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Dong S, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Role of extracellular vesicle in human papillomavirus-associated cervical cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:16203-16212. [PMID: 37668793 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is a gynecological malignant tumor and a serious threat to women's health. Although human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the occurrence of cervical cancer are known to be closely related, the underlying carcinogenic mechanism of HPV is not fully understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are found in a variety of body fluids and play an important role in both intercellular communication and cancer progression. Furthermore, the presence of EVs makes liquid biopsy of cervical cancer possible. The study of EVs in cervical cancer can provide clinical ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this article is to summarizes the role of EV contents in HPV-associated cervical cancer and discusses the possible clinical application of EVs in cervical cancer treatment. METHODS The search terms included the following: HPV with cervical cancer and extracellular vesicles. The initial literature search ended on March 1, 2023. CONCLUSIONS In HPV-positive cervical cancer, EV contents are changed due to the presence of HPV. HPV-positive cervical cancer affects the cell microenvironment and other surrounding cells through the secretion of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiang Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, China.
| | - Yankui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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2
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Fernandez-Avila L, Castro-Amaya AM, Molina-Pineda A, Hernández-Gutiérrez R, Jave-Suarez LF, Aguilar-Lemarroy A. The Value of CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, and CXCL8 as Potential Prognosis Markers in Cervical Cancer: Evidence of E6/E7 from HPV16 and 18 in Chemokines Regulation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2655. [PMID: 37893029 PMCID: PMC10604789 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is a serious global health issue, and it is well-known that HPV infection is the main etiological factor that triggers carcinogenesis. In cancer, chemokine ligands and receptors are involved in tumor cell growth, metastasis, leukocyte infiltration, and angiogenesis; however, information on the role played by E6/E7 of HPV16/18 in the modulation of chemokines is very limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether chemokines are differentially expressed in CC-derived cell lines; if E6/E7 oncoproteins from HPV16 and 18 are capable of mediating chemokine expression, what is the expression profile of chemokines in tissues derived from CC and what is their impact on the overall survival of patients with this pathology? For this purpose, RNA sequencing and real-time PCR were performed on SiHa, HeLa, and C33A tumorigenic cell lines, on the non-tumorigenic HaCaT cells, and the E6/E7 HPV-transduced HaCaT cell models. Furthermore, chemokine expression and survival analysis were executed on 304 CC and 22 normal tissue samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) repository. The results demonstrate that CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, and CXCL8 are regulated by E6/E7 of HPV16 and 18, are overexpressed in CC biopsies, and that their higher expression is related to a worse prognostic survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Fernandez-Avila
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Aribert Maryosly Castro-Amaya
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Andrea Molina-Pineda
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara 44270, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.M.-P.); (R.H.-G.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONAHCYT, Mexico City 03940, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Hernández-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara 44270, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.M.-P.); (R.H.-G.)
| | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suarez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
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3
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Quantitative Proteomics for the Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins in the Extracellular Vesicles of Cervical Cancer Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030702. [PMID: 36992411 PMCID: PMC10051161 DOI: 10.3390/v15030702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular vesicles (EVs) in a tumoral microenvironment can exert different functions by transferring their content, which has been poorly described in cervical cancer. Here, we tried to clarify the proteomic content of these EVs, comparing those derived from cancerous HPV (+) keratinocytes (HeLa) versus those derived from normal HPV (–) keratinocytes (HaCaT). We performed a quantitative proteomic analysis, using LC-MS/MS, of the EVs from HeLa and HaCaT cell lines. The up- and downregulated proteins in the EVs from the HeLa cell line were established, along with the cellular component, molecular function, biological processes, and signaling pathways in which they participate. The biological processes with the highest number of upregulated proteins are cell adhesion, proteolysis, lipid metabolic process, and immune system processes. Interestingly, three of the top five signaling pathways with more up- and downregulated proteins are part of the immune response. Due to their content, we can infer that EVs can have a significant role in migration, invasion, metastasis, and the activation or suppression of immune system cells in cancer.
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Mahmoudvand S, Shokri S, Nakhaie M, Jalilian FA, Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi A, Yarani R, Shojaeian A. Small extracellular vesicles as key players in cancer development caused by human oncogenic viruses. Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:58. [DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Exosomes are the smallest group of extracellular vesicles in size from 30 to 150 nm, surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane, and originate from multivesicular bodies secreted by different types of cells, such as virus-infected cells. The critical role of exosomes is information transfer among cells, representing a unique way for intercellular communication via a load of many kinds of molecules, including various signaling proteins and nucleic acids. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively investigate the role of exosomes in promoting human oncogenic viruses-associated cancers.
Methods
Our search was conducted for published researches between 2000 and 2022 by using several international databases includeing Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science as well as Google scholar. We also reviewed additional evidence from relevant published articles.
Results
It has been shown that exosomes can create the conditions for viral spread in viral infections. Exosome secretion in a human tumor virus can switch on the cell signaling pathways by transferring exosome-encapsulated molecules, including viral oncoproteins, signal transduction molecules, and virus-encoded miRNAs, into various cells.
Conclusion
Given the role of exosomes in viruses-associated cancers, they can also be considered as molecular targets in diagnosis and treatment.
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Kaczmarek M, Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Bogucki Ł, Dutsch-Wicherek M. HPV-Related Cervical Cancer and Extracellular Vesicles. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2584. [PMID: 36359429 PMCID: PMC9689649 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in females worldwide. Infection with a human papillomavirus is crucial to the etiopathogenesis of cervical cancer. The natural trajectory of HPV infection comprises HPV acquisition, HPV persistence versus clearance, and progression to precancer and invasive cancer. The majority of HPV infections are cleared and controlled by the immune system within 2 years, but some infections may become quiescent or undetectable. The persistence of high-risk HPV infection for a longer period of time enhances the risk of malignant transformation of infected cells; however, the mechanisms responsible for the persistence of infection are not yet well-understood. It is estimated that 10-15% of infections do persist, and the local microenvironment is now recognized as an important cofactor promoting infection maintenance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles derived from both normal cells and cancer cells. EVs contain various proteins, such as cytoskeletal proteins, adhesion molecules, heat shock proteins, major histocompatibility complex, and membrane fusion proteins. EVs derived from HPV-infected cells also contain viral proteins and nucleic acids. These biologically active molecules are transferred via EVs to target cells, constituting a kind of cell-to-cell communication. The viral components incorporated into EVs are transmitted independently of the production of infectious virions. This mode of transfer makes EVs a perfect vector for viruses and their components. EVs participate in both physiological and pathological conditions; they have also been identified as one of the mediators involved in cancer metastasis. This review discusses the potential role of EVs in remodeling the cervical cancer microenvironment which may be crucial to tumor development and the acquisition of metastatic potential. EVs are promising as potential biomarkers in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kaczmarek
- Department of Endoscopic Otorhinolaryngology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education (CMKP), 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bogucki
- Department of Endoscopic Otorhinolaryngology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education (CMKP), 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dutsch-Wicherek
- Department of Endoscopic Otorhinolaryngology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education (CMKP), 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
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Galizia D, Minei S, Maldi E, Chilà G, Polidori A, Merlano MC. How Risk Factors Affect Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) Tumor Immune Microenvironment (TIME): Their Influence on Immune Escape Mechanisms and Immunotherapy Strategy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102498. [PMID: 36289760 PMCID: PMC9599463 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are caused by lifestyle, such as cigarette smoking, or by viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). HNSCC remains a clinical challenge, notwithstanding the improvements observed in the past years, involving surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Recurrent/metastatic (R/M) disease represents an unmet clinical need. Immunotherapy has improved the prognosis of a small proportion of these patients, but most still do not benefit. In the last decade, several preclinical and clinical studies have explored the HNSCC tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), identifying important differences between smoking-associated and virus-associated HNSCCs. This review aims to present how different etiologies affect the HNSCC TIME, affecting immune escape mechanisms and sensitivity to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Galizia
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Minei
- Post-Graduate School of Specialization in Medical Oncology, University of Bari ‘A. Moro’, 70120 Bari, Italy
- Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70120 Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Maldi
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Chilà
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
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Capriotti L, Iuliano M, Lande R, Frasca L, Falchi M, Rosa P, Mangino G, Romeo G. Potential Pathogenetic Role of Antimicrobial Peptides Carried by Extracellular Vesicles in an in vitro Psoriatic Model. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5387-5399. [PMID: 36147689 PMCID: PMC9488619 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s373150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous nanoparticles involved in several physiopathological processes. EVs play a crucial role in the definition of the extracellular microenvironment through the transfer of their cargo. Psoriasis is a prototypical chronic inflammatory disease characterized by several secreted mediators, among which antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered pivotal in the development of the psoriatic inflammatory microenvironment. The role of EVs in the pathogenesis of psoriasis has not been elucidated yet, even if emerging evidence demonstrated that interleukin-17A (IL-17A), the psoriasis-related principal cytokine, modifies EVs release and cargo content. The aim of this work was to analyze whether, besides IL-17A, other psoriasis-related cytokines (ie, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-22 and IL-23) could affect EVs release and their AMPs mRNAs cargo as well as to analyze the potential biological effect due to EVs internalization by different acceptor cells. Methods Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was performed on supernatants of HaCaT cells stimulated with IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-22 or IL-23 to enumerate EVs. Real-Time RT-PCR was used for gene expression analysis in cells and EVs. Confocal microscopy and Flow cytometry were used to, respectively, study Netosis and EVs internalization. Results IL-17A and IFN-γ increased EVs release by HaCaT cells. All the tested cytokines modulated AMPs mRNA expression in parental cells and in their respective EVs. S100A12 and hBD2 mRNAs were upregulated following IL-17A and IL-22 treatments. Interestingly, EVs derived from cytokine treated HaCaT cells induced Netosis in freshly isolated neutrophils. Upregulation of S100A12 and hBD2 mRNA was also detectable in acceptor cells incubated with EVs derived from cells treated with psoriasis-related cytokines. Conclusion The obtained results highlighted the role of EVs in the composition of psoriasis-associated secretome and microenvironment also suggesting the EV involvement in the spreading of the disease mediators and in the possible associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Capriotti
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome - Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Marco Iuliano
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome - Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Roberto Lande
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Frasca
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rosa
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome - Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mangino
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome - Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romeo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome - Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
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Effects of Exosomal Viral Components on the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143552. [PMID: 35884611 PMCID: PMC9317196 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oncogenic viral infection may lead to cancers, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cervical cancer. In addition to the tumor cells themselves, the tumor microenvironment also plays a decisive role in tumor evolution. Oncogenic viruses can affect the tumor microenvironment via exosomes influencing the occurrence and development of tumors by encapsulating and transporting viral components. This review focuses on the effects of virus-infected cancer exosomes on tumor microenvironment and tumor progression. Abstract Exosomes are extracellular membrane vesicles with a diameter of 30–100 nm, produced by different eukaryotic cells that contain multitudinous lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. They transfer membrane components and nucleic acids between cells, thereby performing an information exchange between cells. Many studies have shown that a variety of tumor-associated viruses can exert their biological functions through exosomes. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is very important in the occurrence, development, and chemoresistance of tumors. It is composed of tumor cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, stromal cells, and acellular components, such as exosomes and cytokines. This review focuses on the effects of virus-related components secreted by tumor cells over the TME in several virus-associated cancers.
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KETENCİ GENCER F, KUMBASAR S, CÖMERT NB, SALMAN S. A clinical sign of oncogenic human papilloma virus infection: urethral condyloma. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.984899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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10
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Anti-Cancer Role and Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246303. [PMID: 34944923 PMCID: PMC8699603 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is an important mechanism in biological processes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), also referred to as exosomes, microvesicles, and prostasomes, are microvesicles secreted by a variety of cells. EVs are nanometer-scale vesicles composed of a lipid bilayer and contain biological functional molecules, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), mRNAs, and proteins. In this review, "EVs" is used as a comprehensive term for vesicles that are secreted from cells. EV research has been developing over the last four decades. Many studies have suggested that EVs play a crucial role in cell-cell communication. Importantly, EVs contribute to cancer malignancy mechanisms such as carcinogenesis, proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and escape from the immune system. EVs derived from cancer cells and their microenvironments are diverse, change in nature depending on the condition. As EVs are thought to be secreted into body fluids, they have the potential to serve as diagnostic markers for liquid biopsy. In addition, cells can encapsulate functional molecules in EVs. Hence, the characteristics of EVs make them suitable for use in drug delivery systems and novel cancer treatments. In this review, the potential of EVs as anti-cancer therapeutics is discussed.
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11
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Virus-Induced Tumorigenesis and IFN System. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100994. [PMID: 34681093 PMCID: PMC8533565 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic viruses favor the development of tumors in mammals by persistent infection and specific cellular pathways modifications by deregulating cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. They counteract the cellular antiviral defense through viral proteins as well as specific cellular effectors involved in virus-induced tumorigenesis. Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines critical not only for viral interference but also for their broad range of properties that go beyond the antiviral action. In fact, they can inhibit cell proliferation and modulate differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. However, their principal role is to regulate the development and activity of most effector cells of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Various are the mechanisms by which IFNs exert their effects on immune cells. They can act directly, through IFN receptor triggering, or indirectly by the induction of chemokines, the secretion of further cytokines, or by the stimulation of cells useful for the activation of particular immune cells. All the properties of IFNs are crucial in the host defense against viruses and bacteria, as well as in the immune surveillance against tumors. IFNs may be affected by and, in turn, affect signaling pathways to mediate anti-proliferative and antiviral responses in virus-induced tumorigenic context. New data on cellular and viral microRNAs (miRNAs) machinery, as well as cellular communication and microenvironment modification via classical secretion mechanisms and extracellular vesicles-mediated delivery are reported. Recent research is reviewed on the tumorigenesis induced by specific viruses with RNA or DNA genome, belonging to different families (i.e., HPV, HTLV-1, MCPyV, JCPyV, Herpesviruses, HBV, HCV) and the IFN system involvement.
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Extracellular Vesicles in Cervical Cancer and HPV Infection. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11060453. [PMID: 34202942 PMCID: PMC8235012 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since their description, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown growing relevance in cancer progression. These cell structures contain and transfer molecules such as nucleic acids (including DNA and RNA), proteins, and lipids. Despite the rising information about EVs’ relationship with cancer, there is still scarce evidence about their content and function in cervical cancer. Interestingly, the composition and purposes of some cellular molecules and the expression of oncogenic proteins packaged in EVs seem modified in HPV-infected cells; and, although only the E6 oncogenic protein has been detected in exosomes from HPV-positive cells, both E6/E7 oncogenes mRNA has been identified in EVs; however, their role still needs to be clarified. Given that EVs internalizing into adjacent or distant cells could modify their cellular behavior or promote cancer-associated events like apoptosis, proliferation, migration, or angiogenesis in receptor cells, their comprehensive study will reveal EV-associated mechanisms in cervical cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge in composition and functions of cervical cancer and HPV Infection-derived EVs.
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Mangino G, Iuliano M, Carlomagno S, Bernardini N, Rosa P, Chiantore MV, Skroza N, Calogero A, Potenza C, Romeo G. Interleukin-17A affects extracellular vesicles release and cargo in human keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2020; 28:1066-1073. [PMID: 31373041 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory systemic disease caused by deregulation of the interleukin-23/-17 axis that allows the activation of Th17 lymphocytes and the reprogramming of keratinocytes proliferative response, thereby inducing the secretion of cyto-/chemokines and antimicrobial peptides. Beside cell-to-cell contacts and release of cytokines, hormones and second messengers, cells communicate each other through the release of extracellular vesicles containing DNA, RNA, microRNAs and proteins. It has been reported the alteration of extracellular vesicles trafficking in several diseases, but there is scarce evidence of the involvement of extracellular vesicles trafficking in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The main goal of the study was to characterize the release, the cargo content and the capacity to transfer bioactive molecules of extracellular vesicles produced by keratinocytes following recombinant IL-17A treatment if compared to untreated keratinocytes. A combined approach of standard ultracentrifugation, RNA isolation and real-time RT-PCR techniques was used to characterize extracellular vesicles cargo. Flow cytometry was used to quantitatively and qualitatively analyse extracellular vesicles and to evaluate cell-to-cell extracellular vesicles transfer. We report that the treatment of human keratinocytes with IL-17A significantly modifies the extracellular vesicles cargo and release. Vesicles from IL-17A-treated cells display a specific pattern of mRNA which is undid by IL-17A neutralization. Extracellular vesicles are taken up by acceptor cells irrespective of their content but only those derived from IL-17A-treated cells enable recipient cells to express psoriasis-associated mRNA. The results imply a role of extracellular vesicles in amplifying the pro-inflammatory cascade induced in keratinocyte by pro-psoriatic cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Mangino
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Marco Iuliano
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Silvia Carlomagno
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Bernardini
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,Dermatology Unit "Daniele Innocenzi", Fiorini Hospital, Terracina, Italy
| | - Paolo Rosa
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Nevena Skroza
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,Dermatology Unit "Daniele Innocenzi", Fiorini Hospital, Terracina, Italy
| | - Antonella Calogero
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, ICOT, Latina, Italy
| | - Concetta Potenza
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,Dermatology Unit "Daniele Innocenzi", Fiorini Hospital, Terracina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romeo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
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Lopez EM, Tanner AM, Du E, Patel SN, Weiss J, Weissler MC, Hackman T, Gupta GP, Zevallos J, Elmore S, Betancourt R, Thorne L, Sheth S, Gulley ML. Decline in circulating viral and human tumor markers after resection of head and neck carcinoma. Head Neck 2020; 43:27-34. [PMID: 32860343 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA sequencing panels can simultaneously quantify human and viral tumor markers in blood. We explored changes in levels of plasma tumor markers following surgical resection of head and neck carcinoma. METHODS In preresection and postresection plasmas, targeted DNA sequencing quantified variants in 28 human cancer genes and levels of oncogenic pathogens (human papillomavirus [HPV], Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], Helicobacter pylori) from 21 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. RESULTS Preresection, 11 of 21 patients (52%) had detectable tumor markers in plasma, most commonly TP53 mutation or HPV genome. Several days postresection, levels fell to undetectable in 8 of 10 evaluable patients, while two high-stage patients retained circulating tumor markers. CONCLUSIONS Modern sequencing technology can simultaneously quantify human gene variants and oncogenic viral genomes in plasma. Falling levels of cancer-specific markers upon resection can help identify viral and human markers to track at subsequent timepoints as a means to evaluate efficacy of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Lopez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - April Michelle Tanner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eugenie Du
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samip N Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jared Weiss
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark C Weissler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Trevor Hackman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gaorav P Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jose Zevallos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sandra Elmore
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Renee Betancourt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Thorne
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Siddharth Sheth
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret L Gulley
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Hemmat N, Bannazadeh Baghi H. Association of human papillomavirus infection and inflammation in cervical cancer. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5558235. [PMID: 31504464 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) associated cancers, and in particular cervical cancer, are considered to be directly stimulated by HPV oncogenes. Alternatively, these types of cancers could also be indirectly stimulated by HPV-induced chronic inflammations, which in turn are also caused by HPV oncogenes activity. Chronic inflammation is associated with repeated tissue injury and development of mutations in the vital tumor suppressor genes. Thus, it is important to understand that the persistent HPV infection and its associated chronic inflammation is responsible for the progression of HPV-induced cancers. HPV E5, E6 and E7 could upregulate the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and prostaglandin (PG) E2 followed by the activation of the COX-PG pathway. This pathway is assumed to be the main cause of HPV-induced inflammation. Additionally, HPV oncogenes could have an impact on the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in HPV-positive patients. The upregulation of such cytokines accelerates the incidence of inflammation following HPV infection. Other factors such as microRNAs, which are involved in the inflammation pathways and aging, give rise to the increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and could also be responsible for the acceleration of HPV-induced inflammation and consequent cervical cancer. In this review, the exact roles of HPV oncogenes in the occurrence of inflammation in cervical tissue, and the effects of other factors in this event are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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Zhang L, Mao Z, Lai Y, Wan T, Zhang K, Zhou B. A review of the research progress in T-lymphocyte immunity and cervical cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:2026-2036. [PMID: 35117549 PMCID: PMC8797462 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2020.01.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer develops as a result of T-cell immune evasion by human papillomavirus (HPV). T-cell immunity requires the participation of many factors, such as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), cytokines, co-stimulatory molecules, etc. HPV vaccines are promising treatments to prevent HPV infection and cervical cancer. This article mainly provides a summary of the number and function changes of T cells during HPV infection and cervical cancer development. Studies on t-cell immunotherapy, which is expected to become a new treatment for cervical cancer after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, are also reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhang
- Department of Cervical Diseases Treatment, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China.,Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Diseases, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Zhilei Mao
- Department of Cervical Diseases Treatment, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China.,Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Diseases, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Yiqing Lai
- Department of Cervical Diseases Treatment, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China.,Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Diseases, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Ting Wan
- Department of Cervical Diseases Treatment, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Keliang Zhang
- Department of Cervical Diseases Treatment, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Beibei Zhou
- Department of Cervical Diseases Treatment, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China.,Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Diseases, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou 213000, China
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17
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Human Papillomavirus and carcinogenesis: Novel mechanisms of cell communication involving extracellular vesicles. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 51:92-98. [PMID: 31973992 PMCID: PMC7108386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A group of mucosal HPVs are the causative agents of cervical cancer and are associated to other cancers. Certain cutaneous HPVs are involved in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. EVs released by HPV+ cells convey a specific cargo of mRNAs and microRNAs. The EV delivery from HPV+ cells to non-infected recipient cells may represent a novel mechanism of tumorigenesis promotion.
A small group of mucosal Human Papillomaviruses are the causative agents of cervical cancer and are also associated with other types of cancers. Certain cutaneous Human Papillomaviruses seem to have a role as co-factors in the UV-induced carcinogenesis of the skin. The main mechanism of the tumorigenesis induced by Human Papillomaviruses is linked to the transforming activity of the viral E6 and E7 oncoproteins. However, other mechanisms, such as the gene expression control by specific microRNAs expression and deregulation of immune inflammatory mediators, may be important in the process of transformation. In this context, the release of Extracellular Vesicles with a specific cargo (microRNAs involved in tumorigenesis, mRNAs of viral oncoproteins, cytokines, chemokines) appears to play a key role.
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18
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Vonsky MS, Runov AL, Gordeychuk IV, Isaguliants MG. Therapeutic Vaccines Against Human Papilloma Viruses: Achievements and Prospects. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:800-816. [PMID: 31509730 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919070101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses of high carcinogenic risk (HR HPVs) are major etiological agents of malignant diseases of the cervix, vulva, penis, anal canal, larynx, head, and neck. Prophylactic vaccination against HPV, which mainly covers girls and women under 25, does not prevent vertical and horizontal HPV transmission in infants and children and does not have a therapeutic effect. As a result, a significant proportion of the population is not protected from the HPV infection and development of HPV-associated neoplastic transformation and cancer, which indicates the need for development and introduction of therapeutic HPV vaccines. Unlike prophylactic vaccines aimed at the formation of virus-neutralizing antibodies, therapeutic vaccines elicit cellular immune response leading to the elimination of infected and malignant cells expressing viral proteins. The ideal targets for vaccine immunotherapy are highly conserved HR HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 expressed in precancerous and tumor tissues. Here, we describe expression of these proteins during different stages of HPV infection, their antigenic and immunogenic properties, and T-cell epitopes, the response to which correlates with natural regression of HPV-induced neoplastic changes. The review describes patterns of E6 and E7 oncoproteins presentation to the immune system as components of candidate vaccines along with the results of the most promising preclinical trials and animal models used in these trials. Special attention is paid to vaccine candidates which have shown efficacy in clinical trials in patients with HPV-associated neoplastic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Vonsky
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia. .,Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 197341, Russia
| | - A L Runov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.,Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 197341, Russia.,Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - I V Gordeychuk
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia. .,Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 108819, Russia.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M G Isaguliants
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia. .,Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 108819, Russia.,Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden.,Riga Stradins University, Department of Pathology, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
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