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Mortier F, Daminet S, Marynissen S, Smets P, Paepe D. Value of repeated health screening in 259 apparently healthy mature adult and senior cats followed for 2 years. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2089-2098. [PMID: 38967102 PMCID: PMC11256131 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although regular health screening is recommended, long-term follow-up data in healthy aged cats are lacking. OBJECTIVES Determine the most common conditions in a large group of apparently healthy older cats and which diseases are manifested within 2 years in cats confirmed to be healthy based on extensive health screening. ANIMALS Client-owned cats. METHODS Prospective study. Thorough history, physical examination, blood tests, and urinalysis were performed in 259 apparently healthy mature adult (7-10 years) and senior (>10 years) cats. Semi-annual follow-up examinations were performed in 201 confirmed healthy cats. RESULTS At baseline, 21% of apparently healthy cats were not considered healthy but were diagnosed with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) ≥ stage 2 chronic kidney disease (CKD; 7.7%) or hyperthyroidism (4.6%), among other disorders. Disease occurred significantly more frequently in senior cats compared with mature adult cats. In addition, 40% cats were overweight, 35% had moderate to severe dental disease, and 22% had abnormal cardiac auscultation findings. Within 2 years, 28% of mature adult and 54% of senior cats that were confirmed healthy at inclusion developed new diseases, most commonly IRIS ≥ stage 2 CKD (cumulative incidence, 13.4%), hyperthyroidism (8.5%), chronic enteropathy, hepatopathy or pancreatitis (7.5%), or neoplasia (7%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The high prevalence and 2-year incidence of physical examination abnormalities and systemic diseases in apparently healthy older cats argue for regular health screening in cats ≥7 years of age. Although more common in senior cats, occult disease also occurs in mature adult cats, and owners should be informed accordingly.
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Mortier F, van Leeuwenberg R, Daminet S, Paepe D. Determination of age-specific reference intervals for selected serum and urinary biomarkers in elderly cats. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231207492. [PMID: 37991462 PMCID: PMC10812001 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231207492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Annual health screening is recommended in elderly cats to allow the early detection of conditions such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hyperthyroidism. Nevertheless, age-specific reference intervals (RIs) for renal and thyroid parameters in this population are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine age-specific RIs for selected serum and urine biomarkers related to CKD and hyperthyroidism, namely serum creatinine (sCr), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), phosphate (P), total calcium (tCa), total thyroxine (TT4), urinary protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) and urine specific gravity (USG). These RIs were established for elderly cats (aged ⩾7 years) in general, as well as for mature adult cats (aged 7-10 years) and senior cats (aged >10 years) separately. METHODS A prospective study was conducted on client-owned cats aged ⩾7 years and considered healthy by their owners. The cats were screened to rule out metabolic and systemic diseases by means of a thorough history, complete physical examination, blood examination and urinalysis. The data from 206 healthy elderly cats (134 mature adult and 72 senior cats) were included. Age-appropriate RIs were determined following the guidelines of the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology and compared with existing laboratory RIs. RESULTS Clinically relevant differences between the age-specific RI and the laboratory RI were found for several variables. Compared with the laboratory RI, the upper limit of the RI for cats aged ⩾7 years was lower for sCr, TT4 and P, and higher for SDMA. The lower limit of the age-appropriate RI was lower for USG. The new RI was almost identical to the existing laboratory RI for tCa and UPC. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Using age-specific RIs for renal and thyroid biomarkers in mature adult and senior cats has important clinical consequences for the interpretation of health screening results in elderly cats. This confirms the need to adapt laboratory RIs to the specific animal population for which the RI will be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Mortier
- Femke Mortier DVM, Diplomate ECVIM-CA, Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Oost-Vlaanderen 9820, Belgium
| | | | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
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Montoya-Navarrete AL, Guerrero-Barrera AL, Quezada-Tristán T, Valdivia-Flores AG, Cano-Rábano MJ. Red blood cells morphology and morphometry in adult, senior, and geriatricians dogs by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:998438. [PMID: 36439358 PMCID: PMC9685804 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.998438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBC) morphologic evaluation through microscopy optical (OM) and SEM, provides information to forecast, evaluate, and monitor the functioning of many organs. Factors, such aging and diseases affect RBC morphology in both, human and animals. SEM is useful to evaluate RBC morphology, although its use in diagnosis and evaluation in dogs is limited, due to the availability and cost. The aim of this research was to assess the normal RBC morphology in adult, senior and geriatrician dogs, clinically healthy by OM and SEM. In addition to evaluating the age effect, sex, body size, and their interaction on erythrocyte morphometry. To carry out the research 152 blood samples were evaluated from dogs of different sexes and body sizes (small, medium, and large). Three groups were made based on dogs age: group I adults (1-7.9 years old), group II senior (8-11.9 years old), and group III geriatricians (>12 years old). Erythrocyte parameters were evaluated by OM (diameter, height, and axial ratio). Per each dog, the parameters of 20 erythrocytes were measured. A total of 2,600 cells were scanned with the AmScope™ Software scale. In addition, the RBC morphology was evaluated by SEM. Statistical analyses used analysis of variance and a general linear model, which allows the comparison of multiple factors at two or more levels (p < 0.05). The results of this study showed that diameter and height were lower in adult dogs than in senior and geriatrician dogs (p < 0.05). Whereas, sex, body size, and the interaction did not show a significant effect (p > 0.05). Additionally, some images of anisocytosis, polychromasia, and poikilocytosis (echinocytes, acanthocytes, codocytes, spherocytes, stomatocytes, dacryocytes quatrefoil, and elliptocytes) were obtained by OM and SEM. Our study provides information about the morphological and morphometry alterations of adult, senior, and geriatrician dogs RBC. This work contributes to future investigations and the diagnosing diseases, where it is necessary to evaluate the morphology of RBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Montoya-Navarrete
- Morphology Department, Basic Sciences Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | | | - Teódulo Quezada-Tristán
- Veterinary Sciences Department, Agricultural Sciences Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Arturo G. Valdivia-Flores
- Veterinary Sciences Department, Agricultural Sciences Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - María J. Cano-Rábano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, León, Spain
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Sato-Takada K, Flemming AM, Voordouw MJ, Carr AP. Parvovirus enteritis and other risk factors associated with persistent gastrointestinal signs in dogs later in life: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:96. [PMID: 35277172 PMCID: PMC8915519 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parvoviral enteritis (PE) is a viral gastrointestinal (GI) infection of dogs. Recovery from PE has been associated with persistent GI signs later in life. The objectives of this study were: (i) To determine whether dogs that have recovered from PE (post-parvo dogs) had an increased risk of persistent GI signs compared to uninfected control dogs. (ii) To investigate the lifestyle and clinicopathologic factors that are associated with persistent GI signs in post-parvo dogs. Methods A total of 86 post-parvo dogs and 52 age-matched control dogs were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. Many years after hospitalization for PE, the owners were interviewed about the health and habits of their dogs using a questionnaire. We used generalized linear mixed effects models to test whether parvovirus enteritis and other risk factors are associated with owner-recognized general health problems in all dogs and with owner-recognized persistent GI signs in post-parvo dogs. Results The prevalence of persistent GI signs was significantly higher in post-parvo dogs compared to control dogs (57% vs 25%, P < 0.001). Markers of disease severity at the time of hospital admission such as neutropenia, low body temperature (BT), and treatment with an antiemetic medication (metoclopramide) were significant risk factors for persistent GI signs in post-parvo dogs. For example, PE-affected dogs that were hypothermic at hospital admission (BT of 37.2 °C) were 16.6 × more likely to have GI signs later in life compared to hyperthermic dogs (BT of 40.4 °C). The presence of persistent GI signs in post-parvo dogs was a risk factor for health problems in other organ systems. Conclusions Parvovirus enteritis is a significant risk factor for persistent GI signs in dogs highlighting the importance of prevention. The risk factors identified in the present study may guide future investigations on the mechanisms that link parvovirus enteritis to chronic health problems in dogs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03187-7.
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Son YB, Bharti D, Kim SB, Bok EY, Lee SY, Ho HJ, Lee SL, Rho GJ. Hematological patterns and histopathological assessment of Miniature Pigs in the experiments on human mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1259-1268. [PMID: 33526987 PMCID: PMC7847617 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.53036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Multipotent and immune privileged properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were investigated for the treatment of various clinical diseases. For the years, many researches into the animal studies evaluated human stem cell therapeutic capacity related to the regenerative medicine. However, there were limited reports on immune privileged properties of human MSCs in animal studies. The present study investigated hematological and biochemical parameter and lymphocyte subset in mini-pigs following human MSCs transplantation as a means of validation of reliability that influence the animal test results. Methods: The miniature pigs were transplanted with human MSCs seeded with scaffold. After transplantation, all animals were evaluated by CBC, biochemistry and lymphocyte subset test. After 9 weeks, all pigs were sacrificed and organs were histologically analyzed. Results: CBC test showed that levels of RBC were decreased and reticulocyte, WBC and neutrophil were increased in transient state initially after transplantation, but returned to normal value. The proportion of B lymphocyte and cytotoxic T cell were also initially enhanced within the normal range temporarily. The female and male miniature pigs showed normal ranges for blood chemistry assessments. During the 9 weeks post-operative period, the animals showed a continuous increase in body weight and length. Furthermore, no abnormal findings were observed from the histological analysis of sacrificed pigs. Conclusions: Overall, miniature pigs transplanted with human MSCs seeded with scaffold were found to have physiologically similar results to normal animals. This result might be a reliable indicator of the animal experiments using miniature pigs with human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Bum Son
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh Bharti
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Saet-Byul Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Bok
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jang Ho
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Lim Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Jin Rho
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Lee SH, Kim JW, Lee BC, Oh HJ. Age-specific variations in hematological and biochemical parameters in middle- and large-sized of dogs. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e7. [PMID: 31940686 PMCID: PMC7000901 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging triggers cellular and molecular alterations, including genomic instability and organ dysfunction, which increases the risk of disease in mammals. Recently, due to the markedly growing number of aging dogs in the world, as much as 49% in total number of pet dogs, it is necessary to improve and maintain their quality of life by understanding of the biological effects of aging. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine specific biomarkers in aging dogs as a means of defining a set of hematological/biochemical biomarkers that influence the aging process. Blood samples were collected from younger (1-3 years) and older (7-10 years) dogs of middle/large size. The hematological/biochemistry analysis was performed to evaluate parameters significantly associated with age. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to target growth hormone (GH)/insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), one of the main regulators of the aging process. Declining levels of total protein and increased levels of glucose in young dogs was observed regardless of their body size. Notably, a significantly high concentration of GH and IGF-1 in the younger dogs compared to the older dogs was found in middle/large-sized dogs. GH and IGF-1 were also found at significantly high levels in large-sized dogs compared to middle-sized dogs, suggesting a similar trend to that of elderly humans. Consequently, glucose, total protein, GH, and IGF-1 were identified as potential biomarkers for regulating the aging process in large/middle-sized dogs. These findings provide an invaluable insight into the mechanism of aging for the field of aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hee Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Byeong Chun Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Hyun Ju Oh
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Fox PR, Keene BW, Lamb K, Schober KE, Chetboul V, Luis Fuentes V, Payne JR, Wess G, Hogan DF, Abbott JA, Häggström J, Culshaw G, Fine‐Ferreira D, Cote E, Trehiou‐Sechi E, Motsinger‐Reif AA, Nakamura RK, Singh M, Ware WA, Riesen SC, Borgarelli M, Rush JE, Vollmar A, Lesser MB, Van Israel N, Lee PM, Bulmer B, Santilli R, Bossbaly MJ, Quick N, Bussadori C, Bright J, Estrada AH, Ohad DG, del Palacio MJF, Brayley JL, Schwartz DS, Gordon SG, Jung S, Bove CM, Brambilla PG, Moïse NS, Stauthammer C, Quintavalla C, Manczur F, Stepien RL, Mooney C, Hung Y, Lobetti R, Tamborini A, Oyama MA, Komolov A, Fujii Y, Pariaut R, Uechi M, Yukie Tachika Ohara V. Long-term incidence and risk of noncardiovascular and all-cause mortality in apparently healthy cats and cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2572-2586. [PMID: 31605422 PMCID: PMC6872868 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic knowledge regarding noncardiovascular and all-cause mortality in apparently healthy cats (AH) and cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (pHCM) is limited, hindering development of evidence-based healthcare guidelines. OBJECTIVES To characterize/compare incidence rates, risk, and survival associated with noncardiovascular and all-cause mortality in AH and pHCM cats. ANIMALS A total of 1730 client-owned cats (722 AH, 1008 pHCM) from 21 countries. METHODS Retrospective, multicenter, longitudinal, cohort study. Long-term health data were extracted by medical record review and owner/referring veterinarian interviews. RESULTS Noncardiovascular death occurred in 534 (30.9%) of 1730 cats observed up to 15.2 years. Proportion of noncardiovascular death did not differ significantly between cats that at study enrollment were AH or had pHCM (P = .48). Cancer, chronic kidney disease, and conditions characterized by chronic weight-loss-vomiting-diarrhea-anorexia were the most frequently recorded noncardiovascular causes of death. Incidence rates/risk of noncardiac death increased with age in AH and pHCM. All-cause death proportions were greater in pHCM than AH (65% versus 40%, respectively; P < .001) because of higher cardiovascular mortality in pHCM cats. Comparing AH with pHCM, median survival (study entry to noncardiovascular death) did not differ (AH, 9.8 years; pHCM, 8.6 years; P = .10), but all-cause survival was significantly shorter in pHCM (P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE All-cause mortality was significantly greater in pHCM cats due to disease burden contributed by increased cardiovascular death superimposed upon noncardiovascular death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce W. Keene
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Department of Clinical SciencesRaleighNorth CarolinaU.S.A.
| | | | - Karsten E. Schober
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioU.S.A.
| | - Valérie Chetboul
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortMaisons‐Alfort CedexFrance
| | - Virginia Luis Fuentes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig‐Maximillians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Daniel F. Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaU.S.A.
| | - Jonathan A. Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineBlacksburgVirginiaU.S.A.
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Geoffrey Culshaw
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, R(D)SVS Hospital for Small Animals Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of EdinburghMidlothianUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Etienne Cote
- Atlantic Veterinary College, Univertisy of PEI—Department of Companion AnimalsCharlottetownPrince Edward IslandCanada
| | - Emilie Trehiou‐Sechi
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Cardiology Unit of Alfort—Université Paris‐EstMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | | | - Reid K. Nakamura
- Advanced Veterinary Care Center—CardiologyLawndaleCaliforniaU.S.A.
| | - Manreet Singh
- Veterinary Cardiac Referrals—CardiologySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Wendy A. Ware
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State UniversityAmesIowaU.S.A.
| | | | - Michele Borgarelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineBlacksburgVirginiaU.S.A.
| | - John E. Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineNorth GraftonMassachusettsU.S.A.
| | | | | | | | - Pamela Ming‐Show Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonU.S.A.
| | - Barret Bulmer
- Tufts Veterinary Emergency Treatment & SpecialtiesWalpoleMassachusettsU.S.A.
| | - Roberto Santilli
- Department of Cardiology, Clinica Veterinaria MalpensaVareseItaly
| | | | - Nadine Quick
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich, Clinic of Small Animal MedicineMunichGermany
| | | | - Janice Bright
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoU.S.A.
| | - Amara H. Estrada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary MedicineGainesvilleFloridaU.S.A.
| | - Dan G. Ohad
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | | | | | | | - Sonya G. Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasU.S.A.
| | - SeungWoo Jung
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaU.S.A.
| | - Christina M. Bove
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoU.S.A.
| | | | - N. Sydney Moïse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkU.S.A.
| | | | | | - Ferenc Manczur
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary MedicineBudapestHungary
| | - Rebecca L. Stepien
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinU.S.A.
| | - Carmel Mooney
- University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | | | - Remo Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary HospitalBryanstonSouth Africa
| | - Alice Tamborini
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, University College Veterinary Hospital, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Mark A. Oyama
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaU.S.A.
| | | | - Yoko Fujii
- Laboratory of Surgery 1, Azabu UniversitySagamiharaJapan
| | - Romain Pariaut
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Cornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkU.S.A.
| | - Masami Uechi
- Jasmine Animal Cardiovascular CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Victoria Yukie Tachika Ohara
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Zootechnics for Small Species, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
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Radakovich LB, Pannone SC, Truelove MP, Olver CS, Santangelo KS. Hematology and biochemistry of aging-evidence of "anemia of the elderly" in old dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2017; 46:34-45. [PMID: 28195648 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of aging on hematologic and biochemical variables are well described in people. Anemia of the elderly is attributed to iron deficiency, anemia of chronic disease, chronic kidney disease, myelodysplasia, or idiopathic causes. Limited studies have examined these variables in aging dogs, but they have typically examined single breeds in research settings. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify differences in CBC and biochemistry values between adult and aged dogs of many breeds. METHODS Dogs presenting for wellness examinations and minor dental/elective surgeries that were otherwise clinically healthy were retrospectively identified. Dogs were categorized by age: adult (1-7.9 years), senior (8-11.9 years), and geriatric (12+ years). Standard CBC and biochemistry data were collated. Asian breeds, Greyhounds, and dogs with data indicating overt underlying disease were excluded. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare groups with statistical significance set at P ≤ .05. RESULTS Hematocrit, MCV, and serum iron decreased with age, indicating possible iron-restricted erythropoiesis (IRE), due to iron deficiency or low-grade chronic inflammation. Total proteins, globulins, and platelet counts increased with age while albumin decreased, suggesting low-grade inflammation. Urea was increased in older dogs without a concurrent increase in creatinine, which points toward gastrointestinal bleeding or dehydration. CONCLUSION Clinically healthy, aging dogs have changes in laboratory variables that indicate altered physiologies compared to younger adult animals, including evidence of IRE, inflammation, and potential gastrointestinal bleeding, suggesting a similar trend to that of elderly human beings. Future studies will examine markers of iron metabolism and inflammation in aging dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Radakovich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Stephen C Pannone
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Matthew P Truelove
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christine S Olver
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kelly S Santangelo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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9
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Willems A, Paepe D, Marynissen S, Smets P, Van de Maele I, Picavet P, Duchateau L, Daminet S. Results of Screening of Apparently Healthy Senior and Geriatric Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 31:81-92. [PMID: 27747924 PMCID: PMC5259637 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a growing interest in health care of elderly dogs; however, scientific information about physical and laboratory examination findings in this age group is limited. Objectives To describe systolic blood pressure (SBP), and results of physical examination and laboratory tests in senior and geriatric dogs that were judged by the owner to be healthy. Animals Hundred client‐owned dogs. Methods Dogs were prospectively recruited. Owners completed a questionnaire. SBP measurement, physical, orthopedic and neurologic examination, direct fundoscopy and Schirmer tear test were performed. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and urinalysis were evaluated. Results Forty‐one senior and 59 geriatric dogs were included. Mean SBP was 170 ± 38 mmHg, and 53 dogs had SBP > 160 mmHg. Thirty‐nine animals were overweight. A heart murmur was detected in 22, severe calculus in 21 and 1 or more (sub)cutaneous masses in 56 dogs. Thirty‐two dogs had increased serum creatinine, 29 hypophosphatemia, 27 increased ALP, 25 increased ALT, and 23 leukopenia. Crystalluria, mostly amorphous crystals, was commonly detected (62/96). Overt proteinuria and borderline proteinuria were detected in 13 and 18 of 97 dogs, respectively. Four dogs had a positive urine bacterial culture. Frequency of orthopedic problems, frequency of (sub)cutaneous masses, and platelet count were significantly higher in geriatric compared with senior dogs. Body temperature, hematocrit, serum albumin, and serum total thyroxine concentration were significantly lower in geriatric compared with senior dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Physical and laboratory abnormalities are common in apparently healthy elderly dogs. Veterinarians play a key role in implementing health screening and improving health care for elderly pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Willems
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Marynissen
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Smets
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - I Van de Maele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Picavet
- Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Daminet
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Bellows J, Colitz CMH, Daristotle L, Ingram DK, Lepine A, Marks SL, Sanderson SL, Tomlinson J, Zhang J. Defining healthy aging in older dogs and differentiating healthy aging from disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 246:77-89. [PMID: 25517329 DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bellows
- Pets Dental, 17100 Royal Palm, Weston, FL 33326
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Fonfara S, Hetzel U, Hahn S, Kipar A. Age- and gender-dependent myocardial transcription patterns of cytokines and extracellular matrix remodelling enzymes in cats with non-cardiac diseases. Exp Gerontol 2015; 72:117-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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