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Krömker V, Rota N, Locatelli C, Gusmara C, Marinoni A, Molteni D, Schmenger A, Erk RE, Moroni P. Randomized noninferiority field trial evaluating a postmilking teat dip for the prevention of naturally occurring intramammary infections. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6342-6352. [PMID: 37479581 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform a positive-controlled field study under natural exposure conditions to test the efficacy of a newly developed chlorine dioxide-based postmilking teat disinfectant (experimental product, EX) for noninferiority compared with an already established chlorine dioxide-based teat disinfectant (positive control product, PC). After blocking by parity, approximately 200 Holstein cows in early to mid-lactation stages from a dairy farm near Padua, Italy, were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups. Over a 13-wk period between September and December 2021, the teats of cows were dipped with the EX or the PC after each milking. Milk samples were collected from individual quarters of enrolled cows for 13 wk to determine infection status. Teat condition was assessed at wk 1, 5, and 9. Mixed logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of treatment on the incidence of new intramammary infections. For the noninferiority analysis, the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for the difference in new intramammary infection (NIMI) rate between the 2 treatments (EX - PC) had to be to the left of the critical value d (0.035) to conclude that EX was noninferior to PC in terms of the risk of NIMI. The results showed that the incidence of new infections in the quarters treated with EX (3.1%) was not different from that in the udder quarters treated with PC (2.6%). No overall difference was found between the treatments in terms of teat condition. As the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the NIMI rate difference was smaller than the predefined noninferiority limit, we concluded that the EX was noninferior compared with the PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Krömker
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Copenhagen University, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - N Rota
- Agribovis S. r. l., Meda, 20821, Italy
| | - C Locatelli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, 26900, Lodi, Italy; Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MiLab, University of Milan, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - C Gusmara
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, 26900, Lodi, Italy; Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MiLab, University of Milan, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - A Marinoni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - D Molteni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - A Schmenger
- Steinbeis Research Center for Dairy Science, 32278 Kirchlengern, Germany
| | | | - P Moroni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, 26900, Lodi, Italy; Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MiLab, University of Milan, 26900, Lodi, Italy; Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Woudstra S, Wente N, Zhang Y, Leimbach S, Gussmann MK, Kirkeby C, Krömker V. Strain diversity and infection durations of Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. causing intramammary infections in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:4214-4231. [PMID: 37080785 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
To effectively prevent and control bovine mastitis, farmers and their advisors need to take infection pathways and durations into account. Still, studies exploring both aspects through molecular epidemiology with sampling of entire dairy cow herds over longer periods are scarce. Therefore, quarter foremilk samples were collected at 14-d intervals from all lactating dairy cows (n = 263) over 18 wk in one commercial dairy herd. Quarters were considered infected with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, or Streptococcus dysgalactiae when ≥100 cfu/mL of the respective pathogen was detected, or with Staphylococcus epidermidis or Staphylococcus haemolyticus when ≥500 cfu/mL of the respective pathogen was detected. All isolates of the mentioned species underwent randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR to explore strain diversity and to distinguish ongoing from new infections. Survival analysis was used to estimate infection durations. Five different strains of Staph. aureus were isolated, and the most prevalent strain caused more than 80% of all Staph. aureus infections (n = 46). In contrast, 46 Staph. epidermidis and 69 Staph. haemolyticus strains were isolated, and none of these caused infections in more than 2 different quarters. The 3 most dominant strains of Strep. dysgalactiae (7 strains) and Strep. uberis (18 strains) caused 81% of 33 and 49% of 37 infections in total, respectively. The estimated median infection duration for Staph. aureus was 80 d, and that for Staph. epidermidis and Staph. haemolyticus was 28 and 22 d, respectively. The probability of remaining infected with Strep. dysgalactiae or Strep. uberis for more than 84 and 70 d was 58.7 and 53.5%, respectively. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staph. haemolyticus were not transmitted contagiously and the average infection durations were short, which brings into question whether antimicrobial treatment of intramammary infections with these organisms is justified. In contrast, infections with the other 3 pathogens lasted longer and largely originated from contagious transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Woudstra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - N Wente
- Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty II, Department Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, Heisterbergallee 10a, 30453, Hannover, Germany
| | - Y Zhang
- Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty II, Department Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, Heisterbergallee 10a, 30453, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Leimbach
- Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty II, Department Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, Heisterbergallee 10a, 30453, Hannover, Germany
| | - M K Gussmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - V Krömker
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Falkenberg U, Krömker V, Konow M, Flor J, Sanftleben P, Losand B. Management of calves in commercial dairy farms in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany and its impact on calf mortality and prevalence of rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum infections in pre-weaned calves. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 16:100243. [PMID: 35265772 PMCID: PMC8899403 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In a cross-sectional study, impact of management in dairy farms on calf mortality rates and prevalence of rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum in feces of calves was investigated. Sixty-two commercial dairy herds in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany, were stratified selected in 2019. We performed in-person interviews and fecal specimens in samples of all-female calves of age 7 up to 21 days. Management data were documented on farm level. A Multiscreen Ag-ELISA was performed to determine rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum. Associations between two calf mortality rates, detection of C. parvum and rotavirus, and predictors were examined with GLM models. In farms with routine vaccination against respiratory diseases, 31-days mortality rate was 4.2% +/-1.26 compared to 7.6% +/-0.97 (p = 0.040) on non-vaccinating farms. Six-months mortality was lower in farms that continued feeding milk to calves during periods of diarrhea compared to farms that did not (6.9% +/-0.8 vs. 12.4% +/-2.3). In case of a routine shifting of calves from the calving box into calf boxes less C. parvum was detected compared to an individual moving of calves (33.3% +/-2.6 vs. 19.6% +/-5.3; p = 0.024). Our model confirms a positive association between occurrence of aqueous feces and frequency of detection of C. parvum (45.4% +/-23.6 vs. 21.4% +/-18.7; p < 0.001). Frequency of detection of rotavirus was lower in farms that reported a defined amount of applicated colostrum per calf than in farms that presented a range of colostrum instead of a defined amount. This study indicates the potential for mitigation of risk factors for mortality in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Falkenberg
- Rindergesundheitsdienst Tierseuchenkasse, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Neustrelitzer Straße 120c, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - V. Krömker
- University of Kopenhagen, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Grønnegårdsvej 2, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Corresponding author.
| | - M. Konow
- Landesamt für Landwirtschaft, Lebensmittelsicherheit und Fischerei, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Thierfelderstraße 18, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - J. Flor
- Landesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Fischerei, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Dorfplatz 1, OT Gülzow, 18276 Gülzow-Prüzen, Germany
| | - P. Sanftleben
- Landesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Fischerei, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Dorfplatz 1, OT Gülzow, 18276 Gülzow-Prüzen, Germany
| | - B. Losand
- Landesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Fischerei, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Dorfplatz 1, OT Gülzow, 18276 Gülzow-Prüzen, Germany
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De Prado-Taranilla AI, Holstege MMC, Bertocchi L, Appiani A, Becvar O, Davidek J, Bay D, Jimenez LM, Roger N, Krömker V, Paduch JH, Piepers S, Wuytack A, Veenkamp A, van Werven T, Dalez B, Le Page P, Schukken YH, Velthuis AGJ. Incidence of milk leakage after dry-off in European dairy herds, related risk factors, and its role in new intramammary infections. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9224-9237. [PMID: 32713691 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of milk leakage (ML) after dry-off (DO) and related risk factors was studied in 1,175 dairy cows from 41 commercial herds in 8 European countries: Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. Milk leakage was assessed twice for 30 s each during 3 visits at 20 to 24 h, 30 to 34 h, and 48 to 52 h after DO. Information related to dry-cow management and udder health was collected at herd and cow level, including individual somatic cell count (ISCC) from test-day controls and occurrence of clinical mastitis cases from DO until 30 d in lactation. Mixed-effect logistic regression analyses were used to identify possible risk factors for ML and to study the association between ML and new intramammary infections. Intramammary infections were defined as clinical mastitis cases during the dry period and in the first 30 d in lactation or a rise in ISCC from before to after the dry period (threshold: 200,000 cells/mL) or both. Milk leakage was observed in 24.5% of the cows between 20 and 52 h after DO, where the herd incidence varied between 0.0 and 77.8%. The reduction in number of milkings in the weeks before DO had statistically significant effect on the ML incidence. When the milking frequency was reduced from 3 times/d to 2 or maintained at twice a day, cows had 11 (95% CI = 3.43-35.46) or 9 (95% CI = 1.85-48.22) times higher odds of leaking milk, respectively, compared with cows where the milking frequency was reduced from twice to once a day. Also, the milk production 24 h before DO was associated with ML incidence. Hence, cows with a milk production between 13 and 21 L or above 21 L had 2.3 (95% CI = 1.48-3.53) and 3.1 (95% CI = 1.79-5.3) times higher odds of leaking milk, respectively, compared with cows with a milk production below 13 L. A higher ML incidence was present in the group of cows with an average ISCC in the last 3 mo before DO ≥200,000 cells/mL (odds ratio = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.13-2.41) compared with cows with an average ISCC <100,000 cells/mL. Quarters with ML tended to have 2.0 times higher odds of developing clinical mastitis compared with quarters not leaking milk. Cows with ML tended to have 1.5 times higher odds of intramammary infections (i.e., an increase of ISCC or clinical mastitis) compared with cows without ML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M M C Holstege
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - L Bertocchi
- Italian National Reference Centre for Animal Welfare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Bruno Ubertini, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - A Appiani
- Embryo Vet Studio Veterinario, Cascina Bosco 6, 25028 Verdanuova (Brescia) Italy
| | - O Becvar
- FarmVet spol.s. r.o., Rojšín 5, 38203 Brloh, Czech Republic
| | - J Davidek
- FarmVet spol.s. r.o., Rojšín 5, 38203 Brloh, Czech Republic
| | - D Bay
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - L M Jimenez
- Servet Talavera S.L., Plaza San Andrés, 15, 45600 Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, Spain
| | - N Roger
- Servet Talavera S.L., Plaza San Andrés, 15, 45600 Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, Spain
| | - V Krömker
- Faculty II, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Heisterbergallee 10A, 30453 Hannover, Germany
| | - J H Paduch
- Faculty II, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Heisterbergallee 10A, 30453 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Wuytack
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Veenkamp
- Van Reen Cattle Veterinarian et Dierenartsenpraktijk, Flevoland, Gildenveld 76, 3892 DJ Zeewolde, the Netherlands
| | - T van Werven
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht 3584 CL, the Netherlands
| | - B Dalez
- Réseau Cristal, SELAS EVA, Argentonnay 79150, France
| | - P Le Page
- Clinique Vétérinaire LesVet, 3 Place du Champ de Bataille, 29260 Lesneven, France
| | - Y H Schukken
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - A G J Velthuis
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
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Wente N, Grieger AS, Klocke D, Paduch JH, Zhang Y, Leimbach S, Tho Seeth M, Mansion-De Vries EM, Mohr E, Krömker V. Recurrent mastitis-persistent or new infections? Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108682. [PMID: 32402348 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent clinical mastitis contributes to around half of all infections having an economic impact in the dairy industry. It leads to milk yield reduction, increased risk of mortality, and culling, and may be caused by new infections or a persistent infection after previous treatment. Disease management is dependent on the infecting species, necessitating accurate identification of the pathogen in the range of persistent and reinfection cases among recurrent infections using culture and molecular biological analysis. Milk samples from diagnosed clinical mastitis cases were collected from three Northern German dairy farms between 2011 and 2015. Totally, 2043 diagnosed mastitis cases were examined at quarter level (1598 (78.2 %) first and 445 (21.8 %) recurrent mastitis cases in lactation). Among the recurrent cases, 145 (32.6 %) cases were confirmed to harbor the same pathogenic species as previous infections. RAPD PCR confirmed the same species strain in 49 (11 %) of the recurrent infections. The contribution of new infections as compared to persistent infections in cases of clinical mastitis is clear from the data. Future studies in recurrent clinical mastitis control should be focused on influencing factors to prevent new infections in addition to therapeutic intervention and bacteriological cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wente
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hanover, Germany; Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - A S Grieger
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hanover, Germany
| | - D Klocke
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hanover, Germany
| | - J-H Paduch
- University of Cooperative Education, Food Safety and Food Quality, 08523 Plauen, Germany
| | - Y Zhang
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hanover, Germany
| | - S Leimbach
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hanover, Germany
| | - M Tho Seeth
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hanover, Germany; Chamber of Agriculture Lower Saxony, Udder Health Service, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - E M Mansion-De Vries
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hanover, Germany
| | - E Mohr
- Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - V Krömker
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section Production, Nutrition and Health, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Wente N, Klocke D, Paduch JH, Zhang Y, Seeth MT, Zoche-Golob V, Reinecke F, Mohr E, Krömker V. Associations between Streptococcus uberis strains from the animal environment and clinical bovine mastitis cases. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9360-9369. [PMID: 31421887 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine clinical mastitis quarter foremilk samples were collected from 15 German dairy farms for the isolation of Streptococcus uberis strains. Samples were also collected from the 8 spots where Streptococcus uberis was most expected in the dairy environment to investigate the transmission behavior of Streptococcus uberis within the farm. The selected environmental spots for sampling were the inner surface of the milking liner, drinking troughs (on pasture and in the barn), exit area of milking parlor, bedding material from the lying area in the barn, passageway to pasture, lying area of soil or vegetation on pasture, and the barn area in front of the milking parlor. We performed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis on 237 Streptococcus uberis isolates to identify environmental strains that matched those from mastitis milk. The same strains were detected on the passageway to the pasture, milking parlor waiting area, in one of the liners, and a drinking trough. Streptococcus uberis strains showed high variability within farms and because identical strains (in mastitis milk and environment) were found in different environmental localizations, its transmission appears to be farm specific. Thus, to establish a farm-specific mastitis control strategy, the main environmental sources of Streptococcus uberis must be analyzed for matching strains. A molecular method such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is an important tool that can be used to obtain the necessary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wente
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hannover, Germany; Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - D Klocke
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hannover, Germany
| | - J-H Paduch
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hannover, Germany
| | - Y Zhang
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Tho Seeth
- Chamber of Agriculture Lower Saxony, Udder Health Service, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - V Zoche-Golob
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - F Reinecke
- Department 51.2, Quality assurance for organic products, vegetable products and milk, 35578 Wetzlar, Germany
| | - E Mohr
- Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - V Krömker
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Faculty 2, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, 30453 Hannover, Germany.
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Leimbach S, Krömker V. Laboratory evaluation of a novel rapid tube test system for differentiation of mastitis-causing pathogen groups. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6357-6365. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Fischer-Tenhagen C, Theby V, Krömker V, Heuwieser W. Detecting Staphylococcus aureus in milk from dairy cows using sniffer dogs. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4317-4324. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Animal-friendly, economical, resource-saving milk production provides the basis for sustained consumer acceptance. Bovine mastitis plays a decisive role in the dairy industry-disturbing animal health and welfare and causing considerable economic losses on the other hand. Currently, antimicrobial treatment is indispensable to keep bovine udder health, animal welfare and economic aspects in balance. On the contrary, emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an urgent matter of particular public interest, and as a consequence, antimicrobial usage (AMU) in production livestock is a critically discussed subject. In urgent need of future reduction in AMU in the dairy industry, this review article describes and discusses possible approaches promising prompt implementation, including therapeutical alternatives as well as pro- and metaphylactic concepts such as the implementation of evidence-based mastitis therapy concepts and selective dry cow treatment (sDCT), in search of the most effective and contemporary methods for decreasing AMU and AMR in dairy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Krömker
- Microbiology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty II, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Leimbach
- Microbiology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty II, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hannover, Germany
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Neuling R, Paduch JH, Bormann A, Zinke C, Krömker V. Evaluierung der bakteriologischen Diagnostik von Sekreten klinischer Mastitiden mit Petrifilm™ im tierärztlichen Praxislabor. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1624619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand und Ziel: Insbesondere bei klinischen Mastitiden wäre ein Schnelltest zum Nachweis der verursachenden Erreger von Vorteil, um den therapeutischen Entscheidungsprozess zu unterstützen. Im Rahmen der Anwendung in einer tierärztlichen Praxis sollte geprüft werden, ob mit zwei Schnelltests zum Nachweis von Mastitiserregern in kurzer Zeit Hinweise auf eine Infektion mit coliformen Keimen oder mit Staphylococcus aureus erhalten werden können. Material und Methoden: Bei den Tests handelte es sich um “Petrifilm™ Schnellnachweis Coliforme” und “Petrifilm™ Staph Express Count System” (3M, Neuss). Von Milchkühen mit akuten klinischen Mastitiden wurden 107 Viertelanfangsgemelks-Doppelproben aseptisch gewonnen und mittels der konventionellen kulturellen Diagnostik sowie unter Verwendung der beiden Schnelltests untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Sensitivität und die Spezifität der Petrifilm™-Kombination betrug 32% bzw. 90%. Der positive Voraussagewert lag bei 24%. Mit der konventionellen Dia - gnostik konnten jedoch nur in 18% der Fälle die Zielmikroorganismen identifiziert werden. Mithilfe der Petrifilm™-Testverfahren ließen sich 3,5-mal mehr durch coliforme Keime verursachte Infektionen nachweisen. Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Relevanz: Die unzureichenden Ergebnisse können auf Schwächen der konventionellen kulturellen Diagnostik oder auf der Kontamination von Proben beruhen. Aufgrund der divergierenden Befunde erlauben die Resultate dieses Praxisversuchs keine abschließende Beurteilung dieses diagnostischen Konzepts für die Anwendung im tierärztlichen Praxislabor. Allerdings kann die Verwendung des “Petrifilm™ Schnellnachweis Coliforme” zur Identifikation von Infektionen durch gramnegative Mikroorganismen empfohlen werden. Dies ermöglicht bei sorgsamer Probenentnahme eine frühzeitige, valide Entscheidung hinsichtlich des Therapieregimes.
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Paduch JH, Krömker V. Besiedlung von Zitzenhaut und Zitzenkanal laktierender Milchrinder durch euterpathogene Mikroorganismen. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1624617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand und Ziel: Der Zitzenkanal laktierender Milchrinder stellt eine wesentliche Barriere für in die Zitzenzisterne und das Euterlumen eindringende Mastitiserreger dar. Verschiedene Studien ergaben jedoch, dass die Zitzenhaut und das Zitzenkanalepithel vor allem durch Staphylokokken sowie andere pathogene oder fakultativ pathogene Mikroorganismen besiedelt werden können. Die Studie erfolgte mit dem Ziel, den auf die Milchdrüse einwirkenden Keimdruck abzuschätzen und Daten zur Prävalenz der Mikroorganismen zu erhalten. Material und Methoden: In 32 deutschen Milchviehherden wurde mithilfe der Nass-Trockentupfer-Technik nach DIN 10113–1: 1997–07 die Besiedlung der bovinen Zitzenhaut und des Zitzenkanals mit S. aureus, Sc. uberis, Enterokokken und coliformen Keimen untersucht. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wiesen 84,5% der untersuchten Zitzenkanäle (n = 1358 Viertel) klinisch eutergesunder Tiere eine mikrobielle Besiedlung durch mindestens eine der Erregergruppen auf. 72,2% der Zitzenkanäle waren durch S. aureus besiedelt. Innerhalb der Erregergruppen sowie für umweltassoziierte Erreger ließen sich Korrelationen zwischen den Keimdichten auf der Zitzenhaut und im Zitzenkanal nachweisen. Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Relevanz: Die festgestellte hohe Variationsbreite der Keimdichten auf den Zitzenepithelien weist darauf hin, dass in Milchviehbetrieben durch Managementmaßnahmen Einfluss auf die mikrobiellen Populationen im Zitzenkanal genommen werden kann. Die Ergebnisse der Studie belegen, dass die Beprobung der Zitzenkanäle mit der Nass-Trockentupfer-Technik eine Beurteilung der Effektivität haltungs- und melkhygienischer Maßnahmen unter Feldbedingungen ermöglicht.
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Haverkamp H, Krömker V. Störungen der Zitzenkondition als Risikofaktor für die Entstehung von Mastitiden. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1621618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung:In der wissenschaftlichen Literatur lassen sich Hinweise auf Zusammenhänge zwischen Zitzenkondition und Eutergesundheit finden. Besonders für akute Zitzenkonditionsstörungen ist jedoch der Nachweis einer logischen Kausalkette schwierig, da Mastitiden eine multifaktorielle Genese besitzen. In den hier vorwiegend dargestellten Feldstudien kann der Einfluss anderer Faktoren auf den Gesundheitszustand der Milchdrüse nicht ausgeschlossen werden. Dennoch erscheint es nachvollziehbar, dass Störungen der Mikrozirkulation die lokale Abwehr negativ beeinflussen, indem sie die Rekrutierung von Abwehrzellen behindern, den Verschluss des Zitzenkanals verzögern oder den Ausmelkgrad der Drüsenviertel verschlechtern. Longitudinalstudien, die im Hinblick auf die wesentlichen Einflussgrößen standardisiert sind, verfügen über mehr Aussagekraft. Das Mastitisrisiko für ein Drüsenviertel ist erhöht, wenn die Zitze einer schlechteren Hyperkeratoseklasse zugeordnet werden kann. Solche Zitzen lassen sich schwerer reinigen, begünstigen die Besiedlung mit euterpathogenen Mikroorganismen und weisen einen verzögerten Zitzenkanalschluss auf. Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht in Form einer Literaturübersicht den Kenntnisstand zur Bedeutung einer gestörten Integrität der Zitzenkanalschleimhaut, des Zitzengewebes oder der Zitzenhaut auf die Entstehung von Mastitiden zu beschreiben.
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Pieper J, Hoedemaker M, Krömker V. Zur Bedeutung der Trockenperiode für die Entstehung und Vorbeugung von Neuinfektionen der bovinen Milchdrüse. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1623186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Trockenperiode birgt eine außerordentlich hohe Neuinfektionsgefahr für die bovine Milchdrüse, insbesondere durch umweltassoziierte Mastitiserreger. In der Regel ruft eine Infektion während der Trockenperiode keine klinischen Symptome hervor, führt aber oft nach dem Kalben, in den ersten Wochen der Laktation, zu einer klinischen Mastitis. Eine Reduzierung der Neuinfektionen trockenstehender Kühe kann die Mastitisinzidenz während der Frühlaktation deutlich verringern. Im Verlauf der Trockenperiode bleibt die Neuinfektionsrate nicht konstant, sondern ist unmittelbar nach dem Trockenstellen sowie kurz vor dem Kalben besonders hoch. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Neuinfektion wird multifaktoriell durch Tier-, Erreger- und Umwelteinflüsse bestimmt. Eine wesentliche Rolle spielt hierbei der Verschluss des Zitzenkanals durch einen Keratinpfropf. Im Rahmen des antibiotischen Trockenstellens gibt es unterschiedliche Vorgehensweisen. Es können alle Euterviertel aller trockenzustellenden Kühe antibiotisch behandelt werden (generelles antibiotisches Trockenstellen, GAT) oder nur die Euterviertel der Kühe, in deren Milch Mastitiserreger oder erhöhte Zellgehalte nachgewiesen wurden (selektives antibiotisches Trockenstellen, SAT). Bei letzterer Variante muss weiterhin unterschieden werden, ob sich die Behandlung auf alle oder nur das von einer Infektion oder einem erhöhten Zellgehalt betroffene Euterviertel erstreckt. Anstelle des Einsatzes antibiotischer Wirkstoffe oder als Ergänzung dazu eignen sich Zitzenversiegler, die den Zitzenkanal nach außen hin abdichten und so die Funktion des Keratinpfropfes ergänzen oder übernehmen. Des Weiteren existieren einige alternative Vorgehensweisen zur Vermeidung von Neuinfektionen. Von übergeordneter Bedeutung ist allerdings die Minderung des Infektionsdrucks. Hierfür bestehen zahlreiche Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der Hygiene im Haltungsumfeld der Trockensteher.
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Grieger AS, Zoche-Golob V, Paduch JH, Hoedemaker M, Krömker V. Rezidivierende klinische Mastitiden bei Milchkühen – Bedeutung und Ursachen. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1623218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungKlinische Mastitiden, die häufig als Rezidive auftreten, können in Milchviehbetrieben bedeutende ökonomische Verluste verursachen. Rezidivierende Mastitiden sind entweder auf persistierende Infek tionen der bovinen Milchdrüse mit einem Mastitiserreger oder auf Neuinfektionen von Eutervierteln nach einer bakteriologischen Ausheilung zurückzuführen. Sowohl die Virulenzeigenschaften eines Mastitiserregers als auch die tierindividuellen Heilungschancen können die Entstehung persistierender Infektionen der Milchdrüse maßgeblich beeinflussen, in deren Verlauf symptomfreie Perioden und klinische Episoden häufig im Wechsel auftreten. Strategien zur Reduzierung des Auftretens rezidivierender Mastitisfälle müssen verbesserte thera peutische Konzepte oder/und die Reduzierung der Neuinfektionsraten beinhalten. In der Literaturübersicht werden die wesentlichen Erkenntnisse zu Definitionen, Häufigkeiten, Ursachen und Auswirkungen rezidivierender Mastitiden dargestellt.
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Hamann J, Krömker V, Redetzky R. Zum Einfluss des Blutentnahmeortes auf Parameter des Blutprofils bei hochleistenden Kühen. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1622993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungVon 12 hochleistenden, klinisch unauffälligen Kühen der Rasse Deutsche Holsteins wurden zunächst Blutproben aus der V. epigastrica cranialis superficialis, anschließend unter Anwendung von Zwangsmaßnahmen aus der V. jugularis externa gewonnen, um die diagnostische Aussagekraft ausgewählter Parameter des Blutprofils in Abhängigkeit von den Entnahmeorten vergleichend gegenüberzustellen. Für 10 von 18 Blutparametern (Erythrozytenzahl, Hämoglobin, Hämatokrit, AST, Gesamtbilirubin, Glukose, Harnstoff, Kalzium, Magnesium und anorganisches Phosphat) ließen sich signifikante Konzentrationsunterschiede zwischen dem Hals- und Eutervenenblut feststellen. Hierfür scheinen Stress verursachende Zwangsmaßnahmen im Kopfbereich verantwortlich zu sein, sodass die Blutgewinnung aus der V. jugularis externa gegenüber der V. epigastrica cranialis superficialis zu keiner verbesserten diagnostischen Aussage führt. Die Blutentnahme aus der Eutervene stellt daher aufgrund arbeitswirtschaftlicher Erwägungen bei gleichzeitig hoher Reproduzierbarkeit der Blutwerte eine für die Rinderpraxis geeignete Methode dar.
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Ziesch M, Wente N, Zhang Y, Zaremba W, Engl S, Krömker V. Noninferiority trial investigating the efficacy of a nonantibiotic intramammary therapy in the treatment of mild-to-moderate clinical mastitis in dairy cows with longer lasting udder diseases. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:11-21. [PMID: 28449183 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A nonblinded, positively controlled, noninferiority trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of an alternative, nonantibiotic therapy with Masti Veyxym® to reduce ineffective antibiotic usage in the treatment of nonsevere clinical mastitis (CM) in cows with longer lasting udder diseases. The solely intramammary treatment with Masti Veyxym® (three applications, 12 hr apart) and the combined treatment with Masti Veyxym® and antibiotics as usual on the farm according to label of the respective product were compared with the reference treatment of solely antibiotic therapy. The matched field study was conducted on eight free-stall dairy farms located in Eastern Germany. Cases of mild-to-moderate CM in cows with longer lasting high somatic cell counts in preceding dairy herd improvement test days and with previous CM cases in current lactation were randomly allocated to one of the three treatment groups. A foremilk sample of the affected quarter was taken before treatment and again approximately 14 days and 21 days after the end of therapy for cyto-bacteriological examination. Primary outcomes were clinical cure (CC) and no CM recurrence within 60 days after the end of treatment (no R60). Bacteriological cure (BC) and quarter somatic cell count (QSCC) cure were chosen as secondary outcomes although low probabilities of BC and QSCC cure for selected cows were expected. The study resulted in the following findings: the pathogens mostly cultured from pretreatment samples were Streptococcus uberis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. There were no significant differences between the two test treatments in comparison with the reference treatment regarding all outcome variables. The sole therapy with Masti Veyxym® resulted in a numerically lower likelihood of BC without significant differences to the reference treatment. The combined therapy group showed a numerically higher nonrecurrence rate than the two other treatment groups and noninferiority compared to the reference treatment was proven. Having regard to the selection criteria of cows in this study, the findings indicated that sole treatment with Masti Veyxym® in nonsevere CM cases may constitute an alternative therapy to reduce antibiotics. However, noninferiority evaluations were mostly inconclusive. Further investigations with a larger sample size are required to confirm the results and to make a clear statement on noninferiority.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ziesch
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering - Microbiology, Faculty II, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - N Wente
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering - Microbiology, Faculty II, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering - Microbiology, Faculty II, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Zaremba
- Veyx-Pharma GmbH, Schwarzenborn, Germany
| | - S Engl
- Veyx-Pharma GmbH, Schwarzenborn, Germany
| | - V Krömker
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering - Microbiology, Faculty II, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Mansion-de Vries EM, Hoedemaker M, Krömker V. [Evidence-based aspects of clinical mastitis treatment]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2015; 43:287-95. [PMID: 26365364 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-150227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the most common and expensive diseases in dairy cattle. The decision to treat clinical mastitis is usually made without any knowledge of the etiology, and can therefore only be evidence-based to a limited extent. Evidence-based medicine relies essentially on a combination of one's own clinical competence and scientific findings. In mastitis therapy, those insights depend mostly on pathogen-specific factors. Therefore, in evidence-based therapeutic decision making the pathogen identification should serve as a basis for the consideration of scientifically validated therapeutic concepts. The present paper considers evidence-based treatment of clinical mastitis based on a literature review. The authors conclude that an anti-inflammatory treatment using an NSAID should be conducted regardless of the pathogen. However, the choice of an antibiotic therapy depends on the mastitis causative pathogen, clinical symptoms and the animal itself. In principle, a local antibiotic treatment should be chosen for mild and moderate mastitis. It should be noted, that the benefit of an antibiotic therapy for coliform infections is questionable. With knowledge concerning the pathogen, it appears entirely reasonable to refrain from an antibiotic therapy. For severe (i. e. feverish) mastitis, a parenteral antibiotic therapy should be selected. An extension of the antibiotic therapy beyond the manufacturer's information is only reasonable for streptococcal infections. It is important to make the decision on a prolonged antibiotic therapy only with the knowledge of the mastitis-causative pathogen. In terms of the therapy of a staphylococcus or streptococcus infection, a narrow-spectrum antibiotic from the penicillin family should be adopted when selecting the active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V Krömker
- Prof. Dr. Volker Krömker, Mikrobiologie der Fakultät II - Maschinenbau und Bioverfahrenstechnik, Hochschule Hannover, Heisterbergallee 12, 30453 Hannover, E-Mail:
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Zoche-Golob V, Heuwieser W, Krömker V. Investigation of the association between the test day milk fat-protein ratio and clinical mastitis using a Poisson regression approach for analysis of time-to-event data. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:64-73. [PMID: 26164530 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between the milk fat-protein ratio and the incidence rate of clinical mastitis including repeated cases of clinical mastitis to determine the usefulness of this association to monitor metabolic disorders as risk factors for udder health. Herd records from 10 dairy herds of Holstein cows in Saxony, Germany, from September 2005-2011 (36,827 lactations of 17,657 cows) were used for statistical analysis. A mixed Poisson regression model with the weekly incidence rate of clinical mastitis as outcome variable was fitted. The model included repeated events of the outcome, time-varying covariates and multilevel clustering. Because the recording of clinical mastitis might have been imperfect, a probabilistic bias analysis was conducted to assess the impact of the misclassification of clinical mastitis on the conventional results. The lactational incidence of clinical mastitis was 38.2%. In 36.2% and 34.9% of the lactations, there was at least one dairy herd test day with a fat-protein ratio of <1.0 or >1.5, respectively. Misclassification of clinical mastitis was assumed to have resulted in bias towards the null. A clinical mastitis case increased the incidence rate of following cases of the same cow. Fat-protein ratios of <1.0 and >1.5 were associated with higher incidence rates of clinical mastitis depending on week in milk. The effect of a fat-protein ratio >1.5 on the incidence rate of clinical mastitis increased considerably over the course of lactation, whereas the effect of a fat-protein ratio <1.0 decreased. Fat-protein ratios <1.0 or >1.5 on the precedent test days of all cows irrespective of their time in milk seemed to be better predictors for clinical mastitis than the first test day results per lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zoche-Golob
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering-Microbiology Faculty 2, University of Applied Science and Arts, Heisterbergallee 12, 30453 Hannover, Germany; Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - W Heuwieser
- Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - V Krömker
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering-Microbiology Faculty 2, University of Applied Science and Arts, Heisterbergallee 12, 30453 Hannover, Germany
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Degen S, Paduch JH, Hoedemaker M, Krömker V. Factors affecting the probability of bacteriological cure of bovine mastitis. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2015; 43:222-7. [PMID: 25960107 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-141082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to review factors affecting the probability of cure of bovine mastitis and thereby establish criteria for deciding whether to treat or cull individual animals. A further objective was to avoid redundant treatment with antibiotics so as to reduce the risk of pathogen resistance and enhance economic benefit. In evaluating success of therapy, bacteriological cure is the standard type of cure and is defined as elimination of mastitis-causing pathogens from the mammary gland. Administration of antibiotics is considered reasonable only when there is a prospect of bacteriological cure. In addition to age of the affected cow, the history of mastitis, number of infected quarters and somatic cell count affect the probability of bacteriological cure. Identifying and characterising chronic mastitis, which causes enormous production losses, are especially important to prevent unnecessary treatment and to decide whether or not to cull. To our knowledge, this is the first work providing a complete list of factors that have been confirmed in scientific literature to influence the probability of cure. This review should support farmers and veterinarians in deciding between culling and administering appropriate therapy to an affected animal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - V Krömker
- Prof. Dr. Volker Krömker, Mikrobiologie der Fakultät II Maschinenbau und Bioverfahrenstechnik, Hochschule Hannover, Heisterbergallee 12, 30453 Hannover, E-Mail:
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Swinkels J, Hilkens A, Zoche-Golob V, Krömker V, Buddiger M, Jansen J, Lam T. Social influences on the duration of antibiotic treatment of clinical mastitis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2369-80. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zoche-Golob V, Haverkamp H, Paduch JH, Klocke D, Zinke C, Hoedemaker M, Heuwieser W, Krömker V. Longitudinal study of the effects of teat condition on the risk of new intramammary infections in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 98:910-7. [PMID: 25497817 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Machine milking-induced alterations of teat tissue may impair local defense mechanisms and increase the risk of new intramammary infections. The objective of the current study was to assess the influence of short-term and long-term alterations of teat tissue and infectious status of the udder quarter on the risk of naturally occurring new intramammary infections, inflammatory responses, and mastitis. Short-term and long-term changes in teat condition of right udder quarters of 135 cows of a commercial dairy farm in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, were recorded monthly for 10 mo using simple classification schemes. Quarter milk samples were collected from all examined quarters at each farm visit. Bacteriological culture results and somatic cell counts of quarter milk samples were used to determine new inflammatory responses (increase from ≤100,000 cells/mL to >100,000 cells/mL between 2 samples), new infections (detection of a pathogen from a quarter that was free of the same pathogen at the preceding sampling), and new mastitis (combination of new inflammatory response and new infection). Separate Poisson mixed models for new inflammatory responses, new infections, and new mastitis caused by specific pathogens or groups of pathogens (contagious, environmental, major, minor, or any) were used to estimate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Data preparation and parameter estimation were performed using the open source statistical analysis software R. We observed no effect of any variable describing teat condition on the risk of new intramammary infections, inflammatory responses, or mastitis. Intramammary infections of the same udder quarter in the preceding month did not affect risk either.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zoche-Golob
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering - Microbiology, Faculty II, University of Applied Science and Arts, Heisterbergallee 12, 30453 Hannover, Germany; Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Haverkamp
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering - Microbiology, Faculty II, University of Applied Science and Arts, Heisterbergallee 12, 30453 Hannover, Germany; Clinic for Cattle, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - J-H Paduch
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering - Microbiology, Faculty II, University of Applied Science and Arts, Heisterbergallee 12, 30453 Hannover, Germany
| | - D Klocke
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering - Microbiology, Faculty II, University of Applied Science and Arts, Heisterbergallee 12, 30453 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Zinke
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering - Microbiology, Faculty II, University of Applied Science and Arts, Heisterbergallee 12, 30453 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - W Heuwieser
- Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - V Krömker
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering - Microbiology, Faculty II, University of Applied Science and Arts, Heisterbergallee 12, 30453 Hannover, Germany.
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Grieger AS, Zoche-Golob V, Paduch JH, Hoedemaker M, Krömker V. [Recurrent clinical mastitis in dairy cattle - importance and causes]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2014; 42:156-162. [PMID: 24920089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinical mastitis as a frequently recurrent event can cause substantive economic loss on dairy farms. The reason for recurrent mastitis can be either a persistent infection of the bovine mammary gland by a mastitis pathogen or a reinfection of a quarter or udder after bacteriological cure. The virulence properties of a mastitis pathogen and the cure odds of an individual cow determine the development of persistent infections. Clinical episodes may alternate with periods without symptoms in the course of persistent infections. Strategies to reduce cases of recurrent mastitis have to include improved treatment concepts and measures to decrease new infection rates. The present literature review summarises the knowledge of definitions, frequencies, causes and effects of recurrent mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - V Krömker
- Prof. Dr. Volker Krömker, Mikrobiologie der Fakultät II - Maschinenbau und Bioverfahrenstechnik, Hochschule Hannover, Heisterbergallee 12, 30453 Hannover, E-Mail:
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Cording F, Hoedemaker M, Krömker V. [Relationship between residual milk and clinical mastitis in dairy cattle]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2013; 41:379-386. [PMID: 24326793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis in cattle is an infection of the mammary gland caused by infection, toxins and/or trauma. Currently, it is assumed that there is a correlation between higher amounts of residual milk and the incidence of clinical mastitis. The amount of residual milk can be examined using different methods. Higher amounts of residual milk may result from an insufficient teat condition and individual detachment settings of milking units. To date, scientific literature has already discussed the relationship between high amounts of residual milk, undermilking and the occurrence of clinical mastitis. The present paper reviews the current status of knowledge regarding residual milk and risk of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cording
- Prof. Dr. Volker Krömker, Mikrobiologie der Fakultät II, Maschinenbau und Bioverfahrenstechnik, Hochschule Hannover, Heisterbergallee 12, 30453 Hannover, E-Mail:
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Cording F, Hoedemaker M, Krömker V. Einfluss der Menge loser Restmilch in Milchdrüsen auf die Entstehung klinischer Mastitiden bei Milchkühen. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1623193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Mastitis des Rindes ist eine Infektion der Milchdrüse, der infektiöse, toxische oder traumatische Ursachen zugrunde liegen können. In praxi wird aktuell davon ausgegangen, dass ein kausaler Zusammenhang zwischen erhöhten Mengen des losen Restgemelks und der Inzidenz klinischer Mastitiden besteht. Die Menge des losen Restgemelks lässt sich mithilfe unterschiedlicher Verfahren untersuchen. Erhöhte Restgemelksmengen können aus Zitzenkonditionsstörungen und den individuell wählbaren Abnahmeschwellen der Melkanlage resultieren. In der wissenschaftlichen Literatur wurden bereits Beziehungen zwischen erhöhten Mengen des losen Restgemelks, erhöhten Abnahmeschwellen und der Inzidenz klinischer Mastitiden diskutiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll der aktuelle Kenntnisstand anhand einer Literaturübersicht dargestellt werden.
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Paduch JH, Herold M, Krömker V. Diagnostische Eigenschaften eines neuen California-Mastitis-Tests. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1623157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand und Ziel: Um Sekretionsstörungen der bovinen Milchdrüse bereits frühzeitig in praxi identifizieren zu können, ist es notwendig, ein Testsystem mit einer hohen Sensitivität einzusetzen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie sollte daher untersucht werden, inwieweit durch die Verwendung eines Reagenz mit einer optimierten Rezeptur die Sensitivität des California-Mastitis-Tests im Vergleich zu einem kommerziell verfügbaren Produkt verbessert werden kann, sodass sich bereits Überschreitungen der Zellzahl von 100.000 Zellen/ml sicher erkennen lassen. Material und Methoden: In vitro wurden die Viskositäten von Gemischen aus Testmilchen mit standardisierten somatischen Zellgehalten (50.000-800.000 Zellen/ml) und Testreagenzien bestimmt. Insgesamt 50 Viertelanfangsgemelksproben von Tieren, die keine Anzeichen einer klinischen Mastitis aufwiesen, wurden geblindet mit dem California-Mastitis-Test unter Verwendung beider Testreagenzien untersucht. Sensitivität und Spezifität der Testsysteme wurden ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Mit zunehmendem somatischem Zellgehalt stieg die Viskosität der Gemische zu Beginn der rheologischen Messung. Bei einem Zellgehalt der Milch von 50.000 Zellen/ml ergab sich eine mittlere Viskosität von 3,20 mPa*s (kommerziell verfügbarer Test) bzw. 2,69 mPa*s (optimiertes Testreagens). Bei einem Milchzellgehalt von 100.000 Zellen/ml stieg die Viskosität auf 3,43 mPa*s (kommerziell verfügbarer Test) bzw. 4,58 mPa*s (optimiertes Testreagens) an. Die Sensitivität betrug bei Verwendung des kommerziell verfügbaren Testreagens 76,7% und unter Einsatz des optimierten Testreagens 97,7% bei einer Zellzahlgrenze von 100.000 Zellen/ml als Übergang vom physiologischen Zustand zu einer Sekretionsstörung. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Das optimierte Testreagens erlaubt im Vergleich zu dem kommerziell verfügbaren Reagens die frühzeitige Erkennung zellzahlhoher Viertel bzw. Tiere. Die Ergebnisse machten deutlich, dass das Ablesen des Testresultats direkt nach der Reaktion erfolgen muss.
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Paduch JH, Herold M, Krömker V. [Diagnostic characteristics of a new California Mastitis Test]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2013; 41:81-87. [PMID: 23608888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For the early detection of udder health disorders in praxi, it is necessary to use a method with high sensitivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the sensitivity of a commercial Califor- nia Mastitis Test and a new reagent which was optimised for the detection of udder health disorders with somatic cell counts > 100,000 cells/ml. MATERIAL AND METHODS The viscosity of mixtures of test milks with standardised somatic cell counts (50,000-800,000 cells/ml) and test reagents were analysed in vitro. A total of 50 quarter fore- milk samples from cows without signs of clinical mastitis were investigated using both California Mastitis Test reagents. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated. RESULTS The viscosity of mixtures increased with a higher somatic cell count. At a somatic cell count of 50,000 cells/ml, the mean viscosities were 3.20 mPa*s (commer- cial product) and 2.69 mPa*s (optimised reagent). At a somatic cell count of 100,000 cells/ml the viscosities increased to 3.43 mPa*s and 4.58 mPa*s, respectively. At a somatic cell count threshold of 100,000 cells/ml, marking the transition of the physiological status into a secretion disorder, the sensitivity of the commercial test was 76.7% and that of the optimised test was 97.7%. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The optimised California Mastitis Test allows - compared to the commercial product - the early detection of quarters or animals with high somatic cell counts. The results of the study indicate that the test result has to be evaluated immediately after the California Mastitis Test reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Paduch
- Fakultät II, Abteilung Bioverfahrenstechnik, Hochschule Hannover
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Pieper J, Hoedemaker M, Krömker V. [Significance of the dry period for the development and prevention of new infections of the bovine mammary gland]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2013; 41:315-325. [PMID: 24127000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The dry period poses an extraordinarily high risk of new infections for the bovine mammary gland. Environmental pathogens are of particular importance during this time. Normally, an infection during the dry period does not cause clinical symptoms, but is often responsible for clinical mastitis in the first weeks of lactation. Reducing new infections in dry cows can significantly decrease mastitis incidence in early lactation. During the course of the dry period, the new infection rate does not remain constant, but peaks immediately after drying off and shortly before calving. The chance of a new infection is influenced multifactorially by the animal, pathogen and environment. In this context, the closure of the teat canal using a keratin plug is very important. There are different approaches to antibiotic dry cow treatment. Either all udder quarters of all dry cows are treated (blanket dry-cow treatment) or just the udder of animals with a proven infection or an increased somatic cell count (selective dry-cow treatment). In the latter case, all udder quarters of an animal may be treated or just the one in which the infection or the increased somatic cell count was found. Instead of, or as a supplement to antibiotic treatment, teat sealers can be used. They support or take over the function of the keratin plug by closing the teat canal. In addition, there are some alternative methods to prevent new infections. Nevertheless, reducing the risk of infection is of primary importance. For this purpose, there are numerous options for improving hygiene in the environment of dry cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pieper
- Prof. Dr. Volker Krömker, Mikrobiologie der Fakultät II Maschinenbau und Bioverfahrenstechnik, Hochschule Hannover, Heisterbergallee 12, 30453 Hannover, E-Mail:
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Kreausukon K, Fetsch A, Kraushaar B, Alt K, Müller K, Krömker V, Zessin KH, Käsbohrer A, Tenhagen BA. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from bulk tank milk of dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:4382-8. [PMID: 22818451 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It was the objective of the study to estimate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in bulk tank milk from German dairy herds and to characterize isolates from bulk tank milk with respect to their Staph. aureus protein A (spa) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type, their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance and resistance- resp. virulence-associated genes using broth microdilution and a microarray for Staph. aureus. Bulk tank milk samples (25 mL) were tested for MRSA using a 2-step selective enrichment protocol. Presumptive MRSA were confirmed by PCR. Thirty-six isolates collected from bulk tank milk of dairy herds in 2009 and 2010 were included in the characterization. All isolates displayed spa-types assigned to the clonal complex CC398. Based on the epidemiological cut-off values for the interpretation of minimum inhibitory concentrations isolates were resistant to tetracycline (100%), clindamycin (58%), erythromycin (52%), quinupristin/dalfopristin (36%), and kanamycin (27%). Isolates did not carry genes associated with typical virulence factors for Staph. aureus such as the Panton-Valentine leukocidin. However, they did carry hemolysin genes. Livestock-associated MRSA of CC398 does occur in German dairy herds and the strains have similar properties as described for strains from pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kreausukon
- Department Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany
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Heuwieser W, Krömker V, Zoche V. Risikoorientiertes Monitoring der Eutergesundheit. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1624623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDas Monitoring der Eutergesundheit einer Milchkuhherde hat drei Aufgaben: erstens die Bestimmung des Status quo, zweitens die Kontrolle der Wirksamkeit ergriffener Verbesserungs- und Behandlungs - maß nahmen und drittens die Früherkennung auftretender Probleme. Dazu müssen auch die Bereiche Haltung, Fütterung und Management in die überwachung einbezogen werden. Risikoorientiertes Monitoring der Eutergesundheit zeichnet sich einerseits durch Fokussierung auf die aktuell relevanten herdenspezifischen Faktoren aus und ist folglich ein dynamischer Prozess. Andererseits ist es durch klar strukturiertes Vorgehen geprägt, um in keinem Bereich aus Unachtsamkeit die Kontrolle zu verlieren. Alle wesentlichen Entscheidungen und Handlungen werden dokumentiert, sodass sie nachvollziehbar sind und immer wieder kritisch überprüft werden können. Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht, mittels einer Literaturübersicht das Vorgehen zur Etablierung eines risiko - orientierten Monitoringprogramms zu erläutern.
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Neuling R, Paduch JH, Bormann A, Zinke C, Krömker V. [Evaluation of bacteriological diagnosis in secretions of clinical mastitis cases with Petrifilm™ in the veterinary practice laboratory]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2011; 39:77-80. [PMID: 22138768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Especially in cases of clinical mastitis a rapid test for identification of responsible pathogens would be useful for choosing the appropriate treatment. The objective of the study was to determine whether two rapid tests are suitable to detect infections with coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, in cows with acute mastitis under field conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS The evaluated tests were "Petrifilm™ Rapid Coliform" and "Petrifilm™ Staph Express Count System". A total of n=107 double, quarter foremilk samples from dairy cows with clinical signs of acute mastitis was obtained aseptically. All samples were examined microbiologically by means of both conventional methods and using both Petrifilm™ tests. RESULTS Overall sensitivity for the Petrifilm™ tests was 32%, overall specificity 90%, and the positive predictive value 24%. In contrast, conventional methods yielded positive results in only 18% of cases, meaning that with the petrifilm kits, 3.5 times more infections caused by coliforms could be detected. However, not all coliforms cultivated conventionally were also identified by the Petrifilm™ tests. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These unsatisfactory results may be due to flaws in the conventional culturing or contamination of samples. Therefore, the results of this field trial do not lead to a conclusive evaluation of this diagnostic device under field conditions, although the Petrifilm™ test for coliforms may already be recommended to identify infections caused by gram-negative microorganisms. Once caution is taken at sampling, this kit may lead to a basic decision regarding therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Neuling
- Tierärztliche Gemeinschaftspraxis Dres. Lerche, Neuling und Schulz, Dähre
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Paduch JH, Krömker V. [Colonization of the teat skin and the teat canal of lactating dairy cattle by mastitis pathogens]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2011; 39:71-76. [PMID: 22138767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The teat canal of lactating dairy cattle is the first barrier against mastitis pathogens invading the teat cistern and the udder lumen. However, in several studies it could be shown that the teat skin and the teat canal epithelium are colonized by mainly staphylococci as well as by other pathogenic or facultative pathogenic micro-organisms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the pathogen pressure on the bovine mammary gland and to establish data on the prevalence of relevant micro-organisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 32 randomly selected German dairy farms the colonization of the teat skin and the teat canal by S.aureus (Baird Parker agar), Sc.uberis (modified Rambach agar according to Watts et al. [1993]), enterococci (kanamycin esculin azide agar) and coliforms (ChromoCult Coliform agar) was investigated by the wet/dry swab technique DIN10113-1:1997-07. RESULTS In total 84.5% of all 1358 investigated teat canals of clinically healthy cattle were colonized by at least one of the four pathogen groups. S.aureus was isolated from 72.2% of the teat canals. For S.aureus , Sc.uberis and E.coli maximum bacterial counts of >10(6) cfu/swab and for other coliform bacteria>10(7) cfu/swab were detected. Correlations could be found between the bacterial counts on the teat skin and in the teat canal within the pathogen groups S.aureus, Sc.uberis, E.coli and other coliforms (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient r≥0.30, p<0.001) as well as between the environmental udder pathogens Sc.uberis and coliforms (r≥0.25, p<0.01). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The variation of the bacterial counts on teat epithelia could be an indicator that the microflora of the teat canal epithelium can be affected by management practices in dairy farms. The results of this study point out that under field conditions the efficiency of hygienic practices (husbandry, milking) can be assessed by sampling of the bovine teat canal by the wet/dry swab technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Paduch
- Fakultät II, Maschinenbau und Bioverfahrenstechnik, der Fachhochschule Hannover, Heisterbergallee 12, 30453 Hannover
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Zoche V, Heuwieser W, Krömker V. [Risk-based monitoring of udder health. A review]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2011; 39:88-94. [PMID: 22138770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring udder health of a dairy herd has three functions: firstly describing the actual situation, secondly evaluating the efficiency of adopted improvement measures and treatments, thirdly to detect emerging problems as early as possible. Therefore, husbandry, feeding, and management of the cows have to be included in the surveillance. Risk-based monitoring of the udder health is characterized on the one hand by focussing on the currently relevant herd-specific risk factors. Consequently, it is a dynamic process. On the other hand, it is affected by a clearly structured approach to prevent a loss of control due to a lack of attention in any area. All essential decisions and actions are documented to be comprehensible and available for critical examination. This review explains the procedure to establish a risk-based monitoring program on dairy farms.
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Hubal M, Krömker V. Melktechnische Einflüsse auf die Zitzenkondition von Milchkühen. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1623978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungNeben der Melkarbeit und den Haltungsbedingungen nehmen melktechnische Variablen Einfluss auf die Zitzenkondition von Milchkühen. Da eine unzureichende Zitzenkondition mit Störungen der Eutergesundheit in Verbindung gebracht wird, sollten die technischen Einstellungen so gewählt werden, dass möglichst geringe melkabhängige Störungen der Zitzenkondition auftreten. Durch die komplexe Interaktion der melktechnischen Parameter ist eine Verbesserung der Zitzenkondition durch eine optimierte Einstellung nicht einfach zu erreichen. Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht, mittels einer Literaturübersicht den aktuellen Kenntnisstand darzustellen.
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Volling O, Poddey E, Krömker V. Ökonomischer Gewinn und Indikatoren der Tiergesundheit in ökologisch wirtschaftenden Milchviehbetrieben. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1624006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung:
Ziel der Studie war, die Beziehung zwischen Variablen der Tiergesundheit und dem ökonomischen Erfolg von ökologisch wirtschaftenden Milchviehbetrieben zu untersuchen. Material und Methode: Von August 2002 bis September 2003 wurden 25 Milchviehbetriebe in Niedersachsen regelmäßig besucht und ökonomische sowie tiergesundheit - liche Daten erhoben. Ergebnisse: Der wirtschaftliche Erfolg steht in enger Beziehung zur Einzeltierleistung der Kuh. Mit steigendem Gewinnbeitrag ist eine Abnahme der Anzahl an Kühen in der Herde mit einem somatischen Zellgehalt unter 100000 Zellen/ml Milch zu beobachten. Gleichzeitig wird eine höhere Rate klinischer Mastitiden und eine größere Häufigkeit von hypokalzämischen Gebärparesen festge - stellt. Grundsätzlich besteht eine Beziehung zwischen der Tiergesundheit und dem wirtschaftlichen Erfolg in ökologisch geführten Milchviehbetrieben, doch belegen die Resultate der vorliegenden Arbeit, dass höhere Milchleistungen sowohl mit einer Gewinnmaximierung als auch mit einer steigenden Krankheitsinzidenz einhergehen können. Schlussfolgerung: Eine herausragende Tiergesundheit ist nicht zwingend mit hoher ökonomischer Leistungsfähigkeit eines ökologischen Milchviehbetriebes verbunden. Für die sichere Realisierung beider Ziele bedarf es einer von der Einzeltierleistung unabhängigen Honorierung der Tiergesundheit. Klinische Relevanz: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass im ökologisch wirtschaftenden Betrieb bei einem hohen Milchleistungsniveau auch eine erhöhte Krankheitsinzidenz auftreten kann.
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Paduch JH, Bormann A, Friedrich J, Zinke C, Krömker V. Nachweisverfahren zur Beurteilung der Keimbelastung in Einstreumaterialien und des daraus resultierenden Mastitisrisikos. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1623840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand und Ziel: Der Anteil von Mastitiden des Rindes, die durch umweltassoziierte Mikroorganismen verursacht werden, ist in den letzten Jahren gestiegen. Die Anzahl dieser Mikroorganismen im Einstreumaterial beeinflusst die Inzidenz dieser Erkrankungen. Die Studie hat zum Ziel, eine diagnostische Methode und ihre Interpreta tion zu beschreiben, die geeignet ist, das Risiko der Entstehung von Mastitiden durch umweltassoziierte Mikroorganismen aus der Boxeneinstreu einzuschätzen. Material und Methoden: Mittels jeweils 1 g einer frischen Probe an Einstreumaterial (Stroh: n = 406; Späne: n = 281) wurde ein homogenisiertes Wasser-Einstreumaterial-Gemisch gewonnen und zur Erstellung einer Verdünnungsreihe gemäß §64 LFGB Methode L00.00 54 verwendet. Die Ansätze wurden mithilfe des Plattengussbzw. des Spatelverfahrens nach §64 LFGB L01.00–57 zum Nachweis der aeroben Gesamtkeimzahl sowie von Escherichia coli, coliformen Mikroorganismen und äskulinpositiven Streptokokken auf unterschiedlichen (Selektiv-)Nährmedien ausgestrichen. Nach entsprechender Bebrütungszeit erfolgten die Auswertung und die Berechnung der Keimzahlen. Ergebnisse: Die Variabilität der Mikroorganismendichte in üblichen Einstreumaterialien (EM) ist groß. Hygienisch einwandfreie EM weisen nahezu keine coliformen Mikroorganismen oder äskulinspaltende Streptokokken auf und unterschreiten regelmäßig eine Gesamtkeimzahl von < 106 KbE/g aeroben mesophilen Mikroorganismen. Dagegen gibt es optisch einwandfreie, frische organische EM, die bereits vor Anwendung als Boxeneinstreu übliche Grenzwerte der verschiedenen Mikroorganismen überschreiten und damit als risikoreich zu bewerten sind. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Durch die mikrobiologische Untersuchung frischer EM können wichtige Hinweise im Hinblick auf das Risiko für die Entstehung so genannter Umweltmastitiden gewonnen werden. Selbstverständlich sind für die Minderung des Wachstums von Mikroorganismen im Liegebereich der Tiere auch die Kontamination mit Kot, Harn und Milch, die Wechselfrequenz, der Gesamtpflegeaufwand und das Stallklima von Bedeutung.
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Volling O, Krömker V. [Udder health management practices in dairy enterprises to reduce the incidence of bovine mastitis]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2008; 115:410-420. [PMID: 19024548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An effective programme to reduce mastitis on farm level focuses on both decreasing the rate of mastitis incidence and shortening the duration of existing infections. Therefore, the present paper deals with the identification of those evidence-based management practices which are known to reduce the mastitis incidence on farm level. Corresponding practices in the areas of personnel, breeding, husbandry, feeding and milking are presented and evaluated. As most factors evaluated here pose a "pathogen-specific" risk rather than a "general" one, any systematic measure designed to control mastitis in a given herd has to consider this by performing a structured risk analysis based on the specific bacteriological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Volling
- Mikrobiologie, Fakultät II, Abteilung Bioverfahrenstechnik der Fachhochschule Hannover
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Friedrich J, Klocke D, Krömker V. Ausscheidung und Nachweis von Staphylococcus aureus über Milch aus infizierten Milchdrüsenvierteln. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1623865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand und Ziel: Überprüfung der für Staphylococcus (S.) aureus charakteristischen Erregerausscheidung in Viertelanfangsgemelken subklinisch infizierter Milchdrüsenviertel und Verbesserung der Nachweisrate durch Modifizierung der Untersuchungsmethode. Material und Methoden: In Experiment 1 erfolgte an 5 aufeinander folgenden Tagen zur zweiten Melkzeit bei 25 Eutervierteln von 25 bekanntermaßen mit S. aureus infizierten Kühen vor Melkbeginn eine Entnahme von Viertelanfangsgemelksproben. In Experiment 2 fand die Probennahme der Viertelanfangsgemelke bei 12 Tieren vor und nach einer Klauenpflegemaßnahme als Stressereignis statt. Die Proben wurden parallel bakteriologisch gemäß den Leitlinien der Deutschen Veterinärmedizinischen Gesellschaft (DVG) sowie mittels eines gebrauchsfertigen Nährbodensystems (PetrifilmTM Staph Express) auf S. aureus untersucht. Ergebnisse: In Experiment 1 ließ sich mit der Untersuchung nach den DVG-Leitlinien in 24 der 125 Proben und mit der Petrifilmmethode in 120 der 125 Proben quantitativ S. aureus nachweisen. 82% der S.-aureus-positiven Proben wiesen eine Keimzahl von unter 100 KbE/ml auf. Bei der Untersuchung gemäß DVG-Leitlinien wären sechs der beprobten 25 Kühe nicht als Ausscheider von S. aureus erkannt worden. In Experiment 2 konnten mit der Untersuchung nach DVG-Leitlinien vor der Klauenpflegemaßnahme drei von 12 Tieren als mit S. aureus infiziert erkannt werden. Nach dem Stressereignis erhöhte sich die Zahl der identifizierten Tiere auf 11. Dabei stieg die Anzahl der KbE/ml signifikant (p < 0,002) an. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: S. aureus wird aus infizierten Vierteln häufig nur in sehr geringen Keimzahlen ausgeschieden. Der kulturelle Nachweis auf Blutagarplatten gelingt oft nicht, da nur kleine Inokula (0,01 ml) pro Viertel oder gar Mischgemelke aller Viertel ausgestrichen werden. Falsch negative Befunde können den Erfolg von Sanierungsmaßnahmen infrage stellen. Sowohl die Erhöhung der Inokula als auch die mehrfache Wiederholung der Untersuchung in kurzen Abständen erhöhen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, S.-aureus-infizierte Milchdrüsenviertel zu identifizieren. Auch eine Probennahme im Anschluss an ein Stressereignis verbessert die Identifikation infizierter Kühe.
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Krömker V, Hauptmann T, Bormann A. [Bacteriological diagnosis with Petrifilm of mastitis pathogens in milk samples from each quarter and bulk milk samples]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2007; 114:378-383. [PMID: 17970336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate four different Petrifllm products (3M, Neuss) for detection of mastitis pathogens in quarter and bulk milk samples, comparing them to the results of standard microbiological techniques. The aim of experiment 1 was to determine the sensitivity of 3M Rapid Coliform Count Plate in identifying clinical mastitis cases caused by coliform bacteria. Within 12 h of incubation, three times more coliform bacteria could be identified with Petrifilm than with the standard technique. For a valid result, milk samples must be free of contamination. Experiment 2 focused on whether Petrifilm was able to monitor S. aureus on bulk milk level in herds being infected with this pathogen. In relation to the gold standard (combination of both procedures (standard and Petrifilm, prevalence 52%), sensitivity for the standard procedure amounted to 15.4% and to 94% for Petrifilm. In Experiment 3 the combination of several Petrifilm (RUEGG, 2004) was compared with the standard diagnostic technique (gold standard). Sensitivity of the Petrifilm method approached the assumed gold standard to 43% and specificity to 29%. The positive predictive value of 28% showed that both procedures are not directly comparable with each other. Due to the definition of a gold standard, the weaknesses of the classical technique can be interpreted as a disadvantage of the Petrifilm procedure. The strength of the available Petrifilm as mastitis diagnostic tools is the identification of S. aureus and coliform microorganisms, moreover E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Krömker
- Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Bioverfahrenstechnik der Fachhochschule Hannover.
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Bansal BK, Hamann J, Claessens I, Krömker V, Singh KB. Distribution of Oxacillin in Serum and Milk of Treated and Untreated Quarters in Cows Following Intramammary Infusion*. Acta Vet Scand 2003. [DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-44-s1-p56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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