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Kubai MA, Roy MM, Stinman CC, Kenne DE, Allbaugh RA, Sebbag L. Topical blood products modulate the effects of ophthalmic antibiotics against common bacterial pathogens in dogs with infectious keratitis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1417842. [PMID: 39071784 PMCID: PMC11282578 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1417842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial keratitis is a common and serious condition that often leads to vision impairment and potential loss of the eye if not treated promptly and adequately. Topical blood products are often used concurrently with topical antibiotics, helping to mitigate corneal 'melt' from proteases released on the ocular surface. However, blood products are rich in albumin and could affect the efficacy of antibiotics due to drug-protein binding. In this study, serum and plasma samples were harvested from 10 healthy dogs and 10 healthy horses, obtaining fresh and frozen (1 month at -20°C) aliquots for in vitro experiments. Albumin levels were quantified using species-specific ELISA kits. Thirty bacteria (10 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, 10 Streptococcus canis, 10 Pseudomonas aeruginosa), isolated from canine patients with infectious keratitis, were each tested with blank plates as well as commercial susceptibility plates (Sensititre™ JOEYE2) to assess the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 17 different antibiotics in the absence (control) or presence of eight test groups: serum or plasma (fresh or frozen) from canines or equines. Albumin concentrations ranged from 13.8-14.6 mg/mL and 25.9-26.5 mg/mL in canine and equine blood products, respectively. A direct antimicrobial effect was observed mostly with equine vs. canine blood products (specifically serum and to a lesser degree plasma), and mostly for Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates. MICs generally increased in the presence of blood products (up to 10.8-fold), although MICs also decreased (down to 0.25-fold) for selected antibiotics and ocular pathogens. Median (range) fold changes in MICs were significantly greater (p = 0.004) with the canine blood products [2 (0.67-8.1)] than the equine blood products [2 (0.5-5)]. In practice, clinicians should consider equine over canine blood products (lesser impact on antimicrobial susceptibility), serum over plasma (greater antimicrobial effects), and administering the blood product ≥15 min following the last antibiotic eyedrop to minimize the amount of albumin-antibiotic binding in tear film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Kubai
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Mackenzie M. Roy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Chloe C. Stinman
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Danielle E. Kenne
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rachel A. Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Walter H, Verspohl J, Meißner J, Oltmanns H, Geks AK, Busse C. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of N-Acetylcysteine against Pathogens Most Commonly Associated with Infectious Keratitis in Dogs and Cats. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030559. [PMID: 36978427 PMCID: PMC10044442 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against common pathogens associated with infectious keratitis in dogs and cats, clinical isolates of Staphylococcus (S.) pseudintermedius (n = 20), Streptococcus (St.) canis (n = 10) and Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa (n = 7) of canine and feline infectious ulcerative keratitis and a quality control strain (P. aeruginosa DSM 19880) were tested. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of NAC concentrations was determined using microdilution methodology. For S. pseudintermedius and P. aeruginosa, NAC concentrations in the range of 1.56 mg/mL (0.156%) to 100 mg/mL (10%), and for St. canis, concentrations ranging from 0.195 mg/mL (0.0195%) to 6.25 mg/mL (0.625%) were tested. For S. pseudintermedius, the MIC was 3.12 mg/mL (0.312%) for all tested isolates. For P. aeruginosa isolates and the quality control strain, the MIC ranged from 3.12 mg/mL (0.312%) to 6.25 mg/mL (0.625%). For St. canis, the MIC ranged from 1.56 mg/mL (0.156%) to 3.12 mg/mL (0.312%). NAC has an in vitro antimicrobial activity against three bacterial species commonly found in infectious keratitis in dogs and cats and therefore may be a promising alternative or adjuvant to topical antibiotics. The results warrant a clinical pilot study to assess the potential of NAC to reduce or replace the use of topical antibiotics in line with the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Walter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Jutta Verspohl
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Jessica Meißner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.M.); (H.O.)
| | - Hilke Oltmanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.M.); (H.O.)
| | - Anna Karoline Geks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Claudia Busse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-6200
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3
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Armstrong SK, Blacklock B, Keen J, Peck FS. Successful management of a unilateral persistent epithelial defect secondary to meibomian gland dysfunction in an Irish Sports Horse using a multi‐modal treatment plan. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan K. Armstrong
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Ben Blacklock
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - John Keen
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Fraser S. Peck
- Ophthalmology Kent, Surrey, and Sussex Health Education London UK
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4
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Suter A, Schmitt S, Hübschke E, Kowalska M, Hartnack S, Pot S. The bactericidal effect of two photoactivated chromophore for keratitis-corneal crosslinking protocols (standard vs. accelerated) on bacterial isolates associated with infectious keratitis in companion animals. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:317. [PMID: 35978428 PMCID: PMC9386977 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial corneal infections are common and potentially blinding diseases in all species. As antibiotic resistance is a growing concern, alternative treatment methods are an important focus of research. Photoactivated chromophore for keratitis-corneal crosslinking (PACK-CXL) is a promising oxygen radical-mediated alternative to antibiotic treatment. The main goal of this study was to assess the anti-bactericidal efficacy on clinical bacterial isolates of the current standard and an accelerated PACK-CXL treatment protocol delivering the same energy dose (5.4 J/cm2). Methods Clinical bacterial isolates from 11 dogs, five horses, one cat and one guinea pig were cultured, brought into suspension with 0.1% riboflavin and subsequently irradiated. Irradiation was performed with a 365 nm UVA light source for 30 min at 3mW/cm2 (standard protocol) or for 5 min at 18mW/cm2 (accelerated protocol), respectively. After treatment, the samples were cultured and colony forming units (CFU’s) were counted and the weighted average mean of CFU’s per μl was calculated. Results were statistically compared between treated and control samples using a linear mixed effects model. Results Both PACK-CXL protocols demonstrated a significant bactericidal effect on all tested isolates when compared to untreated controls. No efficacy difference between the two PACK-CXL protocols was observed. Conclusion The accelerated PACK-CXL protocol can be recommended for empirical use in the treatment of bacterial corneal infections in veterinary patients while awaiting culture results. This will facilitate immediate treatment, the delivery of higher fluence PACK-CXL treatment within a reasonable time, and minimize the required anesthetic time or even obviate the need for general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Suter
- Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Veterinary Bacteriology Section, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ella Hübschke
- Veterinary Bacteriology Section, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malwina Kowalska
- Epidemiology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Epidemiology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Pot
- Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Marchegiani A, Gialletti R, Cassarani MP, Cerquetella M, Attili AR, Lombardo G, Lombardo M, Spaterna A, Arcelli R. Riboflavin/UV-A corneal phototherapy as stand-alone management of ulcerative keratitis in dogs. VET MED-CZECH 2022; 67:190-198. [PMID: 39170804 PMCID: PMC11334441 DOI: 10.17221/46/2021-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Corneal ulcers are one of the most common ocular disorders in veterinary ophthalmology and several factors can negatively influence the efficacy of the currently available therapeutic options, leading to a loss of corneal transparency and, thus, vision. Twenty-five dogs with clinical signs of corneal ulcers were randomised to receive either corneal phototherapy (16 dogs; study group) or topical standard medical therapy (9 dogs; control group). The riboflavin/UV-A corneal phototherapy (PACK-CXL) consisted in the application of a riboflavin ophthalmic solution (Visioflavin®; Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy) onto the cornea for 20 min followed by 30 mW/cm2 UV-A irradiance for 3 min using a point-of-care UV-A device (Vetuvir®; Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy). The complete healing of the ulcerative lesion was defined as the complete restoration of the corneal epithelial integrity with negative fluorescein staining. The corneal phototherapy achieved complete corneal healing in all the dogs by 20.5 ± 7.8 days. In the control group, only two dogs achieved complete healing by 21.5 ± 15.6 days. This intervention may represent a valid option to hasten corneal wound healing and a clinical resolution of ulcerative keratitis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marchegiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica (Macerata), Italy
| | - Rodolfo Gialletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Cassarani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica (Macerata), Italy
| | - Matteo Cerquetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica (Macerata), Italy
| | - Anna Rita Attili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica (Macerata), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lombardo
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina, Italy
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Lombardo
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy
- Studio Italiano di Oftalmologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Spaterna
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica (Macerata), Italy
| | - Rolando Arcelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Cabrias-Contreras LJ, Bras D, de Ángel-Ramírez JE, Escobar-Torres SM, Fernández-Martínez R, Hernández-Lara E, Rivera-Guzmán AL, Rivera-Pérez CI, Mignucci-Giannoni AA. Medical management and resolution of perinatal bilateral exophthalmia and secondary corneal ulcers in an Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) neonate from Puerto Rico. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25:250-256. [PMID: 35294800 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a novel case of perinatal bilateral exophthalmos and corneal ulcers in a neonate Antillean manatee and describe the medical treatment that led to the resolution of the observed clinical signs and vision restoration. ANIMAL STUDIED A manatee stranded alone in Puerto Rico on July 5, 2020. RESULTS The manatee was found in critical condition with pronounced exophthalmos, lagophthalmos, and corneal opacification of both eyes (OU). Vision impairment was evident due to the lack of ocular menace reflex and bumping into the tank's walls. Biomicroscopy revealed conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis, limited third eyelid movement, but had viscous tears present OU. Dense, full-thickness, white to cream-colored cellular infiltrates affected 70% of the cornea with peripheral active vascularization OU. Rubeosis iridis was also present OU. Treatment consisted of supportive medical management, including nutritional support and topical treatment for ulcerative keratitis. Resolution of the corneal ulcers and functional vision were achieved after 6 weeks of therapy. Currently, bilateral, mild, intermittent exophthalmos is observed with no adverse clinical signs, and the calf is in good health. CONCLUSIONS The extent of bilateral corneal disease on a neonatal calf may be a result of an intrauterine infection or possible trauma at or right after birth. While the latter may have led to exophthalmia and consequent corneal disease, the exact cause could not be determined. Supportive therapy and medical management of infectious keratitis were successful and led to vision recovery. This is the first report of ocular pathology in a neonatal manatee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly J Cabrias-Contreras
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Dineli Bras
- Centro de Especialistas Veterinarios de Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - José E de Ángel-Ramírez
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Sylma M Escobar-Torres
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Edward Hernández-Lara
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Antonio L Rivera-Guzmán
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Carla I Rivera-Pérez
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.,Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts
| | - Antonio A Mignucci-Giannoni
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.,Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts
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7
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Nishida T, Sugioka K, Fukuda K, Murakami J. Pivotal Role of Corneal Fibroblasts in Progression to Corneal Ulcer in Bacterial Keratitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168979. [PMID: 34445684 PMCID: PMC8396668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The shape and transparency of the cornea are essential for clear vision. However, its location at the ocular surface renders the cornea vulnerable to pathogenic microorganisms in the external environment. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are two such microorganisms and are responsible for most cases of bacterial keratitis. The development of antimicrobial agents has allowed the successful treatment of bacterial keratitis if the infection is diagnosed promptly. However, no effective medical treatment is available after progression to corneal ulcer, which is characterized by excessive degradation of collagen in the corneal stroma and can lead to corneal perforation and corneal blindness. This collagen degradation is mediated by both infecting bacteria and corneal fibroblasts themselves, with a urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)-plasmin-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) cascade playing a central role in collagen destruction by the host cells. Bacterial factors stimulate the production by corneal fibroblasts of both uPA and pro-MMPs, released uPA mediates the conversion of plasminogen in the extracellular environment to plasmin, and plasmin mediates the conversion of secreted pro-MMPs to the active form of these enzymes, which then degrade stromal collagen. Bacterial factors also stimulate expression by corneal fibroblasts of the chemokine interleukin-8 and the adhesion molecule ICAM-1, both of which contribute to recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and these cells then further stimulate corneal fibroblasts via the secretion of interleukin-1. At this stage of the disease, bacteria are no longer necessary for collagen degradation. In this review, we discuss the pivotal role of corneal fibroblasts in corneal ulcer associated with infection by P. aeruginosa or S. aureus as well as the development of potential new modes of treatment for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan;
- Division of Cornea and Ocular Surface, Ohshima Eye Hospital, Fukuoka 812-0036, Japan
| | - Koji Sugioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, Ikoma, Nara 630-0293, Japan;
| | - Ken Fukuda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Junko Murakami
- Division of Ophthalmology, Sakibana Hospital, Izumi, Osaka 594-1105, Japan;
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Eghtedari Y, Oh LJ, Girolamo ND, Watson SL. The role of topical N-acetylcysteine in ocular therapeutics. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 67:608-622. [PMID: 34339721 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was first discovered as a mucolytic agent in 1960. We investigate the role of topical NAC in ocular therapeutics, including its mechanism of action, current applications, and adverse effects. A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles identified 106 references including in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies on the use of NAC in the treatment of ocular diseases. NAC can be synthetically manufactured, and its mechanisms of action include mucolysis, scavenging hydroxyl radicals, and modulation of inflammatory cascades. These unique properties contribute to the diverse applications of NAC, including its steroid-sparing potential. NAC has been used topically in the treatment of corneal wounds, chemical injuries, keratitis, dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction. The clinical benefits of NAC are evident over a wide range of concentrations, the most common being 5-10% topical NAC applied four times daily. Adverse effects such as corneal necrosis are rare, but have been reported with higher doses. NAC also has potential applications in laser epithelial keratomileusis, diabetic eye disease, retinitis pigmentosa, senile nuclear cataracts, macular degeneration, and cigarette smoke-induced corneal damage. Recently, chitosan-NAC has been used as a nanocarrier for the topical administration of medications to the ocular surface. Owing to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and mucolytic properties, topical NAC has had extensive use in the treatment of ocular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yas Eghtedari
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Lawrence J Oh
- Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nick Di Girolamo
- School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie L Watson
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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9
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Capistrano da Silva E, Gibson DJ, Jeong S, Zimmerman KL, Smith-Fleming KM, Martins BDC. Determining MMP-2 and MMP-9 reductive activities of bovine and equine amniotic membranes homogenates using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:279-287. [PMID: 33834598 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2 and -9 are present in corneal ulcers, and an imbalance between MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) leads to further corneal degradation. Amniotic membrane homogenate (AMH) has proteolytic properties beneficial for corneal healing, but it is unknown whether AMH possesses TIMPs or effectively inhibits MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. OBJECTIVE To determine if bovine and equine AMH reduce in vitro MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities associated with the presence of TIMPs. PROCEDURES Undiluted and diluted twofold series (0-fold to 16-fold dilutions) of equine amniotic membrane homogenates (EAMH, n = 8) and bovine amniotic membrane homogenates (BAMH, n = 8) were subjected to fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and the fluorescence emitted was recorded over time. Average fluorescence was calculated versus recombinant concentration. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for TIMPs 1-4 were applied to quantify TIMPs in the samples. RESULTS AMH from both species were able to inhibit MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in vitro, and the inhibition efficacy decreased gradually with dilution. BAMH was significantly more effective than EAMH at inhibiting MMP-2 and MMP-9 in vitro. TIMPs -2 and -3 were present in EAMH and BAMH. TIMP-1 was detected only in BAMH, and TIMP-4 was not detected in any samples. CONCLUSION Both EAMH and BAMH directly inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 in vitro without dilution, and BAMH showed better inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 before and after dilution compared to EAMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erotides Capistrano da Silva
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Daniel J Gibson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sunyoung Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kelli L Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kathryn M Smith-Fleming
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bianca da C Martins
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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10
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Shoari A, Rasaee MJ, Rezaei Kanavi M, Afsar Aski S, Tooyserkani R. In Vivo Effect of RSH-12, a Novel Selective MMP-9 Inhibitor Peptide, in the Treatment of Experimentally Induced Dry Eye Model. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:7-13. [PMID: 32567381 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1782943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the efficacy of RSH-12, a novel selective matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) inhibitor peptide in rabbit models of dry eye syndrome (DES). METHODS In vitro toxicity of RSH-12 on cultured human corneal fibroblasts was investigated with MTT. Ocular toxicity of RSH-12 was investigated by clinical examinations, histology, and TUNEL assay. Experimental model of dry eye was induced by 1.0% atropine sulfate administration followed after 15 min by treatment with PBS, RSH-12, and Restasis in individual groups, three times a day for 7 days. In addition to performing Schirmer's test for evaluating basic tear secretion and tear break-up time test for investigating tear stability, the occurrence of superficial punctate keratopathy was also investigated in the study groups. RESULTS MTT assay demonstrated that RSH-12 was not toxic to human corneal fibroblasts in different concentrations. During the administration of atropine, TBUT values and tear volume were decreased in vehicle group while these indices improved significantly in groups treated with RSH-12 in a promising manner. RSH-12 increased the mean value of tear volume from 4.85 to 10.75 mm (P = .0001) and mean of TBUT values from 20.3 s to 34.5 s (P = .0001) compared with the vehicle. In contrast to the presence of severe superficial punctate keratopathy in the controls, no significant dotted staining was observed in the RSH-12 and Restasis groups. CONCLUSIONS These outcomes propose that RSH-12 has a therapeutic effect in the rabbit model of dry eye and might be a potential treatment for severe DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Shoari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Rasaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Rezaei Kanavi
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasha Afsar Aski
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Tooyserkani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
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11
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Sigmund AB, Ward DA, Cox SK, Hendrix DVH. Tear film concentrations of topically applied 0.5% oxytetracycline ointment in normal canine eyes. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:707-713. [PMID: 32524758 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the tear film levels of oxytetracycline in normal canine eyes after application of the ophthalmic ointment, Terramycin™ (0.5% oxytetracycline, polymyxin B sulfate), to guide appropriate treatment frequency. ANIMALS STUDIED Ten research beagles. PROCEDURES Ten research beagles with confirmed normal eyes were administered 0.02 mL of Terramycin™ ophthalmic ointment onto the dorsal bulbar conjunctival surface of the right eye. Tear samples were collected via dye-less Schirmer tear strips at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-administration. The sample for each timepoint was collected on a separate day, and concentrations of oxytetracycline were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS There was a semi-logarithmic decline in the median tear concentration of oxytetracycline. The median (2.5th and 97.5th percentiles) tear concentrations of oxytetracycline at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours were 43.5 μg/mL (11.1-302.2 μg/mL), 28.7 μg/mL (8.04-113.7 μg/mL), 16.1 μg/mL (4.96-37.7 μg/mL), 9.2 μg/mL (4.52-28.1 μg/mL), and 6.11 μg/mL (4.36-26.7 μg/mL), respectively. Mean (±SD) drug recovery via HPLC was 88% (±7.5%). CONCLUSIONS Ophthalmic Terramycin™ achieves a substantially higher tear level than the MIC for common bacterial corneal pathogens up to 12 hours post-administration in normal eyes. Anti-collagenolytic tear levels were not achieved at the timepoints evaluated or with the manufacturer-prescribed dosing frequency. HPLC can be used to analyze tear concentrations of ophthalmic ointment formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Sigmund
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Daniel A Ward
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Sherry K Cox
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Diane V H Hendrix
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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Treatment of Corneal Alkali Burn with Chestnut Honey, Royal Jelly, and Chestnut Honey-Royal Jelly Mixture. BEYOGLU EYE JOURNAL 2019; 4:196-201. [PMID: 35187458 PMCID: PMC8842058 DOI: 10.14744/bej.2019.29290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The alkaline burn of the cornea usually results in a decreased vision with opacification. In this study, we investigated the potential role of endemic chestnut honey (CH) and royal jelly on corneal healing after an alkaline burn. Methods: We created an alkaline burn on the center of the corneas of four groups of Wistar rats by applying round filter paper soaked with 1 N NaOH for 30 seconds. The animals were treated with RJ, CH, RJ-CH combination and Na-Hyaluronate (Na-HA) eye drops. We performed a serial evaluation with anterior segment photography on the first, 7th, and 14th days of the experiment. Pathologic examination conducted with hematoxylin and eosin stains and immunostaining for SMA and α4β1 integrin. We evaluated the corneal healing process with a scoring system, which was estimating the degree of corneal edema, the size of the corneal ulcer, and limbal hyperemia. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between groups on the first, 7th, and 14th days concerning the healing scores (p=0.88, p=0.06, p=0.80, respectively). However, there were significantly better scores in the repeated measures of CH (p=0.012) and RJ-CH (p=0.00) groups. The RJ group and Na-HA group did not show a significant difference in repeated measures (p=0.19 and p=0.10, respectively). The α4β1 integrin levels on immunostaining showed a significant difference among groups on the 14th day (p=0.002). Conclusion: We found better corneal healing after treatment with the RJ-CH containing eye drops concerning corneal healing sore and α4β1 integrin staining.
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Lively MJ, Westermeyer HD. In vitro assessment of the long-term stability of the inhibitory effects of canine and feline plasma on MMP 2 and 9. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:898-901. [PMID: 30950143 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of increasing storage time on the inhibitory effects of canine and feline plasma on matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9 in vitro. METHODS Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 activity in the presence of canine plasma stored for 57, 155, 222, 316, 367, and 438 days, and feline plasma stored for 17, 198, 565, and 954 days was assayed using a commercially available colorimetric assay kit. RESULTS For canine plasma, the MMP 2 activity for older samples was not significantly different than the 57-day sample (P = 0.2025-0.9033). Two canine samples had significantly lower MMP 9 activity than the 57-day sample (367 days: P = 0.0099, 438 days: P = 0.0348, others P = 0.0778-0.9928). For feline plasma, storage time did not significantly affect inhibition of MMP 2 and MMP 9 activity (ANOVA, P = 0.2688 and P = 0.2404, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Increasing storage time does not significantly decrease the inhibiting activity of plasma on MMP 2 and 9 for up to 14 months in dogs and 31 months in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Lively
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Hans D Westermeyer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Martin de Bustamante MG, Good KL, Leonard BC, Hollingsworth SR, Edwards SG, Knickelbein KE, Cooper AE, Thomasy SM, Maggs DJ. Medical management of deep ulcerative keratitis in cats: 13 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:387-393. [PMID: 29767565 PMCID: PMC10814642 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18770514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CASE SERIES SUMMARY Described are 13 cats diagnosed with deep ulcerative keratitis and successfully managed medically without grafting procedures. Typical treatment involved frequent topical application of serum and antibiotics (usually a fluoroquinolone and a cephalosporin). Seven cats also received systemic antibiotics. Analgesia was achieved using various combinations of topical atropine and systemic buprenorphine, robenacoxib or corticosteroids. Six cats were hospitalized for a median (range) period of 2.5 (1-8) days, typically because of frequent medication administration. Median (range) follow-up time was 41.5 (9-103) days. Median (range) number of recheck examinations was 4 (2-6). Median (range) time to corneal re-epithelialization was 21 (9-103) days. Median (range) topical antibiotic course was 29.5 (16-103) days. Median (range) duration of Elizabethan collar use was 28 (13-73) days. At the time of writing, no further recheck examinations were recommended for 10 cats; median (range) time between initial to final examinations in these cats was 35 (20-103) days. All cats retained the affected globes and were apparently comfortable and visual at the latest recheck examination. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION These cases reveal that aggressive medical management is highly successful in select cats with deep ulcerative keratitis, and can result in a cosmetically acceptable, apparently comfortable and visual globe. However, therapy is intensive with frequent administration of multiple topical and sometimes systemic medications, and requires multiple veterinary visits over many weeks. Referral to a veterinary ophthalmologist for consideration of surgical stabilization is recommended, as not all cases may be amenable to the medical therapy described here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Hollingsworth
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sydney G Edwards
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kelly E Knickelbein
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ann E Cooper
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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15
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Cruzat A, Gonzalez-Andrades M, Mauris J, AbuSamra DB, Chidambaram P, Kenyon KR, Chodosh J, Dohlman CH, Argüeso P. Colocalization of Galectin-3 With CD147 Is Associated With Increased Gelatinolytic Activity in Ulcerating Human Corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:223-230. [PMID: 29340650 PMCID: PMC5771460 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate-binding protein known to promote expression of matrix metalloproteinases, a hallmark of ulceration, through interaction with the extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer CD147. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of galectin-3 in corneas of patients with ulcerative keratitis and to determine its relationship to CD147 and the presence of gelatinolytic activity. Methods This was an observational case series involving donor tissue from 13 patients with active corneal ulceration and 6 control corneas. Fixed-frozen sections of the corneas were processed to localize galectin-3 and CD147 by immunofluorescence microscopy. Gelatinolytic activity was detected by in situ zymography. Results Tissue from patients with active corneal ulceration showed a greater galectin-3 immunoreactivity in basal epithelia and stroma compared with controls. Immunofluorescence grading scores revealed increased colocalization of galectin-3 and CD147 in corneal ulcers at the epithelial–stromal junction and within fibroblasts. Quantitative analysis using the Manders' colocalization coefficient demonstrated significant overlap in corneas from patients with ulcerative keratitis (M1 = 0.29; M2 = 0.22) as opposed to control corneas (M1 = 0.01, P < 0.01; M2 = 0.02, P < 0.05). In these experiments, there was a significant positive correlation between the degree of galectin-3 and CD147 colocalization and the presence of gelatinolytic activity. Conclusions Our results indicate that concomitant stimulation and colocalization of galectin-3 with CD147 are associated with increased gelatinolytic activity in the actively ulcerating human cornea and suggest a mechanism by which galectin-3 may contribute to the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins during ulceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cruzat
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Gonzalez-Andrades
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jérôme Mauris
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Dina B AbuSamra
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Preethi Chidambaram
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kenneth R Kenyon
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,New England Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - James Chodosh
- Howe Laboratory and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Claes H Dohlman
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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16
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Strauss RA, Genschel U, Allbaugh RA, Sebbag L, Ben-Shlomo G. Evaluation of microbial contamination of canine plasma eyedropper bottles following clinical use in canine patients. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:222-228. [PMID: 29797413 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate microbial contamination of canine plasma eye drops when used clinically and to compare the effect of two different eyedropper bottles on contamination rate. METHODS Forty-six bottles containing plasma were randomly dispensed for use on 42 dogs with ulcerative keratitis. Of these, 23 were standard eyedropper bottles and 23 were Novelia® bottles designed to prevent contamination. After use for up to 2 weeks, samples for bacterial culture were obtained from a drop of plasma, the bottle tip, the plasma inside the bottle, and the corneal surface. Fungal culture was performed from a drop of plasma. RESULTS The overall microbial contamination rate was 17.4% (8/46 bottles); however, only one bottle had growth from the plasma inside the bottle. There was a lower contamination rate of Novelia® bottles (3/23 = 13.0%) compared to standard bottles (5/23 = 21.7%), but this difference was not statistically significant (P = .57). There were also no significant differences in contamination rate of bottles used greater than 7 days compared to less than or equal to 7 days, or in bottles used greater than 4 times daily compared to 4 times daily or less. Three corneal samples (6.5%) had bacterial growth, but none matched contamination from the bottles. CONCLUSIONS Novelia® bottles may decrease contamination of plasma eye drops used clinically. However, while microbial contamination of plasma bottles was documented, no clinically relevant complications were observed. This study supports safe use of plasma eye drops for up to 2 weeks when refrigerated and dispensed from either Novelia® or standard eyedropper bottles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Strauss
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ulrike Genschel
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel A Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gil Ben-Shlomo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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17
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Urgancioglu B, Bilgihan K, Engin D, Cirak MY, Hondur A, Hasanreisoglu B. Topical N-acetylcysteine Reduces Interleukin-1-alpha in Tear Fluid after Laser Subepithelial Keratectomy. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 19:554-9. [DOI: 10.1177/112067210901900406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the effect of topical N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on interleukin 1-alpha (IL-1α) levels in tear fluid after myopic laser subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK) and its possible role in modulating corneal wound healing. Methods Twenty-six eyes of 13 patients who underwent myopic LASEK were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (n=10 eyes) was used as a control group. All patients received topical lomefloxacin and dexamethasone postoperatively. Additionally, patients in Group 2 received topical NAC for 1 month postoperatively. Tear fluid samples were collected with microcapillary tubes preoperatively, on the first and on the fifth postoperative day, and the release of IL-1α in tear fluid was calculated. Haze grading and confocal microscopic examination were performed at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. Results The mean IL-1-α release values were 0.285±0.159 pg/min in Group 1 and 0.235±0.142 pg/min in Group 2 preoperatively. In Group 1, the values were 0.243±0.155 pg/min on day 1 and 0.164±0.125 pg/min on day 5. In Group 2, the mean IL-1α release values were 0.220±0.200 pg/min on day 1 and 0.080±0.079 pg/min on day 5. The difference between the groups was significant only for day 5 (p<0.05). Mean corneal haze score and grey scale value in confocal microscopy were significantly higher (p<0.05) in Group 1 at 1 month. However, at 3 months there was no difference between groups (p>0.05). Conclusions NAC seems to have an additive effect to steroids in suppressing IL-1α levels in tear fluid and may be clinically advantageous in modulating corneal wound healing during the early postoperative period after LASEK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamil Bilgihan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gazi University Medical School, Ankara
| | - Doruk Engin
- Department of Microbiology, Gazi University Medical School, Ankara
| | | | - Ahmet Hondur
- Dinar State Hospital, Dinar, Afyonkarahisar - Turkey
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18
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Wolf M, Maltseva I, Clay SM, Pan P, Gajjala A, Chan MF. Effects of MMP12 on cell motility and inflammation during corneal epithelial repair. Exp Eye Res 2017; 160:11-20. [PMID: 28442300 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Corneal epithelial defects are a common cause of ocular morbidity and can result in corneal scarring if they do not heal properly. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular matrix proteinases that regulate multiple aspects of corneal repair. We have previously shown that MMP12 has a protective effect on corneal fibrosis through its regulation of neutrophil and macrophage infiltration and angiogenesis in a chemical injury model involving full thickness damage to the cornea. However, the role of MMP12 in injuries limited to the corneal epithelium is relatively unknown. This study investigates the reparative effects of MMP12 following isolated corneal epithelial injury. Using a corneal epithelial debridement injury model performed on corneas of wild-type (WT) mice, we show that Mmp12 is expressed early following corneal epithelial injury with highest expression levels at 8 h after injury and lower expression levels at 4 and 8 days after injury. We investigated whether MMP12 has an effect on the rate of epithelial repair and cell migration using in vivo and in vitro scratch assays performed on WT and Mmp12-/- mice. We found that loss of MMP12 results in a slower scratch wound repair rate both in vivo and in vitro. We also found that corneas of Mmp12-/- mice have decreased neutrophil infiltration following injury. Loss of MMP12, however, does not affect cell proliferation in the center of the wounds. These data support a role of MMP12 in promoting early repair processes following corneal epithelial injury by enhancing epithelial cell migration and neutrophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wolf
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Inna Maltseva
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Selene M Clay
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Peipei Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Abhinay Gajjala
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Matilda F Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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19
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Collins SP, Labelle AL, Dirikolu L, Li Z, Mitchell MA, Hamor RE. Tear film concentrations of doxycycline following oral administration in ophthalmologically normal dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:508-14. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.5.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Conway ED, Stiles J, Townsend WM, Weng HY. Comparison of the in vitro anticollagenase efficacy of homologous serum and plasma on degradation of corneas of cats, dogs, and horses. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:627-33. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.6.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Conway ED, Stiles J, Townsend WM, Weng HY. Evaluation of species differences and the effects of storage duration and temperature on the anticollagenase efficacy of canine, feline, and equine serum on in vitro corneal degradation. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:989-95. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.11.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Corneal emergencies can be due to a number of different causes and may be vision threatening if left untreated. In an attempt to stabilize the cornea, it is of benefit to place an Elizabethan collar on the patient to prevent further corneal damage. This article discusses the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of corneal emergencies in dogs and cats.
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23
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Martins BC, Plummer CE, Gelatt KN, Brooks DE, Czerwinski SE, Monk C, Greenberg SM, Mangan BG, Londoño L, Bolfer L, Bandt C, Schaer M. Ophthalmic abnormalities secondary to periocular or ocular snakebite (pit vipers) in dogs-11 cases (2012-2014). Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:149-60. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C. Martins
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Ave Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Caryn E. Plummer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Ave Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Kirk N. Gelatt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Ave Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Dennis E. Brooks
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Ave Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Sarah E. Czerwinski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Ave Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Caroline Monk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Ave Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Shari M. Greenberg
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Ave Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Brendan G. Mangan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Ave Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Leonel Londoño
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Ave Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Luiz Bolfer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Ave Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Carsten Bandt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Ave Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Michael Schaer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Ave Gainesville FL 32610 USA
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Role of Protease-Inhibitors in Ocular Diseases. Molecules 2014; 19:20557-20569. [PMID: 25493637 PMCID: PMC6271012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191220557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the balance between proteases and protease-inhibitors system plays a key role in maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis. Indeed, its alteration has been involved in many ocular and systemic diseases. In particular, research has focused on keratoconus, corneal wounds and ulcers, keratitis, endophthalmitis, age-related macular degeneration, Sorsby fundus dystrophy, loss of nerve cells and photoreceptors during optic neuritis both in vivo and in vitro models. Protease-inhibitors have been extensively studied, rather than proteases, because they may represent a therapeutic approach for some ocular diseases. The protease-inhibitors mainly involved in the onset of the above-mentioned ocular pathologies are: α2-macroglobulin, α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI), metalloproteinase inhibitor (TIMP), maspin, SERPINA3K, SERPINB13, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), and calpeptin. This review is focused on the several characteristics of dysregulation of this system and, particularly, on a possible role of proteases and protease-inhibitors in molecular remodeling that may lead to some ocular diseases. Recently, researchers have even hypothesized a possible therapeutic effect of the protease-inhibitors in the treatment of injured eye in animal models.
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26
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Famose F. Evaluation of accelerated collagen cross-linking for the treatment of melting keratitis in ten cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 18:95-104. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Famose
- DVM, Cert. Veterinary Ophthalmology; Clinique Vétérinaire des Acacias; 42 avenue Lucien-Servanty 31700 Blagnac France
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27
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Famose F. Evaluation of accelerated collagen cross-linking for the treatment of melting keratitis in eight dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:358-67. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Famose
- Service d'Ophtalmologie; Clinique Vétérinaire des Acacias; 42 avenue Lucien Servanty; 31700 Blagnac France
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28
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Trujillo Piso DY, Ribeiro AP, Silva ML, Guimarães PJ, Morales A, Martins BC, Padua IM, Renzo R, Andrade AL, Uscátegui RR, Laus JL. Effects of antiproteolytic agents on corneal epithelial viability and matrix metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 activity in alkali-burned corneas of rats. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:23-31. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dunia Y. Trujillo Piso
- Departament of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine; Sao Paulo State University; Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | - Alexandre P. Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, College of Agronomy, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; Federal University of Mato Grosso; Cuiabá MT Brazil
| | - Miguel L. Silva
- Departament of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine; Sao Paulo State University; Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | - Patrícia J. Guimarães
- Departament of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine; Sao Paulo State University; Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | - Adriana Morales
- Departament of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine; Sao Paulo State University; Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | - Bianca C. Martins
- Departament of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine; Sao Paulo State University; Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | - Ivan M. Padua
- Departament of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine; Sao Paulo State University; Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | - Roberta Renzo
- Departament of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine; Sao Paulo State University; Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | - Alexandre L. Andrade
- Department of Clinic, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine; Sao Paulo State University; Araçatuba SP Brazil
| | - Ricardo R. Uscátegui
- Departament of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine; Sao Paulo State University; Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | - José L. Laus
- Departament of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine; Sao Paulo State University; Jaboticabal SP Brazil
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Zhang Y, Mao X, Schwend T, Littlechild S, Conrad GW. Resistance of corneal RFUVA–cross-linked collagens and small leucine-rich proteoglycans to degradation by matrix metalloproteinases. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:1014-25. [PMID: 23322569 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to play a crucial role in corneal degradation associated with the pathological progression of keratoconus. Currently, corneal cross-linking by riboflavin and ultraviolet A (RFUVA) has received significant attention for treatment of keratoconus. However, the extent to which MMPs digest cross-linked collagen and small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) remains unknown. In this study, the resistance of RFUVA-cross-linked collagens and SLRPs to MMPs has been investigated. METHODS To investigate the ability of MMPs to digest cross-linked collagen and SLRPs, a model reaction system using purified collagen type I, type IV, and nonglycosylated, commercially available recombinant SLRPs, keratocan, lumican, mimecan, decorin, and biglycan in solution in vitro has been compared using reactions inside an intact bovine cornea, ex vivo. RESULTS Our data demonstrate that corneal cross-linked collagen type I and type IV are resistant to cleavage by MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13, whereas non-cross-linked collagen I, IV, and natively glycosylated SLRPs are susceptible to degradation by MMPs. In addition, both cross-linked SLRPs themselves and cross-linked polymers of SLRPs and collagen appear able to resist degradation. These results suggest that the interactions between SLRPs and collagen caused by RFUVA protect both SLRPs and collagen fibrils from cleavage by MMPs. CONCLUSIONS A novel approach for understanding the biochemical mechanism whereby RFUVA cross-linking stops keratoconus progression has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Zhang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-4901, USA.
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Ribeiro AP, Silva ML, Araújo RL, Ferrucci DL, Mineo T, Thiesen R, Bandarra MB, Laus JL. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases, type IV collagen, and interleukin-10 in rabbits treated with morphine after lamellar keratectomy. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 15:153-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kaneshiro B, Edelman A, Carlson NE, Nichols M, Forbes MM, Jensen J. A randomized controlled trial of subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline to prevent unscheduled bleeding with continuous oral contraceptive pill use. Contraception 2011; 85:351-8. [PMID: 22067758 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unscheduled bleeding is the main side effect of continuous oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) and has been correlated with the up-regulation of matrix metalloprotineases (MMPs). The study objective was to determine if prophylactic administration of doxycycline (an MMP inhibitor at low subantimicrobial doses) would prevent unscheduled bleeding during the initiation of a continuous OCP. STUDY DESIGN Subjects using cyclic hormonal contraceptives (combined OCPs, patch or ring) without unscheduled bleeding were switched to continuous OCPs (20 mcg ethinyl estradiol/100 mcg levonorgestrel). They were randomized to receive daily doxycycline [sustained-release subantimicrobial dose (40 mg daily)] or placebo for the first 84 days and then observed for an additional 28 days on the continuous OCP alone. The number of bleeding/spotting days and the time in days it took to achieve amenorrhea were compared using a t test. RESULTS Sixty-five subjects were randomized. Although the use of doxycycline did not significantly decrease the number of mean bleeding/spotting days in the first 84 days of the study [doxycycline 14.75 (SE 2.30), placebo 17.78 (2.31), p=.36], women who received doxycycline had a significantly earlier onset of amenorrhea [mean last day of bleeding/spotting doxycycline 61.7 (7.7), placebo 85.2 (6.7), p=.03]. CONCLUSION The coadministration of subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline during initiation of continuous OCPs results in a significant reduction in the length of time needed to achieve amenorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bliss Kaneshiro
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96826, USA.
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Pumphrey SA, Pizzirani S, Pirie CG. 360-degree conjunctival grafting for management of diffuse keratomalacia in a dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14:209-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs) in dogs are typically found in middle-aged dogs of all breeds. These epithelial defects may be present for weeks to months, particularly if left untreated or if treated inappropriately. Typical histopathological findings include loss of the corneal epithelial basement membrane and formation of a superficial, acellular, hyalinized zone in the stroma. Together, these histological abnormalities lead to delayed wound healing and poor epithelial adhesion. Epithelial debridement, anterior stromal puncture, grid keratotomy, and superficial keratectomy are the most common treatment options applied to the defects. Procedures that address the stromal changes present generally have a higher success rate than epithelial debridement alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellison Bentley
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1102, USA
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Vanore M, Chahory S, Payen G, Clerc B. Surgical repair of deep melting ulcers with porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) graft in dogs and cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2007; 10:93-9. [PMID: 17324164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of using a porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) graft for the surgical repair of deep melting ulcers in dogs and cats. METHODS Two cats and five dogs presented with deep and large melting ulcers of the cornea. In each case, the necrotic and collagenolytic tissue of the cornea was removed by keratectomy. A SIS graft, 1 mm greater than the corneal defect, was rehydrated in sterile saline and sutured to the edges of the ulcer with a simple interrupted pattern of 9/0 polyglactin 910. A nictitating membrane flap was utilized in two cats and four dogs for 2 weeks. All cases were treated postoperatively with topical and systemic antibiotics, a systemic anti-inflammatory drug and topical atropine. All animals were re-evaluated 15 days, 4 weeks, 35-45 days, 2-3 months and 6 months postsurgery. RESULTS At 15 days postsurgery, a superficial intense corneal neovascularization surrounded the SIS graft. No ocular discomfort was present and fluorescein staining was negative in all cases. At 4 weeks the SIS graft was thick and opaque in all cases, although in one cat the SIS graft had partially detached. Between 35 and 45 days, SIS graft integration was evident in all eyes, and corneal neovascularization had decreased progressively. All eyes healed without complications and retained corneal transparency. This occurred even in the presence of corneal perforation in two cases: one prior to and one during surgery. CONCLUSION Results of our study suggest the SIS graft may be an effective alternative surgical treatment to the traditional conjunctival grafts commonly used to repair melting ulcers in dogs and cats. The advantages of using a SIS graft include good corneal transparency, preservation of corneal integrity and maintenance of vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vanore
- Ophthalmology Unit, National Veterinary College of Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Esson DW, Wellehan JFX, Lafortune M, Valverde A, Citino SB. Surgical management of a malacic corneal ulcer in a greater one-horned Asian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) using a free island tarsoconjunctival graft. Vet Ophthalmol 2006; 9:65-9. [PMID: 16409248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A greater one-horned Asian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) presented for presumed ocular trauma to the left eye, with secondary bacterial infection, resulting in severe and progressive corneal ulceration. Following a poor response to medical therapy, the animal was anesthetized for further examination, and a bulbar conjunctival pedicle graft performed. This graft failed by 48-h postsurgery as a result of self-trauma. The animal was re-anesthetized, and a free island tarsoconjunctival graft performed. This second procedure was successful, resulting in globe preservation, cosmesis, and functional vision in the affected eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Esson
- Eye Care for Animals, Tustin, CA 92780, and College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA.
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Abstract
The cornea is naturally transparent. Anything that interferes with the cornea's stromal architecture, contributes to blood vessel migration, increases corneal pigmentation, or predisposes to corneal edema, disrupts the corneas transparency and indicates corneal disease. The color, location, and shape and pattern of a corneal lesion can help in determining the underlying cause for the disease. Corneal disease is typically divided into congenital or acquired disorders. Congenital disorders, such as corneal dermoids are rare in cats, whereas acquired corneal disease associated with nonulcerative or ulcerative keratitis is common. Primary ocular disease, such as tear film instability, adenexal disease (medial canthal entropion, lagophthalmus, eyelid agenesis), and herpes keratitis are associated with the majority of acquired corneal disease in cats. Proliferative/eosinophilic keratitis, acute bullous keratopathy, and Florida keratopathy are common feline nonulcerative disorders. Nonprogressive ulcerative disease in cats, such as chronic corneal epithelial defects and corneal sequestration are more common than progressive corneal ulcerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Anthony Moore
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Ollivier FJ. Medical and Surgical Management of Melting Corneal Ulcers Exhibiting Hyperproteinase Activity in the Horse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ctep.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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