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Hoerres D, Dai Q, Elmore S, Sheth S, Gupta GP, Kumar S, Gulley ML. Calibration of cell-free DNA measurements by next-generation sequencing. Am J Clin Pathol 2023; 160:314-321. [PMID: 37244060 PMCID: PMC10472744 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accurate monitoring of disease burden depends on accurate disease marker quantification. Although next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a promising technology for noninvasive monitoring, plasma cell-free DNA levels are often reported in misleading units that are confounded by non-disease-related factors. We proposed a novel strategy for calibrating NGS assays using spiked normalizers to improve precision and to promote standardization and harmonization of analyte concentrations. METHODS In this study, we refined our NGS protocol to calculate absolute analyte concentrations to (1) adjust for assay efficiency, as judged by recovery of spiked synthetic normalizer DNAs, and (2) calibrate NGS values against droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). As a model target, we chose the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome. In patient (n = 12) and mock (n = 12) plasmas, NGS and 2 EBV ddPCR assays were used to report EBV load in copies per mL of plasma. RESULTS Next-generation sequencing was equally sensitive to ddPCR, with improved linearity when NGS values were normalized for spiked DNA read counts (R2 = 0.95 for normalized vs 0.91 for raw read concentrations). Linearity permitted NGS calibration to each ddPCR assay, achieving equivalent concentrations (copies/mL). CONCLUSIONS Our novel strategy for calibrating NGS assays suggests potential for a universal reference material to overcome biological and preanalytical variables hindering traditional NGS strategies for quantifying disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Hoerres
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, US
| | - Qunsheng Dai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, US
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, US
| | - Sandra Elmore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, US
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, US
| | - Siddharth Sheth
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, US
- Division of Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, US
| | - Gaorav P Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, US
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, US
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, US
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, US
| | - Margaret L Gulley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, US
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, US
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2
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Lopez EM, Tanner AM, Du E, Patel SN, Weiss J, Weissler MC, Hackman T, Gupta GP, Zevallos J, Elmore S, Betancourt R, Thorne L, Sheth S, Gulley ML. Decline in circulating viral and human tumor markers after resection of head and neck carcinoma. Head Neck 2020; 43:27-34. [PMID: 32860343 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA sequencing panels can simultaneously quantify human and viral tumor markers in blood. We explored changes in levels of plasma tumor markers following surgical resection of head and neck carcinoma. METHODS In preresection and postresection plasmas, targeted DNA sequencing quantified variants in 28 human cancer genes and levels of oncogenic pathogens (human papillomavirus [HPV], Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], Helicobacter pylori) from 21 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. RESULTS Preresection, 11 of 21 patients (52%) had detectable tumor markers in plasma, most commonly TP53 mutation or HPV genome. Several days postresection, levels fell to undetectable in 8 of 10 evaluable patients, while two high-stage patients retained circulating tumor markers. CONCLUSIONS Modern sequencing technology can simultaneously quantify human gene variants and oncogenic viral genomes in plasma. Falling levels of cancer-specific markers upon resection can help identify viral and human markers to track at subsequent timepoints as a means to evaluate efficacy of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Lopez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - April Michelle Tanner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eugenie Du
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samip N Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jared Weiss
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark C Weissler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Trevor Hackman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gaorav P Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jose Zevallos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sandra Elmore
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Renee Betancourt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Thorne
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Siddharth Sheth
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret L Gulley
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Guay K, Fuentes M, Trice R, Elmore S, Attal M, Christie A, Baker J, Garcia T. Effects of level of bedding on lying behavior in stalled horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.03.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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4
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Nespoli F, Bufferand H, Valentinuzzi M, Fedorczak N, Ciraolo G, Serre E, Marandet Y, Maurizio R, De Oliveira H, Labit B, Komm M, Faitsch M, Elmore S. Application of a two-fluid two-point model to SolEdge2D-EIRENE simulations of TCV H-mode plasma. Nuclear Materials and Energy 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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5
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Gallo A, Fedorczak N, Maurizio R, Theiler C, Elmore S, Labit B, Reimerdes H, Nespoli F, Ghendrih P, Eich T. Effect of plasma geometry on divertor heat flux spreading: MONALISA simulations and experimental results from TCV. Nuclear Materials and Energy 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Treece AL, Duncan DL, Tang W, Elmore S, Morgan DR, Meyers MO, Dominguez RL, Speck O, Gulley ML. Gastric adenocarcinoma microRNA profiles in fixed tissue and in plasma reveal cancer-associated and Epstein-Barr virus-related expression patterns. J Transl Med 2016; 96:661-71. [PMID: 26950485 PMCID: PMC5767475 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA expression in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE) or plasma may add value for cancer management. The GastroGenus miR Panel was developed to measure 55 cancer-specific human microRNAs, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded microRNAs, and controls. This Q-rtPCR panel was applied to 100 FFPEs enriched for adenocarcinoma or adjacent non-malignant mucosa, and to plasma of 31 patients. In FFPE, microRNAs upregulated in malignant versus adjacent benign gastric mucosa were hsa-miR-21, -155, -196a, -196b, -185, and -let-7i. Hsa-miR-18a, 34a, 187, -200a, -423-3p, -484, and -744 were downregulated. Plasma of cancer versus non-cancer controls had upregulated hsa-miR-23a, -103, and -221 and downregulated hsa-miR-378, -346, -486-5p, -200b, -196a, -141, and -484. EBV-infected versus uninfected cancers expressed multiple EBV-encoded microRNAs, and concomitant dysregulation of four human microRNAs suggests that viral infection may alter cellular biochemical pathways. Human microRNAs were dysregulated between malignant and benign gastric mucosa and between plasma of cancer patients and non-cancer controls. Strong association of EBV microRNA expression with known EBV status underscores the ability of microRNA technology to reflect disease biology. Expression of viral microRNAs in concert with unique human microRNAs provides novel insights into viral oncogenesis and reinforces the potential for microRNA profiles to aid in classifying gastric cancer subtypes. Pilot studies of plasma suggest the potential for a noninvasive addition to cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Treece
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Daniel L Duncan
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Weihua Tang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sandra Elmore
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Douglas R Morgan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center,Gastroenterology,Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michael O Meyers
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center,Surgical Oncology,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Olga Speck
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Margaret L Gulley
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Camargo MC, Bowlby R, Chu A, Pedamallu CS, Thorsson V, Elmore S, Mungall A, Bass A, Gulley ML, Rabkin CS. Abstract 4621: Validation and calibration of next-generation sequencing to identify Epstein-Barr Virus-positive gastric cancer. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-4621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Gastric adenocarcinoma was recently classified by a large genomic study into four molecular subtypes, including one defined by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positivity. EBV infection in tumors is conventionally assessed by in situ hybridization (ISH), but detection of viral nucleic acids by next-generation sequencing represents a potential alternative.
Methods: Normalized EBV read counts were determined by whole genome, whole exome, mRNA and miRNA sequencing for 295 fresh-frozen gastric tumor samples. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were retrieved for ISH confirmation of 13 high-EBV and 11 low-EBV cases selected at random.
Results: By each sequencing method, numbers of EBV reads were bimodally distributed across tumors, with a minority having much higher counts. In pairwise comparisons, individual samples were either consistently high or consistently low by all genomic methods for which data were available. Empiric cut-offs based on molecular data of 1000 normalized reads for whole genome, 100 for exome, 4 for mRNA and 5000 for miRNA had perfect concordance identifying 26 (9%) tumors as EBV-positive. One sample tested by ISH lacked tumor cells. For the 23 tumors with EBV status determined by both approaches, EBV-positivity or -negativity by molecular testing was confirmed by EBER-ISH in all but one case (kappa = 0.91). The exception was a microsatellite instability-type cancer EBV-negative by both mRNA and miRNA sequencing, with equivocally positive ISH interpretation.
Conclusions: EBV-positive gastric tumors may be accurately identified by quantifying viral sequences in genomic data. Simultaneous analyses of human and viral DNA, mRNA and miRNA could streamline tumor profiling for clinical care and research.
Citation Format: M. Constanza Camargo, Reanne Bowlby, Andy Chu, Chandra S. Pedamallu, Vesteinn Thorsson, Sandra Elmore, Andrew Mungall, Adam Bass, Margaret L. Gulley, Charles S. Rabkin. Validation and calibration of next-generation sequencing to identify Epstein-Barr Virus-positive gastric cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4621. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4621
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reanne Bowlby
- 2BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andy Chu
- 2BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Bass
- 6Dana-Farber Cancer Inst., Boston, MA
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8
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Wang L, Ko K, Yanez D, Kaverina N, Liarski V, Peng Y, Lan L, Perper S, Schwartz A, O'Connor L, Souers A, Elmore S, Olson L, Giger M, Clark M. OP0136 BCL-2 As a Potential Therapeutic Target in Human Lupus Tubulointerstitial Inflammation. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.5336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Wang L, Perper S, Schwartz A, Goess C, O'Connor L, Hartman D, Graff C, Souers A, Leverson J, Elmore S, Olson L. THU0382 Venetoclax (ABT-199), A Potent and Selective BCL-2 Inhibitor, Prevents Nephritis in Lupus Prone NZB/W F1 Mice by Depleting Selective Lymphocyte Populations While Sparing Platelets. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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10
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Walkden NR, Adamek J, Allan S, Dudson BD, Elmore S, Fishpool G, Harrison J, Kirk A, Komm M. Profile measurements in the plasma edge of mega amp spherical tokamak using a ball pen probe. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:023510. [PMID: 25725845 DOI: 10.1063/1.4908572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ball pen probe (BPP) technique is used successfully to make profile measurements of plasma potential, electron temperature, and radial electric field on the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak. The potential profile measured by the BPP is shown to significantly differ from the floating potential both in polarity and profile shape. By combining the BPP potential and the floating potential, the electron temperature can be measured, which is compared with the Thomson scattering (TS) diagnostic. Excellent agreement between the two diagnostics is obtained when secondary electron emission is accounted for in the floating potential. From the BPP profile, an estimate of the radial electric field is extracted which is shown to be of the order ∼1 kV/m and increases with plasma current. Corrections to the BPP measurement, constrained by the TS comparison, introduce uncertainty into the ER measurements. The uncertainty is most significant in the electric field well inside the separatrix. The electric field is used to estimate toroidal and poloidal rotation velocities from E × B motion. This paper further demonstrates the ability of the ball pen probe to make valuable and important measurements in the boundary plasma of a tokamak.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Walkden
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon,Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - J Adamek
- Institute of Plasma Physics of AS CR, v. v. i., Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - S Allan
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon,Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - B D Dudson
- Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - S Elmore
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon,Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - G Fishpool
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon,Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - J Harrison
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon,Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - A Kirk
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon,Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - M Komm
- Institute of Plasma Physics of AS CR, v. v. i., Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
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Leggate HJ, Lisgo SW, Harrison JR, Elmore S, Allan SY, Gaffka RC, Stephen RC, Turner MM. Divertor impurity injection using high voltage arcs for impurity transport studies on the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:123503. [PMID: 25554289 DOI: 10.1063/1.4903352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The operation of next-generation fusion reactors will be significantly affected by impurity transport in the scrape-off layer (SOL). Current modelling efforts are restricted by a lack of detailed data on impurity transport in the SOL. In order to address this, a carbon injector has been designed and installed on the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak (MAST). The injector creates short lived carbon plumes originating at the MAST divertor lasting less than 50 μs. High voltage capacitor banks are used to create a discharge across concentric carbon electrodes located in a probe mounted on the Divertor Science Facility in the MAST lower divertor. This results in a very short plume duration allowing observation of the evolution of the plume and precise localisation of the plume relative to the X-point on MAST. The emission from the carbon plume was imaged using fast visible cameras filtered in order to isolate the carbon II and carbon III emission lines centered around 514 nm and 465 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Leggate
- School of Physical Sciences and National Centre for Plasma Science and Technology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S W Lisgo
- ITER Organisation, FST, Route de Vinon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - J R Harrison
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - S Elmore
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - S Y Allan
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - R C Gaffka
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - R C Stephen
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - M M Turner
- School of Physical Sciences and National Centre for Plasma Science and Technology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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Fan Z, Wang J, Ahn M, Shiloh-Malawsky Y, Chahin N, Elmore S, Bagnell CR, Wilber K, An H, Lin W, Zhu H, Styner M, Kornegay JN. Characteristics of magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers in a natural history study of golden retriever muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2013; 24:178-91. [PMID: 24295811 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to assess whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers can quantify disease progression in golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) via a natural history study. The proximal pelvic limbs of ten GRMD and eight normal dogs were scanned at 3, 6, and 9-12 months of age. Several MRI imaging and texture analysis biomarkers were quantified in seven muscles. Almost all MRI biomarkers readily distinguished GRMD from control dogs; however, only selected biomarkers tracked with longitudinal disease progression. The biomarkers that performed best were full-length muscle volume and a texture analysis biomarker, termed heterogeneity index. The biceps femoris, semitendinosus and cranial sartorius muscles showed differential progression in GRMD versus control dogs. MRI features in GRMD dogs showed dynamic progression that was most pronounced over the 3- to 6-month period. Volumetric biomarkers and water map values correlated with histopathological features of necrosis/regeneration at 6-months. In conclusion, selected MRI biomarkers (volume and heterogeneity index) in particular muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and cranial sartorius) adjusted for age effect allow distinction of differential longitudinal progression in GRMD dogs. These biomarkers may be used as surrogate outcome measures in preclinical GRMD trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Mihye Ahn
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Yael Shiloh-Malawsky
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Nizar Chahin
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Sandra Elmore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - C Robert Bagnell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Kathy Wilber
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Hongyu An
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Joe N Kornegay
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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Wang LC, Perper S, Perron D, Tarcsa E, Bardwell P, Mozaffarian N, Souers A, Elmore S, Ghayur T, Olson L. OP0085 Therapeutic Inhibition of Anti-Apoptotic BCL-2 Family Proteins in a Murine Model of Lupus Nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-eular.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Leverson J, Souers A, Boghaert E, Phillips D, Park C, Wendt M, Fairbrother W, Humerickhouse R, Roberts A, Elmore S. 69 ABT-199, a Selective Small Molecule Inhibitor of Bcl-2, Exhibits Efficacy in Bcl-2 Dependent Malignancies While Sparing Platelets. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)71867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tse C, Chen J, Jin S, Abraham V, Nimmer P, Tahir S, Smith M, Zhang H, Rosenberg S, Elmore S. 261 POSTER The Bcl-2 family protein inhibitor, ABT-263, broadly potentiates the cytotoxicity of multiple therapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo. EJC Suppl 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(08)72195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Elmore S, Lanning L, Allison N, Vallant M, Nyska A. The transduction of rat submandibular glands by an adenoviral vector carrying the human growth hormone gene is associated with limited and reversible changes at the infusion site. Toxicol Pathol 2006; 34:385-92. [PMID: 16844666 DOI: 10.1080/01926230600815189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors have been shown to efficiently deliver exogenous genes to salivary glands and have therefore been investigated as tools for the treatment of human disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of F344 rats to intraductal infusion of the right submandibular salivary gland with an adenoviral vector encoding the gene for human growth hormone (AdCMVhGH). Co-administration of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was used to redirect the secretion of human growth hormone (hGH) from saliva into serum. This paper documents the findings of the pathology evaluation of this National Toxicology Program study. The right submandibular salivary gland (infusion site) was the primary target organ, with microscopic lesions characteristic of a mild to moderate insult observed at 3 days post infusion in vector exposed animals. These lesions were characterized by variable degrees of acute glandular inflammation, degeneration and necrosis, with more severe lesions in the higher dose groups. Rats at 28 days post infusion had milder inflammation, degeneration and necrosis compared to day 3 rats, with variable degrees of regeneration. In conclusion, the effects on the salivary glands are reversible as indicated by the milder inflammation and degeneration in the day 28 rats concomitant with mild to moderate regeneration. Therefore, the vector appears relatively innocuous with limited tissue toxicity. [The supplemental data referenced in this paper is not printed in this issue of Toxicologic Pathology. It is available as a downloadable file in the online edition of Toxicologic Pathology, 34(4). In order to access the full article online, you must have either an individual subscription or a member subscription accessed through www.toxpath.org.].
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elmore
- Otsuka Maryland Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA.
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Zheng C, Voutetakis A, Kok MR, Goldsmith CM, Smith GBJ, Elmore S, Nyska A, Vallant M, Irwin RD, Baum BJ. Toxicity and biodistribution of a first-generation recombinant adenoviral vector, in the presence of hydroxychloroquine, following retroductal delivery to a single rat submandibular gland. Oral Dis 2006; 12:137-44. [PMID: 16476034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the toxicity and biodistribution associated with a single administration of a first-generation, serotype 5, adenoviral vector encoding human growth hormone (hGH; AdCMVhGH) to a single rat submandibular gland in the presence of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Previously, we showed that hGH is primarily secreted into saliva (approximately ninefold serum level) when expressed as a transgene in salivary glands (e.g. Baum et al, 1999), but administration of HCQ substantially increases the hGH levels secreted into the bloodstream (Hoque et al, 2001). A potential application of this observation is for patients with adult hGH deficiency. METHODS Six groups of male and female adult rats (n = 12 each) were studied, with zero to 1.5 x 10(11) particles of AdCMVhGH, +/-HCQ, administered retroductally. Multiple clinical and pathological parameters, as well as vector tissue distribution, were assessed. RESULTS All animals survived until the scheduled day of sacrifice, and essentially no untoward events were observed clinically or at gross necropsy. We observed no vector-related effects on clinical hematology evaluations and a single, transient significant change on clinical chemistry evaluations (increased serum globulin levels). Three days after AdCMVhGH administration, the vector distributed to all tissues analyzed with the exception of gonads and heart. By day 29, most organs, other than the targeted and contralateral submandibular glands, were negative for the presence of vector. On day 3, none of the animals tested positive for the presence of replication competent adenovirus in either their blood or saliva. CONCLUSION Salivary gland delivery of AdCMVhGH +/-HCQ appears associated with limited toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zheng
- Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, NIDCR, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
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19
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Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (Rituximab) directed against the B-cell surface antigen, CD20, is increasingly used as a therapy for B-cell lymphomas. However, CD20 is expressed on all normal mature B cells and hence is not a specific tumor target. In contrast, CD70 is expressed on highly activated lymphocytes as well as on many B-cell and T-cell lymphomas but is not expressed on the great majority of B cells and T cells. In this report, we have explored the potential utility of anti-CD70 monoclonal antibodies for treatment of CD70+ EBV+ B-cell lymphomas. Using two Burkitt's lymphoma lines (Raji and Jijoye) that express surface CD70 and a CD70- Burkitt's lymphoma line (Akata), we show that two different monoclonal antibodies directed against human CD70 allow rabbit and human complement to kill EBV+ B cells in a CD70-dependent manner in vitro. In the absence of complement, neither anti-CD70 antibody induced in vitro killing of CD70+ cell lines. Importantly, i.p. injection of anti-CD70 antibodies also inhibited the growth of CD70+ Burkitt's lymphoma cells in severe combined immunodeficient mice but did not inhibit the growth of CD70- Burkitt's lymphoma cells. These results suggest that anti-CD70 antibodies may be useful for the treatment of CD70+ B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce F Israel
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Fan H, Kim SC, Chima CO, Israel BF, Lawless KM, Eagan PA, Elmore S, Moore DT, Schichman SA, Swinnen LJ, Gulley ML. Epstein-Barr viral load as a marker of lymphoma in AIDS patients. J Med Virol 2005; 75:59-69. [PMID: 15543571 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is implicated in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) lymphoma, and viral DNA is present within the malignant cells in about half of affected patients. We examined the extent to which EBV viral load is elevated in the plasma of AIDS lymphoma patients compared to AIDS patients with opportunistic infections. Sixty-one AIDS patients were studied including 35 with lymphoma (24 non-Hodgkin, six Hodgkin, and five brain lymphoma) and 26 with various opportunistic infections. In situ hybridization revealed EBV encoded RNA (EBER) expression in the malignant cells of 17/28 AIDS lymphomas (61%). In 232 serial plasma samples from 35 lymphoma patients and in 128 samples from AIDS controls, EBV viral load was assayed by quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) using a TaqMan probe targeting the BamH1W sequence. EBV was detected in plasma from all 17 EBER-positive AIDS lymphoma patients, with viral loads ranging from 34 to 1,500,000 copies per ml (median 3,210). Viral load usually fell rapidly upon initiation of lymphoma therapy and remained undetectable except in two patients with persistent tumor. In 11 AIDS patients, whose lymphoma lacked EBER expression, and in 26 control patients without lymphoma, levels of EBV in plasma were usually low or undetectable (range 0-1,995 and 0-2,409, median 0 and 0, respectively). There was no association between EBV viral load and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load or CD4 count. In conclusion, EBV viral load shows promise as a tool to assist in diagnosis and management of EBV-related lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Fan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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21
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Ryan JL, Fan H, Swinnen LJ, Schichman SA, Raab-Traub N, Covington M, Elmore S, Gulley ML. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA in Plasma Is Not Encapsidated in Patients With EBV-Related Malignancies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 13:61-8. [PMID: 15167006 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-200406000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), a ubiquitous gamma herpes virus, infects more than 95% of the human population before adulthood. Life-long persistence, usually without adverse health consequences, relies on a balance between viral latency, viral replication, and host immune response. Patients with EBV-related disease often have high levels of EBV DNA in their plasma. This study addresses whether this circulating, cell-free EBV DNA is encapsidated in virions or exists as naked genomes. First, an assay was developed, combining DNase I and quantitative real-time PCR, to discriminate encapsidated from naked EBV DNA. EBV DNA was almost always naked in the plasma of AIDS-related lymphoma patients (n = 11) and immunosuppressed/posttransplantation patients (n = 8). In contrast, infectious mononucleosis patients (n = 30) often had a mixture of encapsidated and naked EBV DNA. These findings may be important in understanding how viral load relates to disease status and in predicting response to nucleoside analogs and other antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Ryan
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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22
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Paquette LA, Zhao M, Montgomery F, Zeng Q, Wang TZ, Elmore S, Combrink K, Wang HL, Bailey S, Su Z. From D-camphor to the taxanes. Highly concise rearrangement-based approaches to taxusin and taxol. PURE APPL CHEM 1998. [DOI: 10.1351/pac199870081449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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You Y, Elmore S, Colton LL, Mackenzie C, Stoops JK, Weinstock GM, Norris SJ. Characterization of the cytoplasmic filament protein gene (cfpA) of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:3177-87. [PMID: 8655496 PMCID: PMC178068 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.11.3177-3187.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treponema pallidum and other members of the genera Treponema, Spirochaeta, and Leptonema contain multiple cytoplasmic filaments that run the length of the organism just underneath the cytoplasmic membrane. These cytoplasmic filaments have a ribbon-like profile and consist of a major cytoplasmic filament protein subunit (CfpA, formerly called TpN83) with a relative molecular weight of approximately 80,000. Degenerate DNA primers based on N-terminal and CNBr cleavage fragment amino acid sequences of T. pallidum subsp. pallidum (Nichols) CfpA were utilized to amplify a fragment of the encoding gene (cfpA). A 6.8-kb EcoRI fragment containing all but the 5' end of cfpA was identified by hybridization with the resulting PCR product and cloned into Lambda ZAP II. The 5' region was obtained by inverse PCR, and the complete gene sequence was determined. The cfpA sequence contained a 2,034-nucleotide coding region, a putative promoter with consensus sequences (5'-TTTACA-3' for -35 and 5'-TACAAT-3' for -10) similar to the sigma70 recognition sequence of Escherichia coli and other organisms, and a putative ribosome-binding site (5'-AGGAG-3'). The deduced amino acid sequence of CfpA indicated a protein of 678 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 78.5 kDa and an estimated pI of 6.15. No significant homology to known proteins or structural motifs was found among known prokaryotic or eukaryotic sequences. Expression of a LacZ-CfpA fusion protein in E. coli was detrimental to survival and growth of the host strain and resulted in the formation of short, irregular filaments suggestive of partial self-assembly of CfpA. The cytoplasmic filaments of T. pallidum and other spirochetes appear to represent a unique form of prokaryotic intracytoplasmic inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y You
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston 77225, USA
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Tarter RE, Goldstein G, Alterman A, Petrarulo EW, Elmore S. Alcoholic seizures: intellectual and neuropsychological sequelae. J Nerv Ment Dis 1983; 171:123-5. [PMID: 6822819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholics who experienced withdrawal seizures performed comparably to those who did not suffer seizures on intellectual and neuropsychological tests. Both groups, however, exhibited a number of impairments. The hypothesis that the withdrawal seizure is indicative of alcoholism severity and can serve as a marker for extent of neurological disturbance was not supported.
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