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Dobromylskyj MJ, Hederer R, Smith KC. What ails the pet rat? A retrospective study of more than 300 biopsy samples of externally palpable masses submitted from pet rats for histopathology (2013-2021). J Comp Pathol 2024; 211:36-41. [PMID: 38772057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Biopsy data on externally palpable masses in pet rats (Rattus norvegicus) were retrieved from the archives of a large commercial pathology laboratory between November 2013 and July 2021. A total of 330 samples were submitted from 292 individual animals. Of the 330 samples submitted, 182 (55.2%) were of mammary gland origin and the majority were benign neoplasms, with fibroadenoma most frequent. Of the remaining 148 samples, 101 were neoplastic in nature, with 76 tumours classified as mesenchymal, 23 as epithelial and two classified only as malignant neoplasia not otherwise specified. Malignant neoplasms accounted for 88 of these non-mammary masses, with the most diagnosed tumours including soft tissue sarcoma (including fibrosarcoma) and sarcomas not otherwise specified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Hederer
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Ken C Smith
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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2
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Figueroa R, Sadar MJ, Frank C, McCarthy MA, Keel MK, Guzman DSM. Respiratory Distress Caused by Neoplastic Upper Respiratory Tract Obstructions in 2 Pet Rats (Rattus norvegicus domestica). Top Companion Anim Med 2024; 58:100823. [PMID: 37802245 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2023.100823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory disease is one of the primary reasons for pet owners to seek veterinary attention for their rats. While chronic respiratory disease complex is most often responsible for respiratory signs in pet rats and is well characterized, upper respiratory obstructive disease has been rarely reported in the literature. This report describes 2 pet fancy rats (Rattus norvegicus domestica) presenting with a several day history of progressive respiratory signs that were minimally responsive to supportive therapies, including antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, and fluid and oxygen support. Survey radiographs were performed under sedation in both cases. In the first case, no cause for the clinical signs could be identified, in part due to suboptimal radiographic positioning, although severe aerophagia was noted. In the second case, cervical tracheal luminal narrowing and increased soft tissue opacity along the walls of the trachea were identified. Both rats declined while under sedation, resulting in cardiopulmonary arrest in the first case and humane euthanasia in the second. On necropsy, the first case had a oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma originating from the Zymbal's gland, which was obstructing the larynx. The second case had an intra-luminal tracheal mass obstructing the airway. This was mostly likely B-cell lymphoma or a plasma cell tumor, although definitive diagnosis was unable to be obtained. For future such cases empiric management of respiratory disease in rats with antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, and supportive care is often appropriate based on the high prevalence of infectious agents, however, other noninfectious causes should be considered, such as neoplastic processes leading to upper airway obstructive disease and diagnostic imaging may be indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Figueroa
- James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Miranda J Sadar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Chad Frank
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Michael K Keel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Dario d'Ovidio, White S, Santoro D. Problem-Oriented Approach in Exotic Companion Mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:309-326. [PMID: 36965873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Dermatologic disorders are some of the most common conditions affecting exotic companion mammals. This article provides a clinical approach of the conditions presenting with alopecia, pruritus, scaling/crusting, erosion/ulceration, and nodules in order to select and interpret the appropriate diagnostic tests to achieve a diagnosis for a successful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario d'Ovidio
- Private Practitioner, Via C. Colombo 118, Arzano, Naples 80022, Italy; Anicura Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate, Italy.
| | - Stephen White
- Dermatology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 2108 Tupper Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Martínez-Caro J, Vilalta L, Rosell J, Meléndez-Lazo A. What is your diagnosis? Testicular mass in a pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52 Suppl 2:155-158. [PMID: 36609856 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Vilalta
- Hospital Veterinario UCV, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain.,Hospital Veterinari Canis, Girona, Spain
| | - Jorge Rosell
- Departamento Producción Animal y Salud pública, Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto Valenciano de Patología (IVP), Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
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MAMMARY GLAND ADENOCARCINOMA IN FOUR INDIAN CRESTED PORCUPINES ( HYSTRIX INDICA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 53:855-863. [PMID: 36640090 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoplasia in porcupines is rarely reported in the literature, and the prevalence is unknown. A retrospective review of records from a private zoo diagnostic pathology service found four cases of mammary adenocarcinoma in Indian crested porcupines (Hystrix indica) from four separate zoological institutions. All cases presented in geriatric females (14-19 yr of age) as freely movable subcutaneous masses within the mammary chain. None of the individuals had additional clinical signs, radiographic, or hematologic changes at initial presentation. All cases were managed with surgical excision in the form of either an excisional biopsy or a partial mastectomy. Histologic examination diagnosed all tumors with anaplasia and moderate to high numbers of mitotic figures. Two cases required subsequent surgeries for management of local recurrence in the years following initial diagnosis. One case is 19 months postsurgical removal without evidence of metastasis or local recurrence. Two of the cases were euthanized after diagnosis of inoperable metastases to the lungs and spinal cord, including one previously treated with an oral nonsteroidal antiestrogen medication, tamoxifen. The third case was euthanized due to degenerative mobility changes and renal dysfunction and had no evidence of metastasis. The average survival time from initial surgical excision to euthanasia for the three applicable cases was 33 months. These cases suggest that surgical excision alone may result in temporary management of mammary adenocarcinoma in this species. Metastasis can occur, and routine screening with advanced imaging may aid in early detection of these lesions.
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Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumours of Small Pet Mammals—Retrospective Study of 256 Cases (2014–2021). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080965. [PMID: 35454212 PMCID: PMC9028556 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Several species of small mammals are very popular as companion pet animals and therefore demand professional veterinary care, including proper diagnostic and treatment procedures. The incidence of neoplastic diseases in companion pet animals has increased over time, as it has in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of cutaneous tumours in small mammal pets, including guinea pigs, rats, pet rabbits, ferrets, hamsters, degus, African pygmy hedgehogs, Mongolian gerbils and chinchillas, submitted for histopathology in 2014–2021. Malignant tumours represented the predominant group of cutaneous tumours in rats, African pygmy hedgehogs, degus and chinchillas, and represented a significant percentage of lesions in guinea pigs, pet rabbits, ferrets, hamsters and Mongolian gerbils. We also described the first case of melanocytoma in a pet rabbit, epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma in a degu, cutaneous histiocytic sarcoma in a Mongolian gerbil, fibrosarcoma in two chinchillas and epithelioid haemangioma in a chinchilla. The incidence of malignant neoplasms among spontaneous integumentary tumours submitted for histopathology is high in many species of small mammal pets. Therefore, each cutaneous tumour should be sampled for further diagnosis and treatment. Abstract Since small mammals are gaining popularity as pets in Poland, the number of tumour samples submitted for histopathological examination is quite high. This study was a retrospective analysis of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumours in small pet mammals submitted for histopathology in 2014–2021. The analysis included 256 tumours sampled from 103 guinea pigs, 53 rats, 43 pet rabbits, 21 ferrets, 17 hamsters, 8 degus, 5 African pygmy hedgehogs, 3 Mongolian gerbils and 3 chinchillas. Tumours were diagnosed based on routine histopathology, with additional immunohistochemistry when necessary. The results of this study revealed that the vast majority of cutaneous tumours in guinea pigs were benign, with a predominance of lipoma. Adnexal tumours constituted a significant percentage of cutaneous tumours in guinea pigs (24.3%, with the most common being trichofolliculoma), pet rabbits (46.5%, with the most common being trichoblastoma), ferrets (33.3%, mostly derived from sebaceous glands), hamsters (52.9%, with the most common being trichoepithelioma) and gerbils (66.7%, scent gland epithelioma). Soft tissue sarcomas were a predominant group of tumours in rats (52.8%, with the most common being fibrosarcoma), African pygmy hedgehogs (100%), degus (87.5%) and chinchillas (66.7%). Melanocytic tumours were only sporadically seen in small mammal pets. Mast cell tumours were diagnosed only in ferrets, while epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma was diagnosed only in a hamster and a degu. In summary, malignant tumours constitute a significant percentage of cutaneous tumours in many species of small mammal pets. Therefore, each cutaneous tumour should be sampled for further cytologic or histopathologic diagnosis.
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Hocker SE, Eshar D, Wouda RM. Rodent Oncology: Diseases, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2017; 20:111-134. [PMID: 27890286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer incidence in rodent species varies dramatically from a common occurrence in mice and rats to just a limited number of documented cases in chinchillas and degus. This article summarizes common tumors, both benign and malignant, that have been reported to occur in rodents. Outlined are clinical signs, diagnostics, and treatments that have been described for rodents presenting with specific neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Hocker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - David Eshar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Raelene M Wouda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Pucheu-Haston CM, Brandão J, Jones KL, Seals SL, Tully TN, Nevarez JG, Evans D. Zymbal Gland (Auditory Sebaceous Gland) Carcinoma Presenting as Otitis Externa in a Pet Rat (Rattus norvegicus). J Exot Pet Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
This article reviews ovarian cysts in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), a disease commonly associated with symmetric, nonpruritic alopecia of the dorsum and flanks. Relevant anatomy is discussed and current theories of pathogenesis are reviewed. Prevalence, predisposing factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Bean
- Pet Care Veterinary Hospital, 5201 Virginia Beach Boulevard, Virginia Beach, VA 23462, USA.
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Abstract
Skin disease is an extremely common presenting complaint to the exotic animal practitioner. A systematic diagnostic approach is necessary in these cases to achieve a diagnosis and formulate an effective treatment plan. In all exotic species, husbandry plays a central role in the pathogenesis of cutaneous disease, so a thorough evaluation of the husbandry is critical for successful management. The clinical approach to skin disease in exotic animal patients is reviewed with specific focus on structure and function of the skin, diagnostic testing, and differential diagnoses for commonly encountered cutaneous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Palmeiro
- Lehigh Valley Veterinary Dermatology and Fish Hospital, 4580 Crackersport Road, Allentown, PA 18104, USA.
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Gibbons PM, Garner MM, Kiupel M. Morphological and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Spontaneous Thyroid Gland Neoplasms in Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus). Vet Pathol 2012; 50:334-42. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985812447828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reports of thyroid gland neoplasms in guinea pigs ( Cavia porcellus) are rare, but thyroid tumors are among the most common neoplasms seen in cases submitted to Northwest ZooPath. This report describes the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of thyroid neoplasms and lists the concurrent conditions found in guinea pig cases submitted to Northwest ZooPath during 1998 to 2008. Of 526 guinea pig case submissions, 19 had thyroid neoplasms. The most common clinical findings included a palpable mass on the ventral neck and progressive weight loss. Neoplasms were removed as an excisional biopsy from 7 guinea pigs, and 3 of these animals died within a few days after surgery. Radiographic mineral density was detected in 2 masses. Five of the neoplasms were reported as cystic; 5 were black or a dark color. Histologically, the neoplasms were classified as macrofollicular thyroid adenoma (8), thyroid cystadenoma (1), papillary thyroid adenoma (3), follicular thyroid carcinoma (5), follicular-compact thyroid carcinoma (1), and small-cell thyroid carcinoma (1). Osseous metaplasia was present in 8 neoplasms, and myeloid hyperplasia was present in 1 neoplasm. All 19 neoplasms were positive for thyroid transcription factor 1 and thyroglobulin but negative for parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Numerous concurrent diseases, including hepatopathies, cardiomyopathies, and nephropathies, were present and considered to be the cause of death in many cases. Research is needed to determine the appropriate modalities for antemortem diagnosis and treatment and whether thyroid disease plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic degenerative diseases in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Gibbons
- Animal Emergency Center and Specialty Services, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - M. Kiupel
- Michigan State University, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Lansing, Michigan
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Andres KM, Kent M, Siedlecki CT, Mayer J, Brandão J, Hawkins MG, Morrisey JK, Quesenberry K, Valli VE, Bennett RA. The use of megavoltage radiation therapy in the treatment of thymomas in rabbits: 19 cases. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 10:82-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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