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de Souza HADS, Costa-Correa EH, Bianco-Junior C, Andrade MCR, Lima-Junior JDC, Pratt-Riccio LR, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Totino PRR. Detection of Signal Regulatory Protein α in Saimiri sciureus (Squirrel Monkey) by Anti-Human Monoclonal Antibody. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1814. [PMID: 29312325 PMCID: PMC5735064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHP) are suitable models for studying different aspects of the human system, including pathogenesis and protective immunity to many diseases. However, the lack of specific immunological reagents for neo-tropical monkeys, such as Saimiri sciureus, is still a major factor limiting studies in these models. An alternative strategy to circumvent this obstacle has been the selection of immunological reagents directed to humans, which present cross-reactivity with NHP molecules. In this context and considering the key role of inhibitory immunoreceptors—such as the signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα)—in the regulation of immune responses, in the present study, we attempted to evaluate the ability of anti-human SIRPα monoclonal antibodies to recognize SIRPα in antigen-presenting S. sciureus peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). As shown by flow cytometry analysis, the profile of anti-SIRPα staining as well as the levels of SIRPα-positive cells in PBMC from S. sciureus were similar to those observed in human PBMC. Furthermore, using anti-SIRPα monoclonal antibody, it was possible to detect a decrease of the SIRPα levels on surface of S. sciureus cells after in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharides. Finally, using computed-based analysis, we observed a high degree of conservation of SIRPα across six species of primates and the presence of shared epitopes in the extracellular domain between humans and Saimiri genus that could be targeted by antibodies. In conclusion, we have identified a commercially available anti-human monoclonal antibody that is able to detect SIRPα of S. sciureus monkeys and that, therefore, can facilitate the study of the immunomodulatory role of SIRPα when S. sciureus is used as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edmar Henrique Costa-Correa
- Laboratory for Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cesare Bianco-Junior
- Laboratory for Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lilian Rose Pratt-Riccio
- Laboratory for Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Laboratory for Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Renato Rivas Totino
- Laboratory for Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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3
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Cunha JA, Carvalho LJM, Bianco-Junior C, Andrade MCR, Pratt-Riccio LR, Riccio EKP, Pelajo-Machado M, da Silva IJ, Druilhe P, Daniel-Ribeiro CT. Increased Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia in Non-splenectomized Saimiri sciureus Monkeys Treated with Clodronate Liposomes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:408. [PMID: 28983468 PMCID: PMC5613086 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A major constraint in the study of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, including vaccine development, lies on the parasite's strict human host specificity and therefore the shortage of animal experimental models able to harbor human plasmodia. The best experimental models are neo-tropical primates of the genus Saimiri and Aotus, but they require splenectomy to reduce innate defenses for achieving high and consistent parasitemias, an important limitation. Clodronate-liposomes (CL) have been successfully used to deplete monocytes/macrophages in several experimental models. We investigated whether a reduction in the numbers of phagocytic cells by CL would improve the development of P. falciparum parasitemia in non-splenectomized Saimiri sciureus monkeys. Depletion of S. sciureus splenocytes after in vitro incubation with CL was quantified using anti-CD14 antibodies and flow cytometry. Non-infected and P. falciparum-infected S. sciureus were injected intravenously twice a week with either CL at either 0.5 or 1 mL (5 mg/mL) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Animals were monitored during infection and treated with mefloquine. After treatment and euthanasia, spleen and liver were collected for histological analysis. In vitro CL depleted S. sciureus splenic monocyte/macrophage population in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In vivo, half of P. falciparum-infected S. sciureus treated with CL 0.5 mL, and two-thirds of those treated with CL 1 mL developed high parasitemias requiring mefloquine treatment, whereas all control animals were able to self-control parasitemia without the need for antimalarial treatment. CL-treated infected S. sciureus showed a marked decrease in the degree of splenomegaly despite higher parasitemias, compared to PBS-treated animals. Histological evidence of partial monocyte/macrophage depletion, decreased hemozoin phagocytosis and decreased iron recycling was observed in both the spleen and liver of CL-treated infected S. sciureus. CL is capable of promoting higher parasitemia in P. falciparum-infected S. sciureus, associated with evidence of partial macrophage depletion in the spleen and liver. Macrophage depletion by CL is therefore a practical and viable alternative to surgical splenectomy in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaiara A Cunha
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cesare Bianco-Junior
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia C R Andrade
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, FiocruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lilian R Pratt-Riccio
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Evelyn K P Riccio
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Igor J da Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FiocruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pierre Druilhe
- Vac4All Initiative, Pepinière Paris Biotech SantéParis, France
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Riccio EKP, Pratt-Riccio LR, Bianco-Júnior C, Sanchez V, Totino PRR, Carvalho LJM, Daniel-Ribeiro CT. Molecular and immunological tools for the evaluation of the cellular immune response in the neotropical monkey Saimiri sciureus, a non-human primate model for malaria research. Malar J 2015; 14:166. [PMID: 25927834 PMCID: PMC4416248 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neotropical, non-human primates (NHP) of the genus Saimiri and Aotus are recommended by the World Health Organization as experimental models for the study of human malaria because these animals can be infected with the same Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. However, one limitation is the lack of immunological tools to assess the immune response in these models. The present study focuses on the development and comparative use of molecular and immunological methods to evaluate the cellular immune response in Saimiri sciureus. Methods Blood samples were obtained from nineteen uninfected Saimiri. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from these animals and splenocytes from one splenectomized animal were cultured for 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs in the presence of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and ionomycin. The cytokine levels in the supernatant were detected using human and NHP cytometric bead array Th1/Th2 cytokine kits, the Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine Th1/Th2 Assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, enzyme-linked immunospot assays and intracellular cytokine secretion assays. Cytokine gene expression was examined through TaqMan® Gene Expression Real-Time PCR using predesigned human gene-specific primers and probes or primers and probes designed based on published S. sciureus cytokine sequences. Results The use of five assays based on monoclonal antibodies specific for human cytokines facilitated the detection of IL-2, IL-4 and/or IFN-γ. TaqMan array plates facilitated the detection of 12 of the 28 cytokines assayed. However, only seven cytokines (IL-1A, IL-2, IL-10, IL-12B, IL-17, IFN-β, and TNF) presented relative expression levels of at least 70% of the gene expression observed in human PBMC. The use of primers and probes specific for S. sciureus cytokines facilitated the detection of transcripts that showed relative expression below the threshold of 70%. The most efficient evaluation of cytokine gene expression, in PBMC and splenocytes, was observed after 6–12 hrs of culture, except for LTA in PBMC, whose expression was best analysed after 24 hrs of culture. Conclusions Real-time PCR facilitates the analysis of a large number of cytokines altered during malaria infection, and this technique is considered the best tool for the evaluation of the cellular immune response in S. sciureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn K P Riccio
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Salas 513-517, 5° andar Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Reference Centre for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Secretary for Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Lilian R Pratt-Riccio
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Salas 513-517, 5° andar Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Reference Centre for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Secretary for Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Cesare Bianco-Júnior
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Salas 513-517, 5° andar Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Reference Centre for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Secretary for Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Violette Sanchez
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Salas 513-517, 5° andar Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Reference Centre for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Secretary for Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Present address: Research Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France.
| | - Paulo R R Totino
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Salas 513-517, 5° andar Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Reference Centre for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Secretary for Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo J M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Salas 513-517, 5° andar Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Reference Centre for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Secretary for Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Salas 513-517, 5° andar Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Reference Centre for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Secretary for Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Alves FA, Pelajo-Machado M, Totino PRR, Souza MT, Gonçalves EC, Schneider MPC, Muniz JAPC, Krieger MA, Andrade MCR, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Carvalho LJM. Splenic architecture disruption and parasite-induced splenocyte activation and anergy in Plasmodium falciparum-infected Saimiri sciureus monkeys. Malar J 2015; 14:128. [PMID: 25890318 PMCID: PMC4377215 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The understanding of the mechanisms of immunity in malaria is crucial for the rational development of interventions such as vaccines. During blood stage infection, the spleen is considered to play critical roles in both immunity and immunopathology of Plasmodium falciparum infections. Methods Saimiri sciureus monkeys were inoculated with blood stages of P. falciparum (FUP strain) and spleens removed during acute disease (days 7 and 13 of infection) and during convalescence (15 days after start of chloroquine treatment). Cytokine (IFNγ, TNFα, IL2, IL6, IL10, and IL12) responses of splenocytes stimulated with P. falciparum-parasitized red blood cells were assessed by real-time PCR using specific Saimiri primers, and histological changes were evaluated using haematoxylin-eosin and Giemsa-stained slides. Results Early during infection (day 7, 1-2% parasitaemia), spleens showed disruption of germinal centre architecture with heavy B-cell activation (centroblasts), and splenocytes showed increased expression of IFNγ, IL6 and IL12 upon in vitro stimuli by P. falciparum-parasitized red blood cells (pRBC). Conversely, 15 days after treatment of blood stage infection with chloroquine, splenocytes showed spontaneous in vitro expression of TNFα, IL2, IL6, IL10, and IL12, but not IFNγ, and stimulation with P. falciparum pRBC blocked the expression of all these cytokines. During the acute phase of infection, splenic disarray with disorganized germinal centres was observed. During convalescence, spleens of the chloroquine-treated animals showed white pulp hyperplasia with extensive lymphocyte activation and persistency of heavily haemozoin-laden macrophages throughout the red pulp. Conclusions Inability to eliminate haemozoin is likely involved in the persistent lymphocyte activation and in the anergic responses of Saimiri splenocytes to P. falciparum pRBC, with important negative impact in immune responses and implications for the design of malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Alves
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Pelajo-Machado
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Paulo R R Totino
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Mariana T Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Evonnildo C Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Marco A Krieger
- Instituto Carlos Chagas de Biologia Molecular, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Marcia C R Andrade
- Serviço de Criação de Primatas Não-Humanos, CECAL-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Leonardo J M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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