1
|
Mutton J, Yeomans S, White J. Copper hepatopathies in Australian dogs. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:385-391. [PMID: 38682427 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate hepatopathies in Australian dogs according to the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) guidelines. Specifically, to describe the prevalence and survival of dogs with copper-associated hepatopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records from the Small Animal Specialist Hospital were reviewed to identify dogs with liver disease and liver biopsy between November 2008 and November 2021. Liver histopathology reports were reviewed with a board-certified veterinary pathologist and classified according to the WSAVA guidelines. Histopathology reports and clinical records were reviewed to ascertain the most important histological process for statistical analysis. Copper-associated hepatopathy was defined as (i) histological evidence of copper accumulation in centrilobular areas (Zone 3) associated with hepatocyte necrosis, inflammation with copper-laden macrophages and chronic hepatitis (ii) histochemical copper staining showing hepatocyte copper accumulation in the centrilobular areas and iii) hepatic copper measurement with concentrations greater than 600 μg/g dry weight of liver. Dogs with primary inflammatory parenchymal disease included dogs with copper-associated hepatopathy, idiopathic chronic hepatitis, non-specific reactive hepatitis, chronic bacterial hepatitis and immune-mediated chronic hepatitis. Descriptive statistics were performed for all dogs. Age, weight and clinicopathologic data were compared between dogs with copper-associated hepatopathy and dogs with other causes of chronic primary inflammatory parenchymal liver disease (Kruskal-Wallis test). Survival times were calculated and compared (Kaplan-Meier curves and log rank test) between dogs with copper-associated hepatopathy and dogs with other chronic primary inflammatory parenchymal liver diseases. Breed was evaluated to determine the breed most commonly affected with copper-associated hepatopathy and identify any breed in which this disease has not previously been described. RESULTS Sixty-seven (43 female, 24 male) dogs with a median age of 7.8 years (quartile [Q] Q1-Q3 4.5-9.6 years) were included. Thirteen dogs had copper-associated hepatopathy, eight dogs had idiopathic chronic hepatitis, eight dogs had non-specific reactive hepatitis, seven dogs had disorders associated with portal hypertension, five dogs had chronic bacterial hepatitis and four dogs had immune-mediated chronic hepatitis. Compared with dogs with other causes of chronic primary inflammatory parenchymal liver disease, dogs with copper-associated hepatopathy tended to be younger (6.73 vs. 8.01 years, P = 0.057) and heavier (19.8 vs. 9.6 kg, P = 0.052) than dogs with other causes of primary chronic inflammatory parenchymal diseases. There was no statistically significant difference when ALT (P = 0.30), ALP (P = 0.18) and total bilirubin (P = 0.13) were compared between the two groups. The median survival time for all dogs after liver biopsy was 2010 days (CI 1321 days - not reached). There was no significant difference in survival between dogs with copper-associated hepatopathy and dogs with other causes of chronic primary inflammatory parenchymal liver disease (P = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS Copper-associated hepatopathy was common among Australian dogs with chronic hepatopathies, occurring in younger and heavier dogs than other causes of primary inflammatory parenchymal liver disease. Clinical pathology is not useful for differentiating between copper-associated hepatopathy and other causes of chronic primary inflammatory parenchymal liver disease. When copper-associated hepatopathy is treated, the prognosis can be good. This is the first report of copper-associated hepatopathy in Australian Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Mutton
- Internal Medicine Department, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Yeomans
- Pathology Department, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J White
- Internal Medicine Department, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Negoescu A, Gal C, Bărbulescu A, Vulcan E, Rădulescu A, Cătoi C, Taulescu M. Hepatic vascular hamartoma in a cat: a case report with literature review. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1404164. [PMID: 38895709 PMCID: PMC11184913 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1404164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular hamartomas represent a focal proliferation of disorganized vascular tissue, which is usually present at birth. An 8-month-old Scottish fold female cat presented with abdominal distention, mild dyspnea, pale mucous membranes, and lethargy. Ultrasound examination revealed a hepatic mass resembling multiple cysts affecting the right medial lobe. Surgical excision was performed, and tissue samples were sent for histopathological evaluation. The mass was composed of multiple, dilated, variably-sized well-differentiated arterioles and venules, consistent with vascular hamartoma. Immunohistochemical investigation of the cells lining the cystic structures showed positive immunolabeling for vimentin and negative immunolabeling for PanCK, supporting the histological diagnosis. Based on existing literature, this represents the first case of hepatic localization of vascular hamartoma in a cat. In addition, a comparative histological study between vascular hamartoma and biliary duct hamartoma and a review on hepatic vascular hamartomas in animals and hepatic cystic masses in cats was made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrada Negoescu
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | | | | | | | - Cornel Cătoi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marian Taulescu
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jablonski SA, Chen YX(P, Williams JE, Kendziorski JA, Smedley RC. Concurrent hepatopathy in dogs with gallbladder mucocele: Prevalence, predictors, and impact on long-term outcome. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:176-186. [PMID: 37921591 PMCID: PMC10800193 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information is limited regarding the prevalence and importance of hepatic histologic abnormalities in dogs with gallbladder mucocele (GBM). OBJECTIVES To (a) report prevalence of hepatic histologic abnormalities in dogs with GBM (b) evaluate for association between hepatic abnormalities and outcome in dogs with GBM (c) evaluate whether neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) differs in dogs with GBM with and without specific hepatic lesions. ANIMALS Fifty-two dogs with grossly and histologically confirmed GBM. METHODS Multicenter, retrospective study of dogs with GBM undergoing cholecystectomy with concurrent liver biopsy. Archived histological sections of gallbladder and liver evaluated by investigators blinded to data. Proportions of dogs with each histologic abnormality alive vs deceased at 1, 3, and 12 months post-cholecystectomy compared. Mann-Whitney U performed to determine if NLR differed in dogs with or without selected lesions. RESULTS 51/52 (98%, 95% CI [89%, 99%]) dogs with GBM had at least 1 hepatic histologic abnormality. Hepatic fibrosis (37/51; 73%, 95% CI [59%, 83%]), biliary hyperplasia (29/52; 56%, 95% CI [42%, 68%]), and portal inflammation (25/52; 48%, 95% CI [35%, 61%]) were most common. The proportion of dogs alive vs dead differed based on the fibrosis score at 1, 3, and 12 (P ≤ .04) months post-cholecystectomy. Dogs with hepatic necrosis (P = .006) and cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis (P = .02) had higher NLRs compared to dogs without these lesions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Histologic abnormalities of the liver are common in dogs with GBM. A higher portal fibrosis score might be associated with shortened long-term survival after cholecystectomy for dogs with GBM. An increase in NLR might predict hepatic necrosis and cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis in dogs with GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Jablonski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | | | - Jarod E. Williams
- Ozark Veterinary Specialty Care, 881 Animal Emergency DrSpringdaleArkansasUSA
| | - Jessica A. Kendziorski
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Rebecca C. Smedley
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tsukamoto M, Kimura K, Yoshida T, Sugiura K, Hatoya S. Canine induced pluripotent stem cells efficiently differentiate into definitive endoderm in 3D cell culture conditions using high-dose activin A. Regen Ther 2022; 21:502-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
5
|
Feline Cyst-like Lymphocytic Cholangiohepatitis in a Cat: First Case Report. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233278. [PMID: 36496797 PMCID: PMC9735475 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old female neutered domestic short-haired cat presented with abdominal enlargement. An abdominal ultrasound revealed that large multiple hepatic cysts with irregular walls, hypoechoic fluid, and internal septations occupied most of the liver parenchyma. Serum liver enzymes, bilirubin, and bile acids concentrations were within normal limits. A fecal examination using simple floatation and formalin-ether sedimentation techniques was negative for liver fluke (Platynosomum fastosum), intestinal protozoa, and other helminth eggs. Praziquantel was prescribed for two distinct courses one month apart without obvious improvement of the hepatic cysts. An abdominal laparotomy and histopathological examination finally enabled diagnosis of cyst-like lymphocytic cholangiohepatitis of the liver tissue. Twelve weeks of oral prednisolone resulted in marked ultrasonographic improvement of the hepatic cysts. The liver parenchyma was heterogeneous and filled with multiple small anechoic cavities. Twenty-three months after ceasing the prednisolone, there was no recurrence of hepatic cysts.
Collapse
|
6
|
Rosen S, Lumbrezer‐Johnson S, Hostnik E, Salyer S, Selmic LE. Recurrent liver abscessation in a dog with an incompletely resected hepatocellular adenoma. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Rosen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Sarah Lumbrezer‐Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Eric Hostnik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Sarah Salyer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Laura E. Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peris MP, Ortega-Hernández P, Morales M, Castillo JA, Moreno B. Atypical Lesions in Canine Leishmaniosis: Description of New Cases. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202784. [PMID: 36290171 PMCID: PMC9597804 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine leishmaniosis is a zoonotic disease caused mainly by the protozoan Leishmania infantum that is endemic in the Mediterranean basin. The clinical signs and pathological characteristics have been extensively described; however, atypical lesions leading to clinical and pathological misdiagnosis have been sporadically reported. This study presents three cases of dogs experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum that showed gross lesions considered atypical of canine leishmaniosis and not previously reported. Macroscopic lesions were observed in the liver, spleen, and peritoneal cavity that corresponded to tan to whitish nodular lesions in all organs and multifocal irregular and linear whitish lesions in one of the livers that mimicked tumors. Microscopically, a marked granulomatous inflammation with a relative scarcity of parasites was observed in all the organs. In conclusion, microscopic and parasitological studies should be performed on atypical lesions observed in Leishmania-infected and non-infected dogs, especially in endemic regions. In addition, due to its zoonotic importance, leishmaniosis should be considered when atypical nodular lesions are observed in dogs from non-endemic regions with a history of travel to endemic regions. Abstract Pathological characteristics are well described in canine leishmaniosis (CanL). However, atypical lesions that can be confused with other pathologies or trigger unusual clinical signs are sporadically reported. Atypical lesions were observed during routine postmortem examination in three Leishmania-infected dogs and samples were taken for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. Clinical signs, biochemical parameters, level of antibodies, and parasite detection by PCR were also evaluated. Atypical lesions were found in the peritoneal cavity, liver, and spleen. Splenomegalia and hepatomegalia were observed in all dogs. In addition, multifocal dark to white nodules of variable size were observed in the peritoneal cavity, liver, and spleen of one dog and in the spleen of the other two dogs. One dog presented diffuse irregular whitish lines with a threadlike appearance and another an intense fibrotic depression in the intermediate lobe. Microscopically, an intense granulomatous inflammation with abundant macrophages, a variable number of lymphocytes, and a low to moderate number of parasites was observed. This study represents the first description of granulomatous peritonitis associated with Leishmania in dogs. It also shows atypical macroscopic expression of hepatitis in CanL. In the absence of an adequate clinical history and laboratory analyses, certain lesions observed in CanL could admit alternative diagnoses.
Collapse
|
8
|
Oo T, Sasaki N, Ikenaka Y, Ichise T, Nagata N, Yokoyama N, Sasaoka K, Morishita K, Nakamura K, Takiguchi M. Serum steroid profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hyperadrenocorticism in dogs: A preliminary study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1014792. [PMID: 36246328 PMCID: PMC9554308 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1014792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common primary liver tumors in humans and dogs. Excessive adrenocortical hormone exposure may cause steroid hepatopathy, which may develop into HCC. In our previous study, hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) was a highly concurrent disease in dogs with HCC. Therefore, this study hypothesized that adrenal steroid alterations might be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis and aimed to specify the relationship between HAC and HCC in dogs. Materials and methods This study included 46 dogs brought to the Hokkaido University Veterinary Teaching Hospital between March 2019 and December 2020. Owners gave their signed consent for blood collection on their first visit. A total of 19 steroids (14 steroids and 5 metabolites) in the baseline serum of 15 dogs with HCC, 15 dogs with HAC, and 10 dogs with both diseases were quantitatively measured using the developed liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method. Results In each group, 11 steroids were detected higher than 50%. The detection rate of steroid hormones did not significantly differ between the groups (p > 0.05). Principle component analysis (PCA) showed that the steroid profiles of the three groups were comparable. Median steroid hormone concentrations were not significantly different between the study diseases (p > 0.05). Conclusion The developed LC/MS/MS was useful for measuring steroid hormones. Although it was clear that HAC was concurrent in dogs with HCC, none of the serum steroids was suggested to be involved in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thandar Oo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noboru Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ichise
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nagata
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yokoyama
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Sasaoka
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Morishita
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gori E, Pierini A, Tulone F, Abramo F, Marchetti V. Serum protein electrophoresis in 26 dogs with chronic hepatitis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:738-741. [PMID: 35686386 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) shows the distribution of protein fractions, helping clinicians to characterize some pathologic processes. Information is lacking in the literature about SPE alterations in dogs with chronic hepatitis (CH). Our aim was to describe SPE alterations in canine CH, to compare SPE results to histologic scores, and to study SPE trends during follow-up. We reviewed retrospectively case data from dogs with a histologic diagnosis of CH. Only cases with SPE, CBC, and serum chemistry results available were included. Dogs were divided into subgroups based on histologic necroinflammatory activity (A) and fibrosis (F) scores (groups A0-1 and A>1; groups F<2 and F≥2). We included 26 dogs; 15 had follow-up SPE. The most common SPE alterations at admission were hypoalbuminemia (n = 16), increases in α1-globulins (n = 11), γ-globulins (n = 11), α2-globulins (n = 8), β2-globulins (n = 7), and β1-globulins (n = 6), and decreased albumin:globulin (A:G) ratios (n = 20). Four of 11 dogs had β-γ bridging. Groups with higher A and F scores had higher β2-globulins. Eleven of 15 dogs with a post-treatment SPE had a decrease in γ-globulins and increase in A:G ratio compared to their T0, although there was no statistically significant difference. Although further studies are warranted, SPE may be useful for monitoring canine CH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Gori
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Tulone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Abramo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pascual M, Fauchon E, Monti P, Valls F. Anicteric Gallbladder Rupture with Elevated Bile Acids in Abdominal Effusion in a Dog with Cholecystitis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2022; 58:146-151. [PMID: 35576402 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Anicteric gallbladder rupture has been rarely described in veterinary medicine, and, generally, it has been related to gallbladder wall necrosis secondary to gallbladder mucocele. A 5 yr old, male, neutered Labrador retriever presented for acute onset anorexia, lethargy, and vomiting. Cholecystitis was diagnosed based on the ultrasonographic findings and bactibilia, and, consequently, medical treatment was established. Despite improvement of the patient, a focal ultrasound of the hepatobiliary tract was performed 72 hr after admission for reassessment, revealing gallbladder wall thickening and abdominal effusion. Intracellular bacteria were present in nondegenerated neutrophils, and the effusion was categorized as septic exudate, compatible with septic peritonitis. Exploratory laparotomy confirmed an anicteric gallbladder rupture potentially secondary to cholecystitis and/or previous cholecystocentesis. The patient was not icteric the day of the surgery, serum bilirubin was within normal limits, abdominal fluid bilirubin concentration was below that of serum, and no bile pigment was detected; however, bile acids were significantly higher in the abdominal effusion compared with the serum concentration. This case describes an anicteric gallbladder rupture in a dog with concomitant cholecystitis and raises the question about the sensitivity of bile acid evaluation as a tool for diagnosis of gallbladder rupture and bile peritonitis in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Pascual
- From Dick White Referrals, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Fauchon
- From Dick White Referrals, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Monti
- From Dick White Referrals, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ferran Valls
- From Dick White Referrals, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Webb CB. Evidence-Based Medicine: Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Cholecystocentesis in the Cat. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50:1123-1134. [PMID: 32680666 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholangitis is a common cause of hepatobiliary disease in the cat. Feline cholangitis is characterized as neutrophilic (acute or chronic), lymphocytic, or caused by liver flukes. The neutrophilic form is caused by bacterial infection of the biliary system, and identification of the specific bacterial agent guides treatment. Bile is the sample of choice for cytology and bacterial culture in these cases, and percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis is used to obtain that sample. This review covers the literature that provides evidence for safety and usefulness of percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis as part of the diagnostic work-up of cats suspected of having hepatobiliary disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig B Webb
- Clinical Sciences Department, Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pilton JL, Chau J, Foo TS, Hall EJ, Martinez-Taboada F, Podadera JM, Makara MA. Hepatic computed tomography and cholangiography by use of gadoxetic acid in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:385-395. [PMID: 30919679 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.4.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate 3 doses of gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOB-DPTA) for hepatic CT and cholangiography in cats and to determine optimal timing for hepatobiliary image acquisition and evaluation of the contrast-enhanced hepatobiliary anatomy. ANIMALS 6 healthy cats. PROCEDURES Cats were anesthetized; sequential CT scans were performed 0, 5, 25, 45, 65, and 85 minutes after IV administration of Gd-EOB-DTPA at low (0.0125 mmol/kg), medium (0.1 mmol/kg), and high (0.3 mmol/kg) doses. Hepatobiliary enhancement for each dose was objectively assessed over time and by use of a subjective semiquantitative visual assessment score. RESULTS No contrast-related adverse effects were detected. Each increase in dose of contrast medium resulted in a significant increase in HU across the hepatobiliary system. The liver had a significantly higher number of HU at 45 minutes, with homogenous enhancement at all doses of contrast medium. Contrast-enhanced cystic and bile duct HU were significantly higher and maximal at 65 minutes. Contrast-enhanced gallbladder HU did not plateau by 85 minutes. At a high dose of contrast medium, 12 of 60 (20%) biliary tract scores indicated no enhancement, 34 (57%) indicated poor enhancement, and 14 (23%) indicated moderate enhancement. No cat had excellent enhancement of the biliary tract at any dose. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced hepatic CT and cholangiography in cats were safely performed and provided good hepatic enhancement but poor to moderate enhancement of the biliary tract. This technique may be useful for assessing the liver parenchyma in cats, but its value for assessing the biliary tract is questionable.
Collapse
|
13
|
Webster CRL, Center SA, Cullen JM, Penninck DG, Richter KP, Twedt DC, Watson PJ. ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1173-1200. [PMID: 30844094 PMCID: PMC6524396 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This consensus statement on chronic hepatitis (CH) in dogs is based on the expert opinion of 7 specialists with extensive experience in diagnosing, treating, and conducting clinical research in hepatology in dogs. It was generated from expert opinion and information gathered from searching of PubMed for manuscripts on CH, the Veterinary Information Network for abstracts and conference proceeding from annual meetings of the American College of Veterinary Medicine and the European College of Veterinary Medicine, and selected manuscripts from the human literature on CH. The panel recognizes that the diagnosis and treatment of CH in the dog is a complex process that requires integration of clinical presentation with clinical pathology, diagnostic imaging, and hepatic biopsy. Essential to this process is an index of suspicion for CH, knowledge of how to best collect tissue samples, access to a pathologist with experience in assessing hepatic histopathology, knowledge of reasonable medical interventions, and a strategy for monitoring treatment response and complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia R. L. Webster
- Department of Clinical SciencesCummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts UniversityGraftonMassachusetts
| | - Sharon A. Center
- Department of Clinical SciencesNew York State College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell UniversityIthacaNew York
| | - John M. Cullen
- Population Health and PathobiologyNorth Carolina State Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Dominique G. Penninck
- Department of Clinical SciencesCummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts UniversityGraftonMassachusetts
| | - Keith P. Richter
- Ethos Veterinary Health and Veterinary Specialty Hospital of San DiegoSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - David C. Twedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - Penny J. Watson
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. The biliary tree encompasses the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts, although only diseases affecting the latter two are discussed here. Diseases of the bile ducts and gall bladder are more common than those of the liver parenchyma and ultrasound plays an important role in their diagnosis. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even differentiating between normal variation and pathological changes can be challenging for all but the most experienced. In addition, a lack of pathological change does not necessarily rule out disease; for example, absence of gall bladder and/or extrahepatic biliary distension is not sufficient to exclude the possibility of biliary obstruction, and in many cases of cholangitis the liver and biliary tree are unremarkable on ultrasound examination. EQUIPMENT Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience. AIM This review, part of an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, discusses the appearance of the normal and diseased biliary system. It is aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound and is accompanied by high-resolution images. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis is also covered. Ultrasound examination of the liver was discussed in an article published in January 2019 and an upcoming article will cover hepatic vascular anomalies. EVIDENCE BASE Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author's own clinical experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Griffin
- Radiology Department, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull B90 4NH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Leela-Arporn R, Ohta H, Nagata N, Sasaoka K, Tamura M, Dermlim A, Nisa K, Morishita K, Sasaki N, Nakamura K, Takagi S, Hosoya K, Takiguchi M. Epidemiology of massive hepatocellular carcinoma in dogs: A 4-year retrospective study. Vet J 2019; 248:74-78. [PMID: 31113567 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver tumour in dogs. However, the clinical features and risk factors of HCC have not been confirmed. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical features and risk factors for canine HCC. Medical records of 44 dogs diagnosed with HCC at Hokkaido University Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 2013 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. All dogs evaluated at the teaching hospital during the study period were used as the reference population for breed, age, sex predispositions or possible related factors for HCC, including concurrent disorders. Clinical characteristics of HCC were determined using propensity score matching analysis. The prevalence of HCC diagnosis was 0.96%. Multivariate analysis revealed that dogs diagnosed with HCC were significantly older (odds ratio [OR], 1.20; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.07-1.33) than the reference population. Welsh Corgis (OR, 3.68; 95% CI, 1.56-8.67) and Beagles (OR, 4.33; 95% CI, 1.58-11.90) were significantly predisposed to HCC. Twenty-seven of 44 dogs with HCC had at least one concurrent disorder. The most common concurrent disorder was hyperadrenocorticism (n = 10), and the adjusted odds of hyperadrenocorticism in dogs with HCC were 4.13 higher than those of the reference population (95% CI, 1.95-8.76). Propensity score matching analysis revealed that thrombocytosis (n = 30/43), increased alanine aminotransferase (n = 41/44), increased alkaline phosphatase (n = 42/44), and hypercalcemia (n = 13/32) were significantly associated with HCC diagnosis. The results of this study suggest that Welsh Corgis and Beagles are breeds with a predisposition for HCC and that hyperadrenocorticism might be a potential risk factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Leela-Arporn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - H Ohta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - N Nagata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - K Sasaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - M Tamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - A Dermlim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - K Nisa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - K Morishita
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - N Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - K Nakamura
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - S Takagi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - K Hosoya
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - M Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. Ultrasound examination of the liver can be key in the diagnosis of diseases such as hepatic lipidosis and hepatic neoplasia. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even differentiating between normal variation and pathological changes can be challenging for all but the most experienced. When assessing the liver via ultrasound, a diffuse alteration in liver echogenicity may be difficult to detect unless the change is marked and, although comparisons can be made with the spleen and kidneys, this relies on these organs being normal. EQUIPMENT Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience. AIM This review, the first in an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, discusses ultrasonographic examination of the normal and diseased liver, with focus on the liver parenchyma. It is aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge of and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound and is accompanied by high-resolution images. Ultrasound-guided sampling of the liver is also covered. Future articles will discuss the biliary tree and hepatic vascular anomalies. EVIDENCE BASE Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author's own clinical experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Griffin
- Radiology Department, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull B90 4NH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kurihara M, Bahr RJ, Green R. Liver enzyme elevation caused by a compression of infiltrative lipoma in a dog. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:127-129. [PMID: 30255090 PMCID: PMC6147384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kurihara
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Bahr
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Ronald Green
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Banzato T, Bonsembiante F, Aresu L, Gelain M, Burti S, Zotti A. Use of transfer learning to detect diffuse degenerative hepatic diseases from ultrasound images in dogs: A methodological study. Vet J 2018; 233:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
19
|
Moraes P, Novelini L, Krabbe E, Kawski V, Nunes J, Corcini C, Varella A, Xavier E. Growth performance, morphometric analysis of the intestinal mucosa and thyroid of broiler fed canola meal. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal with canola meal in broiler diets on performance, liver histopathology, morphometry of the intestinal mucosa and thyroid. One-day-old Cobb chicks (n=300) were distributed in a completely randomized design, with increasing levels of replacement of soybean meal with canola meal (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and 6 repetitions of 10 birds each. Weight gain decreased linearly (P< 0.05) with increasing levels of inclusion of canola meal, in all stages. Villus height in the duodenum and jejunum linearly decreased (P< 0.05). Follicle diameter and thyroid follicular epithelium height increased linearly with increasing levels of canola meal (P< 0.05). Similarly, there was an increase in relative weight of liver and heart, and liver steatosis in the highest levels of replacement. In conclusion, the replacement of soybean meal with canola meal can reduce performance, adversely affecting the thyroid, liver and the morphometric characteristics in the duodenum and jejunum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P.O. Moraes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - E.L. Krabbe
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Brazil
| | - V.L. Kawski
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Brazil
| | - J.K. Nunes
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Eulenberg VM, Lidbury JA. Hepatic Fibrosis in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:26-41. [PMID: 29194760 PMCID: PMC5787209 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is commonly diagnosed in dogs, often as a sequela to chronic hepatitis (CH). The development of fibrosis is a crucial event in the progression of hepatic disease that is of prognostic value. The pathophysiology of hepatic fibrosis in human patients and rodent models has been studied extensively. Although less is known about this process in dogs, evidence suggests that fibrogenic mechanisms are similar between species and that activation of hepatic stellate cells is a key step. Diagnosis and staging of hepatic fibrosis in dogs requires histopathological examination of a liver biopsy specimen. However, performing a liver biopsy is invasive and assessment of fibrotic stage is complicated by the absence of a universally accepted staging scheme in veterinary medicine. Serum biomarkers that can discriminate among different fibrosis stages are used in human patients, but such markers must be more completely evaluated in dogs before clinical use. When successful treatment of its underlying cause is feasible, reversal of hepatic fibrosis has been shown to be possible in rodent models and human patients. Reversal of fibrosis has not been well documented in dogs, but successful treatment of CH is possible. In human medicine, better understanding of the pathomechanisms of hepatic fibrosis is leading to the development of novel treatment strategies. In time, these may be applied to dogs. This article comparatively reviews the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis, its diagnosis, and its treatment in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V M Eulenberg
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Im J, Burney DP, McDonough SP, Nicholson B, Eatroff A, Simpson KW. Canine Hepatitis Associated with Intrahepatic Bacteria in Three Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2017; 54:65-70. [PMID: 29131670 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This case report describes the detection of intrahepatic bacteria in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded histopathological sections from three dogs with neutrophilic, pyogranulomatous, or lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis and cholangiohepatitis. In each of these cases, eubacterial fluorescence in situ hybridization enabled colocalization of intrahepatic bacteria with neutrophilic and granulomatous inflammation in samples that were negative for bacteria when evaluated by routine hematoxylin and eosin histopathology augmented with histochemical stains. Positive responses to antimicrobial therapy were observed in of 2 out of 2 patients that were treated with antimicrobials. These findings suggest that eubacterial fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded histopathological sections is more sensitive than conventional histochemical stains for the diagnosis of bacteria-associated canine hepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joon Im
- From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)
| | - Derek P Burney
- From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)
| | - Sean P McDonough
- From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)
| | - Brigid Nicholson
- From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)
| | - Adam Eatroff
- From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)
| | - Kenneth W Simpson
- From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Histopathologic evaluation of liver biopsy specimens yields information that is not otherwise obtainable and is frequently essential for diagnosing hepatic disease. Percutaneous needle biopsy, laparoscopic biopsy, and surgical biopsy each have their own set of advantages and disadvantages. Care should be taken to ensure an adequate amount of tissue is collected for meaningful histologic evaluation. Because sampling error is a limitation of hepatic biopsy, multiple liver lobes should be biopsied. This article discusses the indications for liver biopsy, associated risks, advantages and disadvantages of different biopsy techniques, and strategies to get the most useful information possible out of this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Braga R, Teixeira A, Oliveira J, Cavalcanti L. Prevalence of Platynosomum fastosum infection in free roaming cats in northeastern Brazil: Fluke burden and grading of lesions. Vet Parasitol 2016; 227:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
24
|
Craig SM, Fry JK, Rodrigues Hoffmann A, Manino P, Heilmann RM, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Hottinger HA, Hunter SL, Lidbury JA. Serum C-reactive protein and S100A12 concentrations in dogs with hepatic disease. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:459-64. [PMID: 27271454 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe serum C-reactive protein and S100A12 concentrations in dogs with hepatic disease and to determine whether there is a relationship between the concentration of either and the severity of hepatic necroinflammation. METHODS Serum C-reactive protein and S100A12 concentrations were measured in 46 dogs undergoing hepatic biopsy. Dogs were divided into three groups: congenital portosystemic shunts, chronic hepatitis and hepatic neoplasia. The histological severity of hepatic necroinflammation was scored. RESULTS C-reactive protein and S100A12 concentrations were greater than the upper limit of the reference intervals in 39 and 26% of dogs, respectively. There was no association of disease group with C-reactive protein (P=0·1733) or S100A12 (P=0·1513) concentrations. There was a positive correlation between serum C-reactive protein concentration and hepatic necroinflammatory activity (rs =0·428, P=0·006). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Increased serum C-reactive protein and S100A12 concentrations were observed in a subpopulation of dogs with various types of hepatic diseases, suggesting acute-phase inflammation and activation of phagocytic cells, respectively. Dogs with higher hepatic necroinflammatory activity scores tended to have higher serum C-reactive protein concentrations. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding in a larger group of dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Craig
- Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, Houston, Texas, 77027, USA
| | - J K Fry
- Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, Houston, Texas, 77027, USA
| | - A Rodrigues Hoffmann
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, 77843-4474, USA
| | - P Manino
- Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, Houston, Texas, 77027, USA
| | - R M Heilmann
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, 77843-4474, USA
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, 77843-4474, USA
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, 77843-4474, USA
| | - H A Hottinger
- Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, Houston, Texas, 77027, USA
| | - S L Hunter
- Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, Houston, Texas, 77027, USA
| | - J A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, 77843-4474, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lemetayer JD, Snead EC, Starrak GS, Wagner BA. Multiple liver abscesses in a dog secondary to the liver fluke Metorchis conjunctus treated by percutaneous transhepatic drainage and alcoholization. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2016; 57:605-609. [PMID: 27247459 PMCID: PMC4866664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A 1-year-old German shepherd × husky cross dog was diagnosed with multiple liver abscesses and severe cholangitis secondary to the liver fluke Metorchis conjunctus. The dog was successfully treated with 2 percutaneous transhepatic drainage and alcoholization procedures, and a prolonged course of antibiotics and praziquantel.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kilpatrick S, Dreistadt M, Frowde P, Powell R, Milne E, Smith S, Morrison L, Gow AG, Handel I, Mellanby RJ. Presence of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Predicts a Poor Clinical Outcome in Dogs with a Primary Hepatitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146560. [PMID: 26808672 PMCID: PMC4726575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hepatopathies are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs. The underlying aetiology of most cases of canine hepatitis is unknown. Consequently, treatments are typically palliative and it is difficult to provide accurate prognostic information to owners. In human hepatology there is accumulating data which indicates that the presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a common and debilitating event in patients with liver diseases. For example, the presence of SIRS has been linked to the development of complications such as hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and is associated with a poor clinical outcome in humans with liver diseases. In contrast, the relationship between SIRS and clinical outcome in dogs with a primary hepatitis is unknown. Seventy dogs with histologically confirmed primary hepatitis were enrolled into the study. Additional clinical and clinicopathological information including respiratory rate, heart rate, temperature, white blood cell count, sodium, potassium, sex, presence of ascites, HE score, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin and red blood cell concentration were available in all cases. The median survival of dogs with a SIRS score of 0 or 1 (SIRS low) was 231 days compared to a median survival of 7 days for dogs with a SIRS score of 2, 3 or 4 (SIRS high) (p<0.001). A Cox proportional hazard model, which included all other co-variables, revealed that a SIRS high score was an independent predictor of a poor clinical outcome. The effect of modulating inflammation on treatment outcomes in dogs with a primary hepatitis is deserving of further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Kilpatrick
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Dreistadt
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Polly Frowde
- Davies Veterinary Specialists Limited, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Powell
- PTDS, Unit 2a, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sionagh Smith
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Morrison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Adam G. Gow
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Smalle TM, Cahalane AK, Köster LS. Gallbladder mucocoele: A review. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2015; 86:1318. [PMID: 26824341 PMCID: PMC6138112 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v86i1.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder mucocoele (GBM) is an abnormal, intraluminal accumulation of inspissated bile and/or mucous within the gallbladder. Older, small- to medium-breed dogs seem to be predisposed, but no sex predilection has been identified. Clinical signs are often non-specific and include vomiting, lethargy, anorexia, abdominal pain, icterus and polyuria-polydipsia. Results of a complete blood count may be unremarkable, but serum biochemistry usually reveals increased liver enzymes. The ultrasonographic appearance is diagnostic and well described in the literature. Surgical intervention for the treatment of GBM remains the therapeutic gold standard, with short- and long-term survival for biliary surgery being 66%. The worst outcome is seen in those dogs requiring cholecystoenterostomy. With GBM becoming an apparently increasingly common cause of extrahepatic biliary disease in canines, it is essential that clinicians become familiar with the current literature pertaining to this condition. Numerous predisposing factors are highlighted in this review article and the role of certain endocrinopathies (e.g. hyperadrenocorticism and hypothyroidism) in the development of GBM is touched upon. Furthermore, the aetiopathogenesis of this disease is discussed with reference to the latest literature. Cholecystectomy remains the treatment of choice, but other options are considered based on a current literature review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tesh M Smalle
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Makara M, Chau J, Hall E, Kloeppel H, Podadera J, Barrs V. EFFECTS OF TWO CONTRAST INJECTION PROTOCOLS ON FELINE AORTIC AND HEPATIC ENHANCEMENT USING DYNAMIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 56:367-73. [PMID: 25640846 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective study compared aortic and hepatic enhancement achieved using a contrast injection protocol with a fixed rate of 5 ml/s vs. that achieved using a protocol with fixed injection duration of 20 s in eight cats. Cats were assigned into two groups (Group 1, rate 5 ml/s; Group 2, duration 20 s). The dose of contrast was the same in both groups (740 mgI/kg). Regions of interest (ROI) were drawn in the aorta and liver for transverse scans acquired at the hepatic hilus. Time to peak aortic enhancement occurred significantly earlier in Group 1 (M = 11s, SD = 1.63) than in Group 2 (M = 25.5 s, SD = 2.51). Peak aortic enhancement was significantly higher in Group 1 (M = 1906.51 HU, SD = 368.64) than in Group 2 (M = 745.08 HU, SD = 201.84). Duration of aortic enhancement equal to or above 300 HU was statistically longer in Group 2 (M = 24.5 s, SD = 8.39) than in Group 1 (M = 10 s, SD = 1.63). There were no significant differences in time to peak liver enhancement, peak liver enhancement, or duration of hepatic arterial phase between groups. Findings supported the hypothesis that longer injection duration results in a broader bolus geometry with a longer time to peak and a lower peak aortic enhancement in cat. This strong influence of injection duration on timing of aortic enhancement may help future users optimize protocols for CT angiography of the aorta and multiphasic evaluation of the liver, pancreas, and small intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Makara
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer Chau
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Evelyn Hall
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Heide Kloeppel
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Juan Podadera
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vanessa Barrs
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bahr KL, Sharkey LC, Murakami T, Feeney DA. Accuracy of US-Guided FNA of Focal Liver Lesions in Dogs: 140 Cases (2005–2008). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2013; 49:190-6. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Medical records from dogs having abdominal ultrasound (US) performed between March 2005 and October 2008 were reviewed for detection of focal liver lesions (FLL) with both cytologic and histologic sampling. Samples were classified as to either the presence or absence of major categories of pathologic processes, including malignant neoplasia, inflammation, hyperplasia/benign neoplasia, vacuolar change, extramedullary hematopoeisis, cholestasis, necrosis, and no microscopic abnormalities. Evaluation of selection bias was performed by review of the relative distribution of cytologic diagnoses for cases with histology compared with cases excluded from the comparison analysis because histology results were not available. Cytology had the highest sensitivity for vacuolar change (57.9%), followed by neoplasia (52.0%). Cytology had the highest positive predictive value (PPV) for neoplasia (86.7%) followed by vacuolar change (51.6%). Cytology had lower sensitivity and PPVs for inflammation, necrosis, and hyperplasia. The ability of cytology to characterize disease in canine FLL varies by pathologic process. Clinicians can have a high degree of confidence when a cytologic diagnosis of neoplasia is given; however, cytology is less reliable for excluding the potential for neoplasia. Cytology has a low sensitivity and PPV for inflammation and a limited diagnostic performance for the diagnosis of vacuolar change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Bahr
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Leslie C. Sharkey
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Tsuyoshi Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Daniel A. Feeney
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Swinbourne F, Smith KC, Lipscomb VJ, Tivers MS. Histopathological findings in the livers of cats with a congenital portosystemic shunt before and after surgical attenuation. Vet Rec 2013; 172:362. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Swinbourne
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Hatfield AL9 7TA UK
| | - K. C. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases; Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Hatfield AL9 7TA UK
| | - V. J. Lipscomb
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Hatfield AL9 7TA UK
| | - M. S. Tivers
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Hatfield AL9 7TA UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liver. CANINE AND FELINE GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7161409 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3661-6.00061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
|
32
|
Murakami T, Feeney DA, Bahr KL. Analysis of clinical and ultrasonographic data by use of logistic regression models for prediction of malignant versus benign causes of ultrasonographically detected focal liver lesions in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:821-9. [PMID: 22620696 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.6.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the value of clinical, laboratory, and imaging data for use in predicting malignant or benign histologic results for ultrasonographically detected focal liver lesions in dogs. SAMPLE Records and archived images of 247 dogs evaluated at the University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center from 2005 to 2008 that underwent abdominal ultrasonography and histologic evaluation of the liver. PROCEDURES Data were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression models. All dogs were classified as having benign or malignant liver disease on the basis of histologic reports. Three multivariable logistic regression models were fit to a development subset of the data by use of combinations of signalment, historical, physical examination, laboratory, and diagnostic imaging (survey radiography and abdominal ultrasonography) data as predictor variables. The resulting models were validated by evaluating predictive performance against a holdout validation subset of the data. RESULTS Models that included ultrasonographic variables had the highest overall predictive value. In these models, greater lesion size and the presence of peritoneal fluid were the only variables that had a positive association with malignant liver disease. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Large ultrasonographically detected liver lesions and the presence of peritoneal fluid were associated with malignant liver disease in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fukushima K, Kanemoto H, Ohno K, Takahashi M, Nakashima K, Fujino Y, Uchida K, Fujiwara R, Nishimura R, Tsujimoto H. CT characteristics of primary hepatic mass lesions in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:252-7. [PMID: 22244075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Little information is available on the relationship between computed tomography (CT) imaging findings and the pathologic diagnosis of canine hepatic tumors. Our purpose was to clarify the characteristic features of CT findings in liver tumors in dogs. Data from 33 dogs with either a hepatocellular carcinoma, n = 14, hepatocellular adenoma, n = 14, or nodular hyperplasia, n = 5 were summarized from medical records. CT features for each histologic diagnosis were characterized and analyzed statistically. Common findings in hepatocellular carcinoma included central (79%, P = 0.0030) and marginal enhancement (93%, P = 0.00043) in the arterial phase, cyst-like lesions (93%), capsule formation (93%), and hypoattenuation in the portal (86%), and equilibrium phases (93%). Hepatic adenoma was characterized by a characteristic diffuse enhancement pattern during the arterial phase (57%, P = 0.013), which was also found in nodular hyperplasia (60%), but never in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nodular hyperplasia was less likely to have a capsule structure (20%, P = 0.0087). Mass size was significantly smaller in nodular hyperplasia than in hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic adenoma (P = 0.0033 and 0.038, respectively). Hyperattenuation in the arterial and the portal phase i.e. contrast retention, was more frequent in hepatic adenoma than in the other groups (P = 0.037 and 0.037, respectively). Nodular hyperplasia was more frequently isoattenuating in the equilibrium phase (P = 0.043).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Fukushima
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Osumi T, Ohno K, Kanemoto H, Nakashima K, Uchida K, Karasawa A, Fujino Y, Tsujimoto H. A case of recovery from canine destructive cholangitis in a Miniature Dachshund. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:937-9. [PMID: 21325741 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-year-old Miniature Dachshund presented with severe chronic jaundice and elevated liver enzymes. Destructive cholangitis was diagnosed according to histopathological findings of remarkable ductopenia with inflammatory infiltrates and fibrosis in the portal areas. Supportive therapy with prednisolone, high-dose ursodeoxycholic acid, human placental extract and antibiotics was tried, and the patient showed recovery of clinical signs 3 months after diagnosis. A second liver biopsy was performed about 1 year after initial diagnosis, and bile duct restoration was confirmed with continuous inflammation around portal areas and inside the lobules. Although we could not determine which treatment was effective in this case, destructive cholangitis in dogs may be recoverable with long-term supportive therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Osumi
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Geigy CA, Dandrieux J, Miclard J, Kircher P, Howard J. Extranodal B-cell lymphoma in the urinary bladder with cytological evidence of concurrent involvement of the gall bladder in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 51:280-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|