1
|
Mahadappa P, Jeyaraja K, Thirunavakkarasu PS, Krishnaswamy N. Association between systolic blood pressure and target organ damage in naturally occurring cases of systemic hypertension in the dog. Top Companion Anim Med 2024; 58:100843. [PMID: 37979614 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2023.100843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronic elevation in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) adversely affects the lifespan in the dog by causing injury to the eye, heart, kidney and brain. Understanding the association between SBP and target organ damage (TOD) helps in risk categorization and treatment planning. Therefore, a prospective study was undertaken to find the association between SBP and renal resistive index (RI) in naturally occurring cases of canine systemic hypertension. Based on the ACVIM guidelines 2018, dogs (n=135) were categorized into four risk groups of SBP, viz., A (minimal), B (low), C (moderate), and D (high). Ophthalmoscopy and echocardiography were used to assess ocular and cardiac changes, respectively. Nephrosonography, urinalysis, and RI were used to assess kidney damage. Odds ratio (OR) was used to quantify the risk of TOD for different categories of SBP. One-way Anova with Tukey's post-hoc test was used to test the effect of different SBP risk groups on urine protein creatinine ratio (UPC) and RI as well as the effect of number of TOD on the RI. Pearson's correlation test was done to see the relation of SBP with UPC and RI. Tortuous retinal vessels were common in group B with an OR of 11 (95% CI: 0.59-207). Retinal hemorrhage and left ventricular hypertrophy were common in group D with an OR of 13 (95% CI: 0.67-234) and 11 (95% CI: 0.61-207), respectively. A significant strong positive correlation of SBP with UPC (R2=0.65) and RI (R2=0.58) was observed. The renal RI significantly increased when the number of TOD was ≥ 2. It was concluded that SBP and RI are associated with the number and severity of TOD and might be valuable in risk classification in hypertensive dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mahadappa
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal Campus, Bengaluru, 560024, India.
| | - K Jeyaraja
- Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS, Chennai, 600007, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gil L, Wsol M, Fernández-Barredo S, Navarro PF. Urinary Electrophoretograms Performed by Capillary Electrophoresis: Comparison between Dogs and Cats. Gels 2023; 9:544. [PMID: 37504423 PMCID: PMC10379986 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophoresis of urine to evaluate different urinary proteins has been used in recent years in veterinary medicine, as it can be a useful laboratory tool in the early detection of kidney damage. However, urinary capillary electrophoresis (UCE) has not been reported in healthy cats. In healthy dogs, reference intervals have been established and can be compared with pathological samples as these provide an easily interpretable pattern. The electrophoretogram in this study is divided into five fractions (F1-F5) by serum (albumin; alpha1-globulin; alpha2-globulin; beta-globulin; and gamma-globulin). Urine samples from 14 healthy cats were obtained by eco-guided cystocentesis. UCE was run in all samples and compared to 123 dog electrophoretograms from a previously published study. Fraction 2 (alpha1-globulin) was statistically decreased in cats (G1) compared to dogs (G2). Fraction 4 (beta-globulin) was statistically augmented in cats compared to the canine population (G2). Fraction 5 (gamma-globulin) was statistically decreased in cats (G1) compared to dogs (G2). No statistical correlation was found between each cat's serum and urinary fractions. The results of the present study suggest that UCE patterns in cats are similar to the ones described in dogs. UCE can be a non-invasive new diagnostic tool in cats as pathological patterns can be compared to normal ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Martyna Wsol
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Paula Fátima Navarro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Navarro PF, Fernández-Barredo S, Gil L. Urinary phoretograms performed by capillary electrophoresis in dogs with chronic disease with or without Leishmania infantum infection. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:979669. [PMID: 36467666 PMCID: PMC9716102 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.979669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study of early markers to detect kidney malfunction has increased in recent years since serum markers, such as creatinine increase when there is a 75% loss of renal mass. Urinary capillary electrophoresis (UCE) is an available laboratory technique that provides an easily interpretable electrophoretic pattern. This pattern in our study has been divided into five fractions as it is done in serum: fraction 1 migrating in the albumin zone, fraction 2 in the alpha1-globulins zone, fraction 3 in the alpha2-globulins zone, fraction 4 in the beta-globulins zone, and fraction 5 in the gamma globulins zone. UCE can be useful in the early diagnosis of renal disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, UCE was performed in dogs with azotemia and proteinuria due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) not related to Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) infection (G1, n = 11) and dogs with CKD related to L. infantum infection (G2, n = 17) and compared with reference intervals from healthy dogs (G0, n = 123), with the aim of comparing their phoretograms and assessing changes in the fractions of the phoretograms based on the health status of individuals. RESULTS Fraction 2 was statistically augmented in dogs with CKD (G1) when compared with the healthy population (G0) and dogs infected by L. infantum (G2). Fraction 3 was statistically increased in dogs with CKD (G1) and dogs infected by L. infantum (G2) compared with G0. Fraction 4 was found to be statistically decreased in dogs with CKD (G1) and dogs infected by L. infantum (G2) compared with G0. Fraction 5 was statistically higher in dogs with L. infantum (G2) compared with G0 and dogs with CKD (G1). No statistical relationship was found between the protein to creatinine ratio and different fractions from the urinary phoretogram in the study population. No statistical relationship was found between serum and urine fractions in the study population. DISCUSSION The results of the present study suggest that UCE is a promising non-invasive technique that might be used as a part of the diagnostic and follow-up in dogs with kidney disease due to different pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fátima Navarro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salceda Fernández-Barredo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
- CEDIVET (Centro Diagnóstico Veterinario), Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Gil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Urinary Protein/Creatinine Ratio in Feline Medicine: Reasons to Perform It and Its Role in Clinical Practice-A Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121575. [PMID: 35739913 PMCID: PMC9219505 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at understanding the reasons veterinarians conduct a urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR) in cats, correlating it with signalment, dipstick proteinuria tests, and urine specific gravity (USG) and assessing its role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) diagnosis and monitoring. A retrospective study was conducted, including medical data from cats consulted between 2016 and 2018 in a veterinary teaching hospital and submitted to at least one UPCR measurement. A total of 140 cats were included: 35% non-proteinuric (UPCR < 0.2), 25% borderline proteinuric (0.2 < UPCR < 0.4), and 40% overtly proteinuric (UPCR > 0.4). In contrast to other studies, there was no association between UPCR and male reproductive status. UPCR was mainly requested for CKD diagnosis and monitoring. Correlation between UPCR and combined results from dipstick tests and USG was low and inconsistent. Proteinuric CKD cats had a worse outcome at both 6 (odds ratio (OR 4.04) and 12 months (OR 4.36)), and this finding was more pronounced for severely proteinuric cases in which the OR for death was 4.36 and 6.00 at 6 and at 12 months, respectively. In addition to reinforcing the negative prognostic value of proteinuria, this study stresses the low and the inconsistent agreement between UPCR and the combined results of dipstick tests and USG in cats.
Collapse
|
5
|
Athanasiou LV, Katsoulos PD, Katsogiannou EG, Pazarakioti AT, Spanou VM, Tsokana CN, Apostolidis KN, Tzivara AH, Polizopoulou ZS. Evaluation of Heller's reaction and the urine dipstick method alone or in combination to detect proteinuria in sheep. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:543-550. [PMID: 35624545 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine dipstick and Heller's reaction are easy first-line screening tests for the detection of proteinuria; however, the performance of these methods in alkaline ovine urine is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of Heller's reaction alone or in combination with dipstick for the detection of proteinuria in sheep, using the urine protein to creatinine ratio (UP/C) with two cut-off values as the reference method. METHODS Ninety-eight urine samples were collected from sheep using the transient apnea method. Heller's reaction, the dipstick method, and the UP/C ratio were used to assess proteinuria. The results were statistically analyzed twice, based on two different UP/C cut-off values of 0.2 and 0.5. Cohen's kappa value was used to determine the agreement between the UP/C ratios and Heller's reaction, the dipstick method, or the combination of methods. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated. ROC curves were also generated, and the areas under the curve (AUC) were evaluated to determine the optimal threshold for the numerical values of the two methods. RESULTS Heller's reaction is more specific (96.67% and 96.00% when the cut-off value is 0.2 and 0.5, respectively) than the dipstick method, while the dipstick method was more sensitive (91.18% and 91.30%, when the cut-off value was 0.2 and 0.5, respectively) than Heller's reaction for the detection of proteinuria. Both tests were accurate when any grade >0 was considered positive. CONCLUSIONS Proteinuria can almost be excluded in ovine urine samples with negative Heller's reaction and dipstick test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Labrini V Athanasiou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis D Katsoulos
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni G Katsogiannou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Victoria M Spanou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Constantina N Tsokana
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Kosmas N Apostolidis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Athanasia H Tzivara
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Zoe S Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Navarro PF, Gil L, Martín G, Fernández-Barredo S. Reference intervals for electrophoretograms obtained by capillary electrophoresis of dialyzed urine from healthy dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:632-639. [PMID: 34088253 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophoresis of urine to evaluate protein fractions in dogs with proteinuria to differentiate glomerular from tubular damage has increased in recent years; however, capillary electrophoresis (CE) of urine has not been reported in a study of > 40 healthy animals, to our knowledge. We aimed to establish reference intervals (RIs) for the urine protein fractions obtained by CE of urine from healthy dogs. We obtained urine samples from 123 clinically healthy dogs of both sexes between December 2016 and April 2019; urine was frozen until CE was performed. The electrophoretic patterns obtained were divided into 5 protein fractions, and RIs were established in percentages and absolute values using nonparametric methods. RIs were obtained for the fractions (F) as follows: 5.5 to 56.2% for F1, 3.2 to 16.5% for F2, 3.5 to 16.2% for F3, 17.8 to 69.8% for F4, and 5.1 to 23.9% for F5. These RIs obtained by CE might be useful clinically as a basis for comparison with pathologic samples. Age was a statistically significant factor for F2 (p = 0.01) and F3 (p = 0.02), and sex was a statistically significant factor for F1 (p = 0.03).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula F Navarro
- Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Gil
- Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cole LP, Jepson R, Dawson C, Humm K. Hypertension, retinopathy, and acute kidney injury in dogs: A prospective study. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1940-1947. [PMID: 32677736 PMCID: PMC7517860 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic hypertension (SH) is a potential complication of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs. OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of SH and hypertensive retinopathy in dogs with AKI, to investigate the relationship between SH and severity of AKI and to assess possible factors associated with SH. ANIMALS Fifty-two dogs with AKI. METHODS Prospective observational study of dogs presenting to a tertiary referral center that fulfilled the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) guidelines for the diagnosis of AKI. Systolic blood pressure measurement, urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR), urine output, presence of hypertensive retinopathy and fluid overload (FO), survival to discharge and duration of hospitalization were subsequently assessed. The prevalence of SH was calculated and the relationship between SH and recorded factors was examined by nonparametric statistics. RESULTS The prevalence of SH (≥160 mm Hg) on admission or during hospitalization was 75% (39/52) and in 56% (22/39) of cases this was severe (≥180 mm Hg). Sixteen percent (7/43) of dogs had evidence of hypertensive retinopathy and 77% (24/31) dogs had UPCR >0.5. Forty-two percent (22/52) dogs had FO on admission or during hospitalization. There was no association between SH and IRIS AKI grade, oligo/anuria, survival to discharge, duration of hospitalization or proteinuria. Dogs with FO on presentation were more likely to be hypertensive at admission compared to dogs without FO (P = .02). Dogs that did not survive to discharge were more likely to have FO (P = .007). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Systemic hypertension is common in dogs with AKI. Systemic hypertension might be associated with FO, which itself is associated with nonsurvival. Monitoring for SH and FO is therefore warranted in dogs with AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pearl Cole
- Clinical Science & Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Rosanne Jepson
- Clinical Science & Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Dawson
- Clinical Science & Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Karen Humm
- Clinical Science & Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Patitucci L, Azeredo M, Verícimo M, Almosny N, Castro M. Electrophoretic analysis (sds-page) of canine urinary proteins according to the stage of chronic kidney disease. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Glomerular proteinuria is characterized by the loss of high-molecular-weight proteins (HMWPs), while tubulointerstitial proteinuria is characterized by the loss of low-molecular-weight proteins (LMWPs). The objective was to assess the molecular weight of urinary proteins (MWUP) in dogs with naturally acquired CKD and determine the proportion of HMWPs and LMWPs according to CKD stage. Twenty-eight dogs with CKD were recruited and divided into 4 groups based on serum creatinine (Cr) levels (group1: Cr<1,4, n=8; group2: 1,4<Cr<2,0, n=6; group3: 2,1<Cr<5, n=9; group4: Cr>5,0, n=5). The control group consisted of 5 healthy dogs. The MWUP was determined by SDS-PAGE. The urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP/C) was used to quantitatively assess proteinuria. The electrophoresis pattern revealed a proportionally greater loss of HMWPthan of LMWP in all groups with CKD and an increased loss of LMWP in group 4 (P<0.05). These results suggest a predominance of glomerular injuries throughout all stages of CKD in these dogs and an increase in tubulointerstitial injury towards the end-stage of the disease. The results of the present study support the recommendation of SDS-PAGE as an effective technique for the qualitative assessment of proteinuria, as well as a method for assessing the severity and location of renal injury.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pérez-Accino J, Feo Bernabe L, Manzanilla EG, Puig J. The utility of combined urine dipstick analysis and specific gravity measurement to determine feline proteinuria. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:541-546. [PMID: 32692434 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the utility of urine dipstick strips for detection of feline proteinuria when used in combination with urine-specific gravity, compared with urine protein-to-creatinine ratio as the gold standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of clinical records of comprehensive urine examination obtained from cats presented to a referral hospital. Diagnostic agreement and test accuracy were calculated for the dipstick test alone and in combination with the urine-specific gravity, using different cut-off values for proteinuria. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were also calculated. RESULTS A total of 121 urine samples were included. The diagnostic agreement between dipstick and urine protein-creatinine ratio was poor. A dipstick result of equal or greater than "Trace" (0.1-0.3 g/L) had a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 31% to detect proteinuria. Grouping the samples by urine-specific gravity did not increase dipstick agreement with the urine protein-creatinine ratio and only resulted in a slight improvement in the accuracy of detecting proteinuria. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The dipstick test was not accurate for detecting proteinuria when combined with urine-specific gravity in cats. Clinicians should not rely on this test and, regardless of the urine concentration, other appropriate quantitative methods such as urine protein-creatinine ratio should always be performed to detect proteinuria in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Pérez-Accino
- Ars Veterinaria Hospital, Carrer dels Cavallers 37, Barcelona, 08034, Spain.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - L Feo Bernabe
- Ars Veterinaria Hospital, Carrer dels Cavallers 37, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - E G Manzanilla
- Moorepark Animal and Grassland Research Centre, Teagasc, Cork, P61 C996, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J Puig
- Ars Veterinaria Hospital, Carrer dels Cavallers 37, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Citron LE, Weinstein NM, Littman MP, Foster JD. Urine cortisol-creatinine and protein-creatinine ratios in urine samples from healthy dogs collected at home and in hospital. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:777-782. [PMID: 32052904 PMCID: PMC7096661 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, urine protein:creatinine ratios (UPC) were shown to be lower in urine samples from dogs collected at home (AH) as compared to those collected in hospital (IH). Stress‐inducing procedures and travel to the hospital have been hypothesized to cause prerenal proteinuria. Objectives Evaluate patient stress using urine cortisol:creatinine ratios (UCCr) and correlate UCCr to UPC in urine samples obtained AH and IH. Animals Thirty‐six healthy, client‐owned dogs. Methods Prospective, non‐masked study. Two voided urine samples were obtained (AH and IH). Complete urinalysis as well as UPC and UCCr were performed. Clients graded their dogs' stress level AH, in transport, and IH. Results The UCCr was significantly higher in IH samples than in AH samples (P < .0001), but UPC was not significantly different between AH and IH urine samples (P = .14). In all samples and in both collection settings, UCCr was not significantly correlated with UPC. Travel time and time IH were not correlated with change in UCCr or UPC. In 8 dogs with borderline or overt proteinuria, no significant difference was found in UPC between settings, but UCCr was significantly higher in IH samples. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The UPC was not higher when measured in urine samples collected IH compared to AH. Dogs had higher UCCr IH, but UCCr was not associated with UPC. Stress, as estimated by UCCr, did not affect proteinuria. Further evidence is needed to support the claim that stress may result in proteinuria in healthy dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E Citron
- Friendship Hospital for Animals, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Nicole M Weinstein
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meryl P Littman
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rossi F, Aresu L, Martini V, Trez D, Zanetti R, Coppola LM, Ferri F, Zini E. Immune-complex glomerulonephritis in cats: a retrospective study based on clinico-pathological data, histopathology and ultrastructural features. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:303. [PMID: 31429743 PMCID: PMC6702729 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has typically a non-immune mediated origin in cats and immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN) is scarcely described. Aims of this study were to characterize ICGN by light and electron microscopy and identify associations with clinico-pathological findings. In addition, comparisons between cats with ICGN and non immune-complex glomerulonephritis (non-ICGN) were performed. Renal samples examined between 2010 and 2019 were considered if both light and electron microscopy were performed. Signalment, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and leukemia virus (FeLV) status, serum creatinine concentration, urine protein-to-creatinine (UPC) ratio, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage were retrieved and used for comparisons. Results Sixty-eight client-owned cats were included. Thirty-seven cats (54.4%) had ICGN and 31 (45.6%) non-ICGN. Eighteen (48.6%) with ICGN had membranous glomerulonephropathy (MGN), 14 (37.8%) membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), and 5 (13.5%) mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (MeGN). Clinico-pathological data were not associated with any type of ICGN. Among cats with non-ICGN, 11 (35.5%) had end-stage CKD, 9 (29%) focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, 6 (19.4%) global and multifocal mesangiosclerosis, 2 (6.5%) glomerular atrophy, 2 (6.5%) renal dysplasia and 1 (3.1%) amyloidosis. Eight (25.8%) cats with non-ICGN had chronic interstitial nephritis (CIN) grade 1, 13 (41.9%) grade 2 and 10 (32.3%) grade 3; creatinine and UPC ratio increased with CIN grades (p = 0.001, p < 0.001). Cats with ICGN were more frequently FIV or FeLV-infected (OR:11.4; 95%CI:1.4–94.4; p = 0.024), had higher UPC ratio (OR:6.8; 95%CI:2.5–18.2; p < 0.001) and were younger (OR:0.9; 95%CI:0.7–1.0; p = 0.042) than cats with non-ICGN. Conclusions MGN and MPGN were the most common morphological diagnoses of ICGN in cats. Unfortunately, none of the investigated findings differentiated ICGN morphological diagnoses. Serum creatinine concentration and UPC ratio were directly associated with grades of CIN (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), confirming previous literature. More ICGN than non-ICGN was observed in cats with retroviral infections, younger cats and higher UPC ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rossi
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Novara, Italy.
| | - Luca Aresu
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Valeria Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via dell'Università, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Davide Trez
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Agripolis Legnaro (PD), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Rossella Zanetti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Agripolis Legnaro (PD), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Luigi Michele Coppola
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Agripolis Legnaro (PD), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Filippo Ferri
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Novara, Italy
| | - Eric Zini
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Novara, Italy.,Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Agripolis Legnaro (PD), Legnaro, Italy.,Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Meindl AG, Lourenço BN, Coleman AE, Creevy KE. Relationships among urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio, urine specific gravity, and bacteriuria in canine urine samples. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:192-199. [PMID: 30506746 PMCID: PMC6335512 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proteinuria is a marker of chronic kidney disease in dogs and a risk factor for increased morbidity and death. Predictive models using the results of readily available screening tests could foster early recognition. Objective To determine whether urine specific gravity (USG) and semiquantitative category of dipstick protein can be used to predict urinary protein‐to‐creatinine ratio (UP : C) and to examine the effect of urine culture results on UP : C in dogs. Animals Three hundred ninety‐four dogs (482 visits) presented to a university Community Practice Clinic or Veterinary Teaching Hospital between January 2011 and November 2015. Methods Retrospective study. Medical records were searched to identify dogs for which urinalysis, UP : C measurement, and urine culture testing were performed during a single hospital visit. Urine specific gravity, UP : C, dipstick protein concentration, and findings of urine sediment analysis and urine culture were recorded. Regression or Spearman correlation analysis was used to test for relationships between UP : C and USG within dipstick categories and between UP : C and bacterial colony‐forming units per milliliter, respectively. Cohen's kappa test was used to evaluate agreement between urine culture and UP : C testing. Results There were significant (P < .05) weak negative correlations (R2 range, 0.14‐0.37) between UP : C and USG for all nonnegative urine protein dipstick categories. The presence of a positive urine culture did not agree with the presence of abnormal UP : C (κ = −0.06). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Within dipstick protein categories, UP : C cannot be accurately predicted from USG. Repeating UP : C measurement after resolution of urinary tract infection is advisable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Meindl
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Bianca N Lourenço
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Amanda E Coleman
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kate E Creevy
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hokamp JA, Leidy SA, Gaynanova I, Cianciolo RE, Nabity MB. Correlation of electrophoretic urine protein banding patterns with severity of renal damage in dogs with proteinuric chronic kidney disease. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:425-434. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Hokamp
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas
| | - Sidney A. Leidy
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas
| | - Irina Gaynanova
- Department of Statistics; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas
| | - Rachel E. Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
| | - Mary B. Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ferlizza E, Dondi F, Andreani G, Bucci D, Archer J, Isani G. Validation of an electrophoretic method to detect albuminuria in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:860-868. [PMID: 27555488 PMCID: PMC11104127 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16664112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aims of this study were to validate a semi-automated high-resolution electrophoretic technique to quantify urinary albumin in healthy and diseased cats, and to evaluate its diagnostic performance in cases of proteinuria and renal diseases. Methods Urine samples were collected from 88 cats (healthy; chronic kidney disease [CKD]; lower urinary tract disease [LUTD]; non-urinary tract diseases [OTHER]). Urine samples were routinely analysed and high-resolution electrophoresis (HRE) was performed. Within-assay and between-assay variability, linearity, accuracy, recovery and the lowest detectable and quantifiable bands were calculated. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was also performed. Results All coefficients of variation were <10%, percentage recovery was between 97% and 109% with a high linearity (r = 0.99). HRE allowed the visualisation of a faint band of albumin and a diffused band between alpha and beta zones in healthy cats, while profiles from diseased cats were variable. Albumin (mg/dl) and urine albumin:creatinine ratio (UAC) were significantly ( P <0.05) different between healthy and diseased cats. After ROC analysis, UAC values of 0.035 and 0.074 had a high sensitivity and high specificity, respectively, to classify proteinuria and identify borderline proteinuric cats. Moreover, a UAC of 0.017 had a high sensitivity in distinguishing between healthy and diseased cats. However, UAC was not able to distinguish between renal (CKD) and non-renal diseases (LUTD/OTHER), probably owing to the pathophysiology of CKD in cats, which is characterised by low-grade proteinuria and less glomerular involvement than in dogs. Conclusions and relevance HRE is an accurate and precise method that could be used to measure albuminuria in cats. UAC was useful to correctly classify proteinuria and to discriminate between healthy and diseased cats. HRE might also provide additional information on urine proteins with a profile of all proteins (albumin and globulins) to aid clinicians in the diagnosis of diseases characterised by proteinuria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enea Ferlizza
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano, Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano, Italy
| | - Giulia Andreani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano, Italy
| | - Diego Bucci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano, Italy
| | - Joy Archer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gloria Isani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Marynissen S, Willems A, Paepe D, Smets P, Picavet P, Duchateau L, Daminet S. Proteinuria in Apparently Healthy Elderly Dogs: Persistency and Comparison Between Free Catch and Cystocentesis Urine. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:93-101. [PMID: 28019038 PMCID: PMC5259622 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 25% of elderly humans have proteinuria, often associated with underlying lesions. Data concerning the presence of proteinuria in elderly dogs is scarce. OBJECTIVES To describe the presence and persistence of proteinuria and to compare urinary protein : creatinine ratio (UPC) between free catch and cystocentesis urine samples in apparently healthy elderly dogs. ANIMALS Hundred apparently healthy elderly dogs. METHODS Prospective study. Owners of 100 elderly dogs were asked to collect 2 free catch urine samples. Dogs were considered healthy based on owner's perception and an age chart, based on ideal bodyweight, was used to define dogs as senior or geriatric. UPC of urine collected by free catch and cystocentesis were compared. Overt proteinuria and borderline proteinuria were defined as UPC >0.5 and between 0.2 and 0.5, respectively, if examination of sediment did not explain proteinuria. Proteinuria was considered persistent if present at both sampling times. RESULTS At baseline, 71 owners succeeded in collecting urine. Eleven percent of dogs had overt proteinuria, 14% were borderline proteinuric, and 75% nonproteinuric. Thirty-seven repeated urine samples, with a median time interval of 31 days (range 10-90), were available. Nineteen percent of dogs had a persistently increased UPC (>0.2), with persistent overt proteinuria present in 8%. A strong correlation (ρ = 0.88) was found between UPC of urine collected by free catch and cystocentesis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE As 19% of study dogs had persistent proteinuria, our findings emphasize that measurement of proteinuria should be part of geriatric health screening. For UPC in dogs, free catch urine provides a good alternative to cystocentesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S.J.J. Marynissen
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - A.L. Willems
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - D. Paepe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - P.M.Y. Smets
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - P. Picavet
- Hill's Pet Nutrition, IncMerelbekeBelgium
| | - L. Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and BiometricsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - S. Daminet
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cianciolo R, Hokamp J, Nabity M. Advances in the evaluation of canine renal disease. Vet J 2016; 215:21-9. [PMID: 27198066 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many recent advances in the evaluation of dogs with kidney disease have improved our diagnostic algorithms and have impacted our therapeutic strategies. Non-invasive techniques, such as urinary and serologic biomarker evaluation, can help a clinician diagnose and treat a patient that cannot undergo a renal biopsy for clinical or financial reasons. Some biomarkers might help localize the affected structure (glomerulus vs. tubule) and indicate the type or severity of injury present. Although more research is needed, studies indicate that some biomarkers (e.g. urine protein to creatinine ratio and urinary immunoglobulins) can be useful in predicting adverse outcomes. Importantly, the sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers for renal injury should be established and clinicians need to understand the limitations of these assays. If a renal biopsy is performed, then it should be evaluated by a specialty diagnostic service with expertise in nephropathology. A panel of special stains, immunofluorescence for the detection of immunoglobulins and complement factors, and transmission electron microscopy can be routinely employed in cases of glomerular disease. These advanced diagnostics can be used to detect immune deposits in order to definitively diagnose immune complex mediated glomerular disease. Integrating the results of biomarker assays and comprehensive renal biopsy evaluation, the clinician can make informed therapeutic decisions, such as whether or not to immunosuppress a patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jessica Hokamp
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mary Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Doss GA, Mans C, Houseright RA, Webb JL. Urinalysis in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:901-7. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.8.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Hokamp
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Mary B. Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Williams TL, Archer J. Evaluation of urinary biomarkers for azotaemic chronic kidney disease in cats. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 57:122-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. L. Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES
| | - J. Archer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
White CR, Langston C, Hohenhaus AE, Lamb K, Hackner S, Fox PR. Evaluation of the relationship between clinical variables and thromboelastographic findings in dogs with protein-losing nephropathy. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 26:74-9. [PMID: 26458243 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether hypercoagulability in proteinuric dogs, defined by thromboelastography (TEG), is related to the degree of proteinuria, presence of systemic arterial hypertension, presence of hypoalbuminemia, or reduced antithrombin activity. DESIGN Prospective study of client-owned dogs. Data collected from each patient included signalment, body weight, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC), serum albumin concentration, TEG values, noninvasive arterial blood pressure, and AT activity. Hypercoagulability was diagnosed by TEG and odds ratios for other measurements were assessed by univariate logistic regression. SETTING Urban referral center and teaching hospital. ANIMALS Seventy-six dogs with protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) based on UPC, diagnosed between Oct 2009 and Oct 2012. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The prevalence of hypercoagulability was 89%. No statistically significant associations were detected between hypercoagulability and UPC, serum albumin, noninvasive blood pressure, or AT activity (all P > 0.05). The prevalence of thromboembolism was 6.6%. CONCLUSIONS Hypercoagulability was prevalent in dogs with PLN but could not be predicted based upon the presence or degree of proteinuria, systemic arterial hypertension, hypoalbuminemia, or low AT activity. The prevalance of thromboembolism was low in this population with PLN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie R White
- Departments of Medicine, Bobst Hospital of The Animal Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10065
| | - Cathy Langston
- Departments of Medicine, Bobst Hospital of The Animal Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10065
| | - Ann E Hohenhaus
- Departments of Medicine, Bobst Hospital of The Animal Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10065
| | | | - Susan Hackner
- Emergency and Critical Care, Bobst Hospital of The Animal Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10065
| | - Philip R Fox
- Departments of Medicine, Bobst Hospital of The Animal Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10065
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Oburai NL, Rao VV, Bonath RBN. Comparative clinical evaluation of Boerhavia diffusa root extract with standard Enalapril treatment in Canine chronic renal failure. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2015; 6:150-7. [PMID: 26604549 PMCID: PMC4630688 DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.166390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complementing herbal drugs with conservative modern treatment could improve renal condition in canine chronic renal failure (CRF). OBJECTIVE In this study, clinical evaluation of Boerhavia diffusa root extract was carried out in CRF in dogs in comparison with standard enalapril. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 20 dogs of mixed breeds suffering from CRF from 1 to 2 months were divided into two groups (n = 10) and treated as follows: Group I - Enalapril at 0.5 mg/kg p.o. once daily for 90 days + amoxicillin and cloxacillin at 25 mg/kg i.m. once daily for 1-week; Group II - B. diffusa root extract at 500 mg p.o per dog daily for 90 days. Both groups were maintained on a supportive fluid therapy. The data were analyzed using paired t-test and one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post-hoc test. RESULTS CRF caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, urinary protein, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and glutamyl transferase (GGT). A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in hemoglobin and total erythrocyte count (TEC) was also observed. Nephrosonography revealed indistinct corticomedullary junction, altered renal architecture, hyper-echoic cortex, medulla, and sunken kidneys. Both the treatments significantly (P < 0.05) reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by day 30. Serum Creatinine, urea nitrogen, phosphorus, urinary protein, ALP, and GGT showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction by day 60 in both the treatments. However, potassium levels were normalized only by B. diffusa root extract treatment by day 30. Both the treatments failed to show a significant improvement in nephrosonographic picture even after 90 days posttreatment. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the efficacy of B. diffusa root extract was comparable to standard enalapril treatment of CRF in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nethaji Lokeswar Oburai
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Super Speciality Hospital, Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - V. Vaikunta Rao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Babu Naik Bonath
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Raila J, Schweigert FJ, Kohn B. Relationship between urinary Tamm-Horsfall protein excretion and renal function in dogs with naturally occurring renal disease. Vet Clin Pathol 2015; 43:261-5. [PMID: 24894070 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is physiologically excreted in urine, but little is known about the role of THP in the diagnosis of renal disease in dogs. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate to which extent naturally occurring renal disease affects the urinary excretion of THP. METHODS Dogs were divided into 5 groups according to plasma creatinine concentration, urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP/UC), and exogenous plasma creatinine clearance (P-ClCr ) rates: Group A (healthy control dogs; n = 8), nonazotemic and nonproteinuric dogs, with P-ClCr rates > 90 mL/min/m(2) ; group B (n = 25), nonazotemic and nonproteinuric dogs with reduced P-ClCr rates (51-89 mL/min/m(2) ); group C (n = 7), nonazotemic but proteinuric dogs with P-ClCr rates 53-98 mL/min/m(2) ; group D (n = 8), azotemic and borderline proteinuric dogs (P-ClCr rates: 22-45 mL/min/m(2) ); and group E (n = 15), azotemic and proteinuric dogs (not tested for P-ClCr ). THP was measured by quantitative Western blot analysis, and the ratio of THP-to-urinary creatinine (THP/UC) was calculated. RESULTS The THP/UC concentrations were not different among dogs of groups A-D, but were reduced in dogs of group E (P < .001). THP/UC correlated negatively with serum creatinine (P < .01) and UP/UC (P < .01), but was not significantly associated with P-ClCr . CONCLUSIONS Decreased levels of THP/UC were present in moderately to severely azotemic and proteinuric dogs. This suggests tubular injury in these dogs and that THP might be useful as urinary marker to study the pathogenesis of renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Raila
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Atencia S, Papakonstantinou S, Leggett B, McAllister H, Mooney CT. Systemic fungal infection in a dog: a unique case in Ireland. Ir Vet J 2014; 67:17. [PMID: 25132957 PMCID: PMC4134465 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-67-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A three year old male entire Staffordshire bull terrier was referred to University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, with a two week history of fever, inflammation of the right hock, lameness on the right hindlimb, peripheral lymphadenopathy and gastrointestinal signs (vomiting and diarrhoea). For the preceding three months the dog had been treated for atopic dermatitis with oral ciclosporin (5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 hours). Cytological analysis of the affected lymph nodes demonstrated fungal-like organisms predominantly contained within macrophages. Subsequent fungal culture and microscopic identification confirmed the presence of a Byssochlamys sp. This fungus is a saprophytic organism which has been associated with mycotoxin production. It has not previously been identified as a cause of systemic infection in animals or humans. Ciclosporin was discontinued, and a second generation triazole, voriconazole prescribed at a dose of 6 mg/kg for the first two doses, and continued at 3 mg/kg every 12 hours for six months. There was an excellent response. Follow-up examination five weeks after treatment was completed confirmed remission of the disease. The dog remains alive and well three years later. The present case represents an unusual fungal infection in a dog secondary to immunosuppressive therapy with ciclosporin. Such a possibility should be considered in animals presenting with signs consistent with systemic infection when receiving immunosuppressive medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabela Atencia
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, University Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stratos Papakonstantinou
- Biobest Laboratories Ltd. 6 Charles Darwin House, The Edinburgh Technopole, Milton Bridge, Nr Penicuik EH26 0PY, Scotland
| | - Bernadette Leggett
- Department of Microbiology, University Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Hester McAllister
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Carmel T Mooney
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, University Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Paepe D, Daminet S. Feline CKD: Diagnosis, staging and screening - what is recommended? J Feline Med Surg 2014; 15 Suppl 1:15-27. [PMID: 23999183 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13495235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequently encountered by veterinarians. Timely diagnosis and staging may facilitate the initiation of adequate therapy and improve the prognosis for patients. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Feline CKD is diagnosed based on the presence of compatible clinical signs and renal azotaemia, which implies that urinalysis (particularly urine specific gravity) is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis. Although the diagnosis of advanced feline CKD and associated complications is usually straightforward, based on complete blood and urine examination, all routine blood and urine tests have their limitations in detecting early CKD. Therefore, diagnosing early or non-azotaemic CKD is much more challenging. Although determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) would be ideal to identify early kidney dysfunction, practical limitations hamper its routine use in clinical practice. PATIENT GROUP CKD is typically a disease of aged cats, but may affect cats of all ages. Conclusive breed and sex predispositions for feline CKD are not reported. AUDIENCE This review is directed at practising veterinarians and provides an overview of the required diagnostic tests, the classification system established by the International Renal Interest Society, and the importance of and possible techniques for early detection of CKD. EVIDENCE BASE Staging of cats with CKD is essential as it directs management and provides a prognostic guide. Given that diagnosis at early disease stages is associated with more prolonged survival times, simple, inexpensive and accurate methods for early CKD diagnosis are needed. Techniques currently under investigation include limited sampling strategies to estimate GFR, clearance marker cut-off concentrations to identify cats with low GFR, new indirect GFR markers and urinary biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cortadellas O, Talavera J, Fernández del Palacio MJ. Evaluation of the effects of a therapeutic renal diet to control proteinuria in proteinuric non-azotemic dogs treated with benazepril. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:30-7. [PMID: 24372810 PMCID: PMC4895532 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are currently used to control proteinuria in dogs with chronic kidney disease. Renal diets (RDs) have beneficial effects in the management of azotemic dogs, but its role in proteinuric non-azotemic (PNAz) dogs has been poorly documented. HYPOTHESIS Administration of a RD to PNAz dogs treated with benazepril (Be) improves proteinuria control compared with the administration of a maintenance diet (MD). ANIMALS Twenty-two PNAz (urine protein/creatinine ratio [UPC] >1) dogs. METHODS Randomized open label clinical trial design. Dogs were assigned to group-MD (5.5 g protein/100 kcal ME)/Be or to group-RD (3.7 g protein/100 kcal ME)/Be group during 60 days. Dogs with serum albumin (Alb) <2 g/dL received aspirin (1 mg/kg/12 hours). A physical examination, systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurement, complete blood count (CBC), biochemistry panel, urinalysis, and UPC were performed at day 0 (D0) and day 60 (D60). RESULTS At D0, there were no significant differences between groups in the evaluated variables. During the study, logUPC (geometric mean (95% CI) and SBP (mean±SD mmHg) significantly decreased (paired t-test, P = 0.001) in Group-RD (logUPC(D0) = 3.16[1.9-5.25]; UPC(D60) = 1.20 [0.59-2.45]; SBP(D0) = 160 ± 17.2; SBP(D60) = 151 ± 15.8), but not in Group-MD (UPC(D0) = 3.63[2.69-4.9]; UPC(D60) = 2.14 [0.76-6.17]; SBP(D0) = 158 ± 14.7; SBP(D60) = 153 ± 11.5). However, RM-ANOVA test did not confirm that changes were consequence of dietary modification. Weight and Alb concentration did not change significantly in any group. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The administration of a RD to PNAz dogs treated with Be might help to control proteinuria and SBP compared with the administration of a MD, without inducing clinically detectable malnutrition, but more studies are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Cortadellas
- Clínica Veterinaria Germanías, Gandía-Valencia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schaefer H, Kohn B, Schweigert F, Raila J. Quantitative and Qualitative Urine Protein Excretion in Dogs with Severe Inflammatory Response Syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1292-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Schaefer
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Institute of Nutritional Science; University of Potsdam; Nuthetal; Germany
| | - B. Kohn
- Small Animal Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - F.J. Schweigert
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Institute of Nutritional Science; University of Potsdam; Nuthetal; Germany
| | - J. Raila
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Institute of Nutritional Science; University of Potsdam; Nuthetal; Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Raila J, Brunnberg L, Schweigert FJ, Kohn B. Influence of kidney function on urinary excretion of albumin and retinol-binding protein in dogs with naturally occurring renal disease. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:1387-94. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.11.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
28
|
Beatrice L, Nizi F, Callegari D, Paltrinieri S, Zini E, D'Ippolito P, Zatelli A. Comparison of urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in urine samples collected by cystocentesis versus free catch in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:1221-4. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.11.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
29
|
Zatelli A, Paltrinieri S, Nizi F, Roura X, Zini E. Evaluation of a urine dipstick test for confirmation or exclusion of proteinuria in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:235-40. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
30
|
Murgier P, Jakins A, Bexfield N, Archer J. Comparison of semiquantitative test strips, urine protein electrophoresis, and an immunoturbidimetric assay for measuring microalbuminuria in dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2009; 38:485-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
31
|
Castro MCN, Marcello GC, Alencar NX, Ferreira AMR. Avaliação da relação proteína-creatinina urinária em gatos com doença renal crônica. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2009000800002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Doença renal crônica (DRC) é a forma mais comum de doença renal em gatos. Vários fatores têm sido citados como importantes na progressão da doença, dentre eles a proteinúria. A relação proteína-creatinina (RPC) urinária em uma única amostra de urina apresenta boa correlação com a perda de proteína urinária em 24 horas. O objetivo dessa investigação foi determinar a RPC urinária em gatos com DRC adquirida naturalmente. A determinação da RPC foi realizada em nove gatos saudáveis (Grupo I) e em trinta gatos com DRC (Grupo II). Os gatos do Grupo I apresentaram RPC de 0,16±0,10 e os gatos do Grupo II apresentaram RPC de 0,53± 0,59. No Grupo II encontrou-se correlação positiva e significante da RPC com o nível de creatinina sérica. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que a RPC urinária em gatos com DRC é bastante variável e que, à semelhança do que já havia sido previamente descrito, aproximadamente um terço dos gatos com DRC são considerados proteinúricos segundo critérios estabelecidos pela literatura (RPC urinária >0,4).
Collapse
|