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Gil-Vicente L, Martín G, Soler C, Vila A, Saiz MR, Navarro PF. Prospective Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of the Long-Term Effects of Omeprazole on Healthy Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1168. [PMID: 38672316 PMCID: PMC11047556 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of omeprazole as a preventive treatment for gastrointestinal ulcers in veterinary medicine has been questioned during previous years. The aim of the present study is to assess the long-term effect of omeprazole on cobalamin and serum gastrin levels in healthy dogs. Eighteen healthy dogs were included: 10 in the control group and 8 in the omeprazole group. Three samples were collected: before starting the treatment (T0), 30 days after the start of treatment (T1), and at 60 days (T2). The mean cobalamin value (ng/L) in the control group was 481.4 (±293.70) at T0, 481.4 (±170.21) at T1, and 513.2 (±174.50) at T2. In the omeprazole group, the values were 424.62 (±161.57) at T0, 454.5 (±160.96) at T1, and 414.87 (±127.90) at T2. No statistically significant changes were detected in cobalamin levels between the three-time period in both study groups. These results agree with previous findings in felines but contrast with human medicine studies. The median gastrin values (pg/mL) in the control group were 62.45 [30.17-218.75] at T0, 76.06 [30.67-199.87] at T1, and 63.02 [35.81-176.06] at T2. The median gastrin value in the omeprazole group was 67.59 [55.96-101.60] at T0, 191.77 [75.31-1901.77] at T1, and 128.16 [43.62-1066.46] at T2. Statistically significant differences were detected (p = 0.008), indicating an increase in gastrin levels after initiating treatment with omeprazole. In conclusion, the increased levels of gastrin observed in this population underscore the importance of conducting a comprehensive clinical assessment to identify potential gastrointestinal disorders, particularly in consideration of the usage of omeprazole as a preventive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gil-Vicente
- Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (L.G.-V.); (G.M.); (C.S.); (A.V.); (M.R.S.)
- Hospital Veterinario UCV, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46018 Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Martín
- Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (L.G.-V.); (G.M.); (C.S.); (A.V.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Carme Soler
- Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (L.G.-V.); (G.M.); (C.S.); (A.V.); (M.R.S.)
- Hospital Veterinario UCV, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46018 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Vila
- Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (L.G.-V.); (G.M.); (C.S.); (A.V.); (M.R.S.)
- Hospital Veterinario UCV, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46018 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Rocío Saiz
- Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (L.G.-V.); (G.M.); (C.S.); (A.V.); (M.R.S.)
- Hospital Veterinario UCV, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46018 Valencia, Spain
| | - Paula F. Navarro
- Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (L.G.-V.); (G.M.); (C.S.); (A.V.); (M.R.S.)
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Nakazawa Y, Ohshima T, Kitagawa M, Nuruki T, Fujiwara-Igarashi A. Relationship between Respiratory Rate, Oxygen Saturation, and Blood Test Results in Dogs with Chronic or Acute Respiratory Disease: A Retrospective Study. Vet Sci 2024; 11:27. [PMID: 38250933 PMCID: PMC10818868 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association of respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and blood findings with respiratory disease in dogs and to compare the examination findings in the chronic and acute phases. Dogs that visited a veterinary referral hospital with respiratory symptoms were classified into the chronic disease group (GC), and those that visited the emergency veterinary hospital were classified into the acute disease group (GA). In total, 704 and 682 dogs were included in GC and GA, respectively. The RR and SpO2 were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in patients with lung disease compared to other disease sites in both groups. White blood cell counts were significantly increased in patients with lung and pleural diseases in both groups. Respiratory alkalosis and respiratory acidosis were most common in GC and GA, respectively. The C-reactive protein levels were elevated in both groups, primarily in patients with lung disease. Associations between the results of several tests for understanding and diagnosing respiratory conditions and diseases were recognized, and differences in the trends of the chronic and acute phases were clarified. These tools may be used as adjuncts to other tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.N.); (T.O.)
| | - Takafumi Ohshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.N.); (T.O.)
| | - Mami Kitagawa
- TRVA Emergency Animal Medical Center, 8-19-12 Fukasawa, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-0081, Japan; (M.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Takaomi Nuruki
- TRVA Emergency Animal Medical Center, 8-19-12 Fukasawa, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-0081, Japan; (M.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Aki Fujiwara-Igarashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.N.); (T.O.)
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Yun T, Chae Y, Koo Y, Lee D, Kim H, Yang MP, Kang BT. Preliminary study of neurofilament light chain as a biomarker for hypoxia-induced neuronal injury in dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1284306. [PMID: 37901103 PMCID: PMC10602691 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1284306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a neuroaxonal protein in the nervous system. NfL has recently been demonstrated to be a biomarker for various neurological diseases. In this study, we investigated the potential role of NfL in hypoxia-induced neuronal injury in dogs. Serum NfL levels were determined using a single-molecule array. Serum NfL concentrations were significantly higher in hypoxemic dogs without neurological signs (n = 6, 175.5 pg/mL) than in healthy dogs (n = 15, 15.9 pg/mL; p < 0.0001). Therefore, neuronal injury should be considered in dogs with hypoxemia caused by cardiopulmonary diseases, even in the absence of neurological signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesik Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhoi Koo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakhyun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mhan-Pyo Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Teck Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Teppo AM, Rossi H, Rajamäki MM, Hyytiäinen HK. Proposed protocol for utilising high-flow nasal oxygen therapy in treatment of dogs hospitalised due to pneumonia. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:167. [PMID: 37735404 PMCID: PMC10512590 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) therapy is a non-invasive respiratory support method that provides oxygen-enriched, warmed, and humidified air to respiratory-compromised patients. It is widely used in human medical care, but in veterinary medicine it is still a relatively new method. No practical guidelines exist for its use in canine pneumonia patients, although they could potentially benefit from HFNO therapy. This study aims to provide a new, safe, non-invasive, and effective treatment protocol for oxygen supplementation of non-sedated dogs with pneumonia. METHODS Twenty privately owned dogs with pneumonia will receive HFNO therapy at a flow rate of 1-2 L/kg, and the fraction of inspired oxygen will be determined individually (ranging from 21% to 100%). HFNO therapy will continue as long as oxygen support is needed based on clinical evaluation. Patients will be assessed thrice daily during their hospitalisation, with measured primary outcomes including partial pressure of oxygen, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and type, days in hospital, and survival to discharge. DISCUSSION The proposed protocol aims to provide a practical guideline for applying HFNO to dogs hospitalised due to pneumonia. The protocol could enable more efficient and well-tolerated oxygenation than traditional methods, thus hastening recovery and improving survival of pneumonia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maija Teppo
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heini Rossi
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Minna M Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli K Hyytiäinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Vientós‐Plotts AI, Ericsson AC, Reinero CR. The respiratory microbiota and its impact on health and disease in dogs and cats: A One Health perspective. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1641-1655. [PMID: 37551852 PMCID: PMC10473014 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy lungs were long thought of as sterile, with presence of bacteria identified by culture representing contamination. Recent advances in metagenomics have refuted this belief by detecting rich, diverse, and complex microbial communities in the healthy lower airways of many species, albeit at low concentrations. Although research has only begun to investigate causality and potential mechanisms, alterations in these microbial communities (known as dysbiosis) have been described in association with inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic respiratory diseases in humans. Similar studies in dogs and cats are scarce. The microbial communities in the respiratory tract are linked to distant microbial communities such as in the gut (ie, the gut-lung axis), allowing interplay of microbes and microbial products in health and disease. This review summarizes considerations for studying local microbial communities, key features of the respiratory microbiota and its role in the gut-lung axis, current understanding of the healthy respiratory microbiota, and examples of dysbiosis in selected respiratory diseases of dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida I. Vientós‐Plotts
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Comparative Internal Medicine LaboratoryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- University of Missouri Metagenomics CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Carol R. Reinero
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Comparative Internal Medicine LaboratoryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
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Rahimi S, Bakht M, Javadi A, Foroughi F, Marashi SMA, Nikkhahi F. Characterization of novel bacteriophage PSKP16 and its therapeutic potential against β-lactamase and biofilm producer strain of K2-Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia infection in mice model. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:233. [PMID: 37612659 PMCID: PMC10464470 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe infections caused by β- lactamase producers, hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (BhvKp) with K2 serotype, highlight emergency need for new therapeutic strategies against this pathogen. We aimed to assess the efficacy of a novel phage, PSKP16, in the treating of pneumonia induced by BhvKp in mice models. METHOD Genome sequences of PSKP16 were analyzed, and associated information can be found in NCBI. We applied treatment in two ways: by using mice for immediate and delayed treatments. Moreover, acute pneumonia obtained by BhvKp with intranasal method, was characterized in terms of histopathology of pulmonary lesions, biomarkers of inflammation level, leukocytes cells infiltration extent in mice, and was assessed treatment of them with PSKP16 multiplicity of infection (MOI: 10), either individually or in combination with gentamicin. Assessment of the ability of PSKP16 to inhibit BhvKp biofilm was studied. RESULTS PSKP16 was associated with the Drexlerviridae family, and had a genome size of 46,712 bp, and 67 predicted ORFs. Herein, prompt phage administration's efficacy to decrease bacterial load and improve the survival rate in pneumonia models was faster than the synergism model with delay, but both almost displayed similar endpoints. The distribution of BhvKp strains in the lung was consistent with the histopathological findings, simultaneous inflammation, and level of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF α). The phage treatment presented a lack of severe lesions and alveolar edema, reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration, which not only was it not associated with an over-inflammation but also provided a faster correction of blood cell count abnormalities compared to gentamicin. Phage with a high concentration in in vitro model effectively eliminated biofilms. CONCLUSION It is essential to raise clinical awareness and management of BhvKp infections, signaled as the next superbug in waiting. The results of our study underscore the importance of PSKP16 as a phage with promising therapeutic potential in treating BhvKp-induced pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rahimi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bakht
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amir Javadi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Farshad Foroughi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Farhad Nikkhahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
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de Sousa T, Garcês A, Silva A, Lopes R, Alegria N, Hébraud M, Igrejas G, Poeta P. The Impact of the Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050343. [PMID: 37235426 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogenic bacterium that can cause serious infections in both humans and animals, including dogs. Treatment of this bacterium is challenging because some strains have developed multi-drug resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance patterns and biofilm production of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa obtained from dogs. The study found that resistance to various β-lactam antimicrobials was widespread, with cefovecin and ceftiofur showing resistance in 74% and 59% of the isolates tested, respectively. Among the aminoglycosides, all strains showed susceptibility to amikacin and tobramycin, while gentamicin resistance was observed in 7% of the tested isolates. Furthermore, all isolates carried the oprD gene, which is essential in governing the entry of antibiotics into bacterial cells. The study also investigated the presence of virulence genes and found that all isolates carried exoS, exoA, exoT, exoY, aprA, algD, and plcH genes. This study compared P. aeruginosa resistance patterns worldwide, emphasizing regional understanding and responsible antibiotic use to prevent multi-drug resistance from emerging. In general, the results of this study emphasize the importance of the continued monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma de Sousa
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Garcês
- CRL-CESPU, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, R. Central Dada Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Augusto Silva
- INNO-Veterinary Laboratory, R. Cândido de Sousa 15, 4710-503 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Lopes
- INNO-Veterinary Laboratory, R. Cândido de Sousa 15, 4710-503 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Alegria
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Michel Hébraud
- UMR Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé (MEDiS), INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 60122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patricia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Nakazawa Y, Ohshima T, Fujita M, Fujiwara-Igarashi A. Retrospective study of 1050 dogs with respiratory symptoms in Japan (2005-2020). Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:638-644. [PMID: 36253879 PMCID: PMC10029908 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the incidence of respiratory diseases based on anatomical sites or the relationship between breed and these diseases. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of canine respiratory diseases among dogs in Japan, with relationship to the breed. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of dogs with respiratory symptoms and calculated the odds ratio (OR) to evaluate the relationship between breed and disease. RESULTS A total of 1050 dogs with respiratory symptoms were included in this study. Miniature dachshunds were the most common breed affected by respiratory diseases. Among tracheobronchial diseases, there was a significant association between some small breeds and tracheobronchial collapse, miniature dachshunds (OR: 4.44, 8.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.17-6.22, 4.33-16.0) and chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis. Among nasal diseases, miniature dachshunds (OR: 27.2, 95% CI: 16.8-44.8) and golden retrievers (OR: 21.0, 95% CI: 6.43-69.3) were the most affected by non-infectious rhinitis and nasal aspergillosis, respectively. Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome was the most common disease among pharyngeal and laryngeal diseases, with a relationship with breed being found in some brachycephalic breeds, and Pomeranians (OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.42-5.17). CONCLUSIONS Respiratory diseases in dogs are strongly correlated with popular breeds in Japan. Miniature dachshunds, in particular, are associated with many respiratory diseases, which may differ from international reports. Thus, this result may help in the early detection, prevention, treatment, and elucidation of the pathophysiology of canine respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ohshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Michio Fujita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Aki Fujiwara-Igarashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Infections, Animal Modeling, and Therapeutics. Cells 2023; 12:cells12010199. [PMID: 36611992 PMCID: PMC9818774 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen which causes many severe acute and chronic infections with high morbidity, and mortality rates as high as 40%. What makes P. aeruginosa a particularly challenging pathogen is its high intrinsic and acquired resistance to many of the available antibiotics. In this review, we review the important acute and chronic infections caused by this pathogen. We next discuss various animal models which have been developed to evaluate P. aeruginosa pathogenesis and assess therapeutics against this pathogen. Next, we review current treatments (antibiotics and vaccines) and provide an overview of their efficacies and their limitations. Finally, we highlight exciting literature on novel antibiotic-free strategies to control P. aeruginosa infections.
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10
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Constantinescu R, Istrate A, Sumping JC, Dye C, Schiborra F, Mortier JR. Computed tomographic findings in dogs with suspected aspiration pneumonia: 38 cases (2014‐2019). J Small Anim Pract 2022; 64:280-287. [PMID: 36428285 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe computed tomographic (CT) findings in dogs diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia and to assess for any correlation with patient outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of 38 cases with a presumptive diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia at two UK referral centres. Medical records were reviewed for signalment, history, physical examination and clinicopathologic data. CT examinations of the thorax were reviewed by the European College of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging board-certified radiologist for all dogs to describe the characteristics and distribution of the pulmonary lesions. RESULTS The most common CT findings were lung lobe consolidation associated with air bronchograms (100%) followed by ground-glass attenuation (89.4%), bronchial wall thickening (36.8%), bronchiolectasis (31.5%) and bronchiectasis (15.7%). Large-breed dogs were overrepresented. Duration of hospitalisation ranged between 0 and 8 days (mean 3 days). Overall, 89.4% of dogs survived the aspiration event and were discharged from the hospital. The four dogs that did not survive to discharge had five or more lobes affected on CT. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE CT findings in dogs with aspiration pneumonia are described. CT is a useful imaging modality to diagnose aspiration pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Istrate
- Pride Veterinary Centre, Riverside Road Derby DE24 8HX UK
| | - J. C. Sumping
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road Neston CH647TE UK
| | - C. Dye
- Pride Veterinary Centre, Riverside Road Derby DE24 8HX UK
| | - F. Schiborra
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road Neston CH647TE UK
| | - J. R. Mortier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort Maisons‐Alfort 94700 France
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11
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Role of echocardiographic views adapted for lung evaluation in diagnosis of cardiogenic pulmonary edema in Dogs. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:675-682. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Lebastard M, Beurlet‐Lafarge S, Gomes E, Le Boedec K. Association between quantitative bacterial culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and antibiotic requirement in dogs with lower respiratory tract signs. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1444-1453. [PMID: 35616218 PMCID: PMC9308423 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically, positive bacterial cultures from the lower respiratory tract (LRT) have been considered clinically relevant when quantitative bacterial cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were >1700 colony forming units (cfu)/mL. However, this threshold might not accurately predict a requirement for antibiotics. OBJECTIVES To study whether quantitative BALF bacterial culture results were predictive of antibiotic requirement in dogs with LRT signs. ANIMALS Thirty-three client-owned dogs. METHODS Cross-sectional study. Dogs with positive quantitative bacterial culture of BALF were included. Dogs were divided into 2 groups, depending on whether they had a LRT infection requiring antibiotics (LRTI-RA) or LRT disease not requiring antibiotics (LRTD-NRA), based on thoracic imaging features, presence of intracellular bacteria on BALF cytology, and response to treatment. Predictive effect of cfu/mL and BALF total nucleated cell count (TNCC) on antibiotic requirement, adjusting for ongoing or prior antibiotic therapy and age, were studied using logistic regression. RESULTS Twenty-two and 11 dogs were included in the LRTI-RA and LRTD-NRA groups, respectively. The cfu/mL was not significantly predictive of antibiotic requirement, independent of ongoing or prior antibiotic treatment and age (LRTI-RA: median, 10 000 cfu/mL; range, 10-3 × 108 ; LRTD-NRA: median, 10 000 cfu/mL; range, 250-1.3 × 109 ; P = .27). The TNCC was not significantly predictive of antibiotic requirement when only dogs with bronchial disease were considered (LRTI-RA: median, 470 cells/μL; range, 240-2260; LRTD-NRA: median, 455 cells/μL; range, 80-4990; P = .57). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The cfu/mL is an inappropriate measure for determining whether antibiotics are of benefit in dogs with LRT signs.
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Menard J, Porter I, Lerer A, Robbins S, Johnson PJ, Goggs R. Serial evaluation of thoracic radiographs and acute phase proteins in dogs with pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1430-1443. [PMID: 35616241 PMCID: PMC9308444 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute phase proteins (APP) may guide treatment of pneumonia in dogs but correlations with radiographic abnormalities are poorly characterized. Objectives Develop a thoracic radiographic severity scoring system (TRSS), assess correlation of radiographic changes with APP concentrations, and compare time to APP and radiograph normalization with duration of antimicrobials treatment. Animals Sixteen client‐owned dogs, 12 with aspiration pneumonia, and 4 with community‐acquired pneumonia. Methods Concentrations of C‐reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and haptoglobin were measured on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 60 and orthogonal 2‐view thoracic radiographs were obtained on days 1, 7, 14, 28, and 60. Treatment was clinician‐guided and blinded to APP concentrations. Radiographic severity scores were assigned by blinded, randomized retrospective review by 2 board‐certified radiologists with arbitration by a third radiologist. Results Median (interquartile range [IQR]) time to normalization of CRP (7 days [7‐14]) and SAA concentrations (7 days [7‐14]) were shorter than antimicrobial treatment duration (17.5 days [14.5‐33.5]; P = .001 and .002, respectively) and TRSS normalization (14 days [8.8‐52], P = .02 and .02, respectively). The CRP and SAA concentrations were positively correlated with TRSS (CRP rs, 0.643; SAA rs, 0.634; both P < .0001). Both CRP and SAA identified normal thoracic radiographs area under the curve (AUC) 0.873 and 0.817, respectively, both P < .0001. Interobserver agreement for TRSS assignment was moderate (κ, .499; P < .0001). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Concentrations of CRP and SAA normalized before radiographic resolution and before clinicians discontinued antimicrobial treatment. The CRP and SAA concentrations may guide duration of antimicrobial treatment for dogs with pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Menard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ian Porter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Assaf Lerer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Robbins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Philippa J Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Mendonça DDA, Ballot S, Saiki DC, Santos GF, Fernandes LC, Amorim CDO, Bendas AJR, Alberigi B. Pulmonary atelectasis in a young dog with Cor pulmonale: clinical and radiographic follow-up. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022; 44:e004921. [PMID: 35749087 PMCID: PMC9183222 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm004921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary atelectasis is a disease characterized by the collapse of the pulmonary alveoli, leading to partial or total loss of function in the affected lung, and is mostly described in older dogs. It occurs due to chronic inflammatory and obstructive processes such as pneumonia. In infants who do not feed directly from the mother, it is common to develop aspiration pneumonia due to inhalation of a milk replacer. Once aspirated, food generates an inflammatory process in the airway that alters the function of the pulmonary surfactant, increases mucus production, and causes consequent airway obstruction, which may progress to alveolar and bronchial collapse. The aim of the present study was to report a case of a 4-month-old canine with pulmonary atelectasis secondary to bronchopneumonia and the outcome of the clinical case. The patient presented with cough, exercise intolerance, tachypnea, and progressive weight loss. Thoracic radiographic examination was performed to identify displacement of the mediastinum and heart overlapping the collapsed lung, interstitial-alveolar pattern associated with atelectasis of the middle lobe of the right lung, and a diffuse interstitial bronchial pattern throughout the other lung fields. Pulmonary support treatment was administered with antibiotics, bronchodilators, mucolytics, and inhaled corticosteroids, with resolution of clinical and radiographic symptoms after 60 days of treatment. Therefore, adequate treatment of chronic bronchopneumonia is effective in resolving pulmonary atelectasis and its associated clinical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana do Amaral Mendonça
- Veterinarian, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Departamento de Medicina e Cirurgia Veterinária (DMCV), Instituto de Veterinária (IV), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
- CorrespondenceDiana do Amaral Mendonça Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ Rodovia BR 465, Km 7, Campus Universitário, Zona Rural CEP 23897-000 - Seropédica (RJ), Brasil E-mail:
| | - Sophie Ballot
- Veterinarian, Resident, Programa de Residência em Medicina Veterinária - Cardiologia e Doenças Respiratórias, IV, UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Dianna Caroline Saiki
- Veterinarian, Resident, Programa de Residência em Medicina Veterinária - Cardiologia e Doenças Respiratórias, IV, UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gabrielly Ferreira Santos
- Veterinarian, Resident, Programa de Residência em Medicina Veterinária - Cardiologia e Doenças Respiratórias, IV, UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Laércio Correia Fernandes
- Veterinarian, Resident, Programa de Residência em Medicina Veterinária - Clínica Médica, IV, UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Bruno Alberigi
- Veterinarian, DSc., DMCV, IV, UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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Slaviero M, Ehlers LP, Argenta FF, Savi C, Lopes BC, Pavarini SP, Driemeier D, Sonne L. Causes and Lesions of Fatal Pneumonia in Domestic Cats. J Comp Pathol 2021; 189:59-71. [PMID: 34886987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia in cats may cause severe lung injury and consequent death. We describe the post-mortem findings and aetiologies of naturally fatal pneumonia in 78 domestic cats, using gross and histopathological examinations, immunohistochemistry and microbiological techniques. Morphological patterns found were bronchopneumonia (27/78), interstitial (15/78), bronchointerstitial (13/78), granulomatous (8/78), aspiration (8/78) and pyogranulomatous (5/78) pneumonia, and pleuropneumonia (2/78). Bacterial pneumonia was identified as the most common cause (32/78), followed by viral (15/28 feline calicivirus, 10/28 felid alphaherpesvirus 1 and 3/28 both viruses), aspiration (8/78), fungal (5/78) and parasitic pneumonia (5/78). Co-infection with feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus was found in 54 cats. Viral infections involved cats of all ages, indicating the importance of investigating viral causes in cats with respiratory diseases, including in adult and ageing cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Slaviero
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Luiza P Ehlers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando F Argenta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline Savi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna C Lopes
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Saulo P Pavarini
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Isolation of Human Lineage, Fluoroquinolone-Resistant and Extended-β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Companion Animals in Japan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121463. [PMID: 34943675 PMCID: PMC8698614 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in human and veterinary fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli is a global concern. In this study, we isolated fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli isolates from companion animals and characterized them using molecular epidemiological analysis, multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect E. coli ST131 and CTX-M type extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), and multi-locus sequence typing analysis. Using plain-CHROMagar ECC, 101 E. coli isolates were isolated from 34 rectal swabs of dogs and cats. The prevalence of resistance to fluoroquinolone and cefotaxime was 27.7% and 24.8%, respectively. The prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates (89.3%) was higher when CHROMagar ECC with CHROMagar ESBL supplement was used for E. coli isolation. The prevalence of cefotaxime resistance was also higher (76.1%) when 1 mg/L of ciprofloxacin-containing CHROMagar ECC was used for isolation. The cefotaxime-resistant isolates possessed CTX-M type β-lactamase genes (CTX-M-14, CTX-M-15, or CTX-M-27). Seventy-five percent of fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were sequence types ST131, ST10, ST1193, ST38, or ST648, which are associated with extensive spread in human clinical settings. In addition, we isolated three common fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli lineages (ST131 clade C1-M-27, C1-nM27 and ST2380) from dogs and their respective owners. These observations suggest that companion animals can harbor fluoroquinolone-resistant and/or ESBL-producing E. coli, in their rectums, and that transmission of these isolates to their owners can occur.
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17
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Howard J, Reinero CR, Almond G, Vientos-Plotts A, Cohn LA, Grobman M. Bacterial infection in dogs with aspiration pneumonia at 2 tertiary referral practices. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2763-2771. [PMID: 34751462 PMCID: PMC8692172 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In dogs, antimicrobial drugs are widely prescribed for aspiration pneumonia (AP) despite poor documentation of bacterial infection in AP (b‐AP) using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis. Interpretating discordant cytology and culture results is challenging, contributing to lack of a criterion standard, and highlighting differences between veterinary and human medical criteria for b‐AP. Objectives Determine how many dogs with AP had BALF collection and differences in diagnosis of b‐AP using veterinary vs human medical criteria. Report findings of noninvasive markers (e.g. fever, band neutrophilia, radiographic severity score) in dogs with and without b‐AP. Animals Retrospective cohort study of client‐owned dogs (n = 429) with AP at 2 university veterinary hospitals. Twenty‐four dogs met enrollment criteria. Methods Inclusion criteria were radiographic diagnosis of AP, ≥1 risk factor, CBC findings, and BALF cytology and culture results. Veterinary medical b‐AP criteria were cytology findings compatible with sepsis with or without positive culture, or cytology findings not consistent with sepsis and positive culture (≥1.7 × 103 cfu/mL). Human medical b‐AP criteria required culture with ≥104 cfu/mL or > 7% cells with intracellular bacteria on cytology. Results Only 24/429 dogs met all enrollment criteria; 379/429 dogs lacked BALF collection. Diagnosis of b‐AP differed using veterinary (79%) vs human (29%) medical criteria. Fever, band neutrophils and high radiographic scores were noted in dogs with and without b‐AP. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Lack of routine BALF collection hampers definitive recognition of bacterial infection in AP. Differences in dogs meeting veterinary vs human medical definitions for b‐AP and usefulness of noninvasive markers warrant further study to improve understanding of the role of bacteria in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Howard
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Carol R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Greg Almond
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Aida Vientos-Plotts
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Leah A Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Megan Grobman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Vientós-Plotts AI, Masseau I, Reinero CR. Comparison of Short- versus Long-Course Antimicrobial Therapy of Uncomplicated Bacterial Pneumonia in Dogs: A Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3096. [PMID: 34827828 PMCID: PMC8614313 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment for canine bacterial pneumonia relies on protracted courses of antimicrobials (3-6 weeks or more) with recommendations to continue for 1-2 weeks past resolution of all clinical and thoracic radiographic abnormalities. However, in humans, bacterial pneumonia is often treated with 5-10-day courses of antimicrobials, and thoracic radiographs are not considered useful to guide therapeutic duration. The primary study objective was to determine whether a short course of antimicrobials would be sufficient to treat canine bacterial pneumonia. Eight dogs with uncomplicated bacterial pneumonia were enrolled in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study comparing clinical and radiographic resolution with differing durations of antimicrobial therapy. Dogs received a course of antimicrobials lasting 10 (A10) or 21 (A21) days. Dogs randomized to the A10 group received placebo for 11 days following antimicrobial therapy. Patients were evaluated at presentation and 10, 30 and 60 days after the initiation of antimicrobials. At 10 days, 6/8 dogs had resolution of both clinical signs and inflammatory leukogram, and 5/8 dogs had improved global radiographic scores. After 60 days, clinical and hematologic resolution of pneumonia was noted in all dogs regardless of antimicrobial therapy duration; however, 3/8 dogs had persistent radiographic lesions. Thoracic radiographs do not appear to be a reliable marker to guide antimicrobial therapy in canine bacterial pneumonia as radiographic lesions may lag or persist despite clinical cure. This pilot study suggests a 10-day course of antimicrobials may be sufficient to treat uncomplicated canine bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Masseau
- Department of Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Carol R. Reinero
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
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19
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Cook S, Greensmith T, Humm K. Successful management of aspiration pneumopathy without antimicrobial agents: 14 dogs (2014-2021). J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:1108-1113. [PMID: 34423436 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe clinical cases of aspiration pneumonitis and pneumonia in dogs, which were successfully managed without antimicrobials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective case review of dogs presenting to a referral teaching hospital between February 2014 and February 2021. Cases were included when a clinical diagnosis of aspiration pneumopathy was made (requiring one or more of the following: radiographic evidence of an aspiration pneumopathy, endotracheal airway sampling consistent with aspiration and/or a positive endotracheal airway sample culture) which was not treated with antimicrobial therapy. RESULTS Fourteen cases were identified of which nine had respiratory signs including increased respiratory rate or effort (n=8), arterial hypoxaemia (n=2), or a clinician-determined requirement for oxygen therapy (n=4). Where haematology was performed, five of nine displayed a normal neutrophil count with toxic changes, three displayed neutrophilia and one displayed neutropenia with toxic changes. Endotracheal airway sample cytology in four cases revealed neutrophilic inflammation with bacteria, plant material, yeasts and unidentified foreign material. Where respiratory signs were present, these resolved within 12 to 36 hours. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this case series, immunocompetent dogs sustaining aspiration events, even with classical evidence of pneumonitis or pneumonia, have been managed successfully without antimicrobials. Radiography alone cannot be used to determine the requirement for antimicrobials. Better characterisation of the pathogenesis and clinical trajectory of aspiration pneumopathy is required, which may enable a reduction in inappropriate antimicrobial prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cook
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - T Greensmith
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - K Humm
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
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20
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Abstract
Abstract
Neisseria sp. is a Gram-negative diplococcus bacterium usually present on the mucosal surfaces of animals without causing an obvious pathology. The objective of this study was to report the isolation of Neisseria sp. from severe cases of pyogranulomatous pneumonia with the formation of a Splendore-Hoeppli structure in two cats treated at a veterinary hospital. This paper suggests that the Neisseria genus members may be involved in lower respiratory tract infections in cats, with the molecular diagnosis being a necessary method for the correct identification of this bacteria in animals.
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21
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Pouzot‐Nevoret C, Magnin M, Barthélemy A, Goy‐Thollot I, Cambournac M, Nectoux A, Allaouchiche B. Effectiveness of chest physiotherapy using passive slow expiratory techniques in dogs with airway fluid accumulation: A randomized controlled trial. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1525-1535. [PMID: 33704831 PMCID: PMC8163121 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged slow expiration (PSE) and assisted cough (AC) are airway clearance techniques feasible and well tolerated in dogs. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of PSE and AC as chest physiotherapy (CP) techniques in dogs with airway fluid accumulation. ANIMALS Thirty-one client-owned dogs hospitalized in an intensive care unit from October 2014 to May 2018. METHODS Prospective randomized controlled trial. Dogs presented with or developing acute dyspnea during hospitalization associated with airway fluid accumulation were assigned to CP group (medical treatment and CP, 15 dogs) or control group (medical treatment alone, 16 dogs). The arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2 ) to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2 ) ratio (P/F ratio; PaO2 /FiO2 × 100) was calculated daily for the 1st 48 hours of hospitalization and using the last arterial blood gas performed before discharge or death. The ratio of days of hospitalization with oxygen/total number of hospitalization days (ratio of oxygen-free-days [O2 Free]) was calculated. RESULTS During the 1st 48 hours, the P/F ratio increased significantly in the CP group compared to the control group (+ 35.1 mm Hg/day; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4-57.5; P = .03). The (median; 1st quartile to 3rd quartile) difference between the P/F ratio at discharge and inclusion was significantly higher in the CP group (178 mm Hg; 123-241) than in the control group (54 mm Hg; -19 - 109; P = .001). Mean O2 Free increased by 46.4% in the CP group compared with control group (95% CI = 16-59; P = .001). Mortality was 13% (2/15) in the CP group and 44% (7/16) in the control group (P = .07). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Prolonged slow expiration and AC improved P/F ratio within 48 hours and decreased need for oxygenation in dyspneic dogs with acute airway fluid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pouzot‐Nevoret
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU)Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSeMarcy l'EtoileFrance
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSeMarcy l'EtoileFrance
| | - Mathieu Magnin
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSeMarcy l'EtoileFrance
| | - Anthony Barthélemy
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU)Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSeMarcy l'EtoileFrance
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSeMarcy l'EtoileFrance
| | - Isabelle Goy‐Thollot
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU)Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSeMarcy l'EtoileFrance
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSeMarcy l'EtoileFrance
| | - Maxime Cambournac
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU)Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSeMarcy l'EtoileFrance
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSeMarcy l'EtoileFrance
| | - Alexandra Nectoux
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU)Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSeMarcy l'EtoileFrance
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSeMarcy l'EtoileFrance
| | - Bernard Allaouchiche
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSeMarcy l'EtoileFrance
- Service de RéanimationHospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon‐SudPierre‐BéniteFrance
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22
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Dear JD, Vernau W, Johnson EG, Hulsebosch SE, Johnson LR. Clinicopathologic and radiographic features in 33 cats with aspiration and 26 cats with bronchopneumonia (2007-2017). J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:480-489. [PMID: 33315286 PMCID: PMC7848386 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aspiration pneumonia (AP) and bronchopneumonia (BP) are poorly characterized diseases in cats that share clinical similarities to inflammatory airway disease (IAD). Objectives Describe clinicopathologic, radiographic, and microbiologic features in cats with AP and BP and compare findings to those in cats with IAD. Animals Thirty‐three cats with AP and 26 with BP; 44 cats with IAD. Methods Retrospective case‐control study. Results extracted for all cats included signalment, physical examination findings, historical details, and potential risk factors for aspiration. Diagnostic test results were summarized including CBC, bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid analysis and microbial culture. Radiographs were reviewed in masked fashion and scored for severity. Results of BAL fluid analysis were assessed for evidence of septic inflammation. Results Cats with AP were less likely to be presented for evaluation of cough (P < .001) and more likely to be hypothermic (P = .01) than were cats with IAD or BP. Median duration of signs was significantly shorter in cats with AP (12 days) compared to cats with BP or IAD (270 and 180 days; P = .01). Radiographically, cats with AP were more likely to have an alveolar pattern and higher total score than were cats with BP or IAD. Mycoplasma spp. were the organisms most commonly cultured from BAL fluid in cats with BP, but were not cultured from any cats with AP. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Pneumonia must be distinguished from IAD in cats with cough and AP should be considered in cats with acute onset of tachypnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Dear
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - William Vernau
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Eric G Johnson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sean E Hulsebosch
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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