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Chakrawarti A, Casey CL, Burk A, Mugabi R, Ochoa A, Barlow JW. An observational study demonstrates human-adapted Staphylococcus aureus strains have a higher frequency of antibiotic resistance compared to cattle-adapted strains isolated from dairy farms making farmstead cheese. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:75. [PMID: 38409123 PMCID: PMC10898128 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a multi-host zoonotic pathogen causing human and livestock diseases. Dairy farms that make artisan cheese have distinctive concerns for S. aureus control. Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) S. aureus is a public and animal health concern. There is a need to study the population structure of AMR S. aureus at the human-animal interface and understand the path of zoonotic transmission. This cross-sectional observational study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and AMR patterns of S. aureus isolated from cattle and humans on conventional and organic Vermont dairy farms that produce and sell farmstead cheese. RESULTS A convenience sample of 19 dairy farms in Vermont was enrolled, and 160 S. aureus isolates were collected from cow quarter milk (CQM), bulk tank milk (BTM), human-hand and -nasal swabs. After deduplication, 89 isolates were used for the analysis. Sequence types (STs) were determined by multilocus sequence typing and cataloged to the PubMLST database. Nine defined and five novel STs were identified. For BTM and CQM samples, six STs were identified within cow-adapted CC97 and CC151. Two human-adapted STs were isolated from BTM and CQM. Seven human-adapted clonal complexes with eight STs were identified from human samples. One cow-adapted ST was isolated from a human. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was tested using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Approximately 27% of the isolates were beta-lactam resistant and blaZ gene-positive. S. aureus isolates from human swabs were more likely to carry blaZ compared to isolates from CQM or BTM. S. aureus isolated from cows and humans on the same farm belonged to different STs. CONCLUSION Humans were more likely to carry beta-lactam-resistant S. aureus compared to cows, and on organic farms only human-adapted blaZ positive STs were isolated from BTM. Moreover, we identified potential spillover events of S. aureus sequence types between host species. The presence of penicillin-resistant-human-adapted S. aureus on both organic and conventional dairy farms highlights a "One Health" concern at the junction of public and animal health requiring further surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashma Chakrawarti
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Christine L Casey
- Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort, KY, USA
| | - Ariela Burk
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert Mugabi
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - John W Barlow
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Wataradee S, Boonserm T, Samngamnim S, Ajariyakhajorn K. Characterization of Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus agalactiae Associated with Bovine Mastitis Cases in Thailand. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:447. [PMID: 38338090 PMCID: PMC10854646 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a contagious pathogen that causes bovine mastitis. The ability of S. agalactiae to cause widespread mastitis relies on bacterial virulence factors. In this study, we detected 10 virulence determinants associated with mastitis pathogenicity using conventional PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 100 S. agalactiae isolates from 13 Thai dairy herds was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test. All strains had at least three virulence factors responsible for invasion, adhesion, and infection (fbsB, bibA, and cfb, respectively). The predominant virulent profile of S. agalactiae strains revealed the presence of fbsA, fbsB, bibA, cfb, and cyl (n = 96). Most strains were sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, ceftiofur, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and vancomycin. However, all strains were resistant to aminoglycosides, including kanamycin and gentamicin attributed to the unnecessary antimicrobial use. Furthermore, we identified seven multidrug resistant (MDR) S. agalactiae strains among four dairy herds, of which, two were vancomycin resistant. Our study provides profiles for virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility, which are beneficial for the clinical monitoring, prevention, and control of bovine mastitis in dairy cattle in Thailand. Moreover, we emphasize the need for awareness regarding the judicious use of antimicrobials on dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kittisak Ajariyakhajorn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.W.); (T.B.); (S.S.)
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Wataradee S, Samngamnim S, Boonserm T, Ajariyakhajorn K. Genotypic and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus agalactiae causing bovine mastitis in the central region of Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1250436. [PMID: 38026633 PMCID: PMC10666187 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1250436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Streptococcus agalactiae is a highly contagious pathogen that causes bovine mastitis, leading to significant economic losses. This study aimed to (1) identify and characterize S. agalactiae strains responsible for bovine mastitis by examining their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics in Thai dairy-intensive farming areas and (2) determine their susceptibility profiles to antimicrobial agents. Material and methods In total, 100 S. agalactiae isolates obtained from clinical and subclinical mastitis cases from 13 dairy herds located in the central region of Thailand were examined. To confirm the identity of the bacterial pathogens, conventional microbiological procedures recommended by the National Mastitis Council (NMC) and the VITEK® 2 system were employed. Results All 100 isolates were successfully identified as S. agalactiae using the NMC procedure, whereas 94 isolates were identified as S. agalactiae using the VITEK® 2 system. Finally, the S. agalactiae-specific gene dlt S was identified in all the examined isolates using polymerase chain reaction. Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) typing revealed that all strains belonged to CPS type Ia. Multilocus sequence typing identified 33 selected isolates as sequence type 103. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing yielded 43 RAPD types, with 6 RAPD clusters identified. These results demonstrated a high level of genetic diversity among S. agalactiae within the studied herds. RAPD analysis suggested that specific S. agalactiae strains could persist in dairy farms for 2-12 months. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution method. Most strains demonstrated susceptibility to ampicillin, penicillin, penicillin/novobiocin, cephalothin, oxacillin, ceftiofur, and erythromycin. Discussion This study revealed the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of S. agalactiae isolates responsible for bovine mastitis in the central region of Thailand. The rapid identification of S. agalactiae and application of molecular typing methods can provide valuable epidemiological information regarding S. agalactiae causing mastitis in dairy farms. The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. agalactiae indicates that antimicrobial treatment for control and eradication could be a successful protocol. Our findings revealed that a single clonal strain of S. agalactiae affected the 13 studied farms. Further research is needed to explore the feasibility of vaccine development and application.
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Woudstra S, Wente N, Zhang Y, Leimbach S, Gussmann MK, Kirkeby C, Krömker V. Strain diversity and infection durations of Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. causing intramammary infections in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:4214-4231. [PMID: 37080785 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
To effectively prevent and control bovine mastitis, farmers and their advisors need to take infection pathways and durations into account. Still, studies exploring both aspects through molecular epidemiology with sampling of entire dairy cow herds over longer periods are scarce. Therefore, quarter foremilk samples were collected at 14-d intervals from all lactating dairy cows (n = 263) over 18 wk in one commercial dairy herd. Quarters were considered infected with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, or Streptococcus dysgalactiae when ≥100 cfu/mL of the respective pathogen was detected, or with Staphylococcus epidermidis or Staphylococcus haemolyticus when ≥500 cfu/mL of the respective pathogen was detected. All isolates of the mentioned species underwent randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR to explore strain diversity and to distinguish ongoing from new infections. Survival analysis was used to estimate infection durations. Five different strains of Staph. aureus were isolated, and the most prevalent strain caused more than 80% of all Staph. aureus infections (n = 46). In contrast, 46 Staph. epidermidis and 69 Staph. haemolyticus strains were isolated, and none of these caused infections in more than 2 different quarters. The 3 most dominant strains of Strep. dysgalactiae (7 strains) and Strep. uberis (18 strains) caused 81% of 33 and 49% of 37 infections in total, respectively. The estimated median infection duration for Staph. aureus was 80 d, and that for Staph. epidermidis and Staph. haemolyticus was 28 and 22 d, respectively. The probability of remaining infected with Strep. dysgalactiae or Strep. uberis for more than 84 and 70 d was 58.7 and 53.5%, respectively. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staph. haemolyticus were not transmitted contagiously and the average infection durations were short, which brings into question whether antimicrobial treatment of intramammary infections with these organisms is justified. In contrast, infections with the other 3 pathogens lasted longer and largely originated from contagious transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Woudstra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - N Wente
- Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty II, Department Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, Heisterbergallee 10a, 30453, Hannover, Germany
| | - Y Zhang
- Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty II, Department Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, Heisterbergallee 10a, 30453, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Leimbach
- Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty II, Department Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, Heisterbergallee 10a, 30453, Hannover, Germany
| | - M K Gussmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - V Krömker
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Dendani Chadi Z, Dib L, Zeroual F, Benakhla A. Usefulness of molecular typing methods for epidemiological and evolutionary studies of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103338. [PMID: 35813112 PMCID: PMC9257419 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In cattle, Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen of increasing importance due to its association with intramammary infections (IMIs), which are a primary cause of antibiotic use on farms and thus of the rise in antibiotic resistance. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which are frequently isolated from cases of bovine mastitis, represent a public health problem worldwide. Understanding the epidemiology and the evolution of these strains relies on typing methods. Such methods were phenotypic at first, but more recently, molecular methods have been increasingly utilized. Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), a high-throughput molecular method for determining genetic diversity and the emergence of host- or udder-adapted clones, appears to be the most useful PCR-based method. Despite the difficulties present in reproducibility, interlaboratory reliability, and hard work, it is agreed that pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) remains the gold standard, particularly for short-term surveillance. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a good typing method for long-term and global epidemiological investigations, but it is not suitable for outbreak investigations. Staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing is the most widely used method today for first-line typing in the study of molecular evolution, and outbreaks investigations. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing has gained popularity for the evolutionary analysis of MRSA strains. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and DNA microarrays that represent relatively new DNA-based technologies, provide more information for tracking antibioresistant and virulent outbreak strains. They offer a higher discriminatory power, but are not suitable for routine use in clinical veterinary medicine at this time. Descriptions of the evolution of these methods, their advantages, and limitations are given in this review.
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Lücken A, Woudstra S, Wente N, Zhang Y, Krömker V. Intramammary infections with Corynebacterium spp. in bovine lactating udder quarters. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270867. [PMID: 35797266 PMCID: PMC9262192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium spp. are frequently detected in bovine quarter milk samples, yet their impact on udder health has not been determined completely. In this longitudinal study, we collected quarter milk samples from a dairy herd of approximately 200 cows, ten times at 14 d intervals. Bacteriologically, Catalase-positive and Gram-positive rods were detected in 22.7% of the samples. For further species diagnosis, colonies were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. Corynebacterium bovis, C. amycolatum, C. xerosis and 10 other Corynebacterium spp. were detected. The three aforementioned species accounted for 88.4%, 8.65% and 0.94% of all cultured Corynebacterium spp., respectively. For further evaluation of infection dynamics, the following three infection definitions were applied: A (2/3 consecutive samples positive for the same species), B (≥1000 cfu/mL in one sample), C (isolated from a clinical mastitis case). Infections according to definition B occurred most frequently and clinical mastitis with Corynebacterium spp. occurred once during sampling. Life tables were used to determine the duration of infection. According to infection definition A, infection durations of 111 d and 98 d were obtained for C. bovis and C. amycolatum, respectively. Exemplarily, longer lasting infections were examined for their strain diversity by RAPD PCR. A low strain diversity was found in the individual quarters that indicates a longer colonization of the udder parenchyma by C. bovis and C. amycolatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Lücken
- Faculty of Mechanical and Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja Woudstra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicole Wente
- Faculty of Mechanical and Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yanchao Zhang
- Faculty of Mechanical and Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Krömker
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Tamba M, Rocca R, Prosperi A, Pupillo G, Bassi P, Galletti G, Martini E, Santi A, Casadei G, Arrigoni N. Evaluation of Control Program Against Streptococcus agalactiae Infection in Dairy Herds During 2019–2021 in Emilia-Romagna Region, Northern Italy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:904527. [PMID: 35812887 PMCID: PMC9261462 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.904527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a causative agent of mastitis in dairy cattle, mainly causing a subclinical disease associated with a high somatic cell count (SCC), and a consequent decrease in production yield and quality of milk. GBS has been almost eradicated in many Northern European countries, but there are warnings of its re-emergence as a zoonotic threat. In Italy, only two regions carry out a GBS control program: Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna. In Emilia-Romagna, the program has been in place since 2019 and provides for the bacteriological culture of bulk-tank milk (BTM) of all dairy farms every 6 months and the voluntary application of herd eradication programs in the case of positive results. To assess the progress of the program in Emilia Romagna, in terms of herd-level prevalence and GBS transmission between herds, we analyzed the results of 17,056 BTM cultures from 2,831 dairy herds, sampled bi-annually in the period 2019–2021 (six rounds total). The impact of GBS infection on SCC and milk production was also evaluated. The results show a decreasing trend in both the incidence rate (from 3.0 to 1.5%) and apparent prevalence (from 8.9 to 5.2%) of GBS over the study period. By using a susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) model for the estimation of the transmission parameters, a basic reproductive number R0 of 1.4 was calculated, indicating an active spread of GBS in the dairy cattle population of the Emilia-Romagna region. GBS infected farms have a consistently higher BTM SCC than negative ones (+77,000 cells/ml), corresponding to a 0.4 kg/cow/day milk loss. Moreover, GBS infected herds resulted in almost three times more likelihood of having non-marketable milk by exceeding the legal SCC limit. This study demonstrates the need to maintain the current control program against GBS to lower its occurrence and prevent significant market losses to farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tamba
- Department of Emilia-Romagna, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marco Tamba
| | - Rossella Rocca
- Department of Emilia-Romagna, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alice Prosperi
- Department of Emilia-Romagna, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pupillo
- Department of Emilia-Romagna, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bassi
- Department of Emilia-Romagna, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Galletti
- Department of Emilia-Romagna, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrica Martini
- General Directorate of Personal Care, Health and Welfare, Region of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santi
- Department of Emilia-Romagna, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Casadei
- Department of Emilia-Romagna, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Norma Arrigoni
- Department of Emilia-Romagna, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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Mathur H, Linehan K, Flynn J, Byrne N, Dillon P, Conneely M, Grimaud G, Hill C, Stanton C, Ross RP. Emulsion-Based Postbiotic Formulation Is Comparable to Viable Cells in Eliciting a Localized Immune Response in Dairy Cows With Chronic Mastitis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:759649. [PMID: 35391729 PMCID: PMC8981918 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.759649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a disease with a multi-etiological nature, defined as an infection and inflammation of the udder. Mastitis represents a significant ongoing concern in the dairy industry, leading to substantial losses in profits and revenue for farmers worldwide. The predominant causes of bovine mastitis include the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, and Escherichia coli. Antibiotic administration is currently the main treatment option for mastitis. However, there is a pressing need for alternative therapies to treat and prevent the disease, especially with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant, mastitis-causing pathogens, resulting in antibiotic treatment failure. One such example is live bio-therapeutics (also known as probiotics), such as Lactococcus lactis DPC3147. The efficacy of this live bio-therapeutic has been demonstrated in several previous trials by our group. The most recent of these trials showed that an emulsion-based formulation of this strain was as effective as a commercial antibiotic formulation in treating sub-clinical and clinical cases of bovine mastitis. Here, we report the results of a follow-up field trial, in which we sought to gain insight into the mechanism of action of such live bio-therapeutics, focussing on chronic mastitis cases. We treated 28 cows with chronic mastitis with two separate emulsion-based formulations containing either viable L. lactis DPC3147 cells (15 cows) or heat-killed L. lactis DPC3147 cells (13 cows). We then evaluated the efficacies of the two formulations (two treatment groups) in terms of stimulating a localized immune response (quantified by measuring IL-8 concentrations in milk collected from udders affected by mastitis) and efficacies in terms of cure rates (quantified by reductions in somatic cell counts and absence of pathogens). We demonstrate that the presence of heat-inactivated bacteria (a postbiotic) was as effective as the live bio-therapeutic in eliciting a localized immune response in cows with chronic mastitis. The response to heat-killed cells (postbiotic) reported herein could have beneficial implications for farmers with regard to prolonging the shelf life of such emulsion-based formulations containing heat-killed cells of L. lactis DPC3147 for curing cows with mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Mathur
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Kevin Linehan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - James Flynn
- Dairy Production Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Noel Byrne
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Pat Dillon
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Muireann Conneely
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Ghjuvan Grimaud
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- *Correspondence: R. Paul Ross,
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Pacha PA, Munoz MA, González-Rocha G, San Martín I, Quezada-Aguiluz M, Aguayo-Reyes A, Bello-Toledo H, Latorre AA. Molecular diversity of Staphylococcus aureus and the role of milking equipment adherences or biofilm as a source for bulk tank milk contamination. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:3522-3531. [PMID: 33358810 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent pathogens causing intramammary infections in dairy herds. Consequently, virulence factors, pathobiology, and epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus strains have been widely assessed through the years. Nevertheless, not much has been described about the epidemiology of Staph. aureus strains from bulk tank milk (BTM) and adherences on milking equipment (AMES), even when these strains may play a role in the quality of milk that is intended for human consumption. The objective of this study was to assess the strain diversity of 166 Staph. aureus isolates collected from 3 consecutive BTM samples, and from AMES in contact with milk from 23 Chilean dairy farms. Isolates were analyzed and typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Diversity of strains, both within and among farms, was assessed using Simpson's index of diversity (SID). On farms where Staph. aureus was isolated from both AMES and BTM (n = 8), pulsotypes were further analyzed to evaluate the role of AMES as a potential source of Staph. aureus strains in BTM. Among all Staph. aureus analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, a total of 42 pulsotypes (19 main pulsotypes and 23 subtypes) were identified. Among dairy farms, strain diversity was highly heterogeneous (SID = 0.99). Within dairy farms, Staph. aureus strain diversity was variable (SID = 0 to 1), and 18 dairy operations (81.8%) had one pulsotype that was shared between at least 2 successive BTM samples. In those farms where Staph. aureus was isolated in both AMES and BTM (n = 8), 7 (87.5%) showed a clonal distribution of Staph. aureus strains between these 2 types of samples. The overlapping of certain Staph. aureus strains among dairy farms may point out common sources of Staph. aureus among otherwise epidemiologically unrelated farms. Indistinguishable Staph. aureus strains between AMES and BTM across dairy farms suggest that Staph. aureus-containing AMES may represent a source for BTM contamination, thus affecting milk quality. Our study highlights the role of viable Staph. aureus in AMES as a source for BTM contamination on dairy farms, and also describes the overlapping and presence of specific BTM and AMES pulsotypes among farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Pacha
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva-Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile
| | - M A Munoz
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva-Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile
| | - G González-Rocha
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile; Millennium Nucleus on Interdisciplinary Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance, MICROB, Las Condes 7590943, Chile
| | - I San Martín
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - M Quezada-Aguiluz
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile; Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - A Aguayo-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - H Bello-Toledo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - A A Latorre
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva-Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile.
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Wente N, Krömker V. Streptococcus dysgalactiae-Contagious or Environmental? Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112185. [PMID: 33266438 PMCID: PMC7700458 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The usual routes of transmission of Streptococcus dysgalactiae in the development of bovine mastitis are unclear. For the control of mastitis in dairy practice, improved knowledge about the transmission of this pathogen would be very helpful. The variety of strain within a herd can be used to describe its transmission behavior. Isolates of Strep. dysgalactiae were collected from clinical mastitis samples on different farms, and the strains were typed using a molecular method. Overall, we performed strain typing on isolates from 16 farms in Germany and found signs of the contagious transmission of Strep. dysgalactiae on all the farms. We observed a variety of outcomes, from a single strain in all six Strep. dysgalactiae cases recorded on one farm, to five strains in six cases recorded on another farm. Abstract Streptococcus dysgalactiae is among the most important pathogens causing bovine mastitis. Unfortunately, there is presently a lack of clear knowledge about the mode of transmission—contagious or environmental—of this pathogen. To obtain more information on this, knowledge of the genetic diversity of the isolated microorganisms at the farm level can be useful. To observe the strain variety in different herds of cattle, isolates of Strep. dysgalactiae were collected from clinical mastitis samples at different farms, and the strains were typed using the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method. Overall, we performed strain typing on 93 isolates from 16 farms in Germany and used an index to describe the degree of contagiosity of Strep. dysgalactiae at each farm. This index (CI) represents the number of isolates divided by the number of strains found in mastitis milk of clinical cases within a period of 14 months. The results differed between the farms. In one farm, all six Strep. dysgalactiae cases that occurred during the study period were caused by a single strain (CI = 6), while in another farm the six cases that occurred were caused by five different strains (CI = 1.2). All other farms fell between these two extremes. This indicates that Strep. dysgalactiae infections can occur via several routes of transmission. At the farm level, strain comparisons are necessary to determine the routes of transmission. Two strains were able to survive on the farm for a minimum of 14 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wente
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, D-30453 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Volker Krömker
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, D-30453 Hannover, Germany;
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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Wente N, Grieger AS, Klocke D, Paduch JH, Zhang Y, Leimbach S, Tho Seeth M, Mansion-De Vries EM, Mohr E, Krömker V. Recurrent mastitis-persistent or new infections? Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108682. [PMID: 32402348 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent clinical mastitis contributes to around half of all infections having an economic impact in the dairy industry. It leads to milk yield reduction, increased risk of mortality, and culling, and may be caused by new infections or a persistent infection after previous treatment. Disease management is dependent on the infecting species, necessitating accurate identification of the pathogen in the range of persistent and reinfection cases among recurrent infections using culture and molecular biological analysis. Milk samples from diagnosed clinical mastitis cases were collected from three Northern German dairy farms between 2011 and 2015. Totally, 2043 diagnosed mastitis cases were examined at quarter level (1598 (78.2 %) first and 445 (21.8 %) recurrent mastitis cases in lactation). Among the recurrent cases, 145 (32.6 %) cases were confirmed to harbor the same pathogenic species as previous infections. RAPD PCR confirmed the same species strain in 49 (11 %) of the recurrent infections. The contribution of new infections as compared to persistent infections in cases of clinical mastitis is clear from the data. Future studies in recurrent clinical mastitis control should be focused on influencing factors to prevent new infections in addition to therapeutic intervention and bacteriological cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wente
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hanover, Germany; Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - A S Grieger
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hanover, Germany
| | - D Klocke
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hanover, Germany
| | - J-H Paduch
- University of Cooperative Education, Food Safety and Food Quality, 08523 Plauen, Germany
| | - Y Zhang
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hanover, Germany
| | - S Leimbach
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hanover, Germany
| | - M Tho Seeth
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hanover, Germany; Chamber of Agriculture Lower Saxony, Udder Health Service, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - E M Mansion-De Vries
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hanover, Germany
| | - E Mohr
- Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - V Krömker
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section Production, Nutrition and Health, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Chakraborty S, Dhama K, Tiwari R, Iqbal Yatoo M, Khurana SK, Khandia R, Munjal A, Munuswamy P, Kumar MA, Singh M, Singh R, Gupta VK, Chaicumpa W. Technological interventions and advances in the diagnosis of intramammary infections in animals with emphasis on bovine population-a review. Vet Q 2020; 39:76-94. [PMID: 31288621 PMCID: PMC6830988 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1642546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, an inflammation of the udder, is a challenging problem in dairy animals accounting for high economic losses. Disease complexity, degree of economic losses and increasing importance of the dairy industries along with public health concerns envisages devising appropriate diagnostics of mastitis, which can offer rapid, accurate and confirmatory diagnosis. The various diagnostic tests of mastitis have been divided into general or phenotypic and specific or genotypic tests. General or phenotypic tests are those that identify general alterations, which are not specific to any pathogen. Genotypic tests are specific, hence confirmatory for diagnosis of mastitis and include specific culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its various versions (e.g. qRT-PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification, lateral flow assays, nucleotide sequencing, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and other molecular diagnostic methods. However, for highly specific and confirmatory diagnosis, pure cultures still provide raw materials for more sophisticated diagnostic technological interventions like PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Diagnostic ability of like infra-red thermography (IRT) has been shown to be similar to California mastitis test and also differentiates clinical mastitis from subclinical mastitis cases. As such, IRT can become a convenient and portable diagnostic tool. Of note, magnetic nanoparticles-based colorimetric biosensor assay was developed by using for instance proteolytic activity of plasmin or anti-S. aureus antibody. Last but not least, microRNAs have been suggested to be potential biomarkers for diagnosing bovine mastitis. This review summarizes the various diagnostic tests available for detection of mastitis including diagnosis through general and specific technological interventions and advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry , West Tripura , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir , Srinagar , India
| | | | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Palanivelu Munuswamy
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - M Asok Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
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Clavijo MJ, Sreevatsan S, Johnson TJ, Rovira A. Molecular epidemiology of Mycoplasma hyorhinis porcine field isolates in the United States. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223653. [PMID: 31634349 PMCID: PMC6802821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis is one of the causative agents of polyserositis and arthritis in post-weaning pigs. Here we describe the development of a multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) protocol for the characterization of M. hyorhinis field isolates. A total of 104 field isolates from different geographical locations, swine production systems, and clinical backgrounds, were analyzed. Twenty-seven genes, including housekeeping and those encoding surface proteins, were evaluated to index diversity. Genes encoding surface proteins were included to increase the discriminatory power of the MLST. Four target gene fragments were selected to be included in the final MLST-s (surface) protocol: pdhB, p95, mtlD and ung. Within each locus the nucleotide variation ranged from 1.4% to 20%. The 104 field isolates were classified into 39 distinct sequence types (STs). Multiple STs were found within the same production system and within the same pig. The majority of STs grouped strains from the same production system; however, cases existed where multiple systems shared a ST, indicating potential relationships between pig flows. The majority of the nucleotide changes observed in these genes generated synonymous changes, while non-synonymous changes were exclusively in the mtlD gene fragment, suggesting that this protein is undergoing selection. Molecular typing of M. hyorhinis will primarily aid swine practitioners with pig flow management and identifying sources of infection during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Clavijo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Albert Rovira
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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Tomazi T, de Souza Filho AF, Heinemann MB, dos Santos MV. Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199561. [PMID: 29928042 PMCID: PMC6013152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to: (a) genotypically characterize Streptococcus agalactiae isolates recovered from clinical mastitis (CM) cases in dairy cows and, (b) determine the association of antimicrobial susceptibility (AMS) and genotypes of Strep. agalactiae clustered according to the genetic similarity. A total of 89 Strep. agalactiae isolates recovered from bovine CM were genotyped using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. In addition, the AMS of the isolates was determined using a commercial broth microdilution test composed of 10 antimicrobials (penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cephalothin, ceftiofur, penicillin/novobiocin, erythromycin, pirlimycin, tetracycline, and sulfadimethoxine). Descriptive analysis was used to report the frequency of RAPD-types and genotypic clusters within herd, housing system, season and CM severity scores. The minimal antimicrobial concentrations that inhibited 50% (MIC50) and 90% (MIC90) of the isolates were calculated and survival analysis was completed to verify the differences of AMS among genotypic clusters. Results of RAPD showed a great genotypic diversity of Strep. agalactiae (45 RAPD-types) and three clusters (Ia, Ib and II) were created based on the genetic similarity among genotypes. After clustering, a high genetic similarity was observed within and between herds. Overall, Strep. agalactiae showed high susceptibility to most antimicrobials, except to tetracycline and erythromycin. Differences in the AMS among clusters were observed for ampicillin, ceftiofur, erythromycin, pirlimycin, sulfadimethoxine and tetracycline. In conclusion, Strep. agalactiae is still highly susceptible to most antimicrobials, although differences in susceptibility to certain antimicrobials were observed among genotypic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Tomazi
- Department of Animal Production and Nutrition, Milk Quality Research Laboratory (Qualileite), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Antonio Francisco de Souza Filho
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonosis, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonosis, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Veiga dos Santos
- Department of Animal Production and Nutrition, Milk Quality Research Laboratory (Qualileite), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Li L, Wang R, Huang Y, Huang T, Luo F, Huang W, Yang X, Lei A, Chen M, Gan X. High Incidence of Pathogenic Streptococcus agalactiae ST485 Strain in Pregnant/Puerperal Women and Isolation of Hyper-Virulent Human CC67 Strain. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:50. [PMID: 29467722 PMCID: PMC5808242 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the major pathogen causing diseases in neonates, pregnant/puerperal women, cows and fish. Recent studies have shown that GBS may be infectious across hosts and some fish GBS strain might originate from human. The purpose of this study is to investigate the genetic relationship of CC103 strains that recently emerged in cows and humans, and explore the pathogenicity of clinical GBS isolates from human to tilapia. Ninety-two pathogenic GBS isolates were identified from 19 patients with different diseases and their evolution and pathogenicity to tilapia were analyzed. The multilocus sequence typing revealed that clonal complex (CC) 103 strain was isolated from 21.74% (20/92) of patients and ST485 strain was from 14.13% (13/92) patients with multiple diseases including neonates. Genomic evolution analysis showed that both bovine and human CC103 strains alternately form independent evolutionary branches. Three CC67 isolates carried gbs2018-C gene and formed one evolutionary branch with ST61 and ST67 strains that specifically infect dairy cows. Studies of interspecies transmission to tilapia found that 21/92 (22.83%) isolates including all ST23 isolates were highly pathogenic to tilapia and demonstrated that streptococci could break through the blood-brain barrier into brain tissue. In conclusions, CC103 strains are highly prevalent among pathogenic GBS from humans and have evolved into the highly pathogenic ST485 strains specifically infecting humans. The CC67 strains isolated from cows are able to infect humans through evolutionary events of acquiring CC17-specific type C gbs2018 gene and others. Human-derived ST23 pathogenic GBS strains are highly pathogenic to tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China.,Bacteria Laboratory, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China.,Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Bacteria Laboratory, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China
| | - Fuguang Luo
- Liuzhou's Aquaculture Technology Extending Station, Liuzhou, China
| | - Weiyi Huang
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiuying Yang
- School of Public Health, National Medical College of Right Rivers, Baise, China
| | - Aiying Lei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China.,Bacteria Laboratory, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China.,Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xi Gan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China
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A systematic review characterizing on-farm sources of Campylobacter spp. for broiler chickens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104905. [PMID: 25171228 PMCID: PMC4149356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter and antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter are frequently isolated from broiler chickens worldwide. In Canada, campylobacteriosis is the third leading cause of enteric disease and the regional emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter in broiler chickens has raised a public health concern. This study aimed to identify, critically appraise, and synthesize literature on sources of Campylobacter in broilers at the farm level using systematic review methodology. Literature searches were conducted in January 2012 and included electronic searches in four bibliographic databases. Relevant studies in French or English (n = 95) conducted worldwide in any year and all study designs were included. Risk of Bias and GRADE criteria endorsed by the Cochrane collaboration was used to assess the internal validity of the study and overall confidence in the meta-analysis. The categories for on-farm sources were: broiler breeders/vertical transfer (number of studies = 32), animals (n = 57), humans (n = 26), environment (n = 54), and water (n = 63). Only three studies examined the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter from these on-farm sources. Subgroups of data by source and outcome were analyzed using random effect meta-analysis. The highest risk for contaminating a new flock appears to be a contaminated barn environment due to insufficient cleaning and disinfection, insufficient downtime, and the presence of an adjacent broiler flock. Effective biosecurity enhancements from physical barriers to restricting human movement on the farm are recommended for consideration to enhance local on-farm food safety programs. Improved sampling procedures and standardized laboratory testing are needed for comparability across studies. Knowledge gaps that should be addressed include farm-level drug use and antimicrobial resistance information, further evaluation of the potential for vertical transfer, and improved genotyping methods to strengthen our understanding of Campylobacter epidemiology in broilers at the farm-level. This systematic review emphasizes the importance of improved industry-level and on-farm risk management strategies to reduce pre-harvest Campylobacter in broilers.
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Mweu MM, Nielsen SS, Halasa T, Toft N. Spatiotemporal patterns, annual baseline and movement-related incidence of Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Danish dairy herds: 2000-2009. Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:219-30. [PMID: 24269038 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Several decades after the inception of the five-point plan for the control of contagious mastitis pathogens, Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) persists as a fundamental threat to the dairy industry in many countries. A better understanding of the relative importance of within- and between-herd sources of new herd infections coupled with the spatiotemporal distribution of the infection, may aid in effective targeting of control efforts. Thus, the objectives of this study were: (1) to describe the spatiotemporal patterns of infection with S. agalactiae in the population of Danish dairy herds from 2000 to 2009 and (2) to estimate the annual herd-level baseline and movement-related incidence risks of S. agalactiae infection over the 10-year period. The analysis involved registry data on bacteriological culture of all bulk tank milk samples collected as part of the mandatory Danish S. agalactiae surveillance scheme as well as live cattle movements into dairy herds during the specified 10-year period. The results indicated that the predicted risk of a herd becoming infected with S. agalactiae varied spatiotemporally; the risk being more homogeneous and higher in the period after 2005. Additionally, the annual baseline risks yielded significant yet distinctive patterns before and after 2005 - the risk of infection being higher in the latter phase. On the contrary, the annual movement-related risks revealed a non-significant pattern over the 10-year period. There was neither evidence for spatial clustering of cases relative to the population of herds at risk nor spatial dependency between herds. Nevertheless, the results signal a need to beef up within-herd biosecurity in order to reduce the risk of new herd infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshal M Mweu
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Søren S Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Division of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nils Toft
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Division of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Down P, Green M, Hudson C. Rate of transmission: A major determinant of the cost of clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6301-14. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Schukken Y, Chuff M, Moroni P, Gurjar A, Santisteban C, Welcome F, Zadoks R. The "other" gram-negative bacteria in mastitis: Klebsiella, serratia, and more. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2013; 28:239-56. [PMID: 22664206 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis caused by gram-negative infections is of increasing importance on modern and well-managed dairy farms. Without a doubt, E coli tends to be the most important cause of these gram-negative infections when the data are tallied across farms.1 However, more precise investigation of individual farms often reveals a farm-specific infection pattern where a single gram-negative bacterial species predominates. Several farms with a predominance of “other” gram-negative IMIs may be observed. We have shown the presence of outbreaks on individual dairy farms with K pneumoniae, S marcescens, and Enterobacter cloacae. On farms with a predominance of these “other” gram-negative infections, a detailed epidemiologic investigation may reveal the source of these infections. It is quite surprising to identify the difference in host immune response pattern and the associated clinical and subclinical presentations of IMIs due to the different gram-negative organisms. Experimental and field observations would suggest that among the gram-negative bacterial causes of mastitis, Klebsiella spp are causing the most severe cases, closely followed by E coli and then much less clinical severity is observed in Serratia spp and Enterobacter spp cases. The precise mechanisms that would explain the difference in clinical severity are not known, but the most likely explanation appears to be the structure of the lipid A fraction of the LPS of the bacterial species. Important differences in the lipid A fraction of LPS between and within bacterial species are observed. The prevention of IMIs with gram-negative bacteria has components that are generic across species and components that are species specific. Generic prevention may be obtained by improving hygiene and reducing exposure of teat ends to environmental contamination. Also the use of a J5 bacterin is expected to provide some reduction in severity of gram-negative IMIs across bacterial species. Specific prevention programs will depend on the actual transmission behavior of the dominant species causing IMIs in the herd. Several clonal outbreaks of gram-negative bacterial species have been described. In such situations, optimal milking procedures, segregation and culling of infected animals, and targeted treatment would be advisable. Even more specific are the prevention procedures associated with S marcescens outbreaks, where resistance against specific biocides will lead to transmission of infection through teat disinfectants. Removal of these biocides from the cow environment is than essential. Antimicrobial treatment of gram-negative bacteria has often considered to be of limited value and treatment should be more targeted toward cow survival and reduction of clinical symptoms. More recently, extended treatment with a third-generation cephalosporin was reported to be efficacious in the treatment of E coli and Klebsiella spp but not of E cloacae. Further investigations in effective treatment protocols for gram-negative IMIs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ynte Schukken
- Quality Milk Production Services, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Barlow JW, Zadoks RN, Schukken YH. Effect of lactation therapy on Staphylococcus aureus transmission dynamics in two commercial dairy herds. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:28. [PMID: 23398676 PMCID: PMC3576258 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of subclinical mastitis during lactation can have both direct (individual animal level) and indirect (population level) effects. With a few exceptions, prior research has focused on evaluating the direct effects of mastitis treatment, and to date no controlled field trials have been conducted to test whether beneficial indirect effects of lactation treatment strategies targeting subclinical mastitis can be demonstrated on commercial dairy farms. Furthermore, there is limited knowledge on the impact of such interventions on the population dynamics of specific bacterial strains. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that lactation therapy targeting S. aureus subclinical intramammary infection reduces transmission of S. aureus strains within dairy herds. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were used to determine strain specific infection dynamics in treated and control groups in a split herd trial conducted on 2 commercial dairy farms. Results The direct effect of 8 days intramammary lactation therapy with pirlimycin hydrochloride was demonstrated by an increased proportion of cure and a reduction in duration of infection in quarters receiving treatment compared to untreated controls. The indirect effect of lactation therapy was demonstrated by reduction of new S. aureus intramammary infections (IMI) caused by the dominant strain type in both herds. Strain typing of representative isolates taken over the duration of all IMI, including pre- and post-treatment isolates, provided more precise estimates of new infection, cure, and re-infection rates. New S. aureus infections in recovered susceptible quarters and the emergence of a new strain type in one herd influenced incidence measures. Conclusion In addition to demonstrating positive direct effects of lactation therapy, this study provides evidence that treatment of subclinical S. aureus mastitis during lactation can have indirect effects including preventing new IMI and reducing incidence of clinical mastitis within dairy herds. Strain specific transmission parameter estimates for S. aureus MLST clonal complexes 5, 97 and 705 in 2 commercial dairy herds are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Barlow
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
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Richards VP, Zadoks RN, Pavinski Bitar PD, Lefébure T, Lang P, Werner B, Tikofsky L, Moroni P, Stanhope MJ. Genome characterization and population genetic structure of the zoonotic pathogen, Streptococcus canis. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:293. [PMID: 23244770 PMCID: PMC3541175 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus canis is an important opportunistic pathogen of dogs and cats that can also infect a wide range of additional mammals including cows where it can cause mastitis. It is also an emerging human pathogen. Results Here we provide characterization of the first genome sequence for this species, strain FSL S3-227 (milk isolate from a cow with an intra-mammary infection). A diverse array of putative virulence factors was encoded by the S. canis FSL S3-227 genome. Approximately 75% of these gene sequences were homologous to known Streptococcal virulence factors involved in invasion, evasion, and colonization. Present in the genome are multiple potentially mobile genetic elements (MGEs) [plasmid, phage, integrative conjugative element (ICE)] and comparison to other species provided convincing evidence for lateral gene transfer (LGT) between S. canis and two additional bovine mastitis causing pathogens (Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae), with this transfer possibly contributing to host adaptation. Population structure among isolates obtained from Europe and USA [bovine = 56, canine = 26, and feline = 1] was explored. Ribotyping of all isolates and multi locus sequence typing (MLST) of a subset of the isolates (n = 45) detected significant differentiation between bovine and canine isolates (Fisher exact test: P = 0.0000 [ribotypes], P = 0.0030 [sequence types]), suggesting possible host adaptation of some genotypes. Concurrently, the ancestral clonal complex (54% of isolates) occurred in many tissue types, all hosts, and all geographic locations suggesting the possibility of a wide and diverse niche. Conclusion This study provides evidence highlighting the importance of LGT in the evolution of the bacteria S. canis, specifically, its possible role in host adaptation and acquisition of virulence factors. Furthermore, recent LGT detected between S. canis and human bacteria (Streptococcus urinalis) is cause for concern, as it highlights the possibility for continued acquisition of human virulence factors for this emerging zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P Richards
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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22
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Gurjar A, Gioia G, Schukken Y, Welcome F, Zadoks R, Moroni P. Molecular Diagnostics Applied to Mastitis Problems on Dairy Farms. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2012; 28:565-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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23
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Annual incidence, prevalence and transmission characteristics of Streptococcus agalactiae in Danish dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2012; 106:244-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Schukken Y, Bennett G, Zurakowski M, Sharkey H, Rauch B, Thomas M, Ceglowski B, Saltman R, Belomestnykh N, Zadoks R. Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 5-day ceftiofur hydrochloride intramammary treatment on nonsevere gram-negative clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:6203-15. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zadoks RN, Middleton JR, McDougall S, Katholm J, Schukken YH. Molecular epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and comparative relevance to humans. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:357-72. [PMID: 21968538 PMCID: PMC3208832 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland, can be caused by a wide range of organisms, including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, mycoplasmas and algae. Many microbial species that are common causes of bovine mastitis, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus also occur as commensals or pathogens of humans whereas other causative species, such as Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae or Staphylococcus chromogenes, are almost exclusively found in animals. A wide range of molecular typing methods have been used in the past two decades to investigate the epidemiology of bovine mastitis at the subspecies level. These include comparative typing methods that are based on electrophoretic banding patterns, library typing methods that are based on the sequence of selected genes, virulence gene arrays and whole genome sequencing projects. The strain distribution of mastitis pathogens has been investigated within individual animals and across animals, herds, countries and host species, with consideration of the mammary gland, other animal or human body sites, and environmental sources. Molecular epidemiological studies have contributed considerably to our understanding of sources, transmission routes, and prognosis for many bovine mastitis pathogens and to our understanding of mechanisms of host-adaptation and disease causation. In this review, we summarize knowledge gleaned from two decades of molecular epidemiological studies of mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle and discuss aspects of comparative relevance to human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK.
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26
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Muellner P, Zadoks RN, Perez AM, Spencer SEF, Schukken YH, French NP. The integration of molecular tools into veterinary and spatial epidemiology. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2011; 2:159-71. [PMID: 22748175 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
At the interface of molecular biology and epidemiology, the emerging discipline of molecular epidemiology offers unique opportunities to advance the study of diseases through the investigation of infectious agents at the molecular level. Molecular tools can increase our understanding of the factors that shape the spatial and temporal distribution of pathogens and disease. Both spatial and molecular aspects have always been important to the field of infectious disease epidemiology, but recently news tools have been developed which increase our ability to consider both elements within a common framework. This enables the epidemiologist to make inferences about disease patterns in space and time. This paper introduces some basic concepts of molecular epidemiology in a veterinary context and illustrates the application of molecular tools at a range of spatio-temporal scales. Case studies - a multi-state outbreak of Serratia mastitis, a national control program for campylobacteriosis, and evolution of foot-and-mouth-disease viruses - are used to demonstrate the importance of considering molecular aspects in modern epidemiological studies. The discipline of molecular epidemiology is in its infancy and our contribution aims to promote awareness, understanding and uptake of molecular epidemiology in veterinary science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Muellner
- Epi-interactive, 8a Darlington Road, Miramar, Wellington 6022, New Zealand.
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27
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28
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Barkema HW, Green MJ, Bradley AJ, Zadoks RN. Invited review: The role of contagious disease in udder health. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:4717-29. [PMID: 19762787 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Contagious diseases are a threat to animal health and productivity, both nationally and at the farm level. This makes implementation of biosecurity measures to prevent their introduction and spread within countries and farms a necessity. Mastitis is the most common and costly contagious disease affecting dairy farms in the western world. The major mastitis pathogens are endemic in most countries, and biosecurity measures to prevent introduction and transmission must therefore be implemented at farm level. The 40-yr-old mastitis control plan remains a solid foundation to prevent the spread of contagious intramammary infections. Contagious diseases that do not affect the mammary gland directly may have an indirect effect on mastitis. This is true for list A diseases such as foot and mouth disease, for which biosecurity measures may need to be taken at national level, and for other infections with nonmastitis pathogens such as bovine viral diarrhea virus and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. Maintaining a closed herd decreases the risk of introduction of pathogens that affect udder health directly or indirectly. If animals are purchased, their udder health history should be evaluated and they should be examined and tested for contagious diseases. Transmission of infections by and to humans and nonbovine animals may occur. Contact with visitors and nonbovine animals should therefore be minimized. Because of globalization and heightened consumer awareness, the importance of biosecurity now supersedes individual farms, and increased pressure to control transmission of contagious diseases can be expected at industry or government levels in western countries and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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29
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Son I, Van Kessel JAS, Karns JS. Genotypic Diversity ofEscherichia coliin a Dairy Farm. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:837-47. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Insook Son
- Environmental Microbial Safety Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Jo Ann S. Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial Safety Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey S. Karns
- Environmental Microbial Safety Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
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Abstract
The global dairy industry, the predominant pathogens causing mastitis, our understanding of mastitis pathogens and the host response to intramammary infection are changing rapidly. This paper aims to discuss changes in each of these aspects. Globalisation, energy demands, human population growth and climate change all affect the dairy industry. In many western countries, control programs for contagious mastitis have been in place for decades, resulting in a decrease in occurrence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus mastitis and an increase in the relative impact of Streptococcus uberis and Escherichia coli mastitis. In some countries, Klebsiella spp. or Streptococcus dysgalactiae are appearing as important causes of mastitis. Differences between countries in legislation, veterinary and laboratory services and farmers' management practices affect the distribution and impact of mastitis pathogens. For pathogens that have traditionally been categorised as contagious, strain adaptation to human and bovine hosts has been recognised. For pathogens that are often categorised as environmental, strains causing transient and chronic infections are distinguished. The genetic basis underlying host adaptation and mechanisms of infection is being unravelled. Genomic information on pathogens and their hosts and improved knowledge of the host's innate and acquired immune responses to intramammary infections provide opportunities to expand our understanding of bovine mastitis. These developments will undoubtedly contribute to novel approaches to mastitis diagnostics and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rn Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ Scotland, UK.
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31
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Lam T, Olde Riekerink R, Sampimon O, Smith H. Mastitis diagnostics and performance monitoring: a practical approach. Ir Vet J 2009; 62 Suppl 4:S34-39. [PMID: 22081906 PMCID: PMC3339348 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-62-s4-s34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper a review is given of frequently used mastitis diagnostic methods in modern dairy practice. Methods used at the quarter, cow, herd and regional or national level are discussed, including their usability for performance monitoring in udder health. Future developments, such as systems in which milk-derived parameters are combined with modern analytical techniques, are discussed. It is concluded that, although much knowledge is available and science is still developing and much knowledge is available, it is not always fully exploited in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjgm Lam
- Dutch Udder Health Centre, PO Box 2030, 7420 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
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Assessing genetic heterogeneity within bacterial species isolated from gastrointestinal and environmental samples: how many isolates does it take? Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:3490-6. [PMID: 18378649 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02789-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain typing of bacterial isolates is increasingly used to identify sources of infection or product contamination and to elucidate routes of transmission of pathogens or spoilage organisms. Usually, the number of bacterial isolates belonging to the same species that is analyzed per sample is determined by convention, convenience, laboratory capacity, or financial resources. Statistical considerations and knowledge of the heterogeneity of bacterial populations in various sources can be used to determine the number of isolates per sample that is actually needed to address specific research questions. We present data for intestinal Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus uberis from gastrointestinal, fecal, or soil samples characterized by ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and PCR-based strain-typing methods. In contrast to previous studies, all calculations were performed with a single computer program, employing software that is freely available and with in-depth explanation of the choice and derivation of prior distributions. Also, some of the model assumptions were relaxed to allow analysis of the special case of two (groups of) strains that are observed with different probabilities. Sample size calculations, with a Bayesian method of inference, show that from 2 to 20 isolates per sample need to be characterized to detect all strains that are present in a sample with 95% certainty. Such high numbers of isolates per sample are rarely typed in real life due to financial or logistic constraints. This implies that investigators are not gaining maximal information on strain heterogeneity and that sources and transmission pathways may go undetected.
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DNA fingerprinting analysis of breakthrough outbreaks in vaccine-protected poultry stocks. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:1649-51. [PMID: 17928428 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00159-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report recurrent outbreaks of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis conjunctivitis in ducks and of fowl cholera in geese, occurring in stocks previously vaccinated with inactivated autogenous vaccines. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-based PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis indicated reinfection with a new Y. pseudotuberculosis strain and vaccine evasion by the same Pasteurella multocida strain.
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