled that of PD-L1. MHC-II and CD86 increased at 6 and 12 h, and dropped to normal levels at 10-12 days. In the early stage of injury, splenic DCs were mainly activated, whereas in the later stage, the expressions of the negative co-stimulatory molecules, PD-L1 and PD- 1, were upregulated, similar to tolerogenic DCs. Splenic DCs might suppress the stimulation of T lymphocytes in MODS mice through the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway, which would induce immunosuppression and the pathogenesis of MODS.

Transmission of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus from father to child: a report of limited person-to-person transmission, Guangzhou, China, January 2014

We investigated a possible person-to-person transmission within a family cluster of two confirmed influenza A(H7N9) patients in Guangzhou, China. The index case, a man in his late twenties, worked in a wet market that was confirmed to be contaminated by the influenza A(H7N9) virus. He developed a consistent fever and severe pneumonia after 4 January 2014. In contrast, the second case, his five-year-old child, who only developed a mild disease 10 days after disease onset of the index case, did not have any contact with poultry and birds but had unprotected and very close contact with the index case. The sequences of the haemagglutinin (HA) genes of the virus stains isolated from the two cases were 100% identical. These findings strongly suggest that the second case might have acquired the infection via transmission of the virus from the sick father. Fortunately, all 40 close contacts, including the other four family members who also had unprotected and very close contact with the cases, did not acquire influenza A(H7N9) virus infection, indicating that the person-to-person transmissibility of the virus remained limited. Our finding underlines the importance of carefully, thoroughly and punctually following-up close contacts of influenza A(H7N9) cases to allow detection of any secondary cases, as these may constitute an early warning signal of the virus's increasing ability to transmit from person-to-person.

Treatment with Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand reverses lung dendritic cell immunoparalysis and ameliorates zymosan-induced secondary lung injury in mice

Depletion and dysfunction of dendritic cells in the lung can induce local immunoparalysis, which often leads to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)-associated mortality. A therapeutic strategy that reverses this immunoparalysis is required. In the present study, we examined the effects of in vivo Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) treatment on zymosan (zym)-induced secondary lung injury and dendritic cell (DC) immunoparalysis. BALBc mice were divided randomly into four groups (20/group): (1) sham [intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline] + vehicle [subcutaneous (s.c.) 0·01% mouse serum albumin]; (2) sham + Flt3L (s.c.); (3) zym (i.p.) + vehicle; and (4) zym + Flt3L. Injections were for 9 consecutive days; 12 days later we examined: survival rate (monitored for 12 days); lung tissue histopathology (haematoxylin and eosin staining); plasma indices of lung function (pH, PaO(2) , PaCO(2) , HCO(3) (-) ); DC subsets in lung tissue; and lung DCs production of interleukin (IL)-12p70 and IL-10. Zym administration resulted in increased mortality associated with significant lung histopathological changes and abnormal blood gas indices; however, these pathological changes were ameliorated by Flt3L treatment. Zym injections also resulted in significant reductions in DC subsets recovered from lungs [CD11c(+) major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II/I-A(d+) , CD11c(+) CD11b(+) and CD11c(+) B220(+) ]. Importantly, in-vivo Flt3L treatment reversed these trends for DC immunoparalysis by increasing the percentages of recovered DC subsets concomitant with increased DC production of IL-12 p70 and decreased IL-10 production. These results suggest that Flt3L may have therapeutic potential for reversing DC immunoparalysis and ameliorating lung injury secondary to MODS.

Cerebral microbleeds and depression in lacunar stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Cerebral microbleeds (CMB) are common in stroke survivors and the community-dwelling elderly. The clinical significance of CMB in the development of depression after a stroke is unknown. This study examined the association between poststroke depression (PSD) and CMB.

METHODS

A cohort of 235 patients with acute lacunar stroke admitted to the stroke unit of a university-affiliated regional hospital in Hong Kong was recruited. Three months after the onset of the index stroke, a research assistant administered the locally validated 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. PSD was defined as a Genetic Depression Scale score of ≥7. The presence and location of CMB were evaluated with MRI.

RESULTS

In comparison with the non-PSD group, PSD patients were more likely to have lobar CMB (33.3% versus 19.9%; P=0.022). Lobar CMB remained an independent predictor of PSD in the multivariate analysis, with an odds ratio of 2.08 (P=0.032).

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that lobar CMB may play a role in the development of PSD. The importance of CMB in the pathogenesis of depression in stroke survivors and the general elderly population warrants further investigation.

The growth and characterization of ZnO/ZnTe core-shell nanowires and the electrical properties of ZnO/ZnTe core-shell nanowire field effect transistor

Vertically aligned ZnO/ZnTe core-shell nanowires were grown on a-plane sapphire substrate by using chemical vapor deposition with gold as catalyst for the growth of ZnO core and then followed by growing ZnTe shell using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman scattering indicate that the core-shell nanostructures have good crystalline quality. Three-dimensional fluorescence images obtained by using laser scanning confocal microscope demonstrate that the nanowires have good optical properties. The core-shell nanowire was then fabricated into single nanowire field effect transistor by standard e-beam photolithography. Electrical measurements reveals that the p-type ZnO/ZnTe FET device has a turn on voltage of -1.65 V and the hole mobility is 13.3 cm2/V s.

Cerebral microbleeds and symptom severity of post-stroke depression: a magnetic resonance imaging study

BACKGROUND

Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are common in stroke survivors, although their clinical significance in the development of psychiatric conditions following stroke remains unknown. This study examines the association between post-stroke depression (PSD) symptom severity and CMBs.

METHODS

Amongst the 4088 patients with acute ischemic stroke who had been admitted to the acute stroke unit of a university-affiliated regional hospital in Hong Kong, between December 2004 and May 2009, 994 patients were recruited. A psychiatrist administered the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV to all 994 patients and made a diagnosis of PSD three months after the index stroke. PSD symptom severity was assessed with the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Seventy-eight patients were found to have PSD. The presence and location of CMBs were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

RESULTS

Seventy-eight patients (7.8%) had PSD. CMBs were identified in 20 PSD patients. Relative to the no-CMB group, the mean GDS score of patients with lobar CMBs was significantly higher (12.6±2.6 versus 10.4±2.5, p=0.01 after adjusting for age, sex, global cognitive functions, neurological deficits and white matter hyperintensities).

LIMITATIONS

Patients with more severe stroke, those who died before the three-month follow-up and those who became depressed later were excluded, as were those unable to give their consent due to dementia or aphasia. These selection biases may limit the generalizability of the findings.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that lobar CMBs may contribute to PSD symptom severity. The importance of CMBs in the pathogenesis of other psychiatric disorders in stroke survivors and other patient populations warrants further investigation.

White matter hyperintensities in post-stroke depression: a case control study

OBJECTIVE

Despite extensive research on post-stroke depression (PSD), the role of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in its pathogenesis remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between WMHs and PSD in Chinese patients with first or recurrent stroke.

METHODS

A cohort of 994 patients with acute ischaemic stroke admitted to the acute stroke unit of a university-affiliated regional hospital in Hong Kong was recruited. A psychiatrist administered the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV to all patients and made a diagnosis of PSD 3 months after the index stroke. 78 (7.8%) patients had PSD; 78 stroke patients matched according to age and sex but without PSD served as a control group. The severity and location of WMHs were evaluated with MRI.

RESULTS

In comparison with the non-PSD group, patients in the PSD group were more likely to have severe deep WMHs (12.8% vs 1.3%; p=0.009). Severe deep WMHs remained an independent predictor of PSD in the multivariate analysis with an OR of 13.8 (p=0.016).

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that WMHs may play a role in the development of PSD. The importance of WMHs in the treatment and outcome of PSD warrants further investigation.

Lipase from Pseudomonas fragi. I. Purification of the Enzyme

The experimental conditions required to isolate a lipase from Pseudomonas fragi were determined. The organism was grown in a buffered tryptone medium for 4 to 5 days at 20 C. The lipase in the culture supernatant fluid was isolated by fractionation with ammonium sulfate at 60% saturation, followed by acetone precipitation at 30-60% concentration. Further purification was made by using Sephadex G-200 gel-filtration and diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography. Electrophoretic analysis of the purified lipolytic fraction showed apparent homogeneity by both cellulose polyacetate and disc electrophoresis. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was about 100 times that of the starting culture filtrate, and the yield was about 1.8% of the original activity.

AUF1 is involved in splenic follicular B cell maintenance

BACKGROUND

The adenosine/uridine-rich element (ARE)-binding protein AUF1 functions to regulate the inflammatory response through the targeted degradation of cytokine and other mRNAs that contain specific AREs in their 3' noncoding region (3' NCR). To investigate the role of AUF1 in the immune system, we characterized the lymphoid compartments of AUF1-deficient mice.

RESULTS

Mice lacking AUF1 exhibit an altered proportion and size of splenic B cell subsets. We show prominent apoptosis in splenic B cell follicles and reduced expression of Bcl-2, A1, and Bcl-XL correlate with increased turnover and significant reduction in the number and proportion of splenic FO B cells in AUF1-deficient mice. In addition, AUF1-deficient mice exhibit a sharp decrease in splenic size and lymphocyte cellularity. Bone marrow transfer studies demonstrate that AUF1 deficiency induces cell-autonomous defects in mature B cell subsets but not in the overall number of splenocytes. Reconstitution of irradiated adult AUF1-deficient mice with wild-type bone marrow restores the proportion of FO and marginal zone (MZ) B cells, but does not rescue the decrease in the number of splenocytes. Functionally, AUF1-deficient mice mount an attenuated response to T cell-independent (TI) antigen, which correlates with impaired MZ B cell function.

CONCLUSION

These data indicate that AUF1 is important in the maintenance of splenic FO B cells and adequate humoral immune responses.

Optical singularities associated with the energy flow of two closely spaced core-shell nanocylinders

Optical singularities associated with the energy flow of two closely spaced dielectric-core gold-shell nanocylinders are studied by two-dimensional finite difference time domain method. The simulation results show that optical vortices as well as saddle points can be observed in the energy flow pattern of light interacting with the core-shell nanocylinder pair in its in-phase symmetric dipolar plasmon mode. The rotating direction of the optical vortices can be tuned by varying the width of the gap between the nanocylinder pair and the value of the permittivity of the dielectric core.