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Young AP, Szczesniak AM, Hsu K, Kelly ME, Denovan-Wright EM. Enantiomeric Agonists of the Type 2 Cannabinoid Receptor Reduce Retinal Damage during Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy and Inhibit Hyperactive Microglia In Vitro. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1348-1363. [PMID: 38751621 PMCID: PMC11091991 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and propagate inflammation following damage to the CNS, including the retina. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a condition that can emerge following retinal detachment and is characterized by severe inflammation and microglial proliferation. The type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2) is an emerging pharmacological target to suppress microglial-mediated inflammation when the eyes or brain are damaged. CB2-knockout mice have exacerbated inflammation and retinal pathology during experimental PVR. We aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of CB2 stimulation in the context of retinal damage and also explore the mechanistic roles of CB2 in microglia function. To target CB2, we used a highly selective agonist, HU-308, as well as its enantiomer, HU-433, which is a putative selective agonist. First, β-arrestin2 and Gαi recruitment was measured to compare activation of human CB2 in an in vitro heterologous expression system. Both agonists were then utilized in a mouse model of PVR, and the effects on retinal damage, inflammation, and cell death were assessed. Finally, we used an in vitro model of microglia to determine the effects of HU-308 and HU-433 on phagocytosis, cytokine release, migration, and intracellular signaling. We observed that HU-308 more strongly recruited both β-arrestin2 and Gαi compared to HU-433. Stimulation of CB2 with either drug effectively blunted LPS- and IFNγ-mediated signaling as well as NO and TNF release from microglia. Furthermore, both drugs reduced IL-6 accumulation, total caspase-3 cleavage, and retinal pathology following the induction of PVR. Ultimately, this work supports that CB2 is a valuable target for drugs to suppress inflammation and cell death associated with infection or sterile retinopathy, although the magnitude of effector recruitment may not be predictive of anti-inflammatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Young
- Department
of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Anna-Maria Szczesniak
- Department
of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Karolynn Hsu
- Department
of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Melanie E.M. Kelly
- Department
of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department
of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department
of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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Guo H, Wang T, Yu J, Shi Z, Liang M, Chen S, He T, Yan H. Vitreous Olink proteomics reveals inflammatory biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355314. [PMID: 38455059 PMCID: PMC10917961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to identify inflammatory biomarkers in traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy (TPVR) patients and further validate the expression curve of particular biomarkers in the rabbit TPVR model. Methods The Olink Inflammation Panel was used to compare the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the vitreous of TPVR patients 7-14 days after open globe injury (OGI) (N = 19) and macular hole patients (N = 22), followed by correlation analysis between DEPs and clinical signs, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analysis, and function enrichment analysis. A TPVR rabbit model was established and expression levels of candidate interleukin family members (IL-6, IL-7, and IL-33) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 0, 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 28 days after OGI. Results Forty-eight DEPs were detected between the two groups. Correlation analysis showed that CXCL5, EN-RAGE, IL-7, ADA, CD5, CCL25, CASP8, TWEAK, and IL-33 were significantly correlated with clinical signs including ocular wound characteristics, PVR scoring, PVR recurrence, and final visual acuity (R = 0.467-0.699, p < 0.05), and all with optimal AUC values (0.7344-1). Correlations between DEP analysis and PPI analysis further verified that IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-33, HGF, and CXCL5 were highly interactive (combined score: 0.669-0.983). These DEPs were enriched in novel pathways such as cancer signaling pathway (N = 14, p < 0.000). Vitreous levels of IL-6, IL-7, and IL-33 in the rabbit TPVR model displayed consistency with the trend in Olink data, all exhibiting marked differential expression 1 day following the OGI. Conclusion IL-7, IL-33, EN-RAGE, TWEAK, CXCL5, and CD5 may be potential biomarkers for TPVR pathogenesis and prognosis, and early post-injury may be an ideal time for TPVR intervention targeting interleukin family biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated People’s Hospital of Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinguo Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhemin Shi
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Minghui Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Siyue Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiangeng He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Koçak N, Erduran B, Yeter V. Predictive values of systemic inflammation biomarkers in proliferative vitreoretinopathy associated with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Clin Exp Optom 2023; 106:852-858. [PMID: 36375137 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2022.2133596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is still the leading cause of surgical failure after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair. The factors that can predict the development of PVR remain to be elucidated. BACKGROUND This study evaluates the predictive values of the systemic immune-inflammation index, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with primary RRD with and without PVR. METHODS A total of 150 patients with RRD and 51 age- and sex-matched healthy participants were included in the study. Patients who developed PVR within three months after surgery were enrolled as PVR cases (n = 75, Group 1), and those who did not develop PVR were enrolled in RRD without the PVR group (n = 75, Group 2). Ocular examination findings and medical records of all participants were analysed retrospectively. Peripheral blood samples were collected, and systemic immune-inflammation index, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios were calculated. The systemic immune-inflammation index calculation formula is: (Neutrophil/lymphocyte) × Platelet. RESULTS The median neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and systemic immune-inflammation index levels were significantly higher in Group 1 patients compared to Group 2 and the control groups (p = 0.01, for both). However, the groups were similar regarding median platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.917). The optimal cut-off values of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and systemic immune-inflammation index were calculated as 1.72 (with 72% sensitivity and 48% specificity) and 407.9 (with 72% sensitivity and 49.3% specificity), respectively, for predicting PVR development in patients with RRD. CONCLUSION Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and systemic immune-inflammation index may be useful biomarkers for predicting the risk of PVR development in RRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurullah Koçak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ondokuzmayıs University Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Bilgehan Erduran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ondokuzmayıs University Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Volkan Yeter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ondokuzmayıs University Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
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Wang X, Luan F, Yue H, Song C, Wang S, Feng J, Zhang X, Yang W, Li Y, Wei W, Tao Y. Recent advances of smart materials for ocular drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115006. [PMID: 37451500 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the variety and complexity of ocular diseases and the natural ocular barriers, drug therapy for ocular diseases has significant limitations, such as poor drug targeting to the site of the disease, poor drug penetration, and short drug retention time in the vitreous body. With the development of biotechnology, biomedical materials have reached the "smart" stage. To date, despite their inability to overcome all the aforementioned drawbacks, a variety of smart materials have been widely tested to treat various ocular diseases. This review analyses the most recent developments in multiple smart materials (inorganic particles, polymeric particles, lipid-based particles, hydrogels, and devices) to treat common ocular diseases and discusses the future directions and perspectives regarding clinical translation issues. This review can help researchers rationally design more smart materials for specific ocular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Fuxiao Luan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Hua Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Cui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China.
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Xiao R, Lei C, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Interleukin-6 in retinal diseases: From pathogenesis to therapy. Exp Eye Res 2023:109556. [PMID: 37385535 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that participates in immunomodulation, inflammation, increases vascular permeability, hematopoiesis, and stimulates cell proliferation, among other biological processes. It exerts effects primarily through the classic and trans-signaling pathways. Many studies have demonstrated that IL-6 plays a critical role in the development of retinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, retinal vein occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Thus, the progressive development of drugs targeting IL-6 and IL-6 receptor may play a role in the treatment of multiple retinal diseases. In this article, we comprehensively review the IL-6's biological functions of and its mechanisms in the pathogenesis of various retinal diseases. Furthermore, we summarize the drugs targeting IL-6 and its receptor and prospect their potential application in retinal diseases, hoping to provide new ideas for the treatment of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chunyan Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Lumi X, Confalonieri F, Ravnik-Glavač M, Goričar K, Blagus T, Dolžan V, Petrovski G, Hawlina M, Glavač D. Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Gene Variability in Retinal Detachment Patients with and without Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040804. [PMID: 37107562 PMCID: PMC10137369 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the association between certain genetic variations and the risk of developing proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) after surgery. The study was conducted on 192 patients with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) who underwent 3-port pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). The distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in genes involved in inflammation and oxidative stress associated with PVR pathways were analyzed among patients with and without postoperative PVR grade C1 or higher. A total of 7 defined SNPs of 5 genes were selected for genotyping: rs4880 (SOD2); rs1001179 (CAT); rs1050450 (GPX1); rs1143623, rs16944, rs1071676 (IL1B); rs2910164 (MIR146A) using competitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. The association of SNPs with PVR risk was evaluated using logistic regression. Furthermore, the possible association of SNPs with postoperative clinical parameters was evaluated using non-parametric tests. The difference between two genotype frequencies between patients with or without PVR grade C1 or higher was found to be statistically significant: SOD2 rs4880 and IL1B rs1071676. Carriers of at least one polymorphic IL1B rs1071676 GG allele appeared to have better postoperative best-corrected visual acuity only in patients without PVR (p = 0.070). Our study suggests that certain genetic variations may play a role in the development of PVR after surgery. These findings may have important implications for identifying patients at higher risk for PVR and developing new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xhevat Lumi
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (X.L.); (M.H.)
- Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (F.C.); (G.P.)
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Filippo Confalonieri
- Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (F.C.); (G.P.)
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Metka Ravnik-Glavač
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.R.-G.); (K.G.); (T.B.); (V.D.)
| | - Katja Goričar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.R.-G.); (K.G.); (T.B.); (V.D.)
| | - Tanja Blagus
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.R.-G.); (K.G.); (T.B.); (V.D.)
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.R.-G.); (K.G.); (T.B.); (V.D.)
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (F.C.); (G.P.)
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Split, University Hospital Centre, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marko Hawlina
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (X.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Damjan Glavač
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center for Human Genetics & Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Li Y, Zhao J, Yin Y, Li K, Zhang C, Zheng Y. The Role of IL-6 in Fibrotic Diseases: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5405-5414. [PMID: 36147459 PMCID: PMC9461670 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.75876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a detrimental outcome of most chronic inflammatory disorders and is defined by the buildup of excess extracellular matrix (ECM) components, which eventually leads to organ failure and death. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is promptly produced by immune cells in response to tissue injuries and has a wide range of effects on cellular processes such as acute responses, hematopoiesis, and immune reactions. Furthermore, high levels of IL-6 have been found in a variety of chronic inflammatory disorders characterized by fibrosis, and this factor plays a significant role in fibrosis in various organs via Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3) activation. Here, we review what is known about the role of IL-6 in fibrosis and why targeting IL-6 for fibrotic disease treatment makes sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yajuan Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Pao SI, Lin LT, Chen YH, Chen CL, Chen JT. MicroRNA-4516 suppresses proliferative vitreoretinopathy development via negatively regulating OTX1. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270526. [PMID: 35771766 PMCID: PMC9246108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) progression is associated with TGF-β2-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In cancer cells, miR-4516 downregulates orthodenticle homeobox 1 (OTX1)-mediated cell invasion. Moreover, OTX1 is shown to be involved in invasion and EMT. The purpose of this study was to assess whether microRNA (miR-4516) suppresses EMT in RPE cells. EMT features were assessed using Western blotting, immunocytochemical staining, scratch-wound healing, modified Boyden chamber assay, and collagen gel contraction assay. For in vivo testing, a rabbit model was used, which involved induction of PVR by injection of transfected spontaneously arising RPE (ARPE) cells into the vitreous chamber. The putative target of miR-4516 was identified by luciferase reporter assay. Results showed that TGF-β2-induced transdifferentiation and migration of RPE cells was inhibited by miR-4516 delivery. Overexpression of miR-4516 led to upregulation of zonula occludens-1, downregulation of α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin, and cell contractility—all EMT features—in the TGF-β2-treated ARPE-19 cells. MiR-4516 regulated OTX1 expression negatively by binding to its 3’-UTR. TGF-β2-induced phosphorylated ERK was inhibited in miR-4516-overexpressing ARPE-19 cells. MiR-4516 suppressed experimental PVR in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, the overexpression of miR-4516 suppresses TGF-β2-induced EMT in a PVR model, and its role in PVR depends on OTX1/ERK. Further research is needed to develop a feasible treatment method to prevent and treat PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-I Pao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Le-Tien Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Long Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Torng Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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9
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Qi H, Dong L, Fang D, Chen L, Wang Y, Fan N, Mao X, Wu W, Yan X, Zhang G, Zhang S, Lei H. A Novel Role of IL13Rα2 in the Pathogenesis of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:831436. [PMID: 35770008 PMCID: PMC9234175 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.831436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), an inflammatory and fibrotic blinding disease, is still a therapeutic challenge. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells dislodged in the vitreous play a central role in the PVR pathogenesis. To identify potential novel contributors to the pathogenesis of PVR, we investigated a profile of vitreous-induced changes in ARPE-19 cells by RNA sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis of the sequencing data showed that there were 258 genes up-regulated and 835 genes down-regulated in the ARPE-19 cells treated with human vitreous. Among these genes, there were three genes related to eye disease with more than threefold changes. In particular, quantitative PCR and western blot results showed that interleukin 13 receptor (IL13R)α2 that is over-expressed in a variety of cancers was up-regulated more than three times in the vitreous-treated ARPE-19 cells. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that interleukin-13 receptor subunit α2 (IL13Rα2) was highly expressed in ARPE-19 cells within epiretinal membranes from patients with PVR. Importantly, blocking IL13Rα2 with its neutralizing antibody significantly inhibited vitreous-induced contraction of ARPE-19 cells, suggesting a novel role of IL13Rα2 in the PVR pathogenesis. These findings will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which PVR develops and provides potential targets for PVR therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qi
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Dong
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Fang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ning Fan
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingxing Mao
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hunan Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohe Yan
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoming Zhang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaochong Zhang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Shaochong Zhang,
| | - Hetian Lei
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- Hetian Lei,
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Pao SI, Lin LT, Chen YH, Chen CL, Chen JT. Repression of Smad4 by MicroRNA-1285 moderates TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in proliferative vitreoretinopathy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254873. [PMID: 34383767 PMCID: PMC8360606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess whether microRNA (miR)-1285 can suppress the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Expression of miR-1285 was evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The features of EMT were assessed using Western blotting, immunocytochemical staining, scratch wound healing tests, modified Boyden chamber assay, and collagen gel contraction assay. A rabbit model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) was used for in vivo testing, which involved the induction of PVR by injection of transfected ARPE cells into the vitreous chamber. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to identify the putative target of miR-1285. The expression of miR-1285 was downregulated in ARPE-19 cells treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Overexpression of miR-1285 led to upregulation of zonula occludens-1, downregulation of α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin, cell migration and cell contractility-all EMT features-in the TGF-β2-treated ARPE-19 cells. The reporter assay indicated that the 3' untranslated region of Smad4 was the direct target of miR1285. PVR progression was alleviated in the miR-1285 transfected rabbits. In conclusion, overexpression of miR-1285 attenuates TGF-β2-induced EMT in a rabbit model of PVR, and the effect of miR-1285 in PVR is dependent on Smad4. Further research is warranted to develop a feasible therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-I Pao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Le-Tien Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Long Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiann-Torng Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Dai Y, Dai C, Sun T. Inflammatory mediators of proliferative vitreoretinopathy: hypothesis and review. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:1587-1601. [PMID: 32103371 PMCID: PMC7242233 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To review the role of inflammatory mediators in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) development and the current treatment for PVR prevention. Methods A PubMed search was carried out using these keywords “PVR,” “inflammatory mediators,” “growth factors,” “cytokines” and “treatment.” Studies regarding inflammatory mediators and PVR therapy were included and published up to December 2019. Results Inflammatory mediators, namely growth factors and cytokines, have been implicated in the occurrence and development of PVR. Among various inflammatory mediators, transforming growth factor-β, platelet-derived growth factor, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α are considered to be particularly important. In this review, we focus on the hypothesis that growth factors and cytokines are involved in the development of PVR, and current treatment for the prevention of PVR. Conclusion We support the hypothesis that growth factors and cytokines may participate in the complex process of PVR development. More importantly, the identification of inflammatory mediators provides novel and efficacious therapeutic targets for the treatment of PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, No. 10, Nancheng River Road, Yancheng, 224000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chenghua Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, No. 10, Nancheng River Road, Yancheng, 224000, Jiangsu Province, China.
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12
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Josifovska N, Lumi X, Szatmari-Tóth M, Kristóf E, Russell G, Nagymihály R, Anisimova N, Malyugin B, Kolko M, Ivastinović D, Petrovski G. Clinical and molecular markers in retinal detachment-From hyperreflective points to stem cells and inflammation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217548. [PMID: 31185026 PMCID: PMC6559703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal detachment (RD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed ophthalmologic conditions requiring prompt surgical intervention. Combination of proper surgical technique and new diagnostic markers, both clinical and molecular, can help improve the diagnosis and prognosis of RD treatment. METHODS 12 patients with rhegmatogenous RD (rRD) were included into the study after obtaining patient consent and Regional Ethical Approval (average age: 58.1 ± 17.4 years). OCT was performed before and after 23G vitrectomy for RD. Pure subretinal fluid (SRF) was collected during surgery and analyzed by protein array profiling on a panel of 105 inflammatory cytokines (Human XL Cytokine Array), while the effect of SRF upon human macrophages-driven phagocytosis of apoptotic retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells ex vivo was quantified by flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of retinectomized tissue due to PVR caused by RD was performed to determine presence of markers for microglial cells (CD34), macrophages and activated microglia (CD68), regulator of the immune response to infection (NFkB), progenitor and stem cell marker (Sox2), pluripotency marker (Oct4) and intermediate filament markers (GFAP and Nestin). RESULTS OCT of fresh RD patients contained pre-operatively hyper reflective points (HRPs) at the detached neuroretina border and proximal to the RPE layer-their size and number decreased following successful reattachment surgery. IHC of the retinectomized tissue from detached retina due to severe PVR showed presence of cell conglomerates at the detached neuroretina border which were positive for CD68, NFkB, Sox2 and GFAP, less positive for CD47 and Nestin and negative for Oct4 and CD34. The SRF contained at least 37 cytokines with higher, and 4 cytokine with lower concentration compared to that in vitreous from non-RD pathology; when used as conditional medium to human macrophages ex vivo, the SRF doubled their capacity for engulfing dying RPEs. CONCLUSIONS Fresh RD can be hallmarked by presence of HRPs at the detached neuroretina border on OCT; the HRPs decrease in size and number after successful reattachment surgery, and likely resemble the macrophage conglomerates seen by IHC. The neuroretina in RD contains progenitor/stem-like cells and signs of inflammatory reaction, while the SRF contains inflammatory cytokines and other factors which increase the ability of professional phagocytes to engulf dying RPE, or for that matter, other dying cells in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Josifovska
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xhevat Lumi
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mária Szatmari-Tóth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and MTA-DE Stem cell, Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Endre Kristóf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and MTA-DE Stem cell, Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Greg Russell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Richárd Nagymihály
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Natalia Anisimova
- S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery State Institution, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Boris Malyugin
- S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery State Institution, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Goran Petrovski
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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13
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Qin D, Jiang Y, Jin X. Effect of macrophage migration inhibitory factor on inflammatory cytokines and fibrogenic gene expression in human RPE cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:830-836. [PMID: 31180524 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qin
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Provincial Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Yanrong Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Peking University, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Xuemin Jin
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Provincial Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
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14
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London NJS, Kaiser RS, Khan MA, Alshareef RA, Khuthaila M, Shahlaee A, Obeid A, London VA, DeCroos FC, Gupta OP, Hsu J, Vander JF, Spirn MJ, Regillo CD. Determining the effect of low-dose isotretinoin on proliferative vitreoretinopathy: the DELIVER trial. Br J Ophthalmol 2018; 103:1306-1313. [PMID: 30381390 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effect of low-dose, oral isotretinoin in lowering the risk of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair. METHODS Prospective, open label, dual-cohort study with pathology-matched historical controls. The prospective experimental arms included two cohorts, composed of 51 eyes with recurrent PVR-related RRD and 58 eyes with primary RRD associated with high-risk features for developing PVR. Eyes in the experimental arms received 20 mg of isotretinoin by mouth once daily for 12 weeks starting the day after surgical repair. The primary outcome measure was single surgery anatomical success rate at 3 months following the study surgery. RESULTS The single surgery anatomic success rate was 78.4% versus 70.0% (p=0.358) in eyes with recurrent PVR-related retinal detachment exposed to isotretinoin versus historical controls, respectively. In eyes with RRD at high risk for developing PVR, the single surgery success rate was 84.5% versus 61.1% (p=0.005) for eyes exposed to isotretinoin versus historical controls, respectively. For eyes enrolled in the experimental arms, the most common isotretinoin-related side effects were dry skin/mucus membranes in 106 patients (97.2%), abnormal sleep/dreams in 4 patients (3.7%) and fatigue in 3 patients (2.8%). CONCLUSION The management and prevention of PVR is challenging and complex. At the dose and duration given in this study, oral istotretinoin may reduce the risk of PVR-associated recurrent retinal detachment in eyes with primary RRD at high risk of developing PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas J S London
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA .,Retina Consultants San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Richard S Kaiser
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mohammed Ali Khan
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rayan A Alshareef
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Khuthaila
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abtin Shahlaee
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Anthony Obeid
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Francis Char DeCroos
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Omesh P Gupta
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason Hsu
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James F Vander
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marc J Spirn
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carl D Regillo
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Ma B, Yang L, Jing R, Liu J, Quan Y, Hui Q, Li J, Qin L, Pei C. Effects of Interleukin-6 on posterior capsular opacification. Exp Eye Res 2018; 172:94-103. [PMID: 29617629 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to determine the effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6) on the development of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) in vitro and in vivo. Western blot and real-time PCR were used to test the IL-6-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), the extracellular matrix (ECM) markers fibronectin (Fn) and type I collagen (COL-1), transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2), and the activation and role of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in human lens epithelial cells (HLECs). Immunocytofluorescence staining was performed to detect gp130 and IL-6Rα expression in HLECs. Rat PCO models were then established to examine the impact of STAT3 knockdown by shRNA adeno-associated virus on PCO development, and immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of Fn in the anterior and posterior capsule in vivo. We found that IL-6 promotes the expression of Fn, COL-1, TGF-β2, p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 in HLECs but exerts little effect on α-SMA. The JAK/STAT3 inhibitor WP1066 effectively suppressed the IL-6-induced expression of Fn and COL-1 in lens epithelial cells. STAT3 knockdown effectively inhibited the development of PCO in rats and significantly reduced the expression of Fn in the anterior and posterior capsule. These data suggest that IL-6 contributes to the development of PCO by promoting TGF-β2 activation and ECM synthesis through a JAK/STAT3 signaling-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, inhibiting JAK/STAT3 signaling effectively impairs both PCO development in rats and ECM synthesis in the lens capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Eastern Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, China
| | - Ruihua Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yumeng Quan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Qiaoyan Hui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jingming Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Cheng Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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16
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Rapid monocyte infiltration following retinal detachment is dependent on non-canonical IL6 signaling through gp130. J Neuroinflammation 2017. [PMID: 28645275 PMCID: PMC5481880 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal detachment (RD) can lead to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), a leading cause of intractable vision loss. PVR is associated with a cytokine storm involving common proinflammatory molecules like IL6, but little is known about the source and downstream signaling of IL6 and the consequences for the retina. Here, we investigated the early immune response and resultant cytokine signaling following RD in mice. METHODS RD was induced in C57BL/6 J and IL6 knockout mice, and the resulting inflammatory response was examined using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Cytokines and signaling proteins of vitreous and retinas were quantified by multiple cytokine arrays and Western blotting. To attempt to block IL6 signaling, a neutralizing antibody of IL6 receptor α (IL6Rα) or IL6 receptor β (gp-130) was injected intravitreally immediately after RD. RESULTS Within one day of RD, bone marrow-derived Cd11b + monocytes had extravasated from the vasculature and lined the vitreal surface of the retina, while the microglia, the resident macrophages of the retina, were relatively unperturbed. Cytokine arrays and Western blot analysis revealed that this sterile inflammation did not cause activation of IL6 signaling in the neurosensory retina, but rather only in the vitreous and aqueous humor. Monocyte infiltration was inhibited by blocking gp130, but not by IL6 knockout or IL6Rα blockade. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results demonstrate that monocytes are the primary immune cell mediating the cytokine storm following RD, and that any resulting retinal damage is unlikely to be a direct result of retinal IL6 signaling, but rather gp130-mediated signaling in the monocytes themselves. These results suggest that RD should be treated immediately, and that gp130-directed therapies may prevent PVR and promote retinal healing.
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17
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Zadka Ł, Dzięgiel P, Kulus M, Olajossy M. Clinical Phenotype of Depression Affects Interleukin-6 Synthesis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2017; 37:231-245. [PMID: 28418766 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is not a single disease, but a number of various ailments that form one entity. Psychomotor retardation, anhedonia, sleep disorders, an increased suicide risk, and anxiety are the main symptoms that often define the clinical diagnosis of depression. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), as one of the proinflammatory cytokines, seems to be overexpressed during certain mental disorders, including MDD. Overexpression of IL-6 in depression is thought to be a factor associated with bad prognosis and worse disease course. IL-6 may directly affect brain functioning and production of neurotransmitters; moreover, its concentration is correlated with certain clinical symptoms within the wide range of depressive symptomatology. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between IL-6 synthesis and psychosomatic functioning of the patient. This article discusses potential sources and significance of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Zadka
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław, Poland .,2 II Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Independent Public Teaching Hospital No 1 in Lublin, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Kulus
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Olajossy
- 2 II Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Independent Public Teaching Hospital No 1 in Lublin, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
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18
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Greene WA, Burke TA, Kaini RR, Por ED, Wang HC. Polarized Secretion of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors by Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells During Wound Healing. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:132-140. [PMID: 28384031 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) by induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (iPS-RPE) during wound healing. We hypothesize that iPS-RPE secretes mediators of tissue remodeling such as MMPs and TIMPs to promote migration and proliferation of cells during wound healing. METHODS iPS-RPE was grown on transwells until fully confluent and pigmented. The monolayers were scratched to induce a wound. Conditioned media were collected from the apical and basolateral sides of the transwells every 72 h for 12 days. The media were analyzed by multiplex ELISA assays to detect secreted MMPs and TIMPs. Activity assays were performed to detect the active form of MMP-2 in conditioned media. RESULTS MMP-2 and TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4 were detected in conditioned media from iPS-RPE. The proteins were found to be secreted in a polarized manner. The apical secretion and activation of MMP-2 was elevated from days 3 to 12 after wounding. TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4 were detected in conditioned media from both the apical and basolateral sides of wounded cells. Apical secretion of all 4 TIMPs increased within 3 days after wounding. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that iPS-RPE secretes MMP-2 and all 4 TIMPs in a polarized manner. After wounding, apical secretion of MMP-2 was higher compared to control. Apical secretion of all 4 TIMPs increased compared to control, while only TIMP-1 showed increased basolateral secretion compared to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A Greene
- Ocular Trauma Task Area, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research , JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Teresa A Burke
- Ocular Trauma Task Area, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research , JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ramesh R Kaini
- Ocular Trauma Task Area, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research , JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Elaine D Por
- Ocular Trauma Task Area, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research , JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Heuy-Ching Wang
- Ocular Trauma Task Area, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research , JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
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19
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Eastlake K, Banerjee PJ, Angbohang A, Charteris DG, Khaw PT, Limb GA. Müller glia as an important source of cytokines and inflammatory factors present in the gliotic retina during proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Glia 2016; 64:495-506. [PMID: 26556395 PMCID: PMC4981913 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinal gliosis is characterized by biochemical and physiological changes that often lead to Müller glia proliferation and hypertrophy and is a feature of many neuro-degenerative and inflammatory diseases such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Although Müller glia are known to release inflammatory factors and cytokines, it is not clear whether cytokine production by these cells mirrors the pattern of factors present in the gliotic retina. Lysates from normal cadaveric retina and gliotic retinal specimens from patients undergoing retinectomy for treatment of PVR, the Müller cell line MIO-M1 and four human Müller glial cell preparations isolated from normal retina were examined for their expression of cytokines and inflammatory factors using semi-quantitative dot blot antibody arrays and quantitative arrays. Comparative analysis of the expression of inflammatory factors showed that in comparison with normal retina, gliotic retina exhibited greater than twofold increase in 24/102 factors examined by semiquantitative arrays, and a significant increase in 19 out of 27 factors assessed by quantitative methods (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). It was observed that with the exception of some chemotactic factors, the majority of cytokines and inflammatory factors were produced by Müller glia in vitro and included G-CSF, MCP-1, PDGF-bb, RANTES, VEGF, and TGFβ2. These results showed that a large number of inflammatory factors expressed by Müller glia in vitro are upregulated in the gliotic retina, suggesting that targeting the production of inflammatory factors by Müller glia may constitute a valid approach to prevent neural damage during retinal gliosis and this merits further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Eastlake
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - P J Banerjee
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Angbohang
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - D G Charteris
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - P T Khaw
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - G A Limb
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Gu R, Zhou M, Jiang C, Yu J, Xu G. Elevated concentration of cytokines in aqueous in post-vitrectomy eyes. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 44:128-34. [PMID: 26317489 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RuiPing Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - ChunHui Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Department of Ophthalmology; No. 5 People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - GeZhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai China
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