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Naidoo L, Arumugam T, Ramsuran V. Host Genetic Impact on Infectious Diseases among Different Ethnic Groups. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:2300181. [PMID: 38099246 PMCID: PMC10716055 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202300181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) are problematic globally, with high prevalence particularly in Africa, attributing to most of the death rates. There have been immense efforts toward developing effective preventative and therapeutic strategies for these pathogens globally, however, some remain uncured. Disease susceptibility and progression for malaria, TB, HIV, and COVID-19 vary among individuals and are attributed to precautionary measures, environment, host, and pathogen genetics. While studying individuals with similar attributes, it is suggested that host genetics contributes to most of an individual's susceptibility to disease. Several host genes are identified to associate with these pathogens. Interestingly, many of these genes and polymorphisms are common across diseases. This paper analyzes genes and genetic variations within host genes associated with HIV, TB, malaria, and COVID-19 among different ethnic groups. The differences in host-pathogen interaction among these groups, particularly of Caucasian and African descent, and which gene polymorphisms are prevalent in an African population that possesses protection or risk to disease are reviewed. The information in this review could potentially help develop personalized treatment that could effectively combat the high disease burden in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Naidoo
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
| | - Thilona Arumugam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
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Sena-Dos-Santos C, Cavalcante GC, Marques D, Silva CS, de Moraes MR, Pinto P, Santana-da-Silva MN, Ferraz RS, Costa SPT, Ventura AMR, Póvoa MM, Cunha MG, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos Â. Association of apoptosis-related variants to malaria infection and parasite density in individuals from the Brazilian Amazon. Malar J 2023; 22:295. [PMID: 37794476 PMCID: PMC10552311 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In malaria infection, apoptosis acts as an important immunomodulatory mechanism that leads to the elimination of parasitized cells, thus reducing the parasite density and controlling immune cell populations. Here, it was investigated the association of INDEL variants in apoptotic genes-rs10562972 (FAS), rs4197 (FADD), rs3834129 and rs59308963 (CASP8), rs61079693 (CASP9), rs4647655 (CASP3), rs11269260 (BCL-2), and rs17880560 (TP53)-and the influence of genetic ancestry with susceptibility to malaria and parasite density in an admixed population from the Brazilian Amazon. METHODS Total DNA was extracted from 126 malaria patients and 101 uninfected individuals for investigation of genetic ancestries and genotypic distribution of apoptosis-related variants by Multiplex PCR. Association analyses consisted of multivariate logistic regressions, considering the following comparisons: (i) DEL/DEL genotype vs. INS/DEL + INS/INS; and (ii) INS/INS vs. INS/DEL + DEL/DEL. RESULTS Individuals infected by Plasmodium falciparum had significantly higher African ancestry proportions in comparison to uninfected controls, Plasmodium vivax, and mixed infections. The INS/INS genotype of rs3834129 (CASP8) seemed to increase the risk for P. falciparum infection (P = 0.038; OR = 1.867; 95% CI 0.736-3.725), while the DEL/DEL genotype presented a significant protective effect against infection by P. falciparum (P = 0.049; OR = 0.446; 95% CI 0.185-0.944) and mixed infection (P = 0.026; OR = 0.545; 95% CI 0.281-0.996), and was associated with lower parasite density in P. falciparum malaria (P = 0.009; OR = 0.383; 95% CI 0.113-1.295). Additionally, the INS/INS genotype of rs10562972 (FAS) was more frequent among individuals infected with P. vivax compared to P. falciparum (P = 0.036; OR = 2.493; 95% CI 1.104-4.551), and the DEL/DEL genotype of rs17880560 (TP53) was significantly more present in patients with mono-infection by P. vivax than in individuals with mixed infection (P = 0.029; OR = 0.667; 95% CI 0.211-1.669). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, variants in apoptosis genes are associated with malaria susceptibility and parasite density, indicating the role of apoptosis-related genetic profiles in immune responses against malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Sena-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Giovanna C Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Diego Marques
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Caio S Silva
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Milene Raiol de Moraes
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Pablo Pinto
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatoimmunology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | - Mayara Natália Santana-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Rafaella S Ferraz
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria R Ventura
- Division of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Marinete M Póvoa
- Division of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Maristela G Cunha
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Ândrea Ribeiro-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil.
- Program of Oncology and Medical Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Belém, Brazil.
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Álvarez L, Marín-García PJ, Llobat L. Genetic haplotypes associated with immune response to Leishmania infantum infection in dogs. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1675-1685. [PMID: 37059873 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease, and the main reservoir of the parasite is the dog, although recent years have seen an increase in other mammalian species. In the Mediterranean region, where it is an endemic disease, it is caused by the species Leishmania infantum. The Ibizan hound, an autochthonous breed of this region, appears to have a genetic resistance to parasitic infection, whereas other canine breeds, such as the Boxer, are susceptible to infection. These differences are related to the differentiated activation of the immune response, with the Ibizan hound activating the Th1 immune response, whereas the Boxer breed triggers the Th2 immune response. Cytokine levels and genomic haplotypes of several genes involved in the immune response were analysed in twenty-eight Ibizan hound (resistant canine breed model) and twenty-four Boxer (susceptible canine breed) without clinical signs in the Mediterranean region. Cytokine levels were analysed by ELISA commercial kits and haplotypes were studied using CanineHD DNA Analysis BeadChip including 165,480 mapped positions. The results show 126 haplotypes associated with differential immune response in dogs. Specifically, haplotypes in IL12RB1, IL6R, CIITA, THEMIS, NOXA1, HEY2, RAB38, SLC35D2, SLC28A3, RASEF and DAPK1 genes are associated with serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-8, and IL-18. These results suggest that the resistance or susceptibility to Leishmania infantum infection could be a consequence of haplotypes in several genes related to immune response. Future studies are needed to elucidate the relationship of these haplotypes with immune response and gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Álvarez
- Departamento Produccion Y Sanidad Animal, Salud Publica Y Ciencia Y Tecnologia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo-Jesús Marín-García
- Departamento Produccion Y Sanidad Animal, Salud Publica Y Ciencia Y Tecnologia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lola Llobat
- Departamento Produccion Y Sanidad Animal, Salud Publica Y Ciencia Y Tecnologia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.
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Interleukin 6 and interferon gamma haplotypes are related to cytokine serum levels in dogs in an endemic Leishmania infantum region. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:9. [PMID: 36759910 PMCID: PMC9911338 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ibizan Hound is a canine breed native to the Mediterranean region, where leishmaniasis is an endemic zoonosis. Several studies indicate a low prevalence of this disease in Ibizan Hound dogs, whereas other canine breeds present a high prevalence. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unknown. The aim of this work is to analyse the relationship between serum levels of cytokines and the genomic profiles in two canine breeds, Ibizan Hound (resistant canine breed model) and Boxer (susceptible canine breed model). METHODS In this study, we analyse the haplotypes of genes encoding cytokines related to immune response of Leishmania infantum infection in twenty-four Boxers and twenty-eight Ibizan Hounds apparently healthy using CanineHD DNA Analysis BeadChip including 165,480 mapped positions. The haplo.glm extension of haplo.score was used to perform a General Linear Model (GLM) regression to estimate the magnitude of individual haplotype effects within each cytokine. RESULTS Mean levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 2 (IL-2) and IL-18 in Boxer dogs were 0.19 ± 0.05 ng/ml, 46.70 ± 4.54 ng/ml, and 36.37 ± 30.59 pg/ml, whereas Ibizan Hound dogs present 0.49 ± 0.05 ng/ml, 64.55 ± 4.54 ng/ml, and 492.10 ± 31.18 pg/ml, respectively. The GLM regression shows fifteen haplotypes with statistically significant effect on the cytokine serum levels (P < 0.05). The more relevant are IL6-CGAAG and IFNG-GCA haplotypes, which increase and decrease the IL-2, IL-8 and IFN-γ serum levels, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Haplotypes in the IFNG and IL6 genes have been correlated to serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-18, and a moderate effect has been found on IL8 haplotype correlated to IL-8 and IL-18 serum levels. The results indicate that the resistance to L. infantum infection could be a consequence of certain haplotypes with a high frequency in the Ibizan Hound dog breed, while susceptibility to the disease would be related to other specific haplotypes, with high frequency in Boxer. Future studies are needed to elucidate whether these differences and haplotypes are related to different phenotypes in immune response and expression gene regulation to L. infantum infections in dogs and their possible application in new treatments and vaccines.
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Leal ALAB, da Silva FA, Shin JI, Jeong GH, Ferreira GP, Vasconcelos DFP, Monteiro JRS, de Sousa AA, da Silva FRP, da Cunha Pereira ACT. Polymorphisms in immune-mediator genes and the risk of dengue virus infection: Lights from a systematic revaluation by Bayesian approaches. Cytokine 2022; 157:155955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sirisabhabhorn K, Chaijaroenkul W, Na-Bangchang K. Genetic Diversity of Human Host Genes Involved in Immune Response and the Binding of Malaria Parasite in Patients Residing along the Thai-Myanmar border. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6040174. [PMID: 34698295 PMCID: PMC8544681 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6040174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms of the genes encoding proteins involved in immune functions and the binding of malaria parasites to human host cells have been the focus of research in recent years, aiming to understand malaria pathogenesis and case severity and to exploit this knowledge to assert control over malaria. This study investigated the genetic diversity of the human host genes encoding proteins that are involved in immune functions and malaria parasite binding, i.e., MCP1 (−2518), TGFβ1 (−509), TNFα (−308), IL4 (VNTR), IL6 (−174), IL10 (−3575), TLR4 (299), CD36 (−188), and ICAM1 (469) in patients with mono-infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in the multidrug-resistant areas along the Thai-Myanmar border. The association between gene polymorphisms and parasite density was also investigated. Genomic DNA (gDNA) of P. falciparum and P. vivax were extracted from whole blood and dried blood spot (DBS). Gene amplification and genotyping were performed by PCR and PCR-RFLP analysis, respectively. Of these samples, 178 and 209 samples were, respectively, mono-infection with P. falciparum and P. vivax. The ratio of P. falciparum: P. vivax was 46%:54%. Results showed marked variation in the frequency distribution and patterns of the genotypes and gene alleles of the nine immune response genes or human host genes. The SNPs of TGFβ1, IL10 and ICAM1, were significantly associated with P. falciparum, but not P. vivax parasite density. TGFβ1, IL10 and ICAM1, may play more significant roles in modulating P. falciparum than P. vivax parasitemia. The prevalence of the genotypes and gene alleles of these genes, including their association with parasite density, may vary depending on patient ethnicity and endemic areas. Information obtained from each endemic area is essential for treatment strategies and the development of vaccines for malaria prophylaxis in specific areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kridsada Sirisabhabhorn
- Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand; (K.S.); (W.C.)
| | - Wanna Chaijaroenkul
- Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand; (K.S.); (W.C.)
- Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
| | - Kesara Na-Bangchang
- Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand; (K.S.); (W.C.)
- Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Science and Technology, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +662-564-4440-79 (ext. 1803); Fax: +662-564-4398
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AlRuwaisan AU, Al-Anazi MR, Shafeai MI, Rudiny FH, Motaen AM, Bin Dajem SM, Alothaid H, Morsy K, Alkahtani S, Al-Qahtani AA. Associations of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in IL-18 Gene with Plasmodium falciparum-Associated Malaria. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3587-3619. [PMID: 34345179 PMCID: PMC8323861 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s314638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, reported to be involved in the initial immune responses against malaria. Genetic variations in the host are an important factor that influences the etiology of malaria at several disease levels. Polymorphisms within the IL-18 gene are associated with susceptibility and clinical outcome of several diseases. Methods We genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-18 of patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum with varying extent of parasitemia and different age groups. Results SNPs rs5744292 (OR = 70.446; 95% CI = 4.318-1149.323; p<0.0001) and rs544354 (OR = 1.498; 95% CI = 1.088-2.063; p=0.013) were found to be significantly associated with parasitemia in P. falciparum-infected patients when compared with healthy control subjects. SNP rs5744292 (OR = 7.597; 95% CI=1.028-56.156; p=0.019) was associated with increased parasite density in infected patients. SNPs rs544354 (OR 0.407; 95% CI=0.204-0.812; p = 0.009) and rs360714 (OR of 0.256; 95% CI=0.119-0.554; p = 0.001) were significantly associated with parasite density in an age-dependent manner, with the risk alleles present more frequently among the younger (1-9 years) patients. Several haplotypes were found to have a significant association with parasitemia. In-vitro expression analysis using luciferase reporter assay showed that SNPs rs1946518 and rs187238 in the IL-18 gene promoter region and rs360728 and rs5744292 in the 3'-untranslated region of the IL-18 gene were associated with enhanced transcriptional activity. Conclusion Our results suggest that polymorphisms within the IL-18 gene are associated with the susceptibility to P. falciparum infection and related parasitemia among groups with different parasite density and across various age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa U AlRuwaisan
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael R Al-Anazi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Saad M Bin Dajem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Alothaid
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kareem Morsy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Cordaillat R, Carnino L, Eperon G. Recrudescence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a migrant treated by tocilizumab. J Travel Med 2021; 28:6183287. [PMID: 33758947 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report an atypical case of recrudescence of Plasmodium falciparum in a migrant with 4% parasitemia, 7 years after leaving endemic country. This case supports the hypothesis of recrudescence of a latent and persistent sub-microscopic parasitemia, triggered by time-related decreasing immunity and immunosuppression (tocilizumab).
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Cordaillat
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Carnino
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Eperon
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Oliveira Junior LRD, Carvalho TB, Santos RMD, Costa ÉAPND, Pereira PCM, Kurokawa CS. Association of vitamin D3, VDR gene polymorphisms, and LL-37 with a clinical form of Chagas Disease. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20190133. [PMID: 31508781 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0133-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chagas disease (CD) is an important public health problem in Brazil and worldwide. Aging and obesity are important matters in patients with CD, as is hypovitaminosis D3, which can decrease the quality of life of these patients. Immunomodulation mediated by vitamin D3, especially the production of antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin LL-37, might be related to the severity and symptoms of CD. This study aimed to determine the serum levels of vitamin D and LL-37 and VDR gene polymorphisms in patients with chronic CD. METHODS This study included male patients with cardiac and indeterminate clinical forms of CD. Clinical, anthropometric, and blood parameters were obtained. Serum levels of 25(OH)D3 and LL-37 were determined by chemiluminescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively. Fok (rs731236), Bsm (rs1544410), Apa (rs7975232), and Taq (rs731236) polymorphisms of the VDR gene were investigated by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS Sixty-four patients were included in the study: 18 of the cardiac form and 46 of the indeterminate form. No differences in age, ethnicity, BMI, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or dyslipidemias were observed between groups. However, the serum levels of 25(OH)D3, but not of LL-37, were lower in the cardiac form group. The association among polymorphisms, vitamin D, and clinical form was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Decreased levels of vitamin D suggest an association with the cardiac form of CD. Studies investigating the roles of vitamin D and LL-37 in the immune response and their associations with VDR polymorphisms and disease susceptibility are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaysa Buss Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Mattos Dos Santos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Paulo Câmara Marques Pereira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Cilmery Suemi Kurokawa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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López C, Yepes-Pérez Y, Díaz-Arévalo D, Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA. The in Vitro Antigenicity of Plasmodium vivax Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 ( PvRON2) B- and T-Epitopes Selected by HLA-DRB1 Binding Profile. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:156. [PMID: 29868512 PMCID: PMC5962679 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax is a neglected disease which is responsible for the highest morbidity in both Americas and Asia. Despite continuous public health efforts to prevent malarial infection, an effective antimalarial vaccine is still urgently needed. P. vivax vaccine development involves analyzing naturally-infected patients' immune response to the specific proteins involved in red blood cell invasion. The P. vivax rhoptry neck protein 2 (PvRON2) is a highly conserved protein which is expressed in late schizont rhoptries; it interacts directly with AMA-1 and might be involved in moving-junction formation. Bioinformatics approaches were used here to select B- and T-cell epitopes. Eleven high-affinity binding peptides were selected using the NetMHCIIpan-3.0 in silico prediction tool; their in vitro binding to HLA-DRB1*0401, HLA-DRB1*0701, HLA-DRB1*1101 or HLA-DRB1*1302 was experimentally assessed. Four peptides (39152 (HLA-DRB1*04 and 11), 39047 (HLA-DRB1*07), 39154 (HLADRB1*13) and universal peptide 39153) evoked a naturally-acquired T-cell immune response in P. vivax-exposed individuals from two endemic areas in Colombia. All four peptides had an SI greater than 2 in proliferation assays; however, only peptides 39154 and 39153 had significant differences compared to the control group. Peptide 39047 was able to significantly stimulate TNF and IL-10 production while 39154 stimulated TNF production. Allele-specific peptides (but not the universal one) were able to stimulate IL-6 production; however, none induced IFN-γ production. The Bepipred 1.0 tool was used for selecting four B-cell epitopes in silico regarding humoral response. Peptide 39041 was the only one recognized by P. vivax-exposed individuals' sera and had significant differences concerning IgG subclasses; an IgG2 > IgG4 profile was observed for this peptide, agreeing with a protection-inducing role against P. falciparum and P. vivax as previously described for antigens such as RESA and MSP2. The bioinformatics results and in vitro evaluation reported here highlighted two T-cell epitopes (39047 and 39154) being recognized by memory cells and a B-cell epitope (39041) identified by P. vivax-exposed individuals' sera which could be used as potential candidates when designing a subunit-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina López
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,PhD Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yoelis Yepes-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,MSc Program in Microbiology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Díaz-Arévalo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel E Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Napolioni V. Reply to Larcombe and Orr: Still seeing the big picture. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 66:416. [PMID: 26391038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Napolioni
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Canine Leishmaniasis Progression is Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3346. [PMID: 28611427 PMCID: PMC5469782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the risk of suffering from a plethora of health disorders, ranging from autoimmune processes to infectious diseases has been widely described. Nonetheless, the potential role of vitamin D in visceral leishmaniasis remains uncharacterized. In the Mediterranean basin, where the dog is leishmania’s main peri-domestic reservoir, control measures against the canine disease have shown beneficial effects on the incidence of human leishmaniasis. In this study, we measured the vitamin D levels in serum samples from a cohort of 68 healthy and disease dogs from a highly endemic area and we have also studied the relationship of these levels with parasitological and immunological parameters. The sick dogs presented significantly lower (P < 0.001) vitamin D levels (19.6 ng/mL) than their non-infected (31.8 ng/mL) and the asymptomatic counterparts (29.6 ng/mL). In addition, vitamin D deficiency correlated with several parameters linked to leishmaniasis progression. However, there was no correlation between vitamin D levels and the Leishmania-specific cellular immune response. Moreover, both the leishmanin skin test and the IFN-γ levels displayed negative correlations with serological, parasitological and clinical signs. Further studies to determine the functional role of vitamin D on the progression and control of canine leishmaniasis are needed.
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Leon Rodriguez DA, Carmona FD, González CI, Martin J. Evaluation of VDR gene polymorphisms in Trypanosoma cruzi infection and chronic Chagasic cardiomyopathy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31263. [PMID: 27502545 PMCID: PMC4977507 DOI: 10.1038/srep31263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is an important modulator of the immune response. It acts over several immune cell types where the Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed. Due to the high relevance of this signaling pathway, several studies have investigated the possible influence of genes involved in the metabolism of Vitamin D and its receptor in different human diseases. Here, we analyzed whether four single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the VDR gene (rs731236, rs7975232, rs1544410 and rs2228570) are involved in the susceptibility to infection by Trypanosoma cruzi and/or to chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) in a Colombian endemic population for this parasite. Our results showed that the rs2228570*A allele is associated with CCC development (P = 4.46E-03, OR = 1.51). In summary, the data presented in this report suggest that variation within the VDR gene may affect the immune response against T. cruzi, increasing the probability of cardiac complications in infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F David Carmona
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, P.T.S, Granada, Spain
| | - Clara Isabel González
- Grupo de Inmunología y Epidemiología Molecular, GIEM, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Javier Martin
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, P.T.S, Granada, Spain
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Domingues W, Kanunfre KA, Rodrigues JC, Teixeira LE, Yamamoto L, Okay TS. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PUTATIVE ASSOCIATION OF IL10 -3575 T/A GENETIC POLYMORPHISM WITH MALARIA SYMPTOMS. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:30. [PMID: 27074324 PMCID: PMC4826083 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Only a small percentage of individuals living in endemic areas develop severe malaria suggesting that host genetic factors may play a key role. This study has determined the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in some pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene sequences: IL6 (-174; rs1800795), IL12p40 (+1188; rs3212227), IL4 (+33; rs2070874), IL10 (-3575; rs1800890) and TGFb1 (+869; rs1800470), by means of PCR-RFLP. Blood samples were collected from 104 symptomatic and 37 asymptomatic subjects. Laboratory diagnosis was assessed by the thick blood smear test and nested-PCR. No association was found between IL6 (-174), IL12p40 (+1188), IL4 (+33), IL10 (- 3575), TGFb1 (+869) SNPs and malaria symptoms. However, regarding the IL10 -3575 T/A SNP, there were significantly more AA and AT subjects, carrying the polymorphic allele A, in the symptomatic group (c2 = 4.54, p = 0.01, OR = 0.40 [95% CI - 0.17- 0.94]). When the analysis was performed by allele, the frequency of the polymorphic allele A was also significantly higher in the symptomatic group (c2 = 4.50, p = 0.01, OR = 0.45 [95% CI - 0.21-0.95]). In conclusion, this study has suggested the possibility that the IL10 - 3575 T/A SNP might be associated with the presence and maintenance of malaria symptoms in individuals living in endemic areas. Taking into account that this polymorphism is related to decreased IL10 production, a possible role of this SNP in the pathophysiology of malaria is also suggested, but replication studies with a higher number of patients and evaluation of IL10 levels are needed for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Domingues
- Laboratory of Seroepidemiology and Immunobiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Kanunfre
- Laboratory of Seroepidemiology and Immunobiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Cristian Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Seroepidemiology and Immunobiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Emidio Teixeira
- Laboratory of Seroepidemiology and Immunobiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lidia Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Seroepidemiology and Immunobiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thelma Suely Okay
- Laboratory of Seroepidemiology and Immunobiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Napolioni V, MacMurray J. Infectious diseases, IL6 -174G>C polymorphism, and human development. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 51:196-203. [PMID: 26291404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is required for resistance against many pathogens. However, sustained IL6 activity can cause tissue damage in the periphery and brain. Previous studies have shown that populations in disease-endemic regions adapt by selecting the high-producing G-allele at the -174G>C (rs1800795) polymorphism, while others have linked increased IL6 to cognitive impairments. The present study sought to determine whether up-regulation of IL6 by the G-allele at rs1800795 polymorphism in disease-endemic regions was associated with increased cognitive deficits and corollary reductions in social, economic, and political development. We tested these hypotheses in a global sample of 189 nations with World Health Organization ratings for infectious diseases. We also included the Historical Pathogen Prevalence index, a measure of national average intelligence (IQ), and the United Nation Human Development Index (HDI) including per capita income, life expectancy, child mortality, and fertility rate. IL6 -174G>C allele frequencies were obtained from 171,168 individuals spanning 84 nations. The high-producing G-allele frequency was positively correlated with infectious disease ranking (r=0.745, P<0.001) and negatively with IQ (r=-0.524, P<0.001) and HDI (r=-0.671, P<0.001). These robust findings suggest that in regions with a high pathogen burden the need for a strong IL6 response is accompanied by cognitive deficits and reduced HDI ranking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Napolioni
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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