1
|
Farag HI, Murphy BA, Templeman JR, Hanlon C, Joshua J, Koch TG, Niel L, Shoveller AK, Bedecarrats GY, Ellison A, Wilcockson D, Martino TA. One Health: Circadian Medicine Benefits Both Non-human Animals and Humans Alike. J Biol Rhythms 2024; 39:237-269. [PMID: 38379166 PMCID: PMC11141112 DOI: 10.1177/07487304241228021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Circadian biology's impact on human physical health and its role in disease development and progression is widely recognized. The forefront of circadian rhythm research now focuses on translational applications to clinical medicine, aiming to enhance disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment responses. However, the field of circadian medicine has predominantly concentrated on human healthcare, neglecting its potential for transformative applications in veterinary medicine, thereby overlooking opportunities to improve non-human animal health and welfare. This review consists of three main sections. The first section focuses on the translational potential of circadian medicine into current industry practices of agricultural animals, with a particular emphasis on horses, broiler chickens, and laying hens. The second section delves into the potential applications of circadian medicine in small animal veterinary care, primarily focusing on our companion animals, namely dogs and cats. The final section explores emerging frontiers in circadian medicine, encompassing aquaculture, veterinary hospital care, and non-human animal welfare and concludes with the integration of One Health principles. In summary, circadian medicine represents a highly promising field of medicine that holds the potential to significantly enhance the clinical care and overall health of all animals, extending its impact beyond human healthcare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hesham I. Farag
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara A. Murphy
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James R. Templeman
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Charlene Hanlon
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessica Joshua
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas G. Koch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lee Niel
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anna K. Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Amy Ellison
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - David Wilcockson
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Tami A. Martino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Frankenberger J, Ballouard JM, Caron S, Zablotski Y, Kölle P. Body condition scoring facilitates healthcare monitoring in Hermann's Tortoises (Testudo hermanni ssp.). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301892. [PMID: 38635596 PMCID: PMC11025769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical assessment of body condition is crucial in captive and free-ranging reptiles, since a large percentage of diseases result from inadequate nutrition. However, preventive health care is restricted by the lack of a practical method for the assessment in tortoises. Pre-existing evaluation systems based on weight and shell measurements are laborious and ignore the clinical presentation of the animal. The present study aimed to facilitate the assessment by establishing a body condition score. A total of 373 Hermann's Tortoises (Testudo hermanni) (n = 281 tortoises kept as pets in Germany and n = 92 tortoises originating from a free-ranging population (68) or a rearing station (24) in France) were examined and data (weight (g), carapace length (cm), width (cm), height (cm)) were recorded in a standard protocol between October 2020 and October 2021. A modified version of a body condition score for Mojave Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) (1 = cachectic, 3 = ideal, 5 = obese) was utilized and tested against pre-existing shell measurement systems (Jackson's ratio, body condition index, volume condition index, circumferential product). German captive tortoises were significantly heavier and larger than French specimens. In the Spearman's correlation matrix, the body condition score showed a statistically significant correlation with all measurement methods in the total population of captive tortoises (Testudo hermanni boettgeri), with a medium correlation strength, and a lack of correlation in free-ranging tortoises (Testudo hermanni hermanni). However, individual animal data suggested misleading results of mathematical equations in terms of body condition. Clinical evaluation of tortoises, including a body condition score, should be considered essential to provide good healthcare and should be an integral part of general examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Frankenberger
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jean-Marie Ballouard
- Station d’Observation et de Protection des Tortues et de leurs Milieux (SOPTOM), CRCC, Gonfaron, France
| | - Sebastien Caron
- Station d’Observation et de Protection des Tortues et de leurs Milieux (SOPTOM), CRCC, Gonfaron, France
| | - Yury Zablotski
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Kölle
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Godfrey H, Morrow S, Abood SK, Verbrugghe A. Identifying the target population and preventive strategies to combat feline obesity. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X241228042. [PMID: 38415669 PMCID: PMC10911305 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x241228042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Feline obesity continues to be a priority health and welfare issue. Most research surrounding obesity currently focuses on obesity treatment. However, treatment for feline obesity is slow, often unsuccessful and not without consequences. Identifying high-risk populations for obesity onset is crucial for developing and implementing preventive strategies. This review identifies post-gonadectomy kittens aged 5-12 months as the primary target population for obesity prevention in domestic cats and highlights dietary and feeding management strategies to be implemented for obesity prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Godfrey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shawna Morrow
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah K Abood
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nielson SA, Khosa DK, Verbrugghe A, Clow KM. Cat caregivers' perceptions, motivations, and behaviours for feeding treats: A cross sectional study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296011. [PMID: 38198455 PMCID: PMC10781132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an abundance of research focusing on the nutritional needs of the cat, though aspects surrounding treat feeding have received far less attention. Feeding practices have the potential to cause nutrient imbalances and adverse health outcomes, including obesity. The objective of this study was to identify and describe the perceptions, motivations, and behaviours surrounding treats, and factors that influence treat feeding by cat caregivers. A 56-question online survey was disseminated to cat caregivers (n = 337) predominantly from Canada and the USA to collect data regarding caregiver and cat demographics, the pet-caregiver relationship, perceptions surrounding treats, and feeding practices and behaviours. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the survey data. Caregivers had varying interpretations of the term 'treat' and how treats relate to the primary diet, and these perceptions appeared to influence the quantity of treats provided. Aspects relating to the human-animal bond were highlighted as an important factor in decisions and behaviours surrounding treat feeding in our results. Though the majority (224/337, 66%) of respondents indicated they monitor their pet's treat intake, using an eyeball estimate was the most frequent (139/337, 41%) method reported to measure treats. Multivariable logistic regression results revealed feeding jerky, bones, dental treats, and table scraps in select frequencies were predictive of caregivers perceiving their cat as overweight/obese. Results provide valuable new insights to cat caregiver feeding practices and perceptions of treats and can be used to inform veterinary nutrition support to caregivers. More research is warranted to further our understanding and ensure that cats receive optimal nutrition and care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby A. Nielson
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deep K. Khosa
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie M. Clow
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vazquez E, Lipovka Y, Cervantes-Arias A, Garibay-Escobar A, Haby MM, Queiroga FL, Velazquez C. Canine Mammary Cancer: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3147. [PMID: 37835752 PMCID: PMC10571550 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary cancer is the most frequently diagnosed neoplasia in women and non-spayed female dogs and is one of the leading causes of death in both species. Canines develop spontaneous mammary tumors that share a significant number of biological, clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics with human breast cancers. This review provides a detailed description of the histological, molecular and clinical aspects of mammary cancer in canines; it discusses risk factors and currently available diagnostic and treatment options, as well as remaining challenges and unanswered questions. The incidence of mammary tumors is highly variable and is impacted by biological, pathological, cultural and socioeconomic factors, including hormonal status, breed, advanced age, obesity and diet. Diagnosis is mainly based on histopathology, although several efforts have been made to establish a molecular classification of canine mammary tumors to widen the spectrum of treatment options, which today rely heavily on surgical removal of tumors. Lastly, standardization of clinical study protocols, development of canine-specific biological tools, establishment of adequate dog-specific disease biomarkers and identification of targets for the development of new therapies that could improve survival and have less adverse effects than chemotherapy are among the remaining challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Vazquez
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico; (E.V.); (Y.L.); (A.G.-E.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Yulia Lipovka
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico; (E.V.); (Y.L.); (A.G.-E.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Alejandro Cervantes-Arias
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, The National University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Investigación Científica 3000, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04360, Mexico;
| | - Adriana Garibay-Escobar
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico; (E.V.); (Y.L.); (A.G.-E.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Michelle M. Haby
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico; (E.V.); (Y.L.); (A.G.-E.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Felisbina Luisa Queiroga
- CECAV—Animal and Veterinary Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Velazquez
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico; (E.V.); (Y.L.); (A.G.-E.); (M.M.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
MacMartin C, Wheat H, Coe JB. Conversation Analysis of Clients' Active Resistance to Veterinarians' Proposals for Long-Term Dietary Change in Companion Animal Practice in Ontario, Canada. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2150. [PMID: 37443949 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of nutrition on animal health requires effective diet-related treatment recommendations in veterinary medicine. Despite low reported rates of veterinary clients' adherence with dietary recommendations, little is known about how clients' resistance to nutritional proposals is managed in the talk of veterinary consultations. This conversation-analytic study investigated clients' active resistance to veterinarians' proposals for long-term changes to cats' and dogs' diets in 23 segments from 21 videotaped appointments in Ontario, Canada. Clients' accounts suggested the proposals themselves or nutritional modifications were unnecessary, inappropriate, or unfeasible, most often based on patients' food preferences, multi-pet feeding issues, current use of equivalent strategies, or current enactment of the proposed changes. Resistance arose when veterinarians constructed proposals without first gathering relevant diet- and patient-related information, soliciting clients' perspectives, or educating them about the benefits of recommended changes. Veterinarians subsequently accommodated clients' concerns more often when resistance involved patient- or client-related issues rather than clients' lack of medical knowledge. The design of subsequent proposals accepted by clients frequently replaced dietary changes in the initial proposals with nutritional or non-nutritional alternatives and oriented to uncertainty about adherence. This study provides evidence-based findings for developing effective communication training and practice guidelines in nutritional assessment and shared decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare MacMartin
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hannah Wheat
- Community and Primary Care Research Group, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
| | - Jason B Coe
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nielson SA, Khosa DK, Clow KM, Verbrugghe A. Dog caregivers' perceptions, motivations, and behaviours for feeding treats: A cross sectional study. Prev Vet Med 2023; 217:105971. [PMID: 37393705 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Treats are commonly fed by most dog caregivers and can constitute a significant proportion of a dog's diet, potentially contributing to obesity. Feeding aspects related to treats specifically, remain underexplored. An e-survey was voluntarily completed by 716 dog caregivers predominantly from Canada and the USA to identify and describe caregivers' perceptions, motivations, and behaviours surrounding treats, and factors that influence decisions about feeding treats. Survey responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze (1) measurement methods associated with monitoring treat intake, and (2) frequency of feeding different types of treats with perceiving dog as overweight/obese. Most caregivers considered the term 'treat' in a nutritional context, but respondents expressed mixed perceptions of how they consider treats in relation to their dog's primary diet. Alongside training and sports activities, aspects relating to the human-animal bond were highly reported to influence decisions surrounding treats. Most respondents were motivated to provide treats because it makes their pet happy, and to strengthen the bond with their dog, and nearly 40% of caregivers frequently feed treats to show love to their dog. Human food and table scraps were frequently fed by 30-40% of caregivers and feeding human food weekly was predictive of caregivers perceiving their dog to be overweight/obese (OR=2.24, p = 0.007). Caregivers estimated treats to account for a median of 15% of their dog's total diet, based on estimated quantity. Caregivers who reported using a measuring cup/scoop to measure their dog's treats were more likely to monitor their dog's treat intake (OR=3.38, p = 0.002). Most caregivers monitor their dog's body condition (60%) or consider their dog's recent activity level (43%) to decide on the amount of treats to feed; only 22% of caregivers reported veterinary advice to support their decisions on the amount of treats to feed. Findings from this research offer new insights to dog caregiver feeding habits and their perceptions of treats in relation to the canine diet. These results can be used to inform veterinary counselling strategies and caregiver education initiatives to promote animal health and well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby A Nielson
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Deep K Khosa
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Katie M Clow
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vecchiato CG, Golinelli S, Pinna C, Pilla R, Suchodolski JS, Tvarijonaviciute A, Rubio CP, Dorato E, Delsante C, Stefanelli C, Pagani E, Fracassi F, Biagi G. Fecal microbiota and inflammatory and antioxidant status of obese and lean dogs, and the effect of caloric restriction. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1050474. [PMID: 36713218 PMCID: PMC9878458 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity is the most common nutritional disease in dogs, and is generally managed by caloric restriction. Gut microbiota alteration could represent a predisposing factor for obesity development, which has been associated with a low-grade inflammatory condition and an impaired antioxidant status. Besides, weight loss has been shown to influence the gut microbiota composition and reduce the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Method However, these insights in canine obesity have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to assess the differences in serum and inflammatory parameters, antioxidant status, fecal microbiota and bacterial metabolites in 16 obese and 15 lean client-owned dogs and how these parameters in obese may be influenced by caloric restriction. First, for 30 days, all dogs received a high-protein, high-fiber diet in amounts to maintain their body weight; later, obese dogs were fed for 180 days the same diet in restricted amounts to promote weight loss. Results Before the introduction of the experimental diet (T0), small differences in fecal microbial populations were detected between obese and lean dogs, but bacterial diversity and main bacterial metabolites did not differ. The fecal Dysbiosis Index (DI) was within the reference range (< 0) in most of dogs of both groups. Compared to lean dogs, obese dogs showed higher serum concentrations of acute-phase proteins, total thyroxine (TT4), and antioxidant capacity. Compared to T0, dietary treatment affected the fecal microbiota of obese dogs, decreasing the abundance of Firmicutes and increasing Bacteroides spp. However, these changes did not significantly affect the DI. The caloric restriction failed to exert significative changes on a large scale on bacterial populations. Consequently, the DI, bacterial diversity indices and metabolites were unaffected in obese dogs. Caloric restriction was not associated with a reduction of inflammatory markers or an improvement of the antioxidant status, while an increase of TT4 has been observed. Discussion In summary, the present results underline that canine obesity is associated with chronic inflammation. This study highlights that changes on fecal microbiota of obese dogs induced by the characteristics of the diet should be differentiated from those that are the consequence of the reduced energy intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Giuditta Vecchiato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,*Correspondence: Carla Giuditta Vecchiato, ✉
| | - Stefania Golinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Pinna
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Dorato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Costanza Delsante
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Stefanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Elena Pagani
- Monge & C. S.p.A., Monasterolo di Savigliano, Italy
| | - Federico Fracassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Biagi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Opetz DL, Oba PM, Swanson KS. Effects of overfeeding on the digestive efficiency, voluntary physical activity levels, and fecal characteristics and microbiota of adult cats. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad338. [PMID: 37772600 PMCID: PMC10590176 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of feline obesity continues to rise despite it being a preventable disease. There are many risks and health perturbations associated with obesity, with several of those impacting a pet's quality of life, wellness, and longevity. Feline obesity is commonly studied, but most research has been focused on weight loss rather than weight gain. To our knowledge, feline studies have not examined the implications of overfeeding and weight gain on gastrointestinal transit time (GTT) nor the association it has with the fecal microbiota. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of overfeeding and weight gain on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), GTT, blood hormones, serum metabolites, hematology, fecal microbiota populations, and voluntary physical activity of cats. Eleven lean adult spayed female cats [body weight (BW) = 4.11 ± 0.43 kg; body condition score = 5.41 ± 0.3; age = 5.22 ± 0.03 y] were used in a longitudinal weight gain study. After a 2-wk baseline phase, cats were allowed to overeat for 18 wk. A commercially available complete and balanced diet was fed during the baseline phase to identify the intake needed to maintain BW. Cats were then fed the same diet ad libitum to induce weight gain. Fecal samples, blood samples, and voluntary physical activity data were collected at baseline (week 0) and 6, 12, and 18 wk after weight gain. Fecal samples were collected for microbiota analysis, determination of ATTD, and GTT measurement while blood samples were collected for serum chemistry, hematology, and insulin and leptin measurements. Microbiota data were evaluated using QIIME2. All other measures were evaluated statistically using the mixed models procedure of SAS using repeated measures analysis, with time effects being the focus. A P < 0.05 was considered significant. The ATTD of dry matter (P = 0.0061), organic matter (P = 0.0130), crude protein (P < 0.0001), fat (P = 0.0002), and gross energy (P = 0.0002), and GTT (P = 0.0418) decreased with overfeeding and weight gain. Fecal bacterial alpha diversity measures were unchanged, but fecal bacterial beta diversity was impacted (P < 0.05) with overfeeding and weight gain. The relative abundances of 16 bacterial genera, including Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Erysipelatoclostridium were affected (P < 0.05) by overfeeding and weight gain. In conclusion, overfeeding and subsequent weight gain reduced ATTD, reduced GTT, and caused changes to the fecal microbial community of adult cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Opetz
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Patricia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Opetz DL, Oba PM, Kostiuk D, Kelly J, Swanson KS. Effects of weight loss and feeding specially formulated diets on the body composition, blood metabolite profiles, voluntary physical activity, and fecal metabolites and microbiota of overweight cats. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad332. [PMID: 37773637 PMCID: PMC10601921 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline obesity is a common and preventable disease, posing a myriad of health risks and detriments. Specially formulated diets and restricted feeding may serve as an intervention strategy to promote weight loss and improve feline health. In this study, our objective was to determine the effects of restricted feeding and weight loss on body composition, voluntary physical activity, blood hormones and metabolites, and fecal microbiota of overweight cats. Twenty-two overweight adult spayed female and neutered male cats [body weight (BW) = 5.70 ± 1.0 kg; body condition score (BCS) = 7.68 ± 0.6; age = 4 ± 0.4 yr] were used in a weight loss study. A control diet (OR) was fed during a 4-wk baseline to identify intake needed to maintain BW. After baseline (week 0), cats were allotted to OR or a test diet (FT) and fed to lose ~1.0% BW/wk for 24 wk. At baseline and 6, 12, 18, and 24 wk after weight loss, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were performed and blood samples were collected. Voluntary physical activity was measured at weeks 0, 8, 16, and 24. Fecal samples were collected at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24. Change from baseline data were analyzed statistically using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS, with P < 0.05 considered significant. Restricted feeding of both diets led to weight and fat mass loss, lower BCS, and lower blood triglyceride and leptin concentrations. Cats fed the FT diet had a greater reduction in blood triglycerides and cholesterol than cats fed the OR diet. Restricted feeding and weight loss reduced fecal short-chain fatty acid, branched-chain fatty acid, phenol, and indole concentrations. Fecal valerate concentrations were affected by diet, with cats fed the OR diet having a greater reduction than those fed the FT diet. Fecal bacterial alpha diversity was not affected, but fecal bacterial beta diversity analysis showed clustering by diet. Restricted feeding and weight loss affected relative abundances of 7 fecal bacterial genera, while dietary intervention affected change from baseline relative abundances of 2 fecal bacterial phyla and 20 fecal bacterial genera. Our data demonstrate that restricted feeding promoted controlled and safe weight and fat loss, reduced blood lipids and leptin concentrations, and shifted fecal metabolites and microbiota. Some changes were also impacted by diet, highlighting the importance of ingredient and nutrient composition in weight loss diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Opetz
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Patricia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Darcia Kostiuk
- Champion Petfoods Holding, Inc., Edmonton, CanadaAB T5S 2W6
| | - Janelle Kelly
- Champion Petfoods Holding, Inc., Edmonton, CanadaAB T5S 2W6
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Martins TDO, Ramos RC, Possidonio G, Bosculo MRM, Oliveira PL, Costa LR, Zamboni VAG, Marques MG, de Almeida BFM. Feline obesity causes hematological and biochemical changes and oxidative stress - a pilot study. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:167-177. [PMID: 35778642 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09940-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, an extremely important factor in feline clinical practice, is estimated to affect up to one third of the feline population. Moreover, it can trigger chronic inflammation, which could predispose to oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species, thereby generating potentially irreversible cellular damage. This study analyzed hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress profiles at various degrees of feline obesity. Forty-five cats were selected and divided into three groups: control (n = 17), overweight (n = 13) and obese (n = 15), after clinical and laboratory evaluation and body condition score. Biochemical and oxidative stress analyses were performed using a photocolorimeter and hematological analyses were performed in a veterinary cell counter. Obese cats showed increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red cell distribution width (RDW), HDL cholesterol and triglycerides and decreased activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) than control cats, although within the reference ranges for the species. As for oxidative stress, obese cats showed higher total antioxidant capacity (TAC), by the inhibition of 2,2'-Azino-Bis-3-Ethylbenzthiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid (ABTS), inhibition of ABTS associated with horseradish peroxidase (ABTS + HRP), cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, while overweight cats had a higher TAC-ABTS + HRP and TAC-FRAP than control cats. We conclude that the conditions of natural obesity and overweight in the feline species alter its hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tainara de Oliveira Martins
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rebecca Cápera Ramos
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Geovana Possidonio
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Rachel Melo Bosculo
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Lima Oliveira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (FMVA-Unesp), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia Ramos Costa
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Aquiles Gomes Zamboni
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcel Gambin Marques
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Breno Fernando Martins de Almeida
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (FMVA-Unesp), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Luis LW, Goloni C, Theodoro SDS, Tozato MEG, Pacheco LG, Monti M, Carciofi AC. Intake of energy, protein, amino acids and minerals by dogs under energy restriction for body weight loss when fed with commercial weight loss diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia W. Luis
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - Camila Goloni
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - Stephanie de Souza Theodoro
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maria E. G. Tozato
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - Leticia G. Pacheco
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mariana Monti
- Special Dog Company Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Aulus C. Carciofi
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Machado B, Bruno C, Silva D, Barth J, Santos L, Alves M, Araújo A, Pöppl Á. An overweight/obesity survey among dogs and cats attended at a veterinary teaching hospital during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Anecdotal reports suggest that the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (COVID-19) has increased overweight and obesity prevalence in dogs and cats. The present report aimed to perform a retrospective overweight/obesity survey on 1,001 consecutive cases attended in the Veterinary Clinics Hospital from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul during its reopening to the public after months closed due to the pandemic. The overall overweight or obesity observed prevalence was 36.63%; being the frequency in cats slightly greater (38.37%) than compared to dogs (35.76%). No local increase in these frequencies was detected. Neutering (dogs and cats), age greater than 10 years (dogs), and male gender (cats) were factors associated with overweight/obesity. Bodyweight was not registered in about 30% of the medical records, while the body condition score was not registered in about 50% of the cases. These flaws were more often observed in feline medical records and efforts to improve these data records are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B.S. Machado
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C.E. Bruno
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - D.I. Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - J.C. Barth
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - L.P. Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M.S. Alves
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Á.G. Pöppl
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lynden J, Hollands T, Ogden J. Animal obesity: What insights can a one health approach offer when it comes to veterinarians 'making every contact count'? Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1904. [PMID: 35877825 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is an overweight/obesity crisis in both human and companion animal populations globally. Veterinarians have an ethical obligation to protect animal welfare and, therefore, have a duty to intervene by supporting their clients in changing care plans to mitigate and prevent pet overweight/obesity. Currently, there is limited evidence in veterinary contexts for when and how this can be done effectively. In contrast, a more comprehensive body of literature has been developed on how human healthcare practitioners 'make every contact count' (MECC). This review begins by briefly exploring the cross-species multifactorial causes of overweight/obesity, before considering the literature regarding whether veterinarians reliably address overweight/obesity and the obstacles they encounter. The review then explores the evidence from human healthcare contexts in terms of how person-centred and health 'coaching-style' MECC interventions have supported weight management in adult and child populations and the barriers practitioners face when implementing these interventions. The final section interprets this literature to provide a fresh 'lens' through which veterinarians' concerns can be understood. Recommendations are made for enhancing veterinarians' capacity to develop the knowledge and skills needed for successful outcomes when MECC. Opportunities for developing local multi-stakeholder/agency teams taking a 'one health' approach are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lynden
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Teresa Hollands
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Jane Ogden
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wainwright J, Millar KM, White GA. Owners' views of canine nutrition, weight and wellbeing and their implications for the veterinary consultation. J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:381-388. [PMID: 35052011 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate owners' views around canine nutrition and wellbeing, how these beliefs may differ according to the weight status of the dog and the implications for owner support approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS A researcher-mediated questionnaire collected quantitative and qualitative data via structured interviews with dog owners (n=147) attending a country park in the East Midlands, UK, with a specific focus on views around canine nutrition and wellbeing. RESULTS Forty-four percent of owners cited "past experience" when determining what to feed, and only 9% of owners cited the veterinarian as a source of this information. When comparing chosen verbal description versus non-sequential body condition score images of the dog, only 22% of owners with overweight animals matched perceived verbal and visual appraisals, compared with 89% of owners of ideal weight dogs. Owners cited a good diet and regular exercise as important factors for canine wellbeing, but companionship with other dogs as the least important factor. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Owners report being aware of the important association between canine nutrition and wellbeing, but their considered importance of factors influencing dog wellbeing may be influenced by their perceived weight status of the animal. Veterinarians may need to reframe owner discourse such that there is more routine discussion around weight and nutrition at every consultation. Furthermore, the use of non-sequential body condition score images could be a useful tool for a more considered opinion of canine weight status by owners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Wainwright
- School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - K M Millar
- Centre for Applied Bioethics, School of Biosciences and School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - G A White
- School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Phungviwatnikul T, Lee AH, Belchik SE, Suchodolski JS, Swanson KS. Weight loss and high-protein, high-fiber diet consumption impact blood metabolite profiles, body composition, voluntary physical activity, fecal microbiota, and fecal metabolites of adult dogs. J Anim Sci 2021; 100:6490144. [PMID: 34967874 PMCID: PMC8846339 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine obesity is associated with reduced lifespan and metabolic dysfunction, but can be managed by dietary intervention. This study aimed to determine the effects of restricted feeding of a high-protein, high-fiber (HPHF) diet and weight loss on body composition, physical activity, blood metabolites, and fecal microbiota and metabolites of overweight dogs. Twelve spayed female dogs (age: 5.5 ± 1.1 yr; body weight [BW]: 14.8 ± 2.0 kg, body condition score [BCS]: 7.9 ± 0.8) were fed a HPHF diet during a 4-wk baseline phase to maintain BW. After baseline (week 0), dogs were first fed 80% of baseline intake and then adjusted to target 1.5% weekly weight loss for 24 wk. Body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and blood samples (weeks 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24), voluntary physical activity (weeks 0, 7, 15, and 23), and fresh fecal samples for microbiota and metabolite analysis (weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24) were measured over time. Microbiota data were analyzed using QIIME 2. All data were analyzed statistically over time using SAS 9.4. After 24 wk, dogs lost 31.2% of initial BW and had 1.43 ± 0.73% weight loss per week. BCS decreased (P < 0.0001) by 2.7 units, fat mass decreased (P < 0.0001) by 3.1 kg, and fat percentage decreased (P < 0.0001) by 11.7% with weight loss. Many serum metabolites and hormones were altered, with triglycerides, leptin, insulin, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 decreasing (P < 0.05) with weight loss. Relative abundances of fecal Bifidobacterium, Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002, undefined Muribaculaceae, Allobaculum, Eubacterium, Lachnospira, Negativivibacillus, Ruminococcus gauvreauii group, uncultured Erysipelotrichaceae, and Parasutterella increased (P < 0.05), whereas Prevotellaceae Ga6A1 group, Catenibacterium, Erysipelatoclostridium, Fusobacterium, Holdemanella, Lachnoclostridium, Lactobacillus, Megamonas, Peptoclostridium, Ruminococcus gnavus group, and Streptococcus decreased (P < 0.01) with weight loss. Despite the number of significant changes, a state of dysbiosis was not observed in overweight dogs. Fecal ammonia and secondary bile acids decreased, whereas fecal valerate increased with weight loss. Several correlations between gut microbial taxa and biological parameters were observed. Our results suggest that restricted feeding of a HPHF diet and weight loss promotes fat mass loss, minimizes lean mass loss, reduces inflammatory marker and triglyceride concentrations, and modulates fecal microbiota phylogeny and activity in overweight dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne H Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sara E Belchik
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Corresponding author:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Paulin MV, Dunn M, Vachon C, Beauchamp G, Conversy B. Association between hyperlipidemia and calcium oxalate lower urinary tract uroliths in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 36:146-155. [PMID: 34854133 PMCID: PMC8783332 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome is associated with formation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths in humans. Objectives To investigate the association between obesity and hyperlipidemia with CaOx lower urinary tract uroliths in client‐owned dogs. Animals Dogs with (n = 55, U [uroliths]‐dogs) and without (n = 39, UF [uroliths‐free]‐dogs) CaOx lower urinary tract uroliths. Methods Case‐control study. U‐dogs were retrospectively enrolled and compared to UF‐dogs. Body condition score (BCS; 1‐9 scoring scale), serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (CH) concentrations and glycemia (after >12‐hour food withholding) were recorded in both groups. Results On univariate logistic regression, when excluding Miniature Schnauzers, odds of having uroliths increased by a factor of 3.32 (95% CI 1.38‐11.12) for each mmol/L of TG (P = .027), of 39 (95% CI 9.27‐293.22) for each mmol/L of glycemia (P < .0001), and of 2.43 (95% CI 1.45‐4.45) per unit of BCS (P = .002). In multivariable models, the effect of TG was retained when all breeds were included for analysis and odds of having uroliths increased by a factor of 4.34 per mmol/L of TG (95% CI 1.45‐19.99; P = .02). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Serum lipid screening in dogs diagnosed with CaOx uroliths might be recommended to improve their medical staging and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu V Paulin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine-University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Marilyn Dunn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital-University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Vachon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital-University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital-University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bérénice Conversy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital-University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Traughber ZT, Detweiler KB, Price AK, Knap KE, Harper TA, Swanson KS, de Godoy MRC. Effect of crude fiber and total dietary fiber on the calculated nitrogen-free extract and metabolizable energy content of various dog foods fed to client-owned dogs with osteoarthritis. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:787-794. [PMID: 34554875 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.10.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare measurements of crude fiber (CF) and total dietary fiber (TDF) for various dog foods and their effect on the calculated nitrogen-free extract and metabolizable energy (ME) content, and to compare label-guaranteed and laboratory-analyzed macronutrient values. SAMPLES 51 dog foods fed to client-owned dogs with osteoarthritis. PROCEDURES Foods were analyzed for dry matter, ash, crude protein, acid-hydrolyzed fat, CF, and TDF. Metabolizable energy was calculated by use of a formula with modified Atwater factors and formulas recommended by the National Research Council that included both CF and TDF values. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the correlation between CF and TDF values. RESULTS Only a few foods failed to conform to the guaranteed analysis for all macronutrients except for CF, in which approximately 40% of the foods exceeded the guaranteed maximum values. The CF and TDF values were moderately correlated (r = 0.843). Correlations among CF- and TDF-based ME estimations were moderate with use of the modified Atwater formula and strong with use of the National Research Council formulas (r = 0.86 and r = 0.91, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Values for CF were the most variable of the macronutrients of the evaluated dog foods and results suggested that CF is an incomplete and inaccurate measurement of dietary fiber content and, thus, its inaccuracy may lead to inaccurate and variable ME values.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ronja N, Kölle P. [Obesity in dogs - A review of underlying reasons]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:284-293. [PMID: 34425607 DOI: 10.1055/a-1548-2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity does not merely represent a human problem but is also recognized as an immense health threat in domestic animals. However, this disease is frequently not recognized by the pet owner. Current studies assume that up to 60 % of domestic dogs are overweight or significantly obese with various reasons existing for this development. Not only the feeding management contributes to the development of obesity but also genetics, age and gender as well as specific primary diseases add to the individual's weight gain. Addtionally, medical treatment and the owner-pet-relationship may increase the risk for obesity. In order to treat obesity in a qualified manner or ideally to prevent this from developing in the first place, a profound knowledge concerning the underlying causes is essential. The present article provides a review of the most important impact factors thus adding to the body of information allowing for the acquisition of such expertise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitsch Ronja
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Petra Kölle
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Arena L, Menchetti L, Diverio S, Guardini G, Gazzano A, Mariti C. Overweight in Domestic Cats Living in Urban Areas of Italy: Risk Factors for an Emerging Welfare Issue. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2246. [PMID: 34438704 PMCID: PMC8388420 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight is common in cats and has health and welfare implications. This study aimed to assess potential predictive/protective factors for feline overweight associated with owner management and their relationship with cat behavior and welfare. A questionnaire was administered to 197 owners to collect information about cat demographics, management, environment, dietary habits and behavior. The feline Body Mass Index was recorded for each cat. Univariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of parameters with overweight cats. Variables with a p-value < 0.10 at univariable analyses were selected for the multivariable model. Most cats were mixed- breed, 1-7 years old and neutered; 51.3% were overweight. Age higher than 7 years, neutering, being alone all day and being stressed were predictive for overweight (p < 0.05). Conversely, the presence of other animals had a protective effect (p < 0.05). A general disagreement between owners' perception and clinical evaluation of cats' body condition was a common and significant risk factor for overweight (OR = 8.532, 95% CI = 4.073-17.875; p < 0.001). According to the owners, many veterinarians did not inform them about their cat being overweight nor about the risks (p < 0.001). This study provides helpful information on the influence of management and environment on cats' body condition and its relationship with cat welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Arena
- Laboratory of Ethology and Animal Welfare (LEBA), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia University, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Laura Menchetti
- Laboratory of Ethology and Animal Welfare (LEBA), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia University, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Silvana Diverio
- Laboratory of Ethology and Animal Welfare (LEBA), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia University, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Giovanna Guardini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.G.); (A.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Angelo Gazzano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.G.); (A.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Chiara Mariti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.G.); (A.G.); (C.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kamleh M, Khosa DK, Verbrugghe A, Dewey CE, Stone E. A cross-sectional study of pet owners' attitudes and intentions towards nutritional guidance received from veterinarians. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e123. [PMID: 33272957 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beliefs of pet owners strongly influence their decision-making surrounding their pets' diet. Thus, nutritional guidance is an essential component of veterinary practice and integral to managing rising rates of pet obesity. This study examined pet owners' trust of, perceived effectiveness of, and intentions to follow nutritional guidance received from their veterinarian in managing their pets' diet. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 1402 dog and cat owners in the USA and Canada was conducted using an online questionnaire tool. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression modelling. RESULTS Clients are concerned about the effectiveness of veterinary nutrition recommendations. Cat owners were more likely than dog owners to consider the nutritional guidance they receive from veterinarians effective for their pets' diet (1.75, P=0.04). Length of pet ownership, feeding dry diets and frequency of veterinary visits were all positively associated with owners considering veterinary nutritional guidance to be effective in managing pets' diet. CONCLUSION Identifying these perspectives can aid in developing strategies to provide nutrition support to pet owners to improve their perceptions of, self-efficacy with, and compliance with veterinary nutrition recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- May Kamleh
- Department of Epidemiology, Harris County Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Deep K Khosa
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cate E Dewey
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Stone
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Camara A, Verbrugghe A, Cargo-Froom C, Hogan K, DeVries TJ, Sanchez A, Robinson LE, Shoveller AK. The daytime feeding frequency affects appetite-regulating hormones, amino acids, physical activity, and respiratory quotient, but not energy expenditure, in adult cats fed regimens for 21 days. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238522. [PMID: 32946478 PMCID: PMC7500645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of feeding frequency on postprandial response of circulating appetite-regulating hormones, insulin, glucose and amino acids, and on physical activity, energy expenditure, and respiratory quotient were studied in healthy adult cats. Two experiments were designed as a 2 x 3 replicated incomplete Latin square design. Eight cats, with an average body weight (BW) of 4.34 kg ± 0.04 and body condition score (BCS) of 5.4 ± 1.4 (9 point scale), were fed isocaloric amounts of a commercial adult maintenance canned cat food either once (0800 h) or four times daily (0800 h, 1130 h, 1500 h, 1830 h). Study 1 consisted of three 21-d periods. On day 14, two fasted and 11 postprandial blood samples were collected over 24 hours to measure plasma concentrations of ghrelin, GLP-1, GIP, leptin, PYY, insulin and amino acids, and whole blood glucose. Physical activity was monitored from day 15 to 21 of each period. In Study 2 indirect calorimetry was performed on the last day of each period. Body weight was measured weekly and feed intake recorded daily in both experiments. No effect of feeding regimen on BW was detected. Cats eating four times daily had lesser plasma concentrations of GIP and GLP-1 (P<0.05) and tended to have lesser plasma PYY concentrations (P<0.1). Plasma leptin and whole blood glucose concentrations did not differ between regimens (P>0.1). Cats fed once daily had a greater postprandial plasma amino acid response, and greater plasma ghrelin and insulin concentrations (P<0.05). Physical activity was greater in cats fed four times (P<0.05), though energy expenditure was similar between treatments at fasting and in postprandial phases. Finally, cats eating one meal had a lower fasting respiratory quotient (P<0.05). Overall, these data indicate that feeding once a day may be a beneficial feeding management strategy for indoor cats to promote satiation and lean body mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Camara
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cara Cargo-Froom
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kylie Hogan
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor J. DeVries
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Sanchez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay E. Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna K. Shoveller
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Menchetti L, Padalino B, Brasileiro Fernandes F, Nanni Costa L. Comparison of nonlinear growth models and factors affecting body weight at different ages in Toy Poodles. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1799724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Menchetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Padalino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Nanni Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Delgado M, Dantas LMS. Feeding Cats for Optimal Mental and Behavioral Well-Being. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50:939-953. [PMID: 32653265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we review cats' feeding behaviors, and discuss ways of feeding cats that promote physical and mental/behavioral health, while providing cats with choices that allow expression of preferences. We address the management of several feeding issues that cat owners may face, such as obesity, pickiness, begging for food, and feeding in multi-cat households. Food puzzles are one way to provide environmental enrichment for cats, and food can be used in multiple ways for behavior modification in the clinical setting, including counterconditioning and differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Delgado
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, 2108 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Leticia M S Dantas
- Behavioral Medicine Service, Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tal M, Weese JS, Gomez DE, Hesta M, Steiner JM, Verbrugghe A. Bacterial fecal microbiota is only minimally affected by a standardized weight loss plan in obese cats. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:112. [PMID: 32293441 PMCID: PMC7161297 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research in humans and mice suggests that obesity influences the abundance and diversity of gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota, and that an “obese microbiome” influences energy metabolism and fat storage in the host. Microbiota membership and composition have been previously assessed in healthy cats. However, research investigating the effects of obesity and weight loss on the cat’s fecal microbiota is limited. Therefore, this study’s objective was to evaluate differences in fecal microbial abundance and biodiversity, as well as serum cobalamin and folate concentrations in obese cats, before and after weight loss, and compare to lean cats. Fourteen lean and 17 obese healthy client-owned cats were fed a veterinary therapeutic weight loss food at maintenance energy requirement for 4 weeks. At the end of week 4, lean cats finished the study, whereas obese cats continued with a 10-week weight loss period on the same food, fed at individually-tailored weight loss energy requirements. Body weight and body condition score were recorded every 2 weeks throughout the study. At the end of each period, a fecal sample and food-consumption records were obtained from the owners, and serum cobalamin and folate concentrations were analysed. DNA was extracted from fecal samples, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed, and products were sequenced using next-generation sequencing (Illumina MiSeq). Results No significant differences in the relative abundance of taxa and in biodiversity indices were observed between cats in either group (P > 0.05 for all tests). Nevertheless, some significantly enriched taxa, mainly belonging to Firmicutes, were noted in linear discriminant analysis effect size test in obese cats before weight loss compared to lean cats. Serum cobalamin concentrations were significantly higher in lean compared to obese cats both before and after weight loss. Serum folate concentrations were higher in obese cats before weight loss compared to after. Conclusions The association between feline obesity and the fecal bacterial microbiota was demonstrated in enriched taxa in obese cats compared to lean cats, which may be related to enhanced efficiency of energy-harvesting. However, in obese cats, the fecal microbial abundance and biodiversity were only minimally affected during the early phase of a standardized weight loss plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moran Tal
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Present address: Royal Canin Canada, 100 Beiber Rd, N0B 2J0, Puslinch, Canada
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Diego E Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, TX, USA
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Donadelli RA, Aldrich CG. The effects on nutrient utilization and stool quality of Beagle dogs fed diets with beet pulp, cellulose, and Miscanthus grass12. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:4134-4139. [PMID: 31414126 PMCID: PMC6776306 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs can benefit from dietary fibers. Traditionally, cellulose (CE) and beet pulp (BP) have been used by pet food companies as insoluble and soluble fiber sources. Miscanthus grass (MG) is a novel fiber ingredient made from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 grass produced for its fiber content, but it has not been evaluated for dogs. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of different fiber sources on nutrient utilization and stool consistency by dogs. Twelve Beagle dogs were fed 3 dietary treatments varying in their fiber sources (BP, CE, MG). Diets were fed for a 14-d period (9 d adaptation), fecal samples were collected (5 d total fecal collection) and scored. Nutrient digestibility was estimated using total fecal collection (TFC). Dogs fed BP diet had softer stools than dogs fed CE and MG (3.15 vs. 3.68 and 3.64, respectively). Wet fecal output was higher for dogs fed CE compared to MG, with dogs fed BP having the lowest values (254.3 g vs. 241.6 g vs. 208.5 g, respectively). Dogs fed CE and MG had lower DM digestibility than dogs fed BP (P < 0.05), dogs fed BP had lower CP digestibility compared with dogs fed MG and CE (81.4% vs. 85.5% and 85.8%, respectively). In conclusion, MG could be used as an alternative fiber source to CE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renan A Donadelli
- Grain Science and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Charles G Aldrich
- Grain Science and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Blood profile of obese and aged dogs (Canis familiaris). ACTA VET BRNO 2019. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201988010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood profile and haematological changes in obese adult and senior dogs. An evaluation was made from the blood profile of 59 obese adult and senior dogs. The animals were divided into two groups, group 1 (G1) with 30 obese adult dogs (2 to 8 years) and group 2 (G2) with 29 obese senior dogs (over 8 years old). The mean values of the erythrogram and platelet count parameters of both groups remained within the compared reference ranges except the red cell distribution width (RDW), whose values were lower than the reference ranges in both groups. A comparison of the values of erythrogram and platelet count of the groups indicated that the RDW and MPV (mean platelet volume) of G2 were higher than those of G1. As for the white blood cell count (WBC), only the number of band neutrophils exceeded the physiological limits for the species in both groups, with no significant difference in values between the age groups. The males in G2 showed a significantly higher mean eosinophil count than those in G1 and than the females of both groups. As for the frequency of findings, 90% of the animals in G1 and 68.96% in G2 showed left shift neutrophils (LSN), while 34.48% in G1 and 20% in G2 showed eosinophilia. It was concluded that, irrespective of age, obese animals presented no changes in erythrogram and platelet indices, and that their WBC may exhibit discrete LSN without leukocytosis.
Collapse
|
28
|
Gates MC, Zito S, Harvey LC, Dale A, Walker JK. Assessing obesity in adult dogs and cats presenting for routine vaccination appointments in the North Island of New Zealand using electronic medical records data. N Z Vet J 2019; 67:126-133. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1585990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MC Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S Zito
- Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, New Lynn, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - LC Harvey
- Environmental and Animal Sciences Practice Pathway, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A Dale
- Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, New Lynn, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - JK Walker
- New Zealand Companion Animal Council, Waiuku, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
De Cuyper A, Clauss M, Carbone C, Codron D, Cools A, Hesta M, Janssens GPJ. Predator size and prey size-gut capacity ratios determine kill frequency and carcass production in terrestrial carnivorous mammals. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies De Cuyper
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Dept of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ; Heidestraat 19 BE-9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Univ. of Zurich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Chris Carbone
- Inst. of Zoology, Zoological Society of London; London UK
| | - Daryl Codron
- Florisbad Quaternary Research Dept, National Museum; Bloemfontein South Africa
- Centre for Environmental Management, Univ. of the Free State; Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - An Cools
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Dept of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ; Heidestraat 19 BE-9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Dept of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ; Heidestraat 19 BE-9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Geert P. J. Janssens
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Dept of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ; Heidestraat 19 BE-9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu DJX, Meyer E, Broeckx BJG, Daminet S, Delanghe JR, Stock E, Bogaerts E, Hesta M, Vanderperren K. Variability of serum concentrations of cystatin C and urinary retinol-binding protein, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, immunoglobulin G, and C-reactive protein in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1659-1664. [PMID: 30216550 PMCID: PMC6189346 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Markers of kidney dysfunction and damage have potential to detect chronic kidney disease (CKD) in early stages. However, data on long‐term variation of these markers in healthy dogs is lacking and is crucial for the interpretation of results. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine temporal variations of serum cystatin C (sCysC) and urinary retinol‐binding protein (uRBP), neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (uNGAL), immunoglobulin G (uIgG), and C‐reactive protein (uCRP) in healthy dogs. Animals Eight clinically healthy adult Beagles were evaluated. Methods Longitudinal observational study. Serum cystatin C was determined by particle‐enhanced nephelometric immunoassay. Urinary retinol‐binding protein, uNGAL, uIgG and uCRP were determined by ELISA and concentrations were indexed to urinary creatinine. Within‐ and between‐dog variance components (VC) and within‐dog coefficients of variation (CV) were determined from blood and urine collected at eight time points over 1.5 years. Results Urinary C‐reactive protein (uCRP) concentrations were consistently below the detection limit (5.28 ng/mL). Mean ± within‐dog standard deviation for sCysC, uRBP/c, uNGAL/c and uIgG/c was 0.15 ± 0.01 mg/L, 0.09 ± 0.03 mg/g, 2.32 ± 2.03 μg/g and 12.47 ± 10.98 mg/g, respectively. Within‐dog CV for sCysC, uRBP/c, uNGAL/c and uIgG/c was 8.1%, 33.7%, 87.2% and 88.1%, respectively. Conclusions and clinical importance Serum cystatin C, uRBP/c, uNGAL/c and uIgG/c exhibit a wide range of long‐term within‐dog variability. Researchers and veterinarians might need to take this into account when interpreting their results. To assess their diagnostic and predictive ability, future studies need to establish reference ranges for healthy dogs and dogs with CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J X Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B J G Broeckx
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Daminet
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J R Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Stock
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Bogaerts
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Hesta
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Vanderperren
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
An international multi-centre cohort study of weight loss in overweight cats: Differences in outcome in different geographical locations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200414. [PMID: 30044843 PMCID: PMC6059437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Feline obesity is a worldwide concern which has recently been formally classified as a disease by the veterinary community. Management involves invoking controlled weight loss by feeding a purpose-formulated food in restricted quantities and altering physical activity. Most weight loss studies conducted in cats have been undertaken in research cat colonies from single geographic locations. The aim of this multi-centre cohort study was to determine the efficacy of a short-term dietary weight loss intervention in overweight pet cats across a range of geographical locations globally. Materials and methods A 3-month (median 13 weeks, inter-quartile range [IQR] 12–15 weeks) weight loss programme was conducted at 188 veterinary practices in 22 countries, and involving 730 cats, 413 of which completed the programme and had complete data available. All were fed commercially available dry or wet weight loss diets, and median energy intake was 53 kcal/kg BW0.711/day. The Royal Canin Ethics Committee approved the study, and owners gave informed consent. Owners completed behavioural questionnaires assessing begging, physical activity and quality of life (QOL). Linear mixed models were used to assess the respective influence of time, age, and initial body condition score (BCS) on weight loss and behavioural observations. Results At baseline, median age was 72 months (range 12–200 months) and median BCS was 8 (range 7–9). In all, 402/413 cats (97%) lost weight (mean 10.6±6.3%) during the programme at a rate of 0.8 ±0.50%/week. Based upon owner questionnaires, activity and QOL improved (both P<0.001), while begging behaviour decreased (P<0.001) during weight loss. The main factor influencing percentage weight loss was geographical location (P<0.001), with cats in North America losing less weight (median 7.2%, IQR: 4.4–10.4%) than those in both Europe (10.7%, 6-8-15.4%) and South America (10.0%, 6.2–15.4%). Differences in weight loss were also observed amongst countries (P<0.001), with cats in Argentina, Germany, and Italy losing more weight than cats in the USA, and cats in Germany also losing more weight than cats in Portugal. Discussion/conclusion Most of the overweight cats enrolled in this international multi-centre study successfully lost weight. The reason for the differences in percentage weight loss amongst geographical locations requires further study.
Collapse
|
32
|
André A, Leriche I, Chaix G, Thorin C, Burger M, Nguyen P. Recovery of insulin sensitivity and optimal body composition after rapid weight loss in obese dogs fed a high-protein medium-carbohydrate diet. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018. [PMID: 28627053 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of an experimental high-protein medium-carbohydrate diet (protein level, 46% metabolizable energy, ME). First, postprandial plasma glucose and insulin kinetics were determined in steady-state overweight/obese Beagle dogs (28%-41% excess body weight) for an experimental high-protein medium-carbohydrate diet (protein level, 46% ME) and a commercial high-carbohydrate medium-protein diet (protein level, 24%ME) in obese dogs. Secondly, all the dogs were included in a weight loss programme. They were fed the high-protein medium-carbohydrate diet, and the energy allocation was gradually reduced until they reached their optimal body weight. Insulin sensitivity and body composition were evaluated before and after weight loss using a euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp and the deuterium oxide dilution technique respectively. For statistical analysis, linear mixed effect models were used with a significance level of 5%. Postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were substantially lower with the high-protein medium-carbohydrate diet than the high-carbohydrate medium-protein diet. These differences can be explained mainly by the difference in carbohydrate content between the two diets. Energy restriction (35% lower energy intake than in the obese state) resulted in a 2.23 ± 0.05% loss in body weight/week, and the dogs reached their optimal body weight in 12-16 weeks. Weight loss was associated with a significant increase in insulin sensitivity. The high-protein medium-carbohydrate diet allowed fat-free mass preservation despite a relatively high rate of weekly weight loss. The increase in insulin sensitivity indicated improved control of carbohydrate metabolism, possible due to weight loss and to the nature of the diet. Thus, a high-protein medium-carbohydrate diet is a good nutritional solution for managing the weight of overweight dogs. This diet may improve glycaemic control, which could be beneficial for preventing or managing impaired glucose tolerance in obese dogs and for safe and successful weight loss while preserving lean body mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A André
- UBL, Oniris, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering Nantes-Atlantic, Nutrition, Physiopathology and Pharmacology Unit (NP3), Nantes, France
| | | | - G Chaix
- Virbac Medical Department, Carros, France
| | - C Thorin
- UBL, Oniris, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering Nantes-Atlantic, Nutrition, Physiopathology and Pharmacology Unit (NP3), Nantes, France
| | - M Burger
- UBL, Oniris, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering Nantes-Atlantic, Nutrition, Physiopathology and Pharmacology Unit (NP3), Nantes, France
| | - P Nguyen
- UBL, Oniris, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering Nantes-Atlantic, Nutrition, Physiopathology and Pharmacology Unit (NP3), Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
MacMartin C, Wheat HC, Coe JB, Adams CL. Conversation Analysis of Veterinarians' Proposals for Long-Term Dietary Change in Companion Animal Practice in Ontario, Canada. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 45:514-533. [PMID: 29393763 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.0317-034r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional changes recommended by veterinarians to clients can have a major role in animal-patient health. Although there is literature on best practices that can inform veterinary communication training, little is known specifically about how veterinarians communicate their recommendations to clients in real-life interactions. This study used the qualitative research method of conversation analysis to investigate the form and content of veterinarian-initiated proposals for long-term dietary change in canine and feline patients to further inform veterinary communication training. We analyzed the characteristics and design of veterinarian-initiated proposals for long-term nutritional modification as well as the appointment phases during which they occurred, in a subsample of 42 videotaped segments drawn from 35 companion animal appointments in eastern Ontario, Canada. Analyses indicated that veterinarians initiated proposals at various points during the consultations rather than as a predictable part of treatment planning at the end. While some proposals were worded strongly (e.g., "She should be on…"), most proposals avoided the presumption that dietary change would inevitably occur. Such proposals described dietary items as options (e.g., "There are also special diets…") or used mitigating language (e.g., "you may want to try…"). These findings seem to reflect delicate veterinarian-client dynamics associated with dietary advice-giving in veterinary medicine that can impact adherence and limit shared decision-making. Our analyses offer guidance for communication training in veterinary education related to dietary treatment decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare MacMartin
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada. E-mail:
| | - Hannah C Wheat
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Jason B Coe
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Cindy L Adams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Santarossa A, Parr JM, Verbrugghe A. The importance of assessing body composition of dogs and cats and methods available for use in clinical practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 251:521-529. [PMID: 28828948 DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.5.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
35
|
Verbrugghe A, Hesta M. Cats and Carbohydrates: The Carnivore Fantasy? Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4040055. [PMID: 29140289 PMCID: PMC5753635 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The domestic cat’s wild ancestors are obligate carnivores that consume prey containing only minimal amounts of carbohydrates. Evolutionary events adapted the cat’s metabolism and physiology to this diet strictly composed of animal tissues and led to unique digestive and metabolic peculiarities of carbohydrate metabolism. The domestic cat still closely resembles its wild ancestor. Although the carnivore connection of domestic cats is well recognised, little is known about the precise nutrient profile to which the digestive physiology and metabolism of the cat have adapted throughout evolution. Moreover, studies show that domestic cats balance macronutrient intake by selecting low-carbohydrate foods. The fact that cats evolved consuming low-carbohydrate prey has led to speculations that high-carbohydrate diets could be detrimental for a cat’s health. More specifically, it has been suggested that excess carbohydrates could lead to feline obesity and diabetes mellitus. Additionally, the chances for remission of diabetes mellitus are higher in cats that consume a low-carbohydrate diet. This literature review will summarise current carbohydrate knowledge pertaining to digestion, absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates, food selection and macronutrient balancing in healthy, obese and diabetic cats, as well as the role of carbohydrates in prevention and treatment of obesity and diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph N1G 2W1 ON, Canada.
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
GOSSLER VANESSAS, SANTOS FRANCISLAINEA, AZEVEDO ALINERDE, GONÇALVES PRISCILAC, RIGOLO HUGOA, TREVISAN CLEONICE, MASSENO ANAPAULAB, CARDOSO ANAPAULAM, PAPA PAULAC, CASTILHO CALIÊ, GIOMETTI INESC. Evaluation of cell proliferation and endometrial thickness of bitches in different periods of diestrus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 89:1719-1727. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720150611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
37
|
Phillips AM, Coe JB, Rock MJ, Adams CL. Feline Obesity in Veterinary Medicine: Insights from a Thematic Analysis of Communication in Practice. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:117. [PMID: 28824925 PMCID: PMC5534443 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline obesity has become a common disease and important animal welfare issue. Little is known about how, or how often, veterinarians and feline-owning clients are addressing obesity during clinical appointments. The purpose of this qualitative study was to characterize verbal and non-verbal communication between veterinarians and clients regarding feline obesity. The sample consisted of video-recordings of 17 veterinarians during 284 actual appointments in companion animal patients in Eastern Ontario. This audio-visual dataset served to identify 123 feline appointments. Of these, only 25 appointments were identified in which 12 veterinarians and their clients spoke about feline obesity. Thematic analysis of the videos and transcripts revealed inconsistencies in the depth of address of feline obesity and its prevention by participating veterinarians. In particular, in-depth nutritional history taking and clear recommendations of management rarely took place. Veterinarians appeared to attempt to strengthen the veterinary-client relationship and cope with ambiguity in their role managing obesity with humor and by speaking directly to their animal patients. Clients also appeared to use humor to deal with discomfort surrounding the topic. Our findings have implications for communication skills training within veterinary curricula and professional development among practicing veterinarians. As obesity is complex and potentially sensitive subject matter, we suggest a need for veterinarians to have further intentionality and training toward in-depth nutritional history gathering and information sharing while navigating obesity management discussions to more completely address client perspective and patient needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason B Coe
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie J Rock
- Department of Community Health Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cindy L Adams
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gerstner K, Liesegang A. Survey: nutrition, body condition and activities of dogs in Switzerland. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Gerstner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - A. Liesegang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Obesity and Associated Comorbidities in People and Companion Animals: A One Health Perspective. J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:296-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
40
|
Dantas LM, Delgado MM, Johnson I, Buffington CT. Food puzzles for cats: Feeding for physical and emotional wellbeing. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:723-32. [PMID: 27102691 PMCID: PMC11148901 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16643753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Many pet cats are kept indoors for a variety of reasons (eg, safety, health, avoidance of wildlife predation) in conditions that are perhaps the least natural to them. Indoor housing has been associated with health issues, such as chronic lower urinary tract signs, and development of problem behaviors, which can cause weakening of the human-animal bond and lead to euthanasia of the cat. Environmental enrichment may mitigate the effects of these problems and one approach is to take advantage of cats' natural instinct to work for their food. AIM In this article we aim to equip veterinary professionals with the tools to assist clients in the use of food puzzles for their cats as a way to support feline physical health and emotional wellbeing. We outline different types of food puzzles, and explain how to introduce them to cats and how to troubleshoot challenges with their use. EVIDENCE BASE The effect of food puzzles on cats is a relatively new area of study, so as well as reviewing the existing empirical evidence, we provide case studies from our veterinary and behavioral practices showing health and behavioral benefits resulting from their use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Ms Dantas
- Behavioral Medicine Service, University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mikel M Delgado
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Feline Minds, Richmond, CA, USA
| | | | - Ca Tony Buffington
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Peron L, Rahal SC, Castilho MS, Melchert A, Vassalo FG, Mesquita LR, Kano WT. Owner׳s Perception for Detecting Feline Body Condition Based on Questionnaire and Scores. Top Companion Anim Med 2016; 31:122-124. [PMID: 27968812 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the owner׳s ability to identify body condition in cats, based on questionnaire and scores, as well as to obtain others׳ information about the cat and the owner that may be related to the body condition. Seventy-seven owned cats, aged above 11 months, were evaluated. Initially, information was obtained on age, sex, breed, and whether they had been neutered. Next, owners were asked to fill a questionnaire: the first section was about the cat׳s diet type, feeding regime, and activity level, and the second section was on the owners׳ diet, physical activity, and physical condition. The owners estimated body condition of their cats before and after seeing drawings with images. The authors also estimated body condition. Only a 5-point visual scale showed significant difference between the cat׳s body score assigned by the owner before and after seeing drawings, and before seeing drawings compared with the cat׳s body score assigned by the authors. A weak positive correlation was detected between cat׳s body score assigned by the 2 authors and access to any type of cat climbing systems, and weak negative correlation was detected for the variable spayed or neutered. The cat׳s physical activity level showed weak negative correlation with cat׳s body score. There was a strong positive correlation between cat׳s body weight and cat׳s body score. The owners showed ability to identify body condition in cats after seeing the drawings in both visual scales, and there was a relationship between cat׳s body weight and body condition score.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Peron
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Sheila C Rahal
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maíra S Castilho
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Melchert
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia G Vassalo
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane R Mesquita
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Washington T Kano
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Nutritional assessment focuses on evaluation of animal-specific, diet-specific, feeding management, and environmental factors. Assessment includes evaluation of a patient's medical history, comprehensive diet history, and physical examination including body weight, body condition, and muscle condition. Diagnostic testing may identify comorbidities associated with obesity or concurrent health conditions that need to be considered when developing a nutrition plan. When obesity is diagnosed during the nutritional assessment this finding along with health implications must be clearly communicated to the pet owner. Careful consideration of animal-specific, diet-specific, owner-specific, and environmental factors allows the clinician to develop a specific nutrition plan tailored to the needs of pet and owner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Eirmann
- Nutrition Service, Oradell Animal Hospital, 580 Winters Avenue, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA; Veterinary Communications, Nestlé Purina PetCare, Checkerboard Square, St Louis, MO 63164, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Obesity is commonly encountered in veterinary patients. Although there are various published dietary approaches to achieving weight loss, successful long-term prevention of weight regain has proven elusive. Adding environmental and behavioral treatment strategies to a weight loss plan may help the veterinary team, the pet, and the pet owner maximize the effectiveness of the program. Because the owner directly affects the environment and behavior of the pet undergoing a weight loss plan, treatment strategies with an emphasis on owner involvement is the focus of this review. Veterinary use of the 5 A's behavioral counseling approach with the pet owner is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryanne Murphy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, 197 Hance Avenue, Tinton Falls, NJ 07724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Floerchinger AM, Jackson MI, Jewell DE, MacLeay JM, Hahn KA, Paetau-Robinson I. Effect of feeding a weight loss food beyond a caloric restriction period on body composition and resistance to weight gain in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016. [PMID: 26225608 DOI: 10.2460/javma.247.4.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of feeding a food with coconut oil and supplemental L-carnitine, lysine, leucine, and fiber on weight loss and maintenance in cats. DESIGN Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS 50 overweight cats. PROCEDURES The study consisted of 2 trials. During trial 1, 30 cats were allocated to 3 groups (10 cats/group) to be fed a dry maintenance cat food to maintain body weight (group 1) or a dry test food at the same amount on a mass (group 2) or energy (group 3) basis as group 1. During trial 2, each of 20 cats was fed the test food and caloric intake was adjusted to maintain a weight loss rate of 1%/wk (weight loss phase). Next, each cat was fed the test food in an amount calculated to maintain the body weight achieved at the end of the weight loss phase (weight maintenance phase). Cats were weighed and underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry monthly. Metabolomic data were determined before (baseline) and after each phase. RESULTS During trial 1, cats in groups 2 and 3 lost significantly more weight than did those in group 1. During trial 2, cats lost a significant amount of body weight and fat mass but retained lean body mass during the weight loss phase and continued to lose body weight and fat mass but gained lean body mass during the weight maintenance phase. Evaluation of metabolomic data suggested that fat metabolism was improved from baseline for cats fed the test food. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that feeding overweight cats the test food caused weight loss and improvements in body condition during the weight maintenance phase, possibly because the food composition improved energy metabolism.
Collapse
|
45
|
MacMartin C, Wheat HC, Coe JB, Adams CL. Effect of question design on dietary information solicited during veterinarian-client interactions in companion animal practice in Ontario, Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 246:1203-14. [PMID: 25970217 DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.11.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the types of initial questions used by veterinarians in companion animal practice to solicit nutritional history information from owners of dogs and cats, the dietary information elicited, and the relationship between initial question-answer sequences and later nutrition-related questions. DESIGN Cross-sectional qualitative conversation analytic study. SAMPLE 98 appointments featuring 15 veterinarians drawn from an observational study of 284 videotaped veterinarian-client-patient visits involving 17 veterinarians in companion animal practices in eastern Ontario, Canada. PROCEDURES Veterinarian and client talk related to patient nutrition was identified and transcribed; conversation analysis was then used to examine the orderly design and details of talk within and across turns. Nutrition-related discussions occurred in 172 visits, 98 of which contained veterinarian-initiated question-answer sequences about patient nutritional history (99 sequences in total, with 2 sequences in 1 visit). RESULTS The predominant question format used by veterinarians was a what-prefaced question asking about the current content of the patient's diet (75/99). Overall, 63 appointments involved a single what-prefaced question in the first turn of nutrition talk by the veterinarian (64 sequences in total). Dietary information in client responses was typically restricted to the brand name, the subtype (eg, kitten), or the brand name and subtype of a single food item. When additional diet questions were subsequently posed, they typically sought only clarification about the food item previously mentioned by the client. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that question design can influence the accuracy and completeness of a nutritional history. These findings can potentially provide important evidence-based guidance for communication training in nutritional assessment techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare MacMartin
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, College of Social and Applied Human Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1H 2W1, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yam PS, Butowski CF, Chitty JL, Naughton G, Wiseman-Orr ML, Parkin T, Reid J. Impact of canine overweight and obesity on health-related quality of life. Prev Vet Med 2016; 127:64-9. [PMID: 27094142 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine obesity is increasing in prevalence in the UK and raises concerns about dog welfare. This study compares the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of dogs of varying body condition: overweight and obese (BCS 4 and 5) versus non-overweight dogs (BCS 2 and 3), obese (BCS 5) versus non-overweight (BCS 2 and 3) and an overall comparison between all four BCS (BCS 2, 3, 4 and 5) using a novel, validated HRQL instrument which is both web and mobile tablet/phone app based. Of 271 dog owners who were approached, 174 completed a web-based instrument (2013) or a mobile tablet app instrument (2014) during the summers of 2013 and 2014. Automatically generated scores in four domains of HRQL (energetic/enthusiastic, happy/content, active/comfortable, calm/relaxed) were compared for dogs with each of the body condition scores (BCS 2-5). For all body condition scores a statistically significant difference was found between the HRQL scores in two of the domains: energetic/enthusiastic (p=0.02) and active comfortable (p=0.004). When BCS 2 and 3 were compared to BCS 4 and 5, statistical significance was found in the same two domains - energetic/enthusiastic (p=0.01) and active comfortable (p=0.001) - as it was in comparison of non-overweight (BCS 2 and 3) compared to obese dogs (BCS 5): energetic/enthusiastic (p=0.012) and active comfortable (p=0.004). These results suggest that overweight and obese dogs have a reduced HRQL in two of the domains compared to non-overweight dogs, and that differences in HRQL are detectable between BCS scores 2, 3, 4 and 5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Yam
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - C F Butowski
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - J L Chitty
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - G Naughton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - M L Wiseman-Orr
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - T Parkin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - J Reid
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Floerchinger AM, Jackson MI, Jewell DE, MacLeay JM, Paetau-Robinson I, Hahn KA. Effect of feeding a weight loss food beyond a caloric restriction period on body composition and resistance to weight gain in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.247.4.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
48
|
Adolphe JL, Drew MD, Silver TI, Fouhse J, Childs H, Weber LP. Effect of an extruded pea or rice diet on postprandial insulin and cardiovascular responses in dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 99:767-76. [PMID: 25475789 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peas are increasing in popularity as a source of carbohydrate, protein and fibre in extruded canine diets. The aim of this study was to test the health effects of two canine diets with identical macronutrient profiles, but containing either yellow field peas or white rice as the carbohydrate source on metabolism, cardiovascular outcomes and adiposity. First, the acute glycemic, insulinemic and cardiovascular responses to the pea- or rice-based diets were determined in normal weight beagles (n = 7 dogs). The glycemic index did not differ between the pea diet (56 ± 12) and rice diet (63 ± 9). Next, obese beagles (n = 9) were fed the yellow field pea diet or white rice diet ad libitum for 12 weeks in a crossover study. Adiposity (measured using computed tomography), metabolic (oral glucose tolerance test, plasma leptin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein) and cardiovascular assessments (echocardiography and blood pressure) were performed before and after each crossover study period. After 12 weeks on each diet, peak insulin (p = 0.05) and area under the curve (AUC) for insulin after a 10 g oral glucose tolerance test (p = 0.05) were lower with the pea than the rice diet. Diet did not show a significant effect on body weight, fat distribution, cardiovascular variables, adiponectin or leptin. In conclusion, a diet containing yellow field peas reduced the postprandial insulin response after glucose challenge in dogs despite continued obesity, indicating improved metabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Adolphe
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - M D Drew
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - T I Silver
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - J Fouhse
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - H Childs
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - L P Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
What’s in a Dog’s Breakfast? Considering the Social, Veterinary and Environmental Implications of Feeding Food Scraps to Pets Using Three Australian Surveys. SUSTAINABILITY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/su7067195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
50
|
Lenox C, Becvarova I, Archipow W. Metabolic bone disease and central retinal degeneration in a kitten due to nutritional inadequacy of an all-meat raw diet. JFMS Open Rep 2015; 1:2055116915579682. [PMID: 28491346 PMCID: PMC5362880 DOI: 10.1177/2055116915579682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-month-old castrated male Sphynx kitten presented with left hindlimb lameness shortly after adoption. Prior to adoption, the breeder had fed the kitten an exclusively raw chicken diet. Radiographs revealed generalized osteopenia and a left tibia–fibula fracture. Ophthalmic examination revealed corneal vascularization and opacity in the right eye, and lesions suggestive of feline central retinal degeneration in the left eye. The patient’s diagnoses included metabolic bone disease and feline central retinal degeneration, which can result from taurine deficiency. The kitten’s nutritional diseases were managed with a complete and balanced canned diet designed for kitten growth and with taurine supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lenox
- Royal Canin, 500 Fountain Lakes Blvd Ste 100, St Charles, MO, USA
| | | | - Wendy Archipow
- Brisbane Veterinary Specialist Centre, Albany Creek, Australia
| |
Collapse
|