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Ribeiro RM, Ribeiro DDSF, Cota LO, Carvalho AM, Gobesso AADO, Faleiros RR. Comparison Between the Direct Method and Friedewald's Formula for the Determination of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Serum Levels in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 122:104230. [PMID: 36702199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the use of enzymatic colorimetry and Friedewald's formula for the determination of LDL in horses. A total of 260 samples were used. Direct analysis was performed to determine low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC). The LDL level was calculated using the Friedewald equation (LDL= TC-HDL-TG/5). The correlations between the direct LDL analysis and the LDL calculated using the Friedewald formula were determined by Pearson's tests, and the coefficient of determination was also obtained by linear regression using SAS software (P<.05) and the kappa value. The mean value (± standard deviation) of the LDL was 22.12 (±10.34) mg/dL, and that of the result obtained by the Friedewald formula was 19.94 (±19.13) mg/dL. The correlation between the two variants analyzed in this experiment was significant, with a value of P < .001, and values of r = 0.688 and R2 = 0.4893. These results are relevant, given that recent studies have demonstrated a correlation between LDL plasma values and equine metabolic syndrome. Previous studies have reported discrepancies between the data obtained using Friedewald's method and the LDL-c values directly determined in humans and animals. The results of the present study suggest that the Friedewald method can be used to estimate the LDL plasma concentration in horses. Nevertheless, the coefficient of determination was not found to be adequate to recommend the Friedewald formula as a replacement for the enzymatic colorimetric method in determining LDL in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M Ribeiro
- Centro Universitário de Mineiros, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Mineiros, Goiás, Brazil.
| | | | - Leticia Oliveira Cota
- Centro Universitário de Mineiros, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Mineiros, Goiás, Brazil; Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Armando Mattos Carvalho
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael R Faleiros
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; CNPq and FAPEMIG Fellow, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Kader MA, Rahman MM, Mahmud S, Khan MS, Mukta S, Zohora FT. A comparative study on the Antihyperlipidemic and antibacterial potency of the shoot and flower extracts of Melastoma malabathricum Linn's. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2023; 9:5. [PMCID: PMC9975876 DOI: 10.1186/s40816-023-00355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is arteries’ thickening and stiffening condition manifested due to plaque formation by oxidized-LDL of abundant and deranged lipid metabolism. Traditionally, Melastoma malabathricum Linn (MM) leaves are used for anti-diabetics, abdominal problems, and high blood pressure. The current experiment unveils the potency of ethanol, acetone, and water MM extracts as antibacterial agents and alternative medicine during hyperlipidemic conditions. Methods A high cholesterol diet (HCD-2500 mg/kg) was provided with regular feeds for 3 weeks to induce hyperlipidemic mice. Afterward, comparing weight with Group-A (normal control), the hyperlipidemic mice were classified into five groups: Group-B (hyperlipidemic control), Group-C (MFA-500 mg/kg), Group-D (MSE-250 mg/kg), Group-E (MSE-500 mg/kg), and Group-F (ATOVAT-20 mg/kg). And the dosages were given orally for 28 days according to their body weight. Fasting blood was collected at the end of treatment, and serum was taken to test lipid profiling and liver enzymes. Results The body mass had waxed significantly (P < 0.001) in all the groups compared with Group-A. Subsequently, orally administered different doses where group-D and group-E demonstrated magnificent anti-hyperlipidemic potency (P < 0.001) compared with group-B. During treatment, rapid upward body mass was tardy in group-E (P < 0.001). However, the liver enzyme expression such as AST, ALT, and ALP was elevated (P < 0.001) in Group-F, they were significantly lessened (P < 0.001, P < 0.01) in Groups-C, D, and E, which indicates these extracts have significant anti-liver damaging potency. Alongside the antibacterial activity of MSE-1500 μg/disc, it exhibited the greatest (16.50 mm) zone of inhibition against Shigella dysenteriae. Conclusion However, in our current experiment, depending on the derived data, we can elicit that the Melastoma malabathricum shoot ethanolic (MSE) extract is a potential resource for developing alternative medicine to manage the hyperlipidemic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abdul Kader
- grid.443019.b0000 0004 0479 1356Department of Bitechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and TechnologyUniversity, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Masuder Rahman
- grid.443019.b0000 0004 0479 1356Department of Bitechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and TechnologyUniversity, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Shahin Mahmud
- grid.443019.b0000 0004 0479 1356Department of Bitechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and TechnologyUniversity, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sharif Khan
- grid.443019.b0000 0004 0479 1356Department of Bitechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and TechnologyUniversity, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Samsunnahar Mukta
- grid.449569.30000 0004 4664 8128Department of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh
| | - Fatama Tous Zohora
- grid.443019.b0000 0004 0479 1356Department of Bitechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and TechnologyUniversity, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
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Wilson A, Talbot A, Crosby‐Durrani H, Malalana F. Masseter myodegeneration in the horse: Suggested approach to diagnosis and treatment. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amie Wilson
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - Alison Talbot
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - Hayley Crosby‐Durrani
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - Fernando Malalana
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool Neston UK
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Particle Size Distribution of Plasma Lipoproteins in Donkeys from Death Valley Compared to a Sampling of Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202746. [PMID: 36290132 PMCID: PMC9597708 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Donkeys, like horses, belong to the Equidae family. Though they share some physical attributes, much of their physiology is quite different from horses. Both horses and donkeys can develop clinical issues associated with obesity; insulin dysregulation; and altered lipid metabolism, often termed equine metabolic syndrome or donkey metabolic syndrome, respectively. Unlike large breed horses, however, donkeys, ponies, and miniature horses are more susceptible to developing dyslipidemias. This study aimed to use a novel Lipoprint® assay to compare the lipid profiles of apparently healthy donkeys and large-breed horses to establish a baseline for future work that may lead to the use of this test methodology for the evaluation and monitoring of equids with endocrine disorders. Abstract The clinical evaluation of lipid metabolism in equids is often limited to the measurement of total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. This provides a limited picture of metabolic state and general health, given the continuous exchange of lipid species between various lipoproteins. Major lipoprotein classes in equids include high-density lipoprotein (HDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and chylomicrons (CM). Unlike large breed horses, donkeys are highly susceptible to hepatic lipidosis. Currently, serum triglyceride concentrations serve as a surrogate marker of hepatic lipid exportation. Both VLDL, indicative of hepatic exportation, and its metabolic end-product, LDL, are rich in triglycerides, and contribute to this value. Diagnostic assays that distinguish VLDL from LDL could be useful in better recognizing the hepatic pathology in donkeys. The compositional differences of lipoproteins across species limit the use of commercially available assays developed for the measurement of human lipoproteins in domestic animals. In this study, we evaluated a high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method (Lipoprint®) for separating major lipoprotein classes and sub-fractionating LDL and HDL based on particle size in a large group of donkeys, and compared the pattern to a representative set of horses. Donkeys proved an HDL-rich species, with HDL accounting for the bulk of all lipoproteins (average 78.45%, SD 6.6%, range 92.2–55%). VLDL accounted for a large portion of the total (average 21.6%, SD 6.6%, range 37.1–7.8%), with minimal amounts of LDL detected. The horses tested had higher proportions of VLDL as compared to donkeys (31.7% and 21.6%, respectively p = 0.00008). The later finding draws into question the purported relationship between VLDL, high triglycerides, and hepatic lipidosis, given the incidence of the disease in donkeys is far higher than in horses.
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Busechian S, Turini L, Sgorbini M, Pieramati C, Pisello L, Orvieto S, Rueca F. Are Horse Owners Able to Estimate Their Animals' Body Condition Score and Cresty Neck Score? Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100544. [PMID: 36288157 PMCID: PMC9611487 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and overconditioning are becoming more prevalent in horses, and are influencing the animal's health, activity, and reproductive efficiency. Body condition score (BCS) and cresty neck score (CNS) have been correlated with the development of various diseases. Many of the papers in the literature evaluate the prevalence of obesity and overconditioning in horse populations considering BCS given by owners. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of the owners' estimation of the degree of equine obesity or overconditioning by comparing BCS and CNS provided by each owner and a board-certified vet to a cohort of 259 horses and their agreement based on age, breed, sex, and activity of the animals. Overconditioning was present in 29% and 24% of horses according to the owners and the vet, respectively, and obesity in 2% and 1%, respectively. Agreement between BCS and CNS given by the owners and the vet was slight, with owners scoring horses either lower or higher than the vet. Agreement between the owners and the vet assessment was also influenced by age, breed, sex, and activity of the animals. Education of owners and caretakers to correctly assess BCS and CNS and regular evaluation of the animals throughout the year is important to prevent the development of obesity and overconditioning and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Busechian
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Luca Turini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Agro-Environmental Sciences, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Camillo Pieramati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pisello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Rueca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Faecal Proteomics and Functional Analysis of Equine Melanocytic Neoplasm in Grey Horses. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020094. [PMID: 35202347 PMCID: PMC8875177 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine melanocytic neoplasm (EMN) is a common disease in older grey horses. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential proteins throughout EMN stages from faecal proteomic outlining using functional analysis. Faecal samples were collected from the rectum of 25 grey horses divided into three groups; normal group without EMN (n = 10), mild EMN (n = 6) and severe EMN (n = 9). Based on the results, 5910 annotated proteins out of 8509 total proteins were assessed from proteomic profiling. We observed differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the normal group and the EMN group, and 109 significant proteins were obtained, of which 28 and 81 were involved in metabolic and non-metabolic functions, respectively. We found 10 proteins that play a key role in lipid metabolism, affecting the tumour microenvironment and, consequently, melanoma progression. Interestingly, FOSL1 (FOS like 1, AP-1 transcription factor subunit) was considered as a potential highly expressed protein in a mild EMN group involved in melanocytes cell and related melanoma. Diacylglycerol kinase (DGKB), TGc domain-containing protein (Tgm2), structural maintenance of chromosomes 4 (SMC4) and mastermind-like transcriptional coactivator 2 (MAML2) were related to lipid metabolism, facilitating melanoma development in the severe-EMN group. In conclusion, these potential proteins can be used as candidate biomarkers for the monitoring of early EMN, the development of EMN, further prevention and treatment.
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Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in Dairy Cows and Horses: Comparison to Human Metabolic Syndrome. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121406. [PMID: 34947937 PMCID: PMC8705694 DOI: 10.3390/life11121406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a serious health problem with frequent occurrence both in human and animal populations. It is estimated that it may affect over 85% of the human population and 70–80% of horses and cows by 2030. Fat cow syndrome (FCS) is a combination of metabolic, digestive, infectious, and reproductive disorders that affects obese periparturient dairy cows, and occurs most frequently in loose-housing systems, where periparturient and dry cows are fed and managed in one group disregarding the lactation stages. Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) was named after human metabolic syndrome (MetS) and has insulin dysregulation as a central and consistent feature. It is often associated with obesity, although EMS may occur in a lean phenotype as well. Other inconsistent features of EMS are cardiovascular changes and adipose dysregulation. Laminitis is the main clinical consequence of EMS. MetS holds a 30-years old lead in research and represents a clustering of risk factors that comprise abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia (impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes mellitus—T2DM), which are associated with doubled atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, and a 5-fold increased risk for T2DM. The main aim of this review is to provide critical information for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction in animals, especially in cows and horses, in comparison with MetS. Human medicine studies can offer suitable candidate mechanisms to fill the existing gap in the literature, which might be indispensable for owners to tackle FCS, EMS, and their consequences.
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Filippo PAD, Duarte BR, Albernaz AP, Quirino CR. Effects of feed deprivation on physical and blood parameters of horses. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021; 43:e000321. [PMID: 35749104 PMCID: PMC9179197 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feed restriction on some physical and blood parameters in horses kept outdoors under natural conditions. Twenty horses were deprived of food for 48 h. They were closely monitored and examined, and blood samples were taken at the beginning (0) of the experiment and 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 hours afterward. During the experimental period, the control group (12 animals) had free access to water and hay, while the restricted group had free access to water only. Data were submitted to two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures, and statistical significance was P ≤ 0.05. The horses tolerated feed restriction without complications. Feed restriction had no effect on body mass and body condition score, heart rate, respiratory rate, capillary filling time and body temperature. However, feed restriction decreased the intensity of gastrointestinal sounds (P<0.05) compared to the control horses. Feed restriction did not cause any changes in erythrocyte variables and gamma glutamyl transferase, creatinine, total protein, and albumin concentrations. During fasting, there was a reduction in the leukocyte response (P<0.05). Feed restriction significantly raised the levels of blood urea nitrogen (24 to 48 hours), aspartate aminotransferase (36 to 48 hours) and total cholesterol (42 to 48 hours). During 48 hours of fasting, there was a continuous increase in triglyceride concentration. Feed restriction for 48 h had a marked effect on the intensity of gastrointestinal sounds and was responsible for important metabolic changes in the healthy horses of our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alessandra Di Filippo
- Veterinarian, DSc., Laboratório de Clínicas e Cirurgia Animal (LCCA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil.
- Correspondence Paula Alessandra Di Filippo Laboratório de Clínica e Cirurgia Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, CEP 28013-602 - Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ), Brasil E-mail:
| | - Barbara Ribeiro Duarte
- Veterinarian, MSc., Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal (PPGCA), UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Antônio Peixoto Albernaz
- Veterinarian, DSc., Laboratório de Clínicas e Cirurgia Animal (LCCA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Célia Raquel Quirino
- Veterinarian, DSc., Laboratório de Reprodução e Melhoramento Genético Animal (LRMGA), UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil.
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders in Donkeys. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:399-417. [PMID: 31587976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The donkey evolved under harsh and arid environmental conditions, developing unique energy-efficiency traits, with an efficiency to rapidly mobilize fat in situations of increased energy demands or when food is scarce. This evolution has led to an inherent predisposition of donkeys to obesity, dyslipidemias, insulin dysregulation/metabolic syndrome, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, and endocrinopathic laminitis. Marked differences have been described in hormone dynamics and testing protocols for the diagnosis of these endocrine and metabolic diseases in donkeys compared with horses, underlining the necessity of a species-specific approach in order to avoid misdiagnosis, unnecessary or inadequate treatments, and additional costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Mendoza
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, Cordoba 14014, Spain.
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alejandro Perez-Ecija
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, Cordoba 14014, Spain
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Mello E, Botteon P, Hess T, Spíndola B, Souza B, Barros T, Raimundo B. Lipidograma e sensibilidade à insulina em éguas Mangalarga Marchador. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A dislipidemia é um achado comum, porém não determinante, na síndrome metabólica equina (SME). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar a dislipidemia em animais obesos com risco de SME. Para isso, 18 éguas foram alocadas em grupos, de acordo com escore corporal (EC) de 1 a 9: no grupo ideal, animais com EC de 4,5 a 5,5 (n= 6), no grupo sobrepeso, com EC de 6 a 7 (n= 6) e no grupo obeso, animais com EC de 7,5 a 9 (n= 6). Coletaram-se amostras de sangue em jejum de concentrado para determinação de triglicerídeos, colesterol total, glicemia e concentração de insulina. Valores preditivos de sensibilidade à insulina (RISQI) e de secreção β-pancreática (MIRG) foram calculados. O grupo obeso apresentou níveis maiores em relação aos outros grupos de triglicerídeos (P=0,001) e acima do ideal em concentrações de colesterol (P=0,012). Não foi observada diferença nas concentrações plasmáticas de glicose (P=0,53), de insulina (P=0,10) ou de RISQI (P=0,46). Houve diferença entre os grupos nos valores de MIRG (P=0,048), tendo o grupo obeso obtido resultados maiores quando comparado com o grupo ideal. O aumento do EC foi associado ao aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol e triglicerídeos, o que caracteriza um estado de dislipidemia e de elevação da secreção das células β-pancreáticas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P.T.L Botteon
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - B.F. Spíndola
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - B.G. Souza
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T.L. Barros
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Some hematological and biochemical reference values of the thoroughbred Appaloosa horse breeds reared in Kyrgyzstan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-019-02991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Pritchard A, Nielsen B, McLean A, Robison C, Yokoyama M, Hengemuehle S, Bailey S, Harris P. Insulin Resistance as a Result of Body Condition Categorized as Thin, Moderate, and Obese in Domesticated U.S. Donkeys (Equus asinus). J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 77:31-35. [PMID: 31133313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Donkeys are often kept, especially in industrialized countries, as companion animals. Donkeys have greater digestive efficiency and tend to expend less energy than horses or ponies, which contributes to obesity in nonworking donkeys. Obesity in all equine species increases risk of chronic health conditions such as laminitis and insulin resistance. Previous studies in horses and ponies have documented obesity's potential effects on glucose-insulin dynamics with lower insulin sensitivity and higher insulin responses to glucose. However, limited studies on obesity and its health impacts in donkeys exist, so these effects on glucose-insulin dynamics have not been fully studied. Twenty-four donkeys were selected according to initial body condition score (BCS) and divided into three categories with eight donkeys in each: thin, moderate, and obese. A frequently sampled glucose-insulin tolerance test was performed with subsequent MINMOD analysis to determine the effects of BCS on glucose-insulin dynamics. Basal insulin was highest in obese donkeys when compared with moderate and thin donkeys (P = .02 and P = .01, respectively). There was an overall trend across groups for BCS to lower insulin sensitivity (P = .06). No other effect was found. Body condition score seems to affect donkeys in a similar manner to horses and ponies as higher BCS was associated with higher basal insulin and may lower insulin sensitivity. Higher basal insulin concentrations in obese donkeys could negatively influence health and contribute to serious, chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Nielsen
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Amy McLean
- University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cara Robison
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Simon Bailey
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia Harris
- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, UK
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Martony M, Hernandez JA, de Wit M, St Leger J, Erlacher-Reid C, Vandenberg J, Stacy NI. Clinicopathological prognostic indicators of survival and pathological findings in cold-stressed Florida manatees Trichechus manatus latirostris. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 132:85-97. [PMID: 30628575 DOI: 10.3354/dao03306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cold-stress syndrome (CSS) is a leading natural cause of mortality in free-ranging Florida manatees Trichechus manatus latirostris, but comprehensive investigations into blood analyte derangements and prognostic indicators in CSS are lacking. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare admission blood analyte data of manatees pre and post rehabilitation for CSS to identify clinicopathological derangements, (2) identify blood analyte prognostic indicators for survival, and (3) correlate post-mortem anatomic pathological changes with clinicopathological findings to improve the understanding of CS pathophysiology. CSS manatees admitted to a rehabilitation facility between 2007 and 2017 were included: 59 manatees with data for clinicopathological analysis (7 non-survivors and 49 survivors) and 14 manatees with necropsy data (7 with and 7 without blood analyte data). Main interpretive clinicopathological findings indicated systemic inflammation, bone marrow damage, diuresis, malnutrition, tissue necrosis, fat mobilization, hepatic impairment, acid-base imbalances, and gastrointestinal ulceration. The best diagnostically performing prognostic indicators for survival included platelet concentration, aspartate aminotransferase, calcium, and blood urea nitrogen. The main anatomic pathological findings were cutaneous lesions (n = 14), lipid depletion (n = 12), upper gastrointestinal ulceration and/or hemorrhage (n = 9), and pneumonia (n = 5). Based on the identified blood prognostic indicators interpreted in the context of anatomic pathological findings, multi-organ tissue injury, gastrointestinal ulceration and/or hemorrhage, and hemodynamic and platelet derangements are the presumptive major factors of CSS manatee mortality. These results contribute to the understanding of the complex CSS pathophysiology and offer the use of blood analyte prognostic indicators as a clinically applicable tool for the medical care of manatees during rehabilitation, thereby contributing to increased rehabilitation success and conservation of the Florida manatee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Martony
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Rickards
- Principle veterinary surgeon; The Donkey Sanctuary, Slade House Farm, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 0NU
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Donkey Internal Medicine—Part I: Metabolic, Endocrine, and Alimentary Tract Disturbances. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [PMCID: PMC7111315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic and endocrine disturbances are common in donkeys. This species has an inherent ability to thrive with limited and poor-quality roughage. Donkeys are extremely efficient in energy storage and mobilization, which predisposes to hyperlipemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of dyslipidemias is higher in donkeys than other equids, which is more evident under stressful conditions. Diagnosis of endocrine and metabolic disorders in donkeys should be based on species-specific information considering that differences in a multitude of variables compared with horses have been demonstrated. Protocols to assess endocrine disorders (e.g., pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and thyroid illness) are unavailable, and extrapolation from horse data can be misleading. Treatment guidelines for these conditions in donkeys are currently not reported. On the other hand, the typical stoic and hardy behavior of donkeys can hinder prompt diagnosis of gastrointestinal problems, specifically colic, which is commonly caused by dental issues in this species. Moreover, subclinical gastric ulcer syndrome appears to be a common pathology in this species, especially in working donkeys. Donkeys are different to horses. Numerous physiological and clinic-pathologic idiosyncrasies are reported in horses. Data published for horses should not be extrapolated for donkeys. Specific reference ranges, doses, and protocols have to be used for donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Mendoza
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Corresponding author at: Dr Francisco J. Mendoza, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Alejandro Perez-Ecija
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
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16
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Tóth B, Auth A, Rompos L, Bakos Z. Effect of feed deprivation on selected parameters of lipid mobilisation and hepatic function in healthy Akhal Teke horses. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:98-103. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Z. Bakos
- Department and Clinic of Equine Medicine; University of Veterinary Medicine; Üllő Hungary
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17
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Hematological and Blood Biochemical Characteristics of Newborn Heavy Draft Foals After Dystocia. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Bamford NJ, Rosales CM, Williamson AJ, Steel CM, Tennent-Brown BS. Severe hypophosphataemia associated with the management of hyperlipaemia in a miniature pony. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. J. Bamford
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - C. M. Rosales
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - A. J. Williamson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - C. M. Steel
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - B. S. Tennent-Brown
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
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19
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Pongratz MC, Junge HK, Riond B, Schwarzwald CC. Validation of the Accutrend Plus point-of-care triglyceride analyzer in horses, ponies, and donkeys. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 26:682-90. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah K. Junge
- Equine Department; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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20
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Aoki T, Kimura Y, Oya A, Chiba A, Ishii M, Nambo Y. Hematological and biochemical features of postpartum fever in the heavy draft mare. J Equine Sci 2016; 27:13-6. [PMID: 27073331 PMCID: PMC4828247 DOI: 10.1294/jes.27.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy draft mares potentially have a higher risk of suffering from postpartum fever (PF) than light breed
mares. The purpose of this study was to compare hematological and biochemical features between clinically
healthy mares (n=40) and PF-affected mares (n=16). Mares were classified as having PF when their rectal
temperature rose to >38.5°C within 96 hr of foaling. The numbers of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and
neutrophils and the serum magnesium level were significantly lower in PF-affected mares. The serum SAA and
NEFA levels were significantly higher in PF-affected mares. Strong inflammation responses, fat mobilization
associated with negative energy balance and possibly endotoxin participate in hematological and biochemical
features of PF in heavy draft mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Aoki
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Kimura
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Anna Oya
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Chiba
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Ishii
- Ishii Veterinary Support Services Inc., Hokkaido 080-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nambo
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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21
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Rodríguez-Sánchez IP, Treviño-Alvarado VM, del Rosario Torres-Sepúlveda M, López-Saldaña LA, Ponce-García G, López-Uriarte GA, del Consuelo Ruiz-Herrera M, Zamora-Ávila DE, Villarreal-Pérez JZ, Dávalos-Aranda G, Martínez-de-Villarreal LE. Reference values for amino acids and acylcarnitines in peripheral blood in Quarter horses and American Miniature horses. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:62. [PMID: 26416518 PMCID: PMC4587867 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Free amino acids and acylcarnitines
circulating in the blood can be used for diagnosis for metabolic illness and imbalances. To date, the normal reference ranges of amino acids and acylcarnitines in horse peripheral blood have not been established. In this study, the concentrations of 12 amino acids and 26 acylcarnitines were determined by tandem mass spectrometry in complete blood from 100 healthy horses (50 Quarter horses (QH) [23 males and 27 females] and 50 American Miniature horses (AMH) [15 males and 35 females]) with no signs of metabolic disease. The means and standard deviations were determined and data statistically analyzed. Findings Concentrations of short, medium, and long chain acylcarnitines were significantly higher in male AMH than in male QH. The concentrations of the amino acids alanine, arginine, glycine, proline (glycogenic), and leucine (ketogenic) were higher in the QH than in the AMH. Female AMH had higher concentrations of propionylcarnitine, leucine, proline, arginine, and ornithine than female QH. Conclusions Normal reference ranges of amino acids and acylcarnitines were established for AMH and QH. Significant differences were found in concentration of these compounds between breeds and gender. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13028-015-0144-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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22
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Changes in oxidative stress in response to different levels of energy restriction in obese ponies. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1402-11. [PMID: 25181634 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effect of different levels of energy restriction on metabolic parameters in obese ponies. Relative weight changes, markers of lipid metabolism and oxidant/antioxidant balance were monitored. A total of eighteen obese (body condition score ≥ 7/9) Shetland ponies were studied over a 23·5-week trial, which was divided into three periods. The first period involved a 4-week adaptation period in which each animal was fed 100% of their maintenance energy requirements needed to maintain a stable obese body weight (MERob). This was followed by a 16·5-week weight-loss period in which ponies were assigned to receive either 100% (control group, CONTROL), 80% (slow weight-loss (SLOW) group) or 60% (rapid weight-loss (RAPID) group) of their MERob. During the 3-week end-phase period, all ponies were again fed 100% of their MERob. Relative weight loss was higher in the RAPID group (P< 0·001) compared with the SLOW group. No linear relationship was found as a doubling of the percentage of energy restriction was accompanied by a tripling of the percentage of weight loss. Relative weight gain afterwards in the end-phase period was higher in the RAPID group (P< 0·001) compared with the SLOW and CONTROL groups. During the weight-loss period, TAG and NEFA concentrations were highest in the RAPID group, as were α-tocopherol and ferric-reducing ability of plasma concentrations. After 8 weeks of weight loss, the concentrations of advanced oxidation protein products were higher in the RAPID group compared with the SLOW and CONTROL groups (P< 0·001). In conclusion, the level of energy restriction influences the extent of changes in oxidant/antioxidant balance. Practically, more severe energy restriction regimens may be associated with a greater regain of weight after the restriction period.
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23
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Dunkel B, Wilford SA, Parkinson NJ, Ward C, Smith P, Grahame L, Brazil T, Schott HC. Severe hypertriglyceridaemia in horses and ponies with endocrine disorders. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:118-22. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Dunkel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; North Mymms UK
| | - S. A. Wilford
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; North Mymms UK
| | | | - C. Ward
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; University of Minnesota; USA
| | - P. Smith
- College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; USA
- Riviera Equine Internal Medicine & Consulting; Santa Ynez California USA
| | - L. Grahame
- Lisa Grahame Veterinary Surgeon; Letty Green UK
| | - T. Brazil
- Equine Medicine on the Move; Moreton-in-Marsh Gloucestershire UK
| | - H. C. Schott
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; USA
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24
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Ranjithkumar M, Malik TA, Saxena A, Dan A, Sakthivel PC, Dey S. Hyperlipidaemia in trypanosomiasis of naturally infected horses: possible cachexia-anorexia syndrome? Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:417-21. [PMID: 22836485 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi commonly produces wasting disease with signs of emaciation and cachexia mainly at the end stage. The present study was conducted to explore the possible hyperlipaemia or hyperlipidaemia and its association with cachexia-anorexia in equine trypanosomiasis. Out of the fifteen confirmed animals, none of the plasma sample was opaque. There was a significant increase in plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen and a highly significant increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. A mild increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and very low-density lipoprotein levels were observed, while the relative percentage of HDL and LDL was altered with high significance. A moderate increase in triglyceride and highly significant increase in LDL might be the reasons for retention of appetite and lipolysis. Possible protein breakdown and presence of lipolysis might be the reasons for cachexia in equine trypanosomiasis.
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25
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Govaere JLJ, De Schauwer C, Hoogewijs MK, Chiers K, Lefère L, Catry B, Roels K, van Heerden M, Broeckx S, de Kruif A. Hydrallantois in the Mare - A Report of Five Cases. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 48:e1-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Díez E, López I, Pérez C, Pineda C, Aguilera-Tejero E. Plasma leptin concentration in donkeys. Vet Q 2012; 32:13-6. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2012.677867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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27
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Williams A, Peachey LE, Christley RM. Assessment of a point-of-care test for measurement of blood triglyceride levels for rapid detection of equid hypertriglyceridaemia. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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