1
|
Kaffashi K, Dréau D, Nesmelova IV. Heterodimers Are an Integral Component of Chemokine Signaling Repertoire. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11639. [PMID: 37511398 PMCID: PMC10380872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of signaling proteins that play a crucial role in cell-cell communication, cell migration, and cell trafficking, particularly leukocytes, under both normal and pathological conditions. The oligomerization state of chemokines influences their biological activity. The heterooligomerization occurs when multiple chemokines spatially and temporally co-localize, and it can significantly affect cellular responses. Recently, obligate heterodimers have emerged as tools to investigate the activities and molecular mechanisms of chemokine heterodimers, providing valuable insights into their functional roles. This review focuses on the latest progress in understanding the roles of chemokine heterodimers and their contribution to the functioning of the chemokine network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Kaffashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- Department of Physics and Optical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Didier Dréau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Irina V Nesmelova
- Department of Physics and Optical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- School of Data Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Blanchet X, Weber C, von Hundelshausen P. Chemokine Heteromers and Their Impact on Cellular Function-A Conceptual Framework. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10925. [PMID: 37446102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoattractant cytokines or chemokines are proteins involved in numerous biological activities. Their essential role consists of the formation of gradient and (immune) cell recruitment. Chemokine biology and its related signaling system is more complex than simple ligand-receptor interactions. Beside interactions with their cognate and/or atypical chemokine receptors, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), chemokines form complexes with themselves as homo-oligomers, heteromers and also with other soluble effector proteins, including the atypical chemokine MIF, carbohydrate-binding proteins (galectins), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or with chemokine-binding proteins such as evasins. Likewise, nucleic acids have been described as binding targets for the tetrameric form of CXCL4. The dynamic balance between monomeric and dimeric structures, as well as interactions with GAGs, modulate the concentrations of free chemokines available along with the nature of the gradient. Dimerization of chemokines changes the canonical monomeric fold into two main dimeric structures, namely CC- and CXC-type dimers. Recent studies highlighted that chemokine dimer formation is a frequent event that could occur under pathophysiological conditions. The structural changes dictated by chemokine dimerization confer additional biological activities, e.g., biased signaling. The present review will provide a short overview of the known functionality of chemokines together with the consequences of the interactions engaged by the chemokines with other proteins. Finally, we will present potential therapeutic tools targeting the chemokine multimeric structures that could modulate their biological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Blanchet
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp von Hundelshausen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang S, Zhang L, Lu H, Yao Y, Liu X, Hou J. A cuproptosis and copper metabolism–related gene prognostic index for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:955336. [PMID: 36072790 PMCID: PMC9441563 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.955336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to identify the prognostic value of cuproptosis and copper metabolism–related genes, to clarify their molecular and immunological characteristics, and to elucidate their benefits in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).MethodsThe details of human cuproptosis and copper metabolism–related genes were searched and filtered from the msigdb database and the latest literature. To identify prognostic genes associated with cuproptosis and copper metabolism, we used least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, and this coefficient was used to set up a prognostic risk score model. HNSCC samples were divided into two groups according to the median risk. Afterwards, the function and immune characteristics of these genes in HNSCC were analyzed.ResultsThe 14-gene signature was constructed to classify HNSCC patients into low-risk and high-risk groups according to the risk level. In the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort, the overall survival (OS) rate of the high-risk group was lower than that of the low-risk group (P < 0.0001). The area under the curve of the time-dependent Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve assessed the good performance of the genetic signature in predicting OS and showed similar performance in the external validation cohort. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment assays and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) protein networks have been used to explore signaling pathways and potential mechanisms that were markedly active in patients with HNSCC. Furthermore, the 14 cuproptosis and copper metabolism-related genes were significantly correlated with the immune microenvironment, suggesting that these genes may be linked with the immune regulation and development of HNSCC.ConclusionsOur results emphasize the significance of cuproptosis and copper metabolism as a predictive biomarker for HNSCC, and its expression levels seem to be correlated with immune- related features; thus, they may be a possible biomarker for HNSCC prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiyuan Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lujin Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanzi Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihuan Yao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingsong Hou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jingsong Hou,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fang X, Gao W, Yang Z, Gao Z, Li H. Dual Anti-/Prooxidant Behaviors of Flavonoids Pertaining to Cu(II)-Catalyzed Tyrosine Nitration of the Insulin Receptor Kinase Domain in an Antidiabetic Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6202-6211. [PMID: 32395994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid, as a potent antioxidant, exerts many beneficial effects in type 2 diabetes, whereas the prooxidative property may be also important in vivo if copper is involved. Here, we chose an insulin receptor kinase domain fragment (KK-1, residues 1126-1165), containing the A-loop of the receptor as well as three key autophosphorylation sites (Tyr1158, Tyr1162, and Tyr1163) associated with receptor signal transduction to investigate the roles and the structure-activity relationship of three antidiabetic flavonoids (kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) and two others with a similar structure (diosmetin and genistein), on modulation of Cu(II)-mediated tyrosine nitration and the corresponding effect on its functional phosphorylation in the Cu2+/H2O2/NO2- system. We found that both properties of flavonoid played roles on inhibition of Cu(II)-mediated protein nitration in the H2O2/NO2- system: (1) on the one hand, flavonoid scavenged free radicals as antioxidants, inhibited tyrosine nitration, and thus inhibited the reduction of tyrosine phosphorylation caused by tyrosine nitration; and (2) on the other hand, flavonoid promoted •OH production as a prooxidant, which increased 3,3'-dityrosine formation. The formation of 3,3'-dityrosine decreased Cu2+-induced tyrosine nitration and thus interfered with its phosphorylation. This study confirms that the weight relationship between antioxidation and prooxidation of a flavonoid needs to be studied clearly before nutritional and medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Fang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Wanxia Gao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Zhonghong Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pham-Hua D, Padgett LE, Xue B, Anderson B, Zeiger M, Barra JM, Bethea M, Hunter CS, Kozlovskaya V, Kharlampieva E, Tse HM. Islet encapsulation with polyphenol coatings decreases pro-inflammatory chemokine synthesis and T cell trafficking. Biomaterials 2017; 128:19-32. [PMID: 28285194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a chronic pro-inflammatory autoimmune disease consisting of islet-infiltrating leukocytes involved in pancreatic β-cell lysis. One promising treatment for T1D is islet transplantation; however, clinical application is constrained due to limited islet availability, adverse effects of immunosuppressants, and declining graft survival. Islet encapsulation may provide an immunoprotective barrier to preserve islet function and prevent immune-mediated rejection after transplantation. We previously demonstrated that a novel cytoprotective nanothin multilayer coating for islet encapsulation consisting of tannic acid (TA), an immunomodulatory antioxidant, and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVPON), was efficacious in dampening in vitro immune responses involved in transplant rejection and preserving in vitro islet function. However, the ability of (PVPON/TA) to maintain islet function in vivo and reverse diabetes has not been tested. Recent evidence has demonstrated that modulation of redox status can affect pro-inflammatory immune responses. Therefore, we hypothesized that transplanted (PVPON/TA)-encapsulated islets can restore euglycemia to diabetic mice and provide an immunoprotective barrier. Our results demonstrate that (PVPON/TA) nanothin coatings can significantly decrease in vitro chemokine synthesis and diabetogenic T cell migration. Importantly, (PVPON/TA)-encapsulated islets restored euglycemia after transplantation into diabetic mice. Our results demonstrate that (PVPON/TA)-encapsulated islets may suppress immune responses and enhance islet allograft acceptance in patients with T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Pham-Hua
- Science Technology Honors Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Lindsey E Padgett
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Bing Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Brian Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Michael Zeiger
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Jessie M Barra
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Maigen Bethea
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Chad S Hunter
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Veronika Kozlovskaya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Eugenia Kharlampieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA; Center of Nanoscale Materials and Biointegration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA.
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oxidative consequences of UV irradiation on isolated milk proteins: Effects of hydrogen peroxide and bivalent metal ions. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Roedersheimer M. Solving the Measurement Problem and then Steppin' Out over the Line Riding the Rarest Italian: Crossing the Streams to Retrieve Stable Bioactivity in Majorana Bound States of Dialy zed Human Platelet Lysates. Open Neurol J 2015; 9:32-44. [PMID: 26191092 PMCID: PMC4503829 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x01509010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaustive dialysis (ED) of lysed human platelets against dilute HCl yields stable angiogenic activity. Dialysis against a constrained external volume, with subsequent relaxation of the separation upon opening the dialysis bag, produces material able to maintain phenotypes and viability of human cells in culture better than ED material. Significant graded changes in MTT viability measurement tracked with external volume. The presence of elements smaller than the MW cutoff, capable of setting up cycling currents initiated by oriented flow of HCl across the membrane, suggests that maturation of bioactivity occurred through establishment of a novel type of geometric phase. These information-rich bound states fit recent descriptions of topological order and Majorana fermions, suggesting relevance in testing Penrose and Hameroff's theory of Orchestrated Objective Reduction, under conditions more general, and on finer scales, than those dependent on tubulin protein. The Berry curvature appears to be a good tool for building a general field theory of physiologic stress dependent on the quantum Hall effect. A new form of geometric phase, and an associated "geometric" quantum Hall effect underlying memory retrieval, dependent on the rate of path traversal and reduction from more than two initial field influences is described.
Collapse
|
8
|
Houée-Lévin C, Bobrowski K, Horakova L, Karademir B, Schöneich C, Davies MJ, Spickett CM. Exploring oxidative modifications of tyrosine: An update on mechanisms of formation, advances in analysis and biological consequences. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:347-73. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1007968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
9
|
Barker CE, Ali S, O'Boyle G, Kirby JA. Transplantation and inflammation: implications for the modification of chemokine function. Immunology 2014; 143:138-45. [PMID: 24912917 PMCID: PMC4172130 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major and recurring cause of damage during inflammation, especially following organ transplantation. Initial ischaemia–reperfusion injury causes the production of many reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and subsequent recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells can lead to further oxidative stress. This stress is well known to cause damage at the cellular level, for example by induction of senescence leading to the production of a characteristic senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Chemokines are an important component of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, recruiting further leucocytes and reinforcing the stress and senescence responses. As well as inducing the production of proteins, including chemokines, oxidative stress can alter proteins themselves, both directly and by induction of enzymes capable of modification. These alterations can lead to important modifications to their biological activity and also alter detection by some antibodies, potentially limiting the biological relevance of some immunochemical and proteomic biomarkers. Peroxynitrite, a reactive nitrogen species generated during inflammation and ischaemia, can cause such modifications by nitrating chemokines. Matrix metalloproteinases, released by many stressed cells, can cleave chemokines, altering function, while peptidylarginine deiminases can inactivate certain chemokines by citrullination. This review discusses the relationship between inflammation and post-translational modification, focusing on the functional modulation of transplant-relevant pro-inflammatory chemokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catriona E Barker
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gziut M, MacGregor HJ, Nevell TG, Mason T, Laight D, Shute JK. Anti-inflammatory effects of tobramycin and a copper-tobramycin complex with superoxide dismutase-like activity. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1165-81. [PMID: 23072509 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Airway inflammation in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is characterized by accumulations of neutrophils in the airway and T cells in bronchial tissue, with activation of platelets in the circulation. CF patients are routinely treated with systemic or inhaled tobramycin for airway infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinical trials have indicated an anti-inflammatory effect of tobramycin beyond its bactericidal activity. Here, we investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of tobramycin in vitro and consider if these relate to the ability of tobramycin to bind copper, which is elevated in blood and sputum in CF. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A copper-tobramycin complex was synthesized. The effect of tobramycin and copper-tobramycin on neutrophil activation and migration of T cells and neutrophils across human lung microvascular endothelial cells in response to thrombin-activated platelets were investigated in vitro. Tobramycin uptake was detected by immunocytochemistry. Intracellular reactive oxygen species were detected using the fluorescent indicator, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA). Neutrophil superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and neutrophil elastase activity were measured using specific substrates. Copper was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy. KEY RESULTS Tobramycin and copper-tobramycin were taken up by endothelial cells via a heparan sulphate-dependent mechanism and significantly inhibited T-cell and neutrophil transendothelial migration respectively. Copper-tobramycin has intracellular and extracellular superoxide dismutase-like activity. Neutrophil elastase inhibition by α1-antitrypsin is enhanced in the presence of copper-tobramycin. Tobramycin and copper-tobramycin are equally effective anti-pseudomonal antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Anti-inflammatory effects of tobramycin in vivo may relate to the spontaneous formation of a copper-tobramycin complex, implying that copper-tobramycin may be more effective therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gziut
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gundelach JH, Madhavan AA, Wettstein PJ, Bram RJ. The anticancer drug Dp44mT inhibits T‐cell activation and CD25 through a copper‐dependent mechanism. FASEB J 2012; 27:782-92. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-215756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin H. Gundelach
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent MedicineCollege of Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Ajay A. Madhavan
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent MedicineCollege of Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Peter J. Wettstein
- Department of ImmunologyCollege of Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of SurgeryCollege of Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Richard J. Bram
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent MedicineCollege of Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of ImmunologyCollege of Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| |
Collapse
|