1
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Abbas NF, Aoude MR, Kourie HR, Al-Shamsi HO. Uncovering the epidemiology of bladder cancer in the Arab world: A review of risk factors, molecular mechanisms, and clinical features. Asian J Urol 2024; 11:406-422. [PMID: 39139531 PMCID: PMC11318450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Bladder cancer (BC) is a significant public health concern in the Middle East and North Africa, but the epidemiology and clinicopathology of the disease and contributors to high mortality in this region remain poorly understood. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the epidemiological features of BC in the Arab world and compare them to those in Western countries in order to improve the management of this disease. Methods An extensive electronic search of the PubMed/PMC and Cochrane Library databases was conducted to identify all articles published until May 2022, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A total of 95 articles were included in the final analysis after title, abstract, and full-text screening, with additional data obtained from the GLOBOCAN and WHO 2020 databases. Results Most of the included articles were case-control studies examining the risk factors and molecular mechanisms of BC. These studies originated from 10 different countries, with Egypt being the most active contributor. While BC in the Arab world shares some common risk factors with Western countries, such as smoking and occupational exposure, it also exhibits unique features related to schistosomiasis. The high mortality rates in this region are alarming and can be attributed to various factors, including the prevalence of smoking, the impact of schistosomiasis, a combination of genetic and socioeconomic factors, treatment shortages, and limited access to care or inadequate assessment of the quality of care. Conclusion Despite the relatively low incidence of BC in Arab countries, the mortality rates are among the highest worldwide. BC tends to be more aggressive in the Arab world, making it essential to implement strategies to address this burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura F. Abbas
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Hotel Dieu De France Hospital, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Lebanon
| | - Marc R. Aoude
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Hotel Dieu De France Hospital, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Lebanon
| | - Hampig R. Kourie
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Hotel Dieu De France Hospital, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Lebanon
| | - Humaid O. Al-Shamsi
- Department of Oncology, Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Innovation and Research Center, Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Emirates Oncology Society, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Zhang T, Yi Q, Huang W, Feng J, Liu H. New insights into the roles of Irisin in diabetic cardiomyopathy and vascular diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116631. [PMID: 38663105 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent chronic disease in the 21st century due to increased lifespan and unhealthy lifestyle choices. Extensive research indicates that exercise can play a significant role in regulating systemic metabolism by improving energy metabolism and mitigating various metabolic disorders, including DM. Irisin, a well-known exerkine, was initially reported to enhance energy expenditure by indicating the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) signaling. In this review, we summarize the potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of Irisin on glucose dysmetabolism, including reducing gluconeogenesis, enhancing insulin energy expenditure, and promoting glycogenesis. Additionally, we highlight Irisin's potential to improve diabetic vascular diseases by stimulating nitric oxide (NO) production, reducing oxidative and nitrosative stress, curbing inflammation, and attenuating endothelial cell aging. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of Irisin to improve diabetic cardiomyopathy by preventing cardiomyocyte loss and reducing myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. Given Irisin's promising functions in managing diabetic cardiomyopathy and vascular diseases, targeting Irisin for therapeutic purposes could be a fruitful avenue for future research and clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiandong Zhang
- Collage of Integration of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Qian Yi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- Collage of Integration of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; The Third People's Hospital of Longmatan District, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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3
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Grzeszczuk M, Dzięgiel P, Nowińska K. The Role of FNDC5/Irisin in Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2024; 13:277. [PMID: 38334669 PMCID: PMC10854770 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Disorders of cardiomyocyte metabolism play a crucial role in many cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, heart failure and ischemia-reperfusion injury. In myocardial infarction, cardiomyocyte metabolism is regulated by mitochondrial changes and biogenesis, which allows energy homeostasis. There are many proteins in cells that regulate and control metabolic processes. One of them is irisin (Ir), which is released from the transmembrane protein FNDC5. Initial studies indicated that Ir is a myokine secreted mainly by skeletal muscles. Further studies showed that Ir was also present in various tissues. However, its highest levels were observed in cardiomyocytes. Ir is responsible for many processes, including the conversion of white adipose tissue (WAT) to brown adipose tissue (BAT) by increasing the expression of thermogenin (UCP1). In addition, Ir affects mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, the levels of FNDC5/Ir in the blood and myocardium may be important in cardiovascular disease. This review discusses the current knowledge about the role of FNDC5/Ir in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Grzeszczuk
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.); (P.D.)
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.); (P.D.)
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nowińska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.); (P.D.)
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4
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Park SY, Hwang BO, Song NY. The role of myokines in cancer: crosstalk between skeletal muscle and tumor. BMB Rep 2023; 56:365-373. [PMID: 37291054 PMCID: PMC10390289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of skeletal muscle mass is a primary feature of sarcopenia and cancer cachexia. In cancer patients, tumor-derived inflammatory factors promote muscle atrophy via tumor-to-muscle effects, which is closely associated with poor prognosis. During the past decade, skeletal muscle has been considered to function as an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine organ by releasing numerous myokines. The circulating myokines can modulate pathophysiology in the other organs, as well as in the tumor microenvironment, suggesting myokines function as muscleto-tumor signaling molecules. Here, we highlight the roles of myokines in tumorigenesis, particularly in terms of crosstalk between skeletal muscle and tumor. Better understanding of tumor-to-muscle and muscle-to-tumor effects will shed light on novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(7): 365-373].
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Young Park
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Byeong-Oh Hwang
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Na-Young Song
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
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5
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Park SY, Hwang BO, Song NY. The role of myokines in cancer: crosstalk between skeletal muscle and tumor. BMB Rep 2023; 56:365-373. [PMID: 37291054 PMCID: PMC10390289 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2023-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of skeletal muscle mass is a primary feature of sarcopenia and cancer cachexia. In cancer patients, tumor-derived inflammatory factors promote muscle atrophy via tumor-to-muscle effects, which is closely associated with poor prognosis. During the past decade, skeletal muscle has been considered to function as an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine organ by releasing numerous myokines. The circulating myokines can modulate pathophysiology in the other organs, as well as in the tumor microenvironment, suggesting myokines function as muscleto-tumor signaling molecules. Here, we highlight the roles of myokines in tumorigenesis, particularly in terms of crosstalk between skeletal muscle and tumor. Better understanding of tumor-to-muscle and muscle-to-tumor effects will shed light on novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(7): 365-373].
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Young Park
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Byeong-Oh Hwang
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Na-Young Song
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
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6
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Brzecka A, Martynowicz H, Daroszewski C, Majchrzak M, Ejma M, Misiuk-Hojło M, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Kosacka M. The Modulation of Adipokines, Adipomyokines, and Sleep Disorders on Carcinogenesis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12072655. [PMID: 37048738 PMCID: PMC10094938 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and sarcopenia, i.e., decreased skeletal muscle mass and function, are global health challenges. Moreover, people with obesity and sedentary lifestyles often have sleep disorders. Despite the potential associations, metabolic disturbances linking obesity, sarcopenia, and sleep disorders with cancer are neither well-defined nor understood fully. Abnormal levels of adipokines and adipomyokines originating from both adipose tissue and skeletal muscles are observed in some patients with obesity, sarcopenia and sleep disorders, as well as in cancer patients. This warrants investigation with respect to carcinogenesis. Adipokines and adipomyokines may exert either pro-carcinogenic or anti-carcinogenic effects. These factors, acting independently or together, may significantly modulate the incidence and progression of cancer. This review indicates that one of the possible pathways influencing the development of cancer may be the mutual relationship between obesity and/or sarcopenia, sleep quantity and quality, and adipokines/adipomyokines excretion. Taking into account the high proportion of persons with obesity and sedentary lifestyles, as well as the associations of these conditions with sleep disturbances, more attention should be paid to the individual and combined effects on cancer pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brzecka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Grabiszyńska 105, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Helena Martynowicz
- Department of Internal and Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cyryl Daroszewski
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Grabiszyńska 105, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Majchrzak
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Ludwika Pasteura 1, Grabiszyńska105, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria Ejma
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Misiuk-Hojło
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Siva G. Somasundaram
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, 223 West Main Street, Salem, WV 26426, USA
| | - Cecil E. Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, 223 West Main Street, Salem, WV 26426, USA
| | - Monika Kosacka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Grabiszyńska 105, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland
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7
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Implication of Irisin in Different Types of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179971. [PMID: 36077366 PMCID: PMC9456043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a set of diseases characterized by several hallmark properties, such as increased angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. The increased angiogenic activity constantly supplies the tumors with nutrients and a plethora of cytokines to ensure cell survival. Along these cytokines is a newly discovered protein, called irisin, which is released into the circulation after physical exercise. Irisin is the product of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) proteolytic cleavage. Recently it has been the topic of investigation in several types of cancer. In this study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate its implication in different types of cancer. Our results suggest that irisin expression is decreased in cancer patients, thus it can be used as a valid biomarker for the diagnosis of several types of cancer. In addition, our results indicate that irisin may have an important role in tumor progression and metastasis since it is involved in multiple signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation and migration.
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8
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Malinaric R, Mantica G, Lo Monaco L, Mariano F, Leonardi R, Simonato A, Van der Merwe A, Terrone C. The Role of Novel Bladder Cancer Diagnostic and Surveillance Biomarkers-What Should a Urologist Really Know? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159648. [PMID: 35955004 PMCID: PMC9368399 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to analyze and describe the current landscape of bladder cancer diagnostic and surveillance biomarkers. We researched the literature from 2016 to November 2021 to find the most promising new molecules and divided them into seven different subgroups based on their function and location in the cell. Although cystoscopy and cytology are still the gold standard for diagnosis and surveillance when it comes to bladder cancer (BCa), their cost is quite a burden for national health systems worldwide. Currently, the research is focused on finding a biomarker that has high negative predictive value (NPV) and can exclude with a certainty the presence of the tumor, considering missing it could be disastrous for the patient. Every subgroup has its own advantages and disadvantages; for example, protein biomarkers cost less than genomic ones, but on the other hand, they seem to be less precise. We tried to simplify this complicated topic as much as possible in order to make it comprehensible to doctors and urologists that are not as familiar with it, as well as encourage them to actively participate in ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Malinaric
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Guglielmo Mantica
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lo Monaco
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Mariano
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosario Leonardi
- Department of Urology, Casa di Cura Musumeci GECAS, 95030 Gravina di Catania, Italy
| | - Alchiede Simonato
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - André Van der Merwe
- Department of Urology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7600, South Africa
| | - Carlo Terrone
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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9
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Irisin, An Exercise-induced Bioactive Peptide Beneficial for Health Promotion During Aging Process. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Response to Letter to the Editor 'Serum irisin concentration in patients with bladder cancer'. Int Urol Nephrol 2022; 54:1247-1248. [PMID: 35441909 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Kawada T. Serum irisin concentration in patients with bladder cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2022; 54:1245-1246. [PMID: 35362818 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kawada
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
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12
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Serum irisin is a novel biomarker for bladder cancer detection. Int Urol Nephrol 2021; 54:55-61. [PMID: 34807348 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-021-03074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study intended to investigate irisin levels in bladder cancer patients and healthy controls. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate if serum irisin could be used as a diagnostic tool in bladder cancer and further, if it could differentiate muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. METHODS In this study, 90 primary bladder cancer patients in addition to 30 age-matched healthy individuals for the control group were prospectively included. Bladder cancer patients were divided into two subgroups as non-muscle-invasive (60 patients) and muscle-invasive (30 patients). Blood samples were obtained before the diagnosis of the disease. Serum irisin levels were measured using ELISA. Demographic data as well as tumor grade and stage were noted. RESULTS Mean serum irisin level was significantly lower in the bladder cancer patients compared to the control group (4.53 ± 2.55 vs. 16.5 ± 5.67, p < 0.001). Also, serum irisin level was statistically lower in the muscle-invasive bladder cancer group compared to the non-muscle-invasive counterparts (3.19 ± 1.47 vs. 5.18 ± 2.73, p < 0.001). Serum irisin could differentiate bladder cancer patients from healthy individuals with a sensitivity of 86.2% and a specificity of 89.7% at a cut-off value of 8.689 (AUC = 0.859). Moreover, to discriminate between NMIBC and MIBC, the sensitivity was 75% and the specificity was 73.7% at a cut-off value of 3.97 (AUC = 0.732). CONCLUSION Our results showed that serum irisin levels can be used for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Also, it can help distinguish high-grade and stage tumor.
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López-Cortés R, Gómez BB, Vázquez-Estévez S, Pérez-Fentes D, Núñez C. Blood-based protein biomarkers in bladder urothelial tumors. J Proteomics 2021; 247:104329. [PMID: 34298186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the fifth most common cancer with a high prevalence rate. It is classically classified in two groups, namely non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) and muscle invasive (MIBC). NMIBC accounts for 75% of cases and has a better prognosis than MIBC. However, 30-50% of the NMIBC patients will show recurrences throughout their lives, and about 10-20% of them will progress to MIBC, with frequent metastasis and a reduced survival rate. The diagnosis of bladder cancer is confirmed by direct visualization of the tumour and other mucosal abnormalities with endoscopic excision using cystoscopy and transurethral resection of the bladder (TURBT). An adequate TURBT requires complete resection of all visible tumour with appropriate sampling of the bladder to assess the depth of invasion. However, for many years, researchers have attempted to identify and utilise urinary markers for bladder cancer detection. Voided urine cytology has been the mainstay of urine-based diagnosis of bladder cancer since originally described by Papanicolau and Marshall. Nonetheless, urine cytology has several drawbacks, including a poor sensitivity for low-grade/stage tumours, a lack of interobserver consistency and a variable range of readings (e.g., atypical, atypical-suspicious, non-diagnostic). These shortcomings have inspired the search for more sensitive bladder cancer biomarkers. To bring precision medicine to genitourinary oncology, the analysis of the plasma/serum wide genome and proteome offers promising possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén López-Cortés
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), ES27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Benito Blanco Gómez
- Urology Division, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), ES27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Sergio Vázquez-Estévez
- Oncology Division, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), ES27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez-Fentes
- Urology Division, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), ES15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), ES27002 Lugo, Spain.
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14
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The Role of Irisin in Cancer Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061479. [PMID: 34204674 PMCID: PMC8231117 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin (Ir) is an adipomyokine that is involved in the regulation of metabolic processes. It also influences processes related to inflammation, including cancer. Initially, Ir was considered a hormone secreted by skeletal muscles in response to physical exercise. Further studies showed that Ir is also present in other healthy tissues, organs, and plasma. It influences the change in phenotype of white adipose tissue (WAT) into brown adipose tissue (BAT). It increases mitochondrial biogenesis and affects the expression of thermogenin (UCP1). This adipomyokine has also been found in many tumor tissues and in the serum of cancer patients. Studies are underway to determine the association between Ir and carcinogenesis. It has been confirmed that Ir inhibits in vitro proliferation, migration, and invasion. It is involved in the inhibition of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Additionally, Ir affects the expression of the transcription factor Snail, which is involved in EMT, and inhibits transcription of the gene encoding E-cadherin, which is characteristic of epithelial-derived cells. Many studies have been performed to determine the role of Ir in physiological and pathological processes. Further detailed studies should determine more precisely the effect of Ir on the body in health and disease.
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15
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Tsiani E, Tsakiridis N, Kouvelioti R, Jaglanian A, Klentrou P. Current Evidence of the Role of the Myokine Irisin in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112628. [PMID: 34071869 PMCID: PMC8199282 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Regular exercise/physical activity is beneficial for the health of an individual and lowers the risk of getting different diseases, including cancer. How exactly exercise results in these health benefits is not known. Recent studies suggest that the molecule irisin released by muscles into the blood stream after exercise may be responsible for these effects. This review summarizes all the available in vitro/cell culture, animal and human studies that have investigated the relationship between cancer and irisin with the aim to shed light and understand the possible role of irisin in cancer. The majority of the in vitro studies indicate anticancer properties of irisin, but more animal and human studies are required to better understand the exact role of irisin in cancer. Abstract Cancer is a disease associated with extreme human suffering, a huge economic cost to health systems, and is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Regular physical activity is associated with many health benefits, including reduced cancer risk. In the past two decades, exercising/contracting skeletal muscles have been found to secrete a wide range of biologically active proteins, named myokines. Myokines are delivered, via the circulation, to different cells/tissues, bind to their specific receptors and initiate signaling cascades mediating the health benefits of exercise. The present review summarizes the existing evidence of the role of the myokine irisin in cancer. In vitro studies have shown that the treatment of various cancer cells with irisin resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation, survival, migration/ invasion and induced apoptosis by affecting key proliferative and antiapoptotic signaling pathways. However, the effects of irisin in humans remains unclear. Although the majority of the existing studies have found reduced serum irisin levels in cancer patients, a few studies have shown the opposite. Similarly, the majority of studies have found increased levels of irisin in cancer tissues, with a few studies showing the opposite trend. Clearly, further investigations are required to determine the exact role of irisin in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (N.T.); (R.K.); (A.J.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicole Tsakiridis
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (N.T.); (R.K.); (A.J.)
| | - Rozalia Kouvelioti
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (N.T.); (R.K.); (A.J.)
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Alina Jaglanian
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (N.T.); (R.K.); (A.J.)
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Panagiotou G, Triantafyllidou S, Tarlatzis BC, Papakonstantinou E. Serum Levels of Irisin and Omentin-1 in Breast Neoplasms and Their Association with Tumor Histology. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:6656671. [PMID: 33688343 PMCID: PMC7920698 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6656671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is associated with obesity, possibly due to direct effects of adipokines and myokines, such as omentin-1 and irisin. In this study, we aimed to evaluate omentin-1 and irisin levels in women with benign and/or malignant breast neoplasms vs. healthy controls. Disease-free individuals (N = 56) and patients with histologically proven benign (N = 61) or malignant tumor (N = 96; subdivided into recently diagnosed/treatment-naïve (N = 72) and chemotherapy-treated (N = 24) subgroups) were enrolled in this study. Demographic, biochemical, and tumor histological characteristics were recorded. Body composition parameters were assessed using bioelectrical impedance. Serum irisin and omentin-1 levels were quantified with ELISA kits. In adjusted models, irisin levels were higher in both benign and malignant cases compared to controls but were comparable between neoplasms. Further adjustment for omentin-1 levels showed that age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.05, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = (1.02, 1.08), p < 0.01) and irisin levels (OR = 5.30, 95% CI = (1.24, 22.38), p=0.03) were independent predictors of the presence of malignancy. These molecules were associated with each other and with other anthropometric and demographic parameters. Irisin was associated with tumor histological characteristics including Ki67% levels, Elston-Ellis grading system, and estrogen receptors status. Omentin-1 was also associated with the Elston-Ellis grading system. In conclusion, serum irisin is increased in patients with both benign and malignant diseases of the breast. When combined with omentin-1, irisin concentration was associated with the presence of breast malignancy. This molecule's role as a potential diagnostic and/or prognostic agent in breast malignancies warrants further investigation in larger prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigorios Panagiotou
- First Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Basil C. Tarlatzis
- Unit of Human Reproduction, 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Papageorgiou General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- First Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Okechukwu C, Okechukwu C, Agag A, Naushad N, Abbas S, Deb A. Hypothesized biological mechanisms by which exercise-induced irisin mitigates tumor proliferation and improves cancer treatment outcomes. MGM JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/mgmj.mgmj_67_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Abstract
The ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China has become the
world's leading health headline and is causing major panic and public concerns. After emerging in the
City of Wuhan, China, COVID-19 has spread to several countries becoming a worldwide pandemia.
Among the studies on COVID-19, it has been demonstrated that novel coronavirus pneumonia is closely
associated with inflammatory storms. Controlling the inflammatory response may be as important as
targeting the virus. Irisin is a muscle-contraction-induced immunomodulatory myokine related to physical
activity. Irisin drives the “browning” of white adipocytes, so enhancing metabolic uncoupling and
hence caloric expenditure. Irisin has been clearly shown to be a handyman molecule by exerting beneficial
effects on adipose tissues, pancreas, and bone through “cross-talk” between skeletal muscleadipocyte,
skeletal muscle-pancreas, and skeletal muscle-bone, respectively. Irisin has been proposed as
a promising strategy for early diagnosis and treatment of various types of cancers, neurological diseases
and inflammatory conditions. Irisin has been demonstrated to suppress the immune response, too. The
importance of irisin is demonstrated by the increase in the number of scientific papers and patents in
recent years. The identification of irisin receptor should greatly facilitate the understanding of irisin’s
function in exercise and human health. This review examines the structure and recent advances in activities
of irisin, suggesting it for further studies on the prevention and cure of COVID-19. Nowadays, studies
on irisin plasma levels and physical activity may be useful tools to further investigate the prevention
of COVID-19. Irisin may be suggested as a potential novel intervention for COVID-19 by mitigating
inflammatory storms, suppressing the immune response and simultaneously alleviating neurological disorders
such as depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari, 70126, Bari, Italy
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Zhang D, Tan X, Tang N, Huang F, Chen Z, Shi G. Review of Research on the Role of Irisin in Tumors. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:4423-4430. [PMID: 32547073 PMCID: PMC7245464 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s245178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a newly discovered exercise-induced cytokine, produced by the proteolytic hydrolysis of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). Irisin is widely distributed in the human body and is involved in the browning of white adipose tissue, improving insulin resistance, improving cognitive function, and regulating bone metabolism. Recent studies have shown that irisin concentration is elevated in a variety of tumor tissues as compared with that in normal tissues. However, irisin has different effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells in breast cancer, lung cancer, and liver cancer through various mechanisms. Irisin plays an important role in the occurrence, development, and metastasis of different tumors, suggesting that irisin can be used as a potential target for tumor diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, studying the expression and function of irisin in tumors may be of great significance for the prevention and treatment of tumors. This article reviews the research progress on the role of irisin in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguo Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Chengyang District People's Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Tan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Chengyang District People's Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Hernia Surgery, Qianxinan People's Hospital, Xingyi 562400, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengyin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Chengyang District People's Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangjun Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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