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Gutierrez-Leal I, Caballero-Hernández D, Orozco-Flores AA, Gomez-Flores R, Quistián-Martínez D, Tamez-Guerra P, Tamez-Guerra R, Rodríguez-Padilla C. Role of the sympathetic nervous system in cancer-associated cachexia and tumor progression in tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. BMC Neurosci 2024; 25:37. [PMID: 39174899 PMCID: PMC11342617 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-024-00887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose and muscle tissue wasting outlines the cachectic process during tumor progression. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is known to promote tumor progression and research suggests that it might also contribute to cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) energetic expenditure through fat wasting. METHODS We sympathectomized L5178Y-R tumor-bearing male BALB/c mice by intraperitoneally administering 6-hydroxydopamine to evaluate morphometric, inflammatory, and molecular indicators of CAC and tumor progression. RESULTS Tumor burden was associated with cachexia indicators, including a 10.5% body mass index (BMI) decrease, 40.19% interscapular, 54% inguinal, and 37.17% visceral adipose tissue loss, a 12% food intake decrease, and significant (p = 0.038 and p = 0.0037) increases in the plasmatic inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IFN-γ respectively. Sympathectomy of tumor-bearing mice was associated with attenuated BMI and visceral adipose tissue loss, decreased interscapular Ucp-1 gene expression to basal levels, and 2.6-fold reduction in Mmp-9 relative gene expression, as compared with the unsympathectomized mice control group. CONCLUSION The SNS contributes to CAC-associated morphometric and adipose tissue alterations and promotes tumor progression in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaias Gutierrez-Leal
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apartado postal 46 F, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66451, Mexico
| | - Diana Caballero-Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apartado postal 46 F, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66451, Mexico.
| | - Alonso A Orozco-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apartado postal 46 F, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66451, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Gomez-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apartado postal 46 F, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66451, Mexico
| | - Deyanira Quistián-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66451, Mexico
| | - Patricia Tamez-Guerra
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apartado postal 46 F, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66451, Mexico
| | - Reyes Tamez-Guerra
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apartado postal 46 F, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66451, Mexico
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Padilla
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apartado postal 46 F, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66451, Mexico
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Zhang L, Bonomi PD. Immune System Disorder and Cancer-Associated Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1709. [PMID: 38730660 PMCID: PMC11083538 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a debilitating condition marked by muscle and fat loss, that is unresponsive to nutritional support and contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. Immune dysfunction, driven by cytokine imbalance, contributes to CAC progression. This review explores the potential relationship between CAC and anti-cancer immune response in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Pre-clinical studies showcase the involvement of cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and TGF-β, in CAC. IL-6 and TNF-α, interacting with muscle and adipose tissues, induce wasting through JAK/STAT and NF-κB pathways. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) exacerbate CAC by promoting inflammation. Clinical studies confirm elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNFα) and immune markers like the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with CAC. Thus, immunomodulatory mechanisms involved in CAC may impact the anti-neoplastic immune response. Inhibiting CAC mechanisms could enhance anti-cancer therapies, notably immunotherapy. R-ketorolac, a new immunomodulator, reversed the weight loss and increased survival in mice. Combining these agents with immunotherapy may benefit patients with cancer experiencing CAC. Further research is vital to understand the complex interplay between tumor-induced immune dysregulation and CAC during immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip D. Bonomi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
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Wu Q, Liu Z, Li B, Liu YE, Wang P. Immunoregulation in cancer-associated cachexia. J Adv Res 2024; 58:45-62. [PMID: 37150253 PMCID: PMC10982873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated cachexia is a multi-organ disorder associated with progressive weight loss due to a variable combination of anorexia, systemic inflammation and excessive energy wasting. Considering the importance of immunoregulation in cachexia, it still lacks a complete understanding of the immunological mechanisms in cachectic progression. AIM OF REVIEW Our aim here is to describe the complex immunoregulatory system in cachexia. We summarize the effects and translational potential of the immune system on the development of cancer-associated cachexia and we attempt to conclude with thoughts on precise and integrated therapeutic strategies under the complex immunological context of cachexia. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This review is focused on three main key concepts. First, we highlight the inflammatory factors and additional mediators that have been identified to modulate this syndrome. Second, we decipher the potential role of immune checkpoints in tissue wasting. Third, we discuss the multilayered insights in cachexia through the immunometabolic axis, immune-gut axis and immune-nerve axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University.
| | - Zhou Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu-E Liu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University
| | - Ping Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University.
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Mazitova AM, Márquez-Sánchez AC, Koltsova EK. Fat and inflammation: adipocyte-myeloid cell crosstalk in atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238664. [PMID: 37781401 PMCID: PMC10540690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue inflammation has been implicated in various chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounds the aorta as an extra layer and was suggested to contribute to atherosclerosis development. PVAT regulates the function of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells in the aorta and represent a reservoir for various immune cells which may participate in aortic inflammation. Recent studies demonstrate that adipocytes also express various cytokine receptors and, therefore, may directly respond to inflammatory stimuli. Here we will summarize current knowledge on immune mechanisms regulating adipocyte activation and the crosstalk between myeloid cells and adipocytes in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M. Mazitova
- Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ana Cristina Márquez-Sánchez
- Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ekaterina K. Koltsova
- Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Identification of Regulatory Factors and Prognostic Markers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020303. [PMID: 35204186 PMCID: PMC8868268 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons, leading to muscle atrophy, paralysis and even death. Immune disorder, redox imbalance, autophagy disorder, and iron homeostasis disorder have been shown to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of ALS. However, the exact pathogenic genes and the underlying mechanism of ALS remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to screen for pathogenic regulatory genes and prognostic markers in ALS using bioinformatics methods. We used Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and expression regulation network analysis to investigate the function of differentially expressed genes in the nerve tissue, lymphoid tissue, and whole blood of patients with ALS. Our results showed that the up-regulated genes were mainly involved in immune regulation and inflammation, and the down-regulated genes were mainly involved in energy metabolism and redox processes. Eleven up-regulated transcription factors (CEBPB, CEBPD, STAT5A, STAT6, RUNX1, REL, SMAD3, GABPB2, FOXO1, PAX6, and FOXJ1) and one down-regulated transcription factor (NOG) in the nerve tissue of patients with ALS likely play important regulatory roles in the pathogenesis of ALS. Based on construction and evaluation of the ALS biomarker screening model, cluster analysis of the identified characteristic genes, univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, and the random survival forest algorithm, we found that MAEA, TPST1, IFNGR2, and ALAS2 may be prognostic markers regarding the survival of ALS patients. High expression of MAEA, TPST1, and IFNGR2 and low expression of ALAS2 in ALS patients may be closely related to short survival of ALS patients. Taken together, our results indicate that immune disorders, inflammation, energy metabolism, and redox imbalance may be the important pathogenic factors of ALS. CEBPB, CEBPD, STAT5A, STAT6, RUNX1, REL, SMAD3, GABPB2, FOXO1, PAX6, FOXJ1, and NOG may be important regulatory factors linked to the pathogenesis of ALS. MAEA, TPST1, IFNGR2, and ALAS2 are potential important ALS prognostic markers. Our findings provide evidence on the pathogenesis of ALS, potential targets for the development of new drugs for ALS, and important markers for predicting ALS prognosis.
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Activation of the Complement System in Patients with Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225767. [PMID: 34830921 PMCID: PMC8616331 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Patients with cancer often suffer from severe weight loss as a result of the wasting of skeletal muscle and fat tissue. This has a strong negative impact on the patient’s prognosis and quality of life. Inflammation is thought to contribute to weight loss in cancer. To enable the future targeting of inflammation in patients with cancer who experience weight loss, we set out to characterize an important pro-inflammatory component of the immune system: the complement system. The blood levels of several elements of the complement system were analyzed in patients with and without weight loss and inflammation. We found that complement factors were activated specifically in patients with both weight loss and inflammation. Since complement inhibitory drugs are already on the market, these findings may open new opportunities for treating inflammation-mediated weight loss in patients with cancer. Abstract Systemic inflammation is thought to underlie many of the metabolic manifestations of cachexia in cancer patients. The complement system is an important component of innate immunity that has been shown to contribute to metabolic inflammation. We hypothesized that systemic inflammation in patients with cancer cachexia was associated with complement activation. Systemic C3a levels were higher in cachectic patients with inflammation (n = 23, C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥ 10 mg/L) as compared to patients without inflammation (n = 26, CRP < 10 mg/L) or without cachexia (n = 13) (medians 102.4 (IQR 89.4–158.0) vs. 81.4 (IQR 47.9–124.0) vs. 61.6 (IQR 46.8–86.8) ng/mL, respectively, p = 0.0186). Accordingly, terminal complement complex (TCC) concentrations gradually increased in these patient groups (medians 2298 (IQR 2022–3058) vs. 1939 (IQR 1725–2311) vs. 1805 (IQR 1552–2569) mAU/mL, respectively, p = 0.0511). C3a and TCC concentrations were strongly correlated (rs = 0.468, p = 0.0005). Although concentrations of C1q and mannose-binding lectin did not differ between groups, C1q levels were correlated with both C3a and TCC concentrations (rs = 0.394, p = 0.0042 and rs = 0.300, p = 0.0188, respectively). In conclusion, systemic inflammation in patients with cancer cachexia is associated with the activation of key effector complement factors. The correlations between C1q and C3a/TCC suggest that the classical complement pathway could play a role in complement activation in patients with pancreatic cancer.
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de Jesus JDCR, Murari ASDP, Radloff K, de Moraes RCM, Figuerêdo RG, Pessoa AFM, Rosa-Neto JC, Matos-Neto EM, Alcântara PSM, Tokeshi F, Maximiano LF, Bin FC, Formiga FB, Otoch JP, Seelaender M. Activation of the Adipose Tissue NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway in Cancer Cachexia. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729182. [PMID: 34630405 PMCID: PMC8495409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cachexia is a paraneoplastic syndrome that accompanies and compromises cancer treatment, especially in advanced stages, affecting the metabolism and function of several organs. The adipose tissue is the first to respond to the presence of the tumor, contributing to the secretion of factors which drive the systemic inflammation, a hallmark of the syndrome. While inflammation is a defensive innate response, the control mechanisms have been reported to be disrupted in cachexia. On the other hand, little is known about the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in this scenario, a multiprotein complex involved in caspase-1 activation and the processing of the cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Aim based on the evidence from our previous study with a rodent model of cachexia, we examined the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in two adipose tissue depots obtained from patients with colorectal cancer and compared with that another inflammatory pathway, NF-κB. Results For CC we found opposite modulation in ScAT and PtAT for the gene expression of TLR4, Caspase-1 (cachectic group) and for NF-κB p50, NF-κB p65, IL-1β. CD36, expression was decreased in both depots while that of NLRP3 and IL-18 was higher in both tissues, as compared with controls and weight stable patients (WSC). Caspase-1 basal protein levels in the ScAT culture supernatant were higher in WSC and (weight stable patients) CC, when compared to controls. Basal ScAT explant culture medium IL-1β and IL-18 protein content in ScAT supernatant was decreased in the WSC and CC as compared to CTL explants. Conclusions The results demonstrate heterogeneous responses in the activation of genes of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in the adipose tissue of patients with cancer cachexia, rendering this pathway a potential target for therapy aiming at decreasing chronic inflammation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce de Cassia Rosa de Jesus
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM26), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariene Soares de Pinho Murari
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM26), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katrin Radloff
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM26), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruan Carlos Macêdo de Moraes
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM26), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Galvão Figuerêdo
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM26), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia Marçal Pessoa
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM26), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José César Rosa-Neto
- Immunometabolism Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emídio Marques Matos-Neto
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM26), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo S M Alcântara
- University Hospital, Department of Surgical Clinic, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavio Tokeshi
- University Hospital, Department of Surgical Clinic, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Linda Ferreira Maximiano
- University Hospital, Department of Surgical Clinic, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fang Chia Bin
- Department of Coloproctology, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José P Otoch
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM26), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,University Hospital, Department of Surgical Clinic, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilia Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM26), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kasprzak A. The Role of Tumor Microenvironment Cells in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Cachexia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041565. [PMID: 33557173 PMCID: PMC7913937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a multifactorial syndrome in patients with advanced cancer characterized by weight loss via skeletal-muscle and adipose-tissue atrophy, catabolic activity, and systemic inflammation. CC is correlated with functional impairment, reduced therapeutic responsiveness, and poor prognosis, and is a major cause of death in cancer patients. In colorectal cancer (CRC), cachexia affects around 50–61% of patients, but remains overlooked, understudied, and uncured. The mechanisms driving CC are not fully understood but are related, at least in part, to the local and systemic immune response to the tumor. Accumulating evidence demonstrates a significant role of tumor microenvironment (TME) cells (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils, and fibroblasts) in both cancer progression and tumor-induced cachexia, through the production of multiple procachectic factors. The most important role in CRC-associated cachexia is played by pro-inflammatory cytokines, including the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), originally known as cachectin, Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and certain chemokines (e.g., IL-8). Heterogeneous CRC cells themselves also produce numerous cytokines (including chemokines), as well as novel factors called “cachexokines”. The tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to systemic inflammation and increased oxidative stress and fibrosis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of TME cellular components in CRC-associated cachexia, as well as discusses the potential role of selected mediators secreted by colorectal cancer cells in cooperation with tumor-associated immune and non-immune cells of tumor microenvironment in inducing or potentiating cancer cachexia. This knowledge serves to aid the understanding of the mechanisms of this process, as well as prevent its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences, Święcicki Street 6, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
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Rosa-Caldwell ME, Lim S, Haynie WS, Jansen LT, Westervelt LC, Amos MG, Washington TA, Greene NP. Altering aspects of mitochondrial quality to improve musculoskeletal outcomes in disuse atrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1290-1303. [PMID: 32940556 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00407.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy is a significant moderator for disease prognosis; as such, interventions to mitigate disuse-induced muscle loss are imperative to improve clinical interventions. Mitochondrial deteriorations may underlie disuse-induced myopathies; therefore, improving mitochondrial quality may be an enticing therapeutic intervention. However, different mitochondria-based treatments may have divergent impacts on the prognosis of disuse atrophy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate different mitochondria-centered interventions during disuse atrophy in hindlimb unloaded male and female mice. Male and female mice overexpressing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) or mitochondrially targeted catalase (MCAT) and their respective wild-type (WT) littermate controls were hindlimb unloaded for 7 days to induce disuse atrophy or allowed normal ambulatory activity (cage control; CON). After designated interventions, animals were euthanized, and tissues were collected for measures of mitochondrial quality control and protein turnover. Although PGC-1α overexpression mitigated ubiquitin-proteasome activation (MuRF1 and Atrogin mRNA content), this did not correspond to phenotypic protections from disuse-induced atrophy. Rather, PGC-1α mice appeared to have a greater reliance on autophagic protein breakdown compared with WT mice. In MCAT mice, females exhibited a mitigated response to disuse atrophy; however, this effect was not noted in males. Despite these phenotypic differences, there were no clear cellular signaling differences between MCAT hindlimb unloaded females and MCAT fully loaded females. PGC-1α overexpression does not protect against phenotypic alterations during disuse atrophy but appears to shift catabolic pathways moderating atrophy. However, increased mitochondrially targeted catalase activity appears to blunt disuse atrophy within highly oxidative muscles specifically in female mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We present data suggesting that mitochondria-based interventions may mitigate disuse atrophy. However, the efficacy of mitochondria-based interventions may vary depending on the specific target of the intervention and the sex of the organism. Females appear to be more responsive to increased mitochondrial catalase as a potential therapeutic for mitigating disuse atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Seongkyun Lim
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Wesley S Haynie
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Lisa T Jansen
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Lauren C Westervelt
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Madeline G Amos
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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Rosa-Caldwell ME, Fix DK, Washington TA, Greene NP. Muscle alterations in the development and progression of cancer-induced muscle atrophy: a review. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 128:25-41. [PMID: 31725360 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00622.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia-cancer-associated body weight and muscle loss-is a significant predictor of mortality and morbidity in cancer patients across a variety of cancer types. However, despite the negative prognosis associated with cachexia onset, there are no clinical therapies approved to treat or prevent cachexia. This lack of treatment may be partially due to the relative dearth of literature on mechanisms occurring within the muscle before the onset of muscle wasting. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to compile the current scientific literature on mechanisms contributing to the development and progression of cancer cachexia, including protein turnover, inflammatory signaling, and mitochondrial dysfunction. We define "development" as changes in cell function occurring before the onset of cachexia and "progression" as alterations to cell function that coincide with the exacerbation of muscle wasting. Overall, the current literature suggests that multiple aspects of cellular function, such as protein turnover, inflammatory signaling, and mitochondrial quality, are altered before the onset of muscle loss during cancer cachexia and clearly highlights the need to study more thoroughly the developmental stages of cachexia. The studying of these early aberrations will allow for the development of effective therapeutics to prevent the onset of cachexia and improve health outcomes in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Dennis K Fix
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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11
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Rosa-Caldwell ME, Greene NP. Muscle metabolism and atrophy: let's talk about sex. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:43. [PMID: 31462271 PMCID: PMC6714453 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle health is a strong predictor of overall health and longevity. Pathologies affecting skeletal muscle such as cancer cachexia, intensive care unit treatment, muscular dystrophies, and others are associated with decreased quality of life and increased mortality. Recent research has begun to determine that these muscular pathologies appear to present and develop differently between males and females. However, to our knowledge, there has yet to be a comprehensive review on musculoskeletal differences between males and females and how these differences may contribute to sex differences in muscle pathologies. Herein, we present a review of the current literature on muscle phenotype and physiology between males and females and how these differences may contribute to differential responses to atrophic stimuli. In general, females appear to be more susceptible to disuse induced muscle wasting, yet protected from inflammation induced (such as cancer cachexia) muscle wasting compared to males. These differences may be due in part to differences in muscle protein turnover, satellite cell content and proliferation, hormonal interactions, and mitochondrial differences between males and females. However, more works specifically examining muscle pathologies in females are necessary to more fully understand the inherent sex-based differences in muscle pathologies between the sexes and how they may correspond to different clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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Hardee JP, Counts BR, Carson JA. Understanding the Role of Exercise in Cancer Cachexia Therapy. Am J Lifestyle Med 2019; 13:46-60. [PMID: 30627079 PMCID: PMC6311610 DOI: 10.1177/1559827617725283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia, the unintentional loss of body weight, is prevalent in many cancer types, and the associated skeletal muscle mass depletion increases patient morbidity and mortality. While anorexia can be present, cachexia is not reversible with nutritional therapies alone. Pharmacological agents have been proposed to treat this condition, but there are currently no approved treatments. Nonetheless, the hallmark characteristics associated with cancer cachexia remain viable foundations for future therapies. Regular physical activity holds a promising future as a nonpharmacological alternative to improve patient survival through cachexia prevention. Evidence suggests exercise training is beneficial during cancer treatment and survival. However, the mechanistic examination of cachectic skeletal muscle's response to exercise is both needed and justified. The primary objective of this review is to discuss the role of exercise for the prevention and treatment of cancer-associated muscle wasting. Initially, we provide an overview of systemic alterations induced by cancer and their role in the regulation of wasting processes during cachexia progression. We then discuss how exercise could alter disrupted regulatory pathways related to growth and metabolism during cancer-induced muscle atrophy. Last, we outline current exercise prescription guidelines and how exercise could be a potential behavioral therapy to curtail cachexia development in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P. Hardee
- Department of Exercise Science (JPH, BRC, JAC), University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Center for Colon Cancer Research (JAC), University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Brittany R. Counts
- Department of Exercise Science (JPH, BRC, JAC), University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Center for Colon Cancer Research (JAC), University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - James A. Carson
- James A. Carson, PhD, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Public Health Research Center, Rm 301, Columbia, SC 29208; e-mail:
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Wang X, Ping FF, Bakht S, Ling J, Hassan W. Immunometabolism features of metabolic deregulation and cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:694-701. [PMID: 30450768 PMCID: PMC6349168 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism is a branch dealing at the interface of immune functionalities and metabolic regulations. Considered as a bidirectional trafficking, metabolic contents and their precursors bring a considerable change in immune cells signal transductions which as a result affect the metabolic organs and states as an implication. Lipid metabolic ingredients form a major chunk of daily diet and have a proven contribution in immune cells induction, which then undergo metabolic pathway shuffling inside their ownself. Lipid metabolic states activate relevant metabolic pathways inside immune cells that in turn prime appropriate responses to outside environment in various states including lipid metabolic disorders itself and cancers as an extension. Although data on Immunometabolism are still growing, but scientific community need to adjust and readjust according to recent data on given subject. This review attempts to provide current important data on Immunometabolism and consequently its metabolic ramifications. Incumbent data on various lipid metabolic deregulations like obesity, metabolic syndrome, obese asthma and atherosclerosis are analysed. Further, metabolic repercussions on cancers and its immune modalities are also analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Feng-Feng Ping
- Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Sahar Bakht
- Faculty of Pharmacy and alternative medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Waseem Hassan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan
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Solís-Martínez O, Plasa-Carvalho V, Phillips-Sixtos G, Trujillo-Cabrera Y, Hernández-Cuellar A, Queipo-García GE, Meaney-Mendiolea E, Ceballos-Reyes GM, Fuchs-Tarlovsky V. Effect of Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Body Composition and Inflammation Markers in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer from a Public Hospital in Mexico. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:663-670. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1460678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Obed Solís-Martínez
- Laboratorio integral de investigación cardiometabólica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Valentina Plasa-Carvalho
- Servicio de Nutrición Clínica, Unidad de Oncología, Hospital General de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Geraldine Phillips-Sixtos
- Servicio de Nutrición Clínica, Unidad de Oncología, Hospital General de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Arturo Hernández-Cuellar
- Área de Tumores de cabeza y cuello, Unidad de Oncología, Hospital General de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Eduardo Meaney-Mendiolea
- Laboratorio integral de investigación cardiometabólica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guillermo M. Ceballos-Reyes
- Laboratorio integral de investigación cardiometabólica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Vanessa Fuchs-Tarlovsky
- Servicio de Nutrición Clínica, Unidad de Oncología, Hospital General de México, Ciudad de México, México
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