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Kovacs S, Scansen BA, Stern JA. The Genetics of Canine Pulmonary Valve Stenosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:1379-1391. [PMID: 37423844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
There have been recent advancements in understanding the genetic contribution to pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) in brachycephalic breeds such as the French Bulldog and Bulldog. The associated genes are transcriptions factors involved in cardiac development, which is comparable to the genes that cause PS in humans. However, validation studies and functional follow up is necessary before this information can be used for screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Kovacs
- Anatomic Pathology Service, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, UC Davis VMTH, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Brian A Scansen
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 300 West Drake Road, 1678 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, UC Davis VMTH, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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2
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Cham TC, Desprez I, Gupta A, Aburto E. Right atrioventricular valve dysplasia in a meerkat. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:1032-1034. [PMID: 36184940 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221128208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-y-old, captive, intact female meerkat (Suricata suricatta) was presented with lethargy, decreased appetite, dyspnea, and distended abdomen. At autopsy, the right atrium was markedly dilated, and the right atrioventricular valve (RAV) was dysplastic with shortened or absent chordae tendineae and direct attachment of the valve to the papillary muscles, which, in turn, were fused and abnormally positioned. The right ventricle was considered to be hypertrophied. Also present were hydrothorax, ascites, atelectasis, and hepatic congestion. A diagnosis of RAV dysplasia was made. Histologic findings included hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes and marked centrilobular hepatic congestion and hemorrhage, which were consistent with right-sided heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat-Chuan Cham
- Departments of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Isabelle Desprez
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Enrique Aburto
- Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Transjugular Patent Ductus Arteriosus Occlusion in Seven Dogs Using the Amplatzer Vascular Plug II. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080431. [PMID: 36006346 PMCID: PMC9415090 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study outlines the authors’ experience using the Amplatzer Vascular Plug II device for occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in dogs through a right transjugular approach, never before described in veterinary medicine for this purpose. The obtained results demonstrate that the use of the Amplatzer Vascular Plug II via a transvenous right jugular approach is a feasible and effective method, even in small-sized patients. The authors’ experience is that the transvenous approach is a safe and effective method for PDA occlusion in dogs. Furthermore, the right jugular approach provides easier and faster vascular access than the femoral one. The authors affirm that this approach, together with the properties of the Amplatzer Vascular Plug II and its wide size selection, potentially provide a novel method that can complement the current available methods for transcatheter PDA occlusion. Abstract Although vascular plugs for the closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) have been validated in dogs, studies are lacking on its use as a first-choice device with a transjugular approach. The present case series describes the transvenous right jugular embolization of PDA using an Amplatzer Vascular Plug II in seven dogs of different ages, breeds, and body weights. Complete closure of the PDA was demonstrated in all cases. All dogs showed significant hemodynamic reduction of pulmonary overcirculation and left heart size after the procedure and at following echocardiographic check-ups. Transjugular PDA occlusion using an Amplatzer Vascular Plug II can thus be considered as a safe alternative to the arterial or venous femoral approach using an Amplatzer canine ductal occluder (ACDO), particularly in puppies with small femoral vessels.
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Viilmann I, Vettorato E. Propofol‐dexmedetomidine continuous infusion in a dog with pulmonic stenosis undergoing balloon valvuloplasty. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Viilmann
- Dick White Referrals Six Mile Bottom Cambridgeshire UK
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Identification and Clinical Significance of Heart Murmurs in Puppies Involved in Puppy Trade. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8080139. [PMID: 34437461 PMCID: PMC8402762 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8080139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of a congenital heart defect at purchase is an important step in early detection from a clinical and legal standpoint. Indeed, some cardiac abnormalities may be corrected with surgery, and very often, treatment needs to be performed early before congestive heart failure or irreversible heart damage can occur. From a legal viewpoint, if the defect is revealed in a newly purchased puppy, the buyer may be required to return it and receive compensation. Puppies affected with congenital heart defects are likely to die prematurely, causing emotional suffering to the owner. Furthermore, by considering breed predisposition, early recognition allows breeders to avoid breeding from particular dogs with genetic defects and prevent the continuation of genetic defects in breeding lines. Given gaps in the literature about the recognition of murmurs in the puppy trade, the present article describes how to identify a heart murmur in a puppy during a pre-purchase examination and its significance from a clinical and legal viewpoint. In the canine population, the prevalence of cardiac defects ranges between 0.13 and 1.6%. Pulmonic stenosis is the most common defect found in puppies, followed by patent ductus arteriosus, subaortic stenosis, and ventricular septal defect. On the basis of the above considerations, the veterinarian should recognize and identify the murmur following a protocol for routine examination of puppies involved in trade.
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Gunther-Harrington CT, Sharpe AN, Vernau KM, Ueda Y, Montgomery EA, Surmick JD, Fernandez N, Ontiveros E, Walker AL, Stern JA. Reference intervals for radiographic, echocardiographic and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide values in healthy kittens. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:293-301. [PMID: 32812464 PMCID: PMC10812212 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20946461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assessment of heart size in kittens is important, and there is a need for reference intervals (RIs) to prevent misinterpretation of cardiomegaly in this patient population. The purpose of this study was to generate RIs for echocardiographic and radiographic quantification of cardiac size in healthy kittens. METHODS In total, 88 kittens aged 6-16 weeks were enrolled in this study. Physical examination, and radiographic and echocardiographic evaluations were performed without sedation. Thoracic radiographs and echocardiographic images were measured to establish RIs for vertebral heart score (VHS), cardiac thoracic ratio (CTR) and multiple echocardiographic variables. N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was measured. Statistical correlations between echocardiographic parameters and age, body weight and sex were all evaluated and RIs were generated. RESULTS Low-grade heart murmurs were appreciated in 26/88 kittens (29.5%). Kittens had a median VHS of 9.5 vertebrae (95% RI 8.0-10.9) and a median CTR of 67.2% (95% RI 54.4-79.8%). Measured NT-proBNP levels were comparable to healthy adult cats with a median of 31 pmol/l (upper reference limit 75 pmol/l). Multiple moderate-to-strong correlations between body weight and age with various echocardiographic parameters were observed and allometric scaling was performed for body weight. RIs for echocardiographic parameters were generated based on patient weight using allometric scaling formulas. Tricuspid valve regurgitation was a common finding and was present in 37.5% (n = 33) of the kittens. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study establishes RIs for thoracic radiograph assessment, echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers in kittens, which fills a critical gap in the veterinary literature. The VHS reported in this study is higher than previously reported for adult cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley N Sharpe
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karen M Vernau
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yu Ueda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Montgomery
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer D Surmick
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Fernandez
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ashley L Walker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Lucina SB, Sarraff AP, Wolf M, Silva VBC, Sousa MG, Froes TR. Congenital Heart Disease in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 95 Cases. Top Companion Anim Med 2020; 43:100505. [PMID: 33346164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of congenital heart diseases in dogs attending 2 veterinary hospitals in Brazil and to identify possible associations between these conditions and epidemiological characteristics. A retrospective study was carried out in the cardiology sections of 2 veterinary hospitals during a period of 70 months from January 2012 and October 2017. Of a total of 6710 dogs that attended the cardiology sections of the hospitals, 109 congenital heart diseases were identified in 95 patients, representing a prevalence of 1.6%. Findings consistent with previous literature included subaortic stenosis and pulmonic stenosis as the most commonly diagnosed conditions, in addition to a higher predisposition of females to patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). In contrast, the novel findings included a higher prevalence of atrial septal defect and a lower prevalence of patent ductus arteriosus. The majority of the animals included were over 1 year of age at the time of diagnosis (67%) especially in the subaortic stenosis group. Also, a predisposition of the Maltese to ventricular septal defect was observed. The information obtained in the present study contributes to research that describes epidemiological characteristics of dogs with congenital heart disease in a previously unreported location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephany B Lucina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Ana P Sarraff
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba campus, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcela Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vinícius B C Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marlos G Sousa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tilde R Froes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Epidemiological study of congenital heart diseases in dogs: Prevalence, popularity, and volatility throughout twenty years of clinical practice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230160. [PMID: 32716943 PMCID: PMC7384636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of Congenital Heart Diseases (CHDs) has changed over the past twenty years. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of CHDs in the population of dogs recruited in a single referral center (RC); compare the epidemiological features of CHDs in screened breeds (Boxers) versus non-screened (French and English Bulldogs, German Shepherds); investigate the association of breeds with the prevalence of CHDs; determine the popularity and volatility of breeds over a 20-year period; analysed the trends of the most popular breeds in the overall population of new-born dogs registered in the Italian Kennel Club (IKC) from 1st January 1997 to 31st December 2017. The RC's cardiological database was analysed, and 1,779 clinical records were included in a retrospective observation study. Descriptive statistics and frequencies regarding the most representative breeds and CHDs were generated. A logistic regression model was used to analyse the trends of the most common CHDs found in single and in cluster of breeds. The relationship between breed popularity and presence of CHDs was studied. The most common CHDs were Pulmonic Stenosis, Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Subaortic Stenosis, Ventricular Septal Defect, Aortic Stenosis, Tricuspid Dysplasia, Atrial Septal Defect, Double Chamber Right Ventricle, Mitral Dysplasia, and others less frequent. The most represented pure breeds were Boxer, German Shepherd, French Bulldog, English Bulldog, Maltese, Newfoundland, Rottweiler, Golden Retriever, Chihuahua, and others in lower percentage. Chihuahuas, American Staffordshire Terriers, Border Collies, French Bulldogs, and Cavalier King Charles Spaniel were the most appreciated all of which showed a high value of volatility. This study found evidence for the value of the screening program implemented in Boxers; fashions and trends influence dog owners' choices more than the worries of health problems in a breed. Effective breeding programs are needed in order to control the diffusion of CHDs without impoverishing the genetic pool.
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Coelho M, Muzzi R, Dorneles E, Oliveira L, Abreu C, Furtado L, Muzzi L. Avaliação da deformação miocárdica pela ecocardiografia feature tracking em gatos com defeito perimembranoso do septo ventricular. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas, como a ecocardiografia bidimensional feature tracking (2D-FTI), permite diagnosticar, de forma precoce, se há disfunção miocárdica em doenças cardíacas, inclusive as congênitas. O defeito septal ventricular (DSV) é a alteração congênita mais observada em felinos, no entanto pouco se sabe sobre a disfunção cardíaca nessa cardiopatia, especialmente em animais assintomáticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio do 2D-FTI, a deformação miocárdica ventricular esquerda pela mensuração dos índices ecocardiográficos strain (St) e strain rate (StR) radial, circunferencial e longitudinal, em gatos saudáveis e com DSV. Foram avaliados 12 gatos saudáveis e seis gatos com DSV para obtenção de St e StR em diversos segmentos miocárdicos. No sentido longitudinal, houve diferença estatística (P<0,05) para os segmentos septal basal, mediano e apical epicárdicos (P=0,0017; P<0,0001; P=0,0288), lateral mediano epicárdico (P=0,0327), septal mediano endocárdico (P=0,0035), lateral mediano endocárdico (P=0,0461), St epicárdico (P=0,0250) e St global (P=0,0382). Também houve diferença no segmento lateral mediano circunferencial endocárdico (P=0,0248), lateral mediano radial (St: P=0,0409; StR: P=0,0166) e posterior mediano radial (P=0,0369). O estudo evidenciou que, mesmo em animais assintomáticos com DSV, há redução na deformação miocárdica ventricular principalmente no sentido longitudinal, demonstrando maior vulnerabilidade dessas fibras.
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Costa P, Barroso I, Santos M, Cabral L, Cavalcante A, Rodrigues F, Ferreira J, Almeida T, Viana D. Síndrome de Eisenmenger em um gato. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Navarro-Cubas X, Palermo V, French A, Sanchis-Mora S, Culshaw G. Tricuspid valve dysplasia: A retrospective study of clinical features and outcome in dogs in the UK. Open Vet J 2017; 7:349-359. [PMID: 29296595 PMCID: PMC5738889 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v7i4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the demographic, clinical and survival characteristics and to identify risk factors for mortality due to tricuspid valve dysplasia in UK dogs. Records of client-owned dogs diagnosed with tricuspid valve dysplasia at a referral centre were retrospectively reviewed. Only dogs diagnosed with tricuspid valve dysplasia based on the presence of a right-sided heart murmur identified prior to one year of age, and confirmed with Doppler echocardiography, were included. Dogs with concomitant cardiac diseases, pulmonary hypertension and/or trivial tricuspid regurgitation were excluded. Analysed data included signalment, reason for presentation, clinical signs, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic features, survival status and cause of death. Survival times and risk factors for mortality were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression. Eighteen dogs met inclusion criteria. Border collies were over-represented (p= 0.014). Dogs were most frequently referred for investigation of heart murmur. The most common arrhythmia was atrial fibrillation (n=3). Median survival time from diagnosis of tricuspid valve dysplasia was 2775 days (range 1-3696 days; 95% CI 1542.41-4007.59) and from onset of right-sided congestive heart failure was 181 days (range 1-2130 days; 95% CI 0-455.59). Syncope was the sole risk factor for cardiac death. In this population of UK dogs, tricuspid valve dysplasia was uncommon but, when severe, frequently led to right-sided congestive heart failure. Prognosis was favourable for mild and moderate tricuspid dysplasia. Survival time was reduced with right-sided congestive heart failure but varied widely. Risk of cardiac death was significantly increased if syncope had occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Navarro-Cubas
- University of Liverpool, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Valentina Palermo
- Anderson and Moores Veterinary Specialists, The Granary, Bunstead Barns, Poles Lane, Hursley, Winchester, Hampshire, SO21 2LL, UK
| | - Anne French
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sandra Sanchis-Mora
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Geoff Culshaw
- R(D)SVS Hospital for Small Animals, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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Pekkola V, Braun C, Larenza Menzies MP. Anaesthetising a cat with tetralogy of Fallot for non‐cardiac surgery. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vuokko Pekkola
- Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Christina Braun
- Department for Companion Animals and HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaAustria
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Mapping Heart Development in Flies: Src42A Acts Non-Autonomously to Promote Heart Tube Formation in Drosophila. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4020023. [PMID: 29056682 PMCID: PMC5606601 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects, clinically identified in both small and large animals, are multifactorial and complex. Although heritable factors are known to have a role in cardiovascular disease, the full genetic aetiology remains unclear. Model organism research has proven valuable in providing a deeper understanding of the essential factors in heart development. For example, mouse knock-out studies reveal a role for the Integrin adhesion receptor in cardiac tissue. Recent research in Drosophila melanogaster (the fruit fly), a powerful experimental model, has demonstrated that the link between the extracellular matrix and the cell, mediated by Integrins, is required for multiple aspects of cardiogenesis. Here we test the hypothesis that Integrins signal to the heart cells through Src42A kinase. Using the powerful genetics and cell biology analysis possible in Drosophila, we demonstrate that Src42A acts in early events of heart tube development. Careful examination of mutant heart tissue and genetic interaction data suggests that Src42A’s role is independent of Integrin and the Integrin-related Focal Adhesion Kinase. Rather, Src42A acts non-autonomously by promoting programmed cell death of the amnioserosa, a transient tissue that neighbors the developing heart.
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Thoracic radiography in the cat: Identification of cardiomegaly and congestive heart failure. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 17 Suppl 1:S87-101. [PMID: 26776597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic radiography is one of the most commonly employed diagnostic tools for the clinical evaluation of cats with suspected heart disease and is the standard diagnostic method in the confirmation of cardiogenic pulmonary edema. In the past, interpretation of feline radiographs focused on a description of the qualitative radiographic features of feline heart disease or the measurement of the cardiac silhouette in healthy cats and cats with different cardiovascular disorders. More recently, studies have begun to critically address the issue of the diagnostic accuracy of thoracic radiography in the diagnostic work-up of cats with heart disease. In these studies, qualitative and quantitative radiographic parameters were compared to echocardiographic findings to evaluate the usefulness of thoracic radiography for the identification of cardiac enlargement and pulmonary edema in the cat. Thoracic radiography is reasonably specific but has a low sensitivity when identifying cardiomegaly in cats with mild structural heart disease. Feline cardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variable radiographic presentation and several specific radiographic findings (i.e., enlargement of the left atrium and the pulmonary veins) can be absent or non-recognizable in affected cats.
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Sequential segmental classification of feline congenital heart disease. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 17 Suppl 1:S10-52. [PMID: 26776571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Feline congenital heart disease is less commonly encountered in veterinary medicine than acquired feline heart diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Understanding the wide spectrum of congenital cardiovascular disease demands a familiarity with a variety of lesions, occurring both in isolation and in combination, along with an appreciation of complex nomenclature and variable classification schemes. This review begins with an overview of congenital heart disease in the cat, including proposed etiologies and prevalence, examination approaches, and principles of therapy. Specific congenital defects are presented and organized by a sequential segmental classification with respect to their morphologic lesions. Highlights of diagnosis, treatment options, and prognosis are offered. It is hoped that this review will provide a framework for approaching congenital heart disease in the cat, and more broadly in other animal species based on the sequential segmental approach, which represents an adaptation of the common methodology used in children and adults with congenital heart disease.
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López-Alvarez J. Patent ductus arteriosus in cats. Vet Rec 2016; 179:15-6. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.i3532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi López-Alvarez
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Manor Farm Business Park Higham Gobion Hertfordshire SG5 3HR UK
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Congenital heart defects in cats: a retrospective study of 162 cats (1996–2013). J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17 Suppl 1:S215-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Aoki T, Sunahara H, Sugimoto K, Ito T, Kanai E, Fujii Y. Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis in three cats. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:487-91. [PMID: 25650057 PMCID: PMC4427753 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Case 1 involved a 4-month-old intact male Somali cat in which peripheral pulmonary artery
stenosis (PPS) was recognized after a cardiac murmur remained following patent ductus
arteriosus ligation. Case 2, which involved a 1-year-old neutered male Norwegian Forest
cat, and Case 3, which involved a 6-month-old intact female American Curl cat, were
referred, because of cardiac murmurs. Grades III to IV/VI systolic heart murmurs were
auscultated at the left heart base in all 3 cats. All cases showed bilateral pulmonary
artery stenosis, although there were no associated clinical signs. In Cases 1 and 2, the
pressure gradient through the stenosis decreased after treatment with atenolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Aoki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery I, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Guglielmini C, Baron Toaldo M, Poser H, Menciotti G, Cipone M, Cordella A, Contiero B, Diana A. Diagnostic accuracy of the vertebral heart score and other radiographic indices in the detection of cardiac enlargement in cats with different cardiac disorders. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:812-25. [PMID: 24518255 PMCID: PMC11112228 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14522048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
A retrospective search was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the vertebral heart score (VHS) and other related radiographic indices in the detection of cardiac enlargement associated with different cardiac disorders in the cat. One hundred and five cats with a complete echocardiographic examination and radiographic examination of the thorax with at least two orthogonal views were enrolled. Eighty-three cats had different cardiac disorders, 72 with left-sided cardiac disorders (LSCD) and 11 with right-sided cardiac disorders; 22 cats were free of cardiovascular abnormalities. Measurements of VHS and cardiac long and short axes on lateral (L) and dorsoventral or ventrodorsal radiographs were obtained. Receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of each radiographic index in differentiating between cats with cardiac disorders or cats with LSCD and cats without cardiac abnormalities and, among cats with LSCD, between those with no or mild left atrial enlargement (LAE) or those with moderate-to-severe LAE and healthy cats. The L-VHS at the cut-off of 7.9 had high diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing cats with LSCD and moderate-to-severe LAE from healthy cats, but all the other radiographic indices were moderately accurate in distinguishing between cats with overall cardiac disorders or LSCD, either with no or mild LAE and moderate-to-severe LAE, and healthy cats. The considered radiographic indices were also moderately accurate in predicting different degrees of LAE in cats with LSCD. Radiographic indices are reasonably specific, but less sensitive predictors of cardiac enlargement in cats with heart disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Guglielmini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marco Baron Toaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Helen Poser
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giulio Menciotti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Mario Cipone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Cordella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessia Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Pazzi P, Lim CK, Steyl J. Tetralogy of Fallot and atrial septal defect in a white Bengal Tiger cub (Panthera tigris tigris). Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:12. [PMID: 24594084 PMCID: PMC3984729 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3-week-old female white Bengal Tiger cub (Panthera tigris tigris) presented with acute onset tachypnoea, cyanosis and hypothermia. The cub was severely hypoxaemic with a mixed acid-base disturbance. Echocardiography revealed severe pulmonic stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, high membranous ventricular septal defect and an overriding aorta. Additionally, an atrial septal defect was found on necropsy, resulting in the final diagnosis of Tetralogy of Fallot with an atrial septal defect (a subclass of Pentalogy of Fallot). This report is the first to encompass arterial blood gas analysis, thoracic radiographs, echocardiography and necropsy findings in a white Bengal Tiger cub diagnosed with Tetralogy of Fallot with an atrial septal defect.
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Heart. FELINE SOFT TISSUE AND GENERAL SURGERY 2014. [PMCID: PMC7149910 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-4336-9.00048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Case example: Pulmonic stenosis in a Miniature Schnauzer. IN PRACTICE 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.f6019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
A 3-year-old male French Bulldog was evaluated due to recent history of intolerance to exercise and coughing. The clinical, radiographic, and echocardiographic findings were consistent with cor triatriatum sinister (CTS), a congenital heart anomaly in which the left atrium is subdivided into two compartments by an abnormal fibromuscular membrane. This defect has been rarely recognized in humans and in domestic cats. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the disorder in the canine species.
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Cavalcanti G, Tatibana L, Varaschin M, Araújo R, Val AC. Atrial septal defect in an elderly dog. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352011000200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Oliveira P, Domenech O, Silva J, Vannini S, Bussadori R, Bussadori C. Retrospective review of congenital heart disease in 976 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:477-83. [PMID: 21418326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of epidemiology is important for recognition of cardiovascular malformations. OBJECTIVE Review the incidence of congenital heart defects in dogs in Italy and assess breed and sex predispositions. ANIMALS Nine hundred and seventy-six dogs diagnosed with congenital heart disease (CHD) of 4,480 dogs presented to Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso for cardiovascular examination from 1997 to 2010. METHODS A retrospective analysis of medical records regarding signalment, history, clinical examination, radiography, electrocardiography, echocardiography, angiography, and postmortem examination was performed. Breed and sex predisposition were assessed with the odds ratio test. RESULTS CHD was observed in 21.7% of cases. A total of 1,132 defects were observed with single defects in 832 cases (85%), 2 concurrent defects in 132 cases (14%), and 3 concurrent defects in 12 cases (1%). The most common defects were pulmonic stenosis (PS; 32.1%), subaortic stenosis (SAS; 21.3%), and patent ductus arteriosus (20.9%), followed by ventricular septal defect (VSD; 7.5%), valvular aortic stenosis (AS; 5.7%), and tricuspid dysplasia (3.1%). SAS, PS, and VSD frequently were associated with other defects. Several breed and sex predispositions were identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results of this study are in accordance with previous studies, with slight differences. The breed and sex predilections identified may be of value for the diagnosis and screening of CHD in dogs. Additionally, the relatively high percentage of concurrent heart defects emphasizes the importance of accurate and complete examinations for identification. Because these data are from a cardiology referral center, a bias may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oliveira
- Department of Cardiology of Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Milano, Italia.
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Quintavalla C, Guazzetti S, Mavropoulou A, Bussadori C. Aorto-septal angle in Boxer dogs with subaortic stenosis: an echocardiographic study. Vet J 2009; 185:332-7. [PMID: 19665399 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the aorto-septal angle (AoSA) in Boxer dogs with or without subaortic stenosis (SAS) by using two-dimensional echocardiography. Forty-five Boxer dogs were prospectively included in the study. The AoSA was steeper in the group with SAS than in healthy Boxers with a mean difference of 10 degrees . According to the proposed regression model, the AoSA is associated with SAS in Boxers, particularly because it becomes steeper as SAS severity increases. Several studies in humans demonstrate that small changes in the AoSA produce important changes in septal shear stress, which in turn causes proliferation of the endocardial cells resulting in subaortic obstruction. A definite conclusion about the role of the AoSA on the formation and/or progression of subvalvular lesions in Boxers cannot be drawn from the data analysed due to the transversal nature of the observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Quintavalla
- Dept. Animal Health, Parma University, Via del Taglio, 8, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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